Natural lighting: types and main aspects of choice. Calculation of lateral unilateral natural lighting Duration of natural lighting during the day

GOU VPO "Surgut State University"

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra

Department of Life Safety

Course work

Topic: "Calculation of natural lighting"

Performed: Student 04-42 Groups of 5 Courses

Chemical Technology Faculty

Semenovyulijolagovna

Teacher:

K.H.N., Associate Professor

Andreevatianansevna

Course work contains: 15 drawings, 9 tables, 2 sources used (including SP 23-102-2003 and SNiP 23-05-95), calculation formulas, calculations, plan and separation section (sheet 1, sheet 2, format A 3).

The purpose of the work: Determination of the area of \u200b\u200blight openings, that is, the amounts and geometric size of windows providing the normalized value of the CEO.

Object of study: workbook.

Scope of work: 41 Page.

The result of the work: the selected dimensions of the light opening provide the requirements of the rules on the combined lighting of the working office.

Introduction 4.

Chapter 1. Types of Natural Lighting 5

Chapter 2. The principle of normalization of natural lighting 6

Chapter 3. Design of Natural Lighting 9

Chapter 4. Calculation of Natural Lighting

4.1. Selection of Natural Lighting Coefficient Values \u200b\u200b12

4.2. Preliminary calculation of the area of \u200b\u200blight openings and CEO with lateral lighting 13

4.3. Check calculation of Keo with lateral lighting 16

4.4. Preliminary calculation of the area of \u200b\u200blight openings and CEO at the top lighting 19

4.5. Check calculation of the CEO at the top lighting 23

Chapter 5. Calculation of Natural Lighting of the Work Cabinet 29

Tables 32.

Conclusion 39.

List of used literature 40

Introduction

Premises with a permanent stay of people should have natural lighting.

Natural lighting - lighting of rooms by direct or reflected light, penetrating through light opening in outdoor enclosing structures. Natural lighting should be envisaged, as a rule, in rooms with a permanent stay of people. Without natural lighting, it is allowed to design certain types of industrial premises according to sanitary standards for the design of industrial enterprises.

Types of natural lighting

The following types of natural lighting of premises are distinguished:

· Side one-sided - when light openings are located in one of the exterior walls of the room,

Figure 1 - lateral unilateral natural lighting

· Side - light openings in two opposite outer walls of the room,

Figure 2 - Side Natural Lighting

· Upper - when lights and light opening in the coating, as well as light openings in the wall height differences,

· Combined - light openings provided for lateral (top and side) and upper lighting.

The principle of normalization of natural lighting

Natural lighting is used for overall lighting of production and utility rooms. It is created by the radiant energy of the Sun and the human body acts the most favorable. Using this type of lighting, the meteorological conditions and their changes during the day and periods of the year in this area should be taken into account. This is necessary in order to know how much of the natural light will fall into the room through the lightning lights of the building: windows - with lateral lighting, light lights of the upper floors of the building - at the top lighting. When combined natural lighting, side light is added to the upper light.

Premises with a permanent stay of people should have natural lighting. The dimensions of light opening established by the calculation is allowed to be changed by +5, -10%.

The unevenness of the natural lighting of the premises of industrial and public buildings with the upper or upper and natural side lighting and main premises for children and adolescents during lateral lighting should not exceed 3: 1.

Sunscreen devices in public and residential buildings should be provided in accordance with the heads of the SNIP on the design of these buildings, as well as with the heads for construction heat engineering.

The quality of illumination with natural light is characterized by the coefficient of natural illumination to the EO, which represents the illumination ratio on the horizontal surface indoors to the simultaneous horizontal illumination outside,

where e is horizontal illumination indoors in the LC;

E n - horizontal illumination outside in the LC.

With lateral lighting, the minimum value of the natural light coefficient is normal - to the EO min, and at the top and combined lighting - its average value - to the EO CP. The method of calculating the coefficient of natural illumination is given in sanitary standards for the design of industrial enterprises.

In order to create the most favorable working conditions, norms of natural light have been established. In cases where natural illumination is insufficient, work surfaces should be additionally lit by artificial light. Mixed lighting is allowed under the condition of additional lighting of only working surfaces with general natural light.

Construction standards and rules (SNiP 23-05-95) The coefficients of natural lighting of industrial premises are established depending on the nature of the work according to the degree of accuracy.

