The order of words in the sentence, intonation, logical emphasis. The order of words in the proposal in the German direct and reverse order of words

Word ordera linear sequence of words and phrases in the expression of a natural language, as well as patterns that characterize such a sequence in any particular language. Most often talk about the order of words in the sentence, however, the order of words inside the phrases and writing structures also has its own patterns. The arrangement of words connected with each other grammatically or in meaning, in the form of a chain - the necessary consequence of the linear nature of human speech. However, the grammatical structure is very complex and cannot be entirely expressed by the ratio of linear followation. Therefore, the order of words expresses only part of the grammatical values; Others are expressed with the help of morphological categories, service words or intonation. Violation of the rules of the order of words leads to a change in meaning, or to the grammatical incorrectness of the language expression.

The same basic meaning can be expressed using different kinds of words, and the change in order can express the actualization, i.e. Specify the components of the values \u200b\u200bthat are most closely related to the relationship of the speaker and listening. In English, for example, the permutation of the personal form of the left to the left of the subject transmits the value of the question: He is intelligent "He is a smart", but IS He Intelligent.? "Whether he is?". In Russian, the order of words is one of the means of expressing the so-called current sentence, i.e. His divisions on the topic (the initial item of the message) and the ROM (reported), cf. [ Father came] subject [at five o'clock] Rem and [ At five o'clock] subject [father came] Rem. With regard to the proposal, the direct order of words and the inverse (or inverted) word order arising under special conditions is usually distinguished by the expression of actualization.

About some language they say that it has a hard, or fixed word order, if the linear position of the words expresses syntactic relations between members of the sentence. For example, in a simple affirmative offer of Romanesque and German languages, it is necessarily preceded by a precedemant, and in the literary Russian definition, expressed by relative addiction, is obliged to directly follow the well-defined nouns. If the linear order is not used in such a function, they say that there is a free (or non-rigid) word order. In such languages, linear order usually expresses categories of current membership or similar communicative values \u200b\u200b(given and new, contrastness, etc., cf. And Ivanov at the head and And the head of Ivanov). The order of words may be free for syntactic groups of words, but tough for words inside groups (this type is approaching, for example, Russian); Examples of languages \u200b\u200bhaving a hard order and words inside groups, and for groups inside the sentence - English, French and Chinese. In languages \u200b\u200bwith free order of words, there are cases when the components of the syntax groups are disconnected in other words (for example, warm drinks milk). In tough order languages, this is possible only in special cases, for example, when expressing the question, CP. English WHO IS HE SPEAKING TO? "Who does he say with?" When the add-on group is disconnected.

Actually, both absolutely hard, and absolutely free order of words are rarely found (from well-known languages \u200b\u200bas an example of the latter often consider the order of words in Latin). Even in languages \u200b\u200bwith the free order of words, the existence of some neutral (objective) order of words and deviations from it is usually postponed; On the other hand, and in such, for example, a language with a rigid word order, as English, there are quite a few cases of inversion due to non-non-non-flag factors (for example, the optional statement subject to the taught in narrations and reports or after the proposal of an admirational time: " Let "S go», Suggeted John. "" Let's go, "- offered John," On a Hill Stood A Great Castle "on the hill there was a majestic zamok).

The hard order of words directly reflects the syntactic structure of the sentence (subject to - the supplement - the definition - the definable; the preposition is a group-driven nouns, etc.). Therefore, languages \u200b\u200bwith free order and syntactic groups, and words, such as some Australian, are considered not possessing the syntactic structure in the traditional sense of the word. Violations of the hard order of words are usually unacceptable for native speakers, as they form grammatically incorrect sequences; Violations of the rules of the free order of words cause the impression of "inappropriate" rather, i.e. The inconsistencies of this order of words adopted the procedure or speech situation.