To maintain the necessary illumination of premises, the norms provide for the mandatory cleaning of windows and light lamps from 3 times a year to 4 times a month. In addition, it is necessary to systematically clean the walls, equipment and painting them into bright colors.

The norms of natural lighting of industrial buildings, reduced to normalization K.E.O., are presented in SNiP 23-05-95. To facilitate the rationing of the illumination of jobs, all visual work is divided into eight discharges according to the degree of accuracy.

Snip 23-05-95 establishes the required value K.E.O. Depending on the accuracy of the work, the type of lighting and the geographical location of production. The territory of Russia is divided into five light belts for which the values \u200b\u200bof K.E.O. Defined by the formula:

where N is the number of the group of the administrative-territorial area in natural light;

The value of the natural illumination coefficient, selected by SNiP 23-05-95, depending on the characteristics of visual work in this room and the system of natural lighting.

The coefficient of the light climate, which is located on the SNiP tables depending on the type of light opening, their orientation on the parties to the horizon and the number of the administrative district group.

To determine the compliance of natural illumination in the production room, the required standards are measured at upper and combined lighting-at different points of the room, followed by averaging; In the side of the least illuminated workplaces. At the same time, the outer illumination is measured and determined by the calculation by K.E.O. Compared with regulatory.

Design of natural lighting

1. Projecting the natural lighting of buildings should be based on the study of labor processes performed in the premises, as well as on the light-firmic features of the construction site of buildings. The following parameters must be defined:

characteristic and discharge of visual works;

a group of administrative district in which the construction of the building is expected;

the normalized value of the CEO, taking into account the nature of the visual works and the light-gravatical features of the location of buildings;

required uniformity of natural lighting;

the duration of the use of natural lighting during the day for various months of the year, taking into account the designation of the room, the mode of operation and the light climate of the area;

the need to protect the room from the blinding of sunlight.

2. Design of natural lighting of the building should be performed in the following sequence:

determination of requirements for natural lighting of premises;

selection of lighting systems;

selection of types of light opening and light-resistant materials;

the choice of means to limit the blinding effect of direct sunlight;

accounting of the orientation of the building and lighting openings on the sides of the horizon;

performing the preliminary calculation of the natural lighting of the premises (determination of the required area of \u200b\u200blight openings);

refinement of the parameters of light opening and premises;

performing the verification calculation of natural lighting of the premises;

definition of premises, zones and plots that have insufficient natural lighting;

determination of requirements for additional artificial lighting of premises, zones and sections with insufficient natural lighting;

determination of requirements for operation of light openings;

making the necessary adjustments to the project of natural lighting and repeated verification calculation (if necessary).

3. The system of natural lighting of the building (side, upper or combined) should be selected taking into account the following factors:

appointment and adopted architectural and planning, volume and spatial and constructive solution of the building;

requirements for natural lighting of premises arising from the features of production technology and visual work;

climatic and light-firmic features of the construction site;

the economy of natural lighting (for energy costs).

4. The upper and combined natural lighting should be used mainly in single-storey public buildings of a large area (covered markets, stadiums, exhibition pavilions, etc.).

5. Side natural lighting should be used in multi-storey public and residential buildings, single-storey residential buildings, as well as in single-storey public buildings, in which the ratio of the depth of rooms to the height of the upper face of the light opening over the conditional working surface does not exceed 8.

6. When choosing light opening and light-resistant materials, it should be considered:

requirements for natural lighting of premises;

appointment, volume and spatial and constructive solution of the building;

orientation of the building on the sides of the horizon;

climatic and light-gravatical features of the construction site;

the need to protect premises from insolation;

the degree of air pollution.

7. When designing lateral natural lighting, the shading created by opposing buildings should be taken into account.

8. The translucent fillings of lighting in residential and public buildings are chosen taking into account the requirements of SNiP 23-02.

9. In the lateral natural lighting of public buildings with increased requirements for the constancy of natural light and sunscreen (for example, art galleries), light openings should be oriented to the northern quarter of the horizon (C-SZ-S-SV).

10. The choice of devices for protection against the blinding effect of direct sunlight should be made with regard to:

orientation of light openings on the sides of the horizon;

the directions of sunlight relative to a person in a room having a fixed line of view (a student at the desk, a drawing board for a drawing board, etc.);

time of day and year, depending on the purpose of the premises;

the differences between sunny time, which built solar cards, and maternity times adopted in the Russian Federation.