As M.Dyer and J. Chokins have shown, in relation to the order of words, the words of the world are divided into two types, approximately equal in the number of languages \u200b\u200bthey are represented: levyevillers and levooted. In legal languages, the dependent word group usually follows the main word (vertex): Supplement - for the verb-tajam ( writes a letter), a group of inconsistent definition - for the defined nouns ( my father's house); Submitting the Union stands at the beginning of the Put supply offer ( that he came); The nominal part of the taped usually follows the bundle ( was a good son); Appendable is anxious - for the main verb ( want, So that he leaves); Syntactically complex circumstance - for the verb-tajam ( returned at seven hours); The reference standard is for adaptable degree ( stronger, than he); Auxiliary verb is preceded by an imperious ( was destroyed); The proposed structures are used ( on the painting). Leg advice includes, for example, Slavic, Germanic, Romanesque, Semitic, Austronesian, and others. In levyevishing languages, the dependent group precedes the main word: there are distinguished structures (such as rare in Russian expressions Care for the radio) And it is usually observed the opposite of the words of words in all listed types of groups, for example. letter writes, My father house, He came, Good son wasetc. The levyevishing languages \u200b\u200binclude Altai, many Indoran, Caucasian, etc. In both types of languages, the order of adjective, numerical or index pronouns relative to the noun does not matter. Some languages \u200b\u200bare known to be defined in the specified terms, such as Chinese.

The classification of J. Grinberg is also widely known, which includes the division of languages \u200b\u200bin the following parameters: 1) the position of the verb-fag - at the beginning, the middle or end of the sentence; 2) position of adjective before or after noun; and 3) the prevalence in the language of prepositions or postal. These signs are not fully independent: so, the initial position of the verb entails the prevalence in the language of predictions, and the final position of the verb - settlements. The brief formulas proposed by Greenberg to describe the order of words in the sentence (such as SOV, SVO, etc.) are actively used in linguistic literature; In Russian-language sometimes translated, i.e. P (vesting) - D (Operform) - C (Cause), etc.

Other laws of the word order are also known, which are traced in all or in most languages. In writing structures, the word order displays the sequence of events ( cut and funeral; fuck and cut) or any hierarchy of objects ( men and women, President and Prime Minister); The subject of reports is usually located at the beginning of the proposal (in the end it turns out to be usually under special conditions, for example, in Russian with a special intonation in proposals with the so-called "expressive inversion", CP. It was scary in the forest and Scary was in the forest); By the beginning of the offer also expressions of the condition ( Come on it in time...). In many languages, the inseparableness of the verb-fague and his additions is observed (cf. in English He Studies Physics in Cambridge "He studies physics in Cambridge" with grammatically wrong * He Studies. in Cambridge Physics); In most languages \u200b\u200bthere is a tendency to be subject to preceding the addition; Clitics (i.e., words devoid of their own stress) are often located either after the first shock word, or with a verb leap.

The main means of registration of the proposal are the order of words, the current membership of the sentence, intonation and logical emphasis.

To properly build a sentence, it has significant importance order of words, sequence in the arrangement of members of the sentence. In Russian, the order of words is free. This means that there is no strictly fixed place behind a member of the sentence. However, an arbitrary alignment of words in the proposal may lead to a violation of logical connections between the words and subsequently a change in the semantic content of the entire statement.

For example: At the meeting of representatives of the two states, the commitments were successfully completed. (The meaning of this proposal may be understood that the obligations were performed at the meeting itself. To eliminate inaccuracies, it is necessary to correct the proposal as follows: The obligations adopted at the meeting of representatives of the two states were successfully completed..) Especially important is the exact order of words for writing speech, in which the semantic content of the statement cannot be specified using logical stress, non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions) and the situation itself.

The syntax function is expressed in the fact that there are cases, the code, depending on the position in the proposal, the word can be a specific member of the sentence.

Compare: Mother(subject to) loves daughter (addition). - Daughter(subject to) loves mother (addition); Picky arrived (Definition) human. - Man arrived Picky (registered part of the composite name of the fag), My mum (subject to) - our teacher (predicate). - Our teacher (subject to) - my mother (failed), etc.

The order of words in Russian is important when expressing thoughts, as it performs three main functions.

1. The order of words is used to complete the sense of the message. .

For example, in sentences: The car beat Kasparovand Kasparova beat the carwhich differ not lexically, but only the order of words, contain two different things in the sense of the message: In the first case, we are talking about the car (the subject of the message), and in the second - about Kasparov, that is, it is he who is the topic of statement, although in both cases the car - subject, and Kasparov is an addition. Another order of words leads to other actual membership of the proposal.

2. A special order of words can attach an emotional color When performing a stylistic function: Dorming Red Square. Tih passerge Step.

3. The order of words can distinguish members of the sentence And then it performs a syntax function: Truck overtook car.

With sufficient free blood order in Russian yet stand out direct and reverse order of words.

For Straight words Members of the sentence are usually located like this:

In narrative proposals for subject to the subject followed: .
- The priestly supplement follows the defined word: Teacher checked our test work.
- The agreed definition is made before the defined word: Teacher checked our test work.
- inconsistent definition stands after the word determined: She bought a dress in polka dot.
- Circumstances can occupy a different position in the sentence: Yesterday he came home late. We will go to the village tomorrow.

Reverse order of words There may be any, it is used to highlight the desired words, thereby expressing speech. The opposite order of words is also called inversion (Lat. Inversio - permutation).

Inversion allows:

1) highlight most important members of the sentence ;
2) express the question and strengthen emotional color speech;
3) tie pieces of text .

So, in the proposal Rhines forest crimson your own (A. Pushkin.) Inversion allows you to strengthen the meaning of the main members of the proposal and the definition of the crimson (compare: direct order: Forest drops his crimp).

In the text, the word order is also one of the means of communication of its parts: Love is stronger than death and fear of death. Only she, only love holds and moves life. (I. Turgenev.) Inversion of supplement not only enhances its semantic value, but also links in the text.

Especially often inversion is found in poetic speech, where it not only performs the above functions, but also can serve as a means of creating observance, melodicity:

Over Moscow Great, Zlatlamovy,
Over the wall of the Kremlin, white
Due to distant forests, due to the blue mountains,
On the Tested roofing playing
Puffy gray scattering,
Dawn Alaya rises.

(M. Lermontov.)

Intonationincludes melon, rhythm, intensity, pace, speech timbre, logical stress. It is used to express various grammatical categories or to express the senses of the speaker.

Allocate different Types of intonation: questioning, exclamation, enumerable, excretory, explanatory, etc.

Intonation- Complicated phenomenon. It consists of several components.

1. In each phrase there is a logical emphasis, it falls on the word that, in meaning, the most important thing.
2. The intonation consists of increasing and lowering the voice - this is the melody of speech.
3. The speech flows accelerated or slowly - this forms its pace.
4. The intonation also characterizes its timbre, which depends on the target installation and may be gloomy, cheerful, frightened, etc.
5. Pause also part of intonation. They are very important to do in the right place, as the meaning of the statement depends on this:

How to surprise him / words of brother!
How to surprise his words / brother!

Intonationquestions consists in raising the tone on the Word to which the logical emphasis falls: Did you write poems? Did you write poems? Did you write poems? Depending on the place of logical ache, the intonation may be ascending, descending or rising-downward:

Features of the intonation of exclamation proposals are that the highest rise of tone, the sound of the sound falls on the word highlighted by the emphasis.

Logical stress - This is a semantic emphasis, it can fall on any word in the sentence, depending on the desire and tasks of the speaker. It highlights the most important thing in the proposal.

Read aloud the following sentences, allocating intonation marked words:

1) In our garden ripe grapes ;
2) In our garden ripenedgrapes;
3) IN oursthe garden ripened grapes.

In the first sentence, it is said that grapes ripe, and not something else; In the second, that grapes ripe, is ready; In the third, that grapes ripe with us, and not in the neighbors or somewhere else, etc. The most important thing is usually new that is given against the background of this, known to the interlocutors.

Take, for example, offer Brother is studying at school.

If the first word is highlighted with a stronger emphasis, then we emphasize that my brother (not sister or someone else) is learned at school. If you allocate the second word, then we emphasize that it is brother. Having allocated the last word with a logical stress, we emphasize that the brother is studying at school (and not in the technical school, university, etc.).