When choosing means to protect against the blinding effect of direct sunlight, the requirements of the construction standards and the rules for the design of residential and public buildings should be followed (SNiP 31-01, SNiP 2.08.02).

11. With a single work (educational) process and during the operation of premises mainly in the first half of the day (for example, lecture audiences), when the premises are oriented towards the Western quarter of the horizon, the use of sunscreens is optional.

Calculation of natural lighting

The purpose of calculating natural lighting is to determine the area of \u200b\u200blight openings, that is, the amounts and geometric sizes of windows providing the normalized CEO value.

Selection of CEO values

1. In accordance with SNiP 23-05, the territory of the Russian Federation is zoned by five groups of administrative areas on the resources of the light climate. The list of administrative districts included in the security groups with natural light is given in Table 1.

2. The values \u200b\u200bof Keo in residential and public buildings located in the first group of administrative districts are taken in accordance with SNiP 23-05.

3. Keo values \u200b\u200bin residential and public buildings located in the second, third, fourth and fifth groups of administrative districts are determined by the formula

e N. = e. N. m N. , (1)

where N. - the number of the group of administrative districts in Table 1;

e N. - the normalized value of the CEO on the annex and SNiP 23-05;

m N. - The luminous climate coefficient taken in Table 2.

The values \u200b\u200bobtained by formula (1) should be rounded to tenths.

4. The size and location of light opening indoors, as well as compliance with the requirements of the norms of natural lighting of the premises, is determined by preliminary and verification calculations.

Preliminary calculation of the area of \u200b\u200blight openings and CEO with lateral lighting

1. Preliminary calculation of the size of light opening with lateral lighting without taking into account opposing buildings should be carried out using the graphs given for the premises of residential buildings in Figure 3, for the premises of public buildings - in Figure 4, for school classes - in Figure 5. Calculation should be made in next sequence:

Picture 3 - schedule to determine the relative area of \u200b\u200blight openings A C.O. /A P. With lateral lighting of residential premises

Picture 4 - schedule to determine the relative area of \u200b\u200blight openings A C.O. /A P. In the lateral lighting of the premises of public buildings

Picture 5 - schedule to determine the relative area of \u200b\u200blight openings A C.O. /A P. with side lighting school classes

a) depending on the discharge of the visual work or the designation of the room and the group of administrative regions on the resources of the light climate of the Russian Federation on SNiP 23-05 determines the normalized value of the CEO for the premises under consideration;

d. P h. 01 and attitude d. P /h. 01 ;

c) on the abscissa axis of the graph (Figures 3, 4 or 5) determine the point corresponding to a specific value d. P /h. 01 Through the found point, the vertical line is carried out to the intersection with the curve corresponding to the normalized value of the CEO. According to the ordinate, the intersection points determine the value A C.O. /A P. ;

d) separating the value found A C.O. /A P. By 100 and multiplying the floor area, the area of \u200b\u200blight openings in m 2 is found.

2. In the case when the size and location of light openings in the buildings project were chosen by architectural and construction considerations, the preliminary calculation of the CEO values \u200b\u200bin the premises should be made in Figures 3-5 in the following sequence:

a) for construction drawings find the total area of \u200b\u200blight openings (in the light) A C.O. and highlighting the floor area A P. and determine the attitude A C.O. /A P. ;

b) determine the depth of the room d. P , height of the upper face of light openings above the level of conditional working surface h. 01 and attitude d. P /h. 01 ;

c) taking into account the type of premises choose the corresponding schedule (Figures 3, 4 or 5);

d) by values A C.O. /A P. and d. P /h. 01 The graph find a point with an appropriate CEO value.

The graphs (Figures 3-5) are designed in relation to the most common design of the design of the size of the premises and a typical solution of translucent structures - wooden paired opening bindings.

Check Calculation of CEO with lateral lighting

1. The test calculation of the Keo calculation of the CEO should be made in the following sequence:

a) Schedule I (Figure 6) are applied to the transverse section of the room so that its pole (center) 0 is aligned with the calculation point BUT (Figure 8), and the lower line of the graph - with the following work surface;

b) according to graph i calculate the number of rays passing through the transverse section of the light opening from the sky n. 1 and from the opposing building in the calculation point BUT ;

c) celebrate semi-ray numbers on the graph i matching the middle FROM 1 section of the lighting, through which the counting point shows the sky, and from the middle FROM 2 section of the lighting, through which from the calculation point shows the opposing building (Figure 8);