Depending on the logical stress, the meaning of the sentence changes.

When changing the place of logical stress, intonation is changed: if the logical emphasis falls on the last word, then the intonation of the entire supply is usually calm and the logical emphasis itself is weak. And in other cases, the intonation is intense, and the proprietary emphasis itself is strong.

An example of how important it is to properly make a logical emphasis, can be an excerpt from the article V. Lakshin about the play A. P. Chekhov "Cherry Garden".

"The capacitance of the Chekhov phrase is surprising. Petya Trofimov speaks in the play: "All Russia is our garden." Actors on different scenes in our country and around the world are different than these four words.
Make an emphasis on the word "garden" - to respond to the Chekhov dream of the future of the Motherland.

On the word "our" - emphasize the feeling of disinterested ownership, involvement in what is given to your generation.

On the word "Russia" - it means to respond to your belonging to the whole Russian, the land is not chosen, but given since birth.

But the right least, perhaps, put an emphasis on the word "all": "All Russia is our garden." For there is no corner in it, to the care and needs of which we have the right to remain deaf, which would not want to see in the flowering of "eternal spring".

And the most reliest path to this, on Chekhov, to make at least one certainly uncomfortable good deed. Write at least one inspirational, honest page. Put at least one tree. "

Thus, the most important thing in the message can be distinguished by the order of words and logical stress.

Order of words - the means of oral and written speech, and the logical emphasis - only oral speech .

Logical stress must necessarily if the order of words does not allocate the most important in the report.

The ability to allocate the most significant in the sentence is a necessary condition for expressive oral speech.

Order of words in a sentence

The relative position of the membership members, having a syntactic, semantic and stylistic value. The first is expressed in the fact that with a place occupied by a member of the sentence, its syntax function may be associated. So, in the proposal, the sunny day adjective solar acts as a function of determining when the day of the day is the main member of the nominative supply; With a different order of words (Sunny day), the same adjective plays the role of the response in a two-part proposal. In the suggestions of the mother loves the daughter with the homonymic forms of nominative and vinitive cases, the syntactic role of both nouns is determined by their place in the sentence: with the direct order of words ( cm. Below) in the first place is subject to, on the second - direct addition. In the proposal, a free brother returned the adjective patient takes the position of the agreed definition, and in the proposal brother returned the patient - the position of the registered part of the composite faith. In the proposals of the identity of the type Moscow - the capital of the USSR in the first place is subject to, on the second - the lean; With a different order of words (the capital of the USSR -Moskva), the formerly fague becomes subject to, and the former subject to-be-tamed.

The grammatical and semantic meaning of the word order is expressed, for example, in combinations of quantitative numerical named nouns. In the sentence at the meeting, there was a fifty-person prepositive quantitative number indicated by the exact number of persons; In the sentence at the meeting, a person was present fifty postpositive numerical indicates an approximate number of individuals (the so-called category of approximity is created with the permutation of words).

Dictionary-directory of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkov M. A.. 1976 .

Watch what is "word order in the sentence" in other dictionaries:

Typology of the order of words (in the proposal) is one of the possible systems of typological classification of languages \u200b\u200bused in linguistic typology. Based on the basic order, in which the proposal is subject to (eng. SUBJECT), led ... ... Wikipedia

In phrases may have a formal value, i.e., point to various relationships between phrases. In t. N. Analytical languages \u200b\u200b(see) P. C, as a formal feature, has the predominant value, as, for example, in Chinese yaz. or … Literary encyclopedia

Order of words - The order of words in phrases may have a formal value, i.e., indicate different relationships between phrases. In t. N. Analytical languages \u200b\u200b(see) P. C, as a formal feature, has the predominant value, as, for example, in ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

Order of words - The order of words is a certain arrangement of words in a sentence or a syntactic group. Structural types of P. p. differ in the following opposition: progressive, or consistent (the defining word goes for determined: "Read the book"), ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

the order of words in a simple sentence - Typical relative arrangement of wordforms in their specific functions - to be subject to, and the like. The order of words performs the appropriate functions, so it is not constant, fixed: 1) grammatical (neutral) order ... ...

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order of words - The phrases may have a formal value, i.e., indicate various relationships between phrases. In t. N. Analytical languages \u200b\u200b(see) P. C, as a formal feature, has the predominant value, as, for example, in the Chinese Yaz. ... ... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and Linguistic terms

inverse word order (inversion) - The order of words in a sentence, which does not coincide with the word order in phrase. O. p. P. Used in different styles. So, in journalistic speech, it contributes to the creation of an expressiveness, the implementation of the impact function: ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Jerebilo

Stylistic use of word order

Incomplete sentences

With full offers in Russian syntax successfully compete incomplete, having a clear functional-style consolidation and bright expressive color. Their use is determined by the extrallinguistic factors and grammatical nature.

Thus, the appeal to the incomplete proposal, representing the replicas of dialogue characteristic of spoken and artistic speech. In the PS, their use is limited, in other book styles, it is impossible. Incomplete sentences - parts of the SSP and NGN are used in book styles, I.Prezhde in all - in the NA. This is explained by the desire to avoid the same type of structures: Geometry studies complex (continuous), and arithmetic - discrete numbers.

Elliptic offers are a strong means of creating speech emotionality. The main scope of their application is a conversational speech and xs. Ellipsis gives dynamism to the description: To the barrier! Back, home, to Russia! Compliant with such proposals are full significantly inferior to them in expression.

Suggestions with the skipping words that do not carry the informative load are distributed in the language of newspapers: to Your table, just for you. Shop on the sofa ..In such proposals, only the target words of statements are indicated, everything else is replenished by the context, the speech situation. A variety of ellipses used in the headlines became the syntactic norm in their structure. They formulate the thought in extremely compressed form, have a functional and stylist and expressive color, attracting the attention of the reader. But the passion for such forms is dangerous in that there may be ambiguity, aesthetic inferiority.

In ODS with its increased demands for the definition and unambiguous formulations, the use of elliptic structures is impossible.

In recent decades, knowledge of the dependence of the order of words from the semantic structure of the sentence has significantly expanded. A strong impulse to the study of this problem was the doctrine of the current membership of the statement created in the late 40s by the Czech linguist V. Mathezius.

Upon current membership, the statement is usually divided into 2 parts: in the first one here is previously known - t eMA offers, in the second - what is reported to, new, - rem. . The combination of topics and reces make up the subject of the message. With the right order of words, the topic is in the first place, Remara - on the second. Thus, the concepts of "straight" and "reverse" order of words mean the sequence of location of non-members of proposals, and themes and recesses. The inverse order of words is often called inversion.

Inversion - Stylistic receipt consisting in intentional change in the order of words with the aim of emotional, semantic allocation of any part of the statement.

If the direct order of words usually does not have a stylistic value, then the inversion is always stylistically significant. Inversion is possible only in expressive speech. In NA and ODS, inversion is usually not used, because The order of words should emphasize the logical membership of the text.

For the syntactic system, the preposition of the subject is most characteristic. Most often it is the topic: Nikolay / took 2 letters. Such order of words is considered as direct. However, the prepostective subject can be a reserve: Only the case has been removed from falling. Such order of words is considered to be reverse. .

If the first is faithful, it usually performs the role of the theme: There is / another means. This is typical for question and exclamation purposes: Will you shoot or not? How good she is now!

Inversion of the main members is impossible in the following cases:

1) When the direct addition is expressed by nouns, having the same form in it. And wines. Pades: Mother loves daughter. Paddle hungry dress. A truck broke a bike. Inversion makes it difficult to understand such proposals or gives them ambiguity.

2) When the proposal consists of the name of the noun and the adjective name agreed with him: Autumn late. If you change the word order, the leakable turns into a definition.

3) in the so-called. The proposals of identity, where both main member are expressed by them. case of a noun: Father - teacher. When inversion, the meaning is changing.

four). In PRL, where one ch. Schedule is expressed by them. Padazh, and Dr. - infinitive: Well study - our task. The meaning changes.