d) graph II (Figure 7) impose on the plan of the room in such a way that its vertical axis and horizontal, the number of which corresponds to the concentric semicircle number (item "B") passed through the point FROM 1 (Figure 8);

d) count the number of rays p 2 in graphics II passing from the sky through the lighting light on the room plan at the calculation point BUT ;

e) determine the value of the geometric CEO, which takes into account the direct light from the sky;

g) Schedule II impose on the plan of the room so that its vertical axis and horizontal, the number of which corresponds to the concentric semicircle number (item "B"), passed through the point FROM 2 ;

h) count the number of rays according to graphics II, passing from the opposing building through the lighting opening on the placement plan at the calculation point BUT ;

and) determine the value of the geometric coefficient of natural illumination, which takes into account the light reflected from the opposing building;

k) determine the value of the angle under which the middle of the sky section is visible from the calculated point on the cross section of the room (Figure 9);

l) by the value of the angle and the specified parameters of the room and the surrounding development determines the values \u200b\u200bof the coefficients q I. , b. F. , k. Here , r. about , I. K. Z. and calculate the value of the CEO at the calculated point of the room.

Picture 6-graph i to calculate the geometric Keo

Picture 7 - Graph II to calculate the geometric CEO

Notes

1 graphics I and II are applicable only for light opening of a rectangular shape.

2 Plan and separation section are performed (drawn) in the same scale.

BUT - calculation point; 0 - pole graph i; FROM 1 - the middle of the light opening section through which the sky is seen from the calculation point; FROM 2 - The middle of the section of the light opening, through which from the calculation point shows the opposing building

Picture 8 - Example of using graph i to count the number of rays from the sky and the opposing building

Preliminary calculation of the area of \u200b\u200blight openings and CEO at the top lighting

1. For preliminary calculation of the area of \u200b\u200blight opening at the top lighting, the following graphs should be applied: for anti-aircraft lanterns with a depth of opening (playing mines) to 0.7 m - in Figure 9; For mine lights - in Figures 10, 11; For lanterns of rectangular, trapezoidal, sheds with vertical glazing and deployment with inclined glazing - in Figure 12.

Table 1

Type of filling	The values \u200b\u200bof the coefficient K. 1 for graphs in drawings
Type of filling	1	2, 3
One layer of window glass in steel single deaf binding	-	1,26
The same in opening bindings	-	1,05
One layer of window glass in wooden single opening binding	1,13	1,05
Three layers of window glass in separate-paired metal opening bindings	-	0,82
The same in wooden bindings	0,63	0,59
Two layers of window glass in steel double opening binding	-	0,75
The same, in the deaf binding	-	-
Double-glazed windows (two layers of glazing) in steel single opening bindings *	-	1,00
The same, in the deaf binding *	-	1,15
Double glazing (three glazing layers) in steel deaf paired bindings *	-	1,00
Hollow glass blocks	-	0,70
* When applying other types of binding (PVC, wooden, etc.) coefficient K. 1 Take Table 3 before the appropriate tests.

Square of light opening lights A S.F. Determine by graphics in Figures 9-12 in the following sequence:

a) depending on the discharge of the visual work or the appointment of the premises and the group of administrative regions on the resources of the light climate of the Russian Federation on SNiP 23-05;

b) in the order of the chart determine the point corresponding to the normalized value of the CEO, through the found point, the horizontal is carried out to the intersection with the corresponding graph curve (Figures 9-12), the abscissa of the intersection point determines the value A S.F. /A P. ;

c) dividing the value A S.F. /A P. 100 and multiplying on the floor area, find the area of \u200b\u200blight openings of the lanterns in m 2.

The preliminary calculation of the CEO values \u200b\u200bin the premises should be made using graphs in Figures 9-12 in the following sequence:

a) for construction drawings find the total area of \u200b\u200blight opening of the lanterns A S.F. illuminated floor area room A P. and determine the attitude A S.F. /A P. ;

b) taking into account the type of lantern, the corresponding figure (8, 10, 11, 12) is chosen;

c) on the selected drawing through the point with the abscissa A S.F. /A P. carry out a vertical line before intersection with the corresponding schedule; The estimates of the intersection point will be equal to the calculated average value of the coefficient of natural illumination e cf. .

Picture 9 - schedule to determine the average value of Keo e cf. In rooms with anti-aircraft lamps with a depth of opening up to 0.7 m and dimensions in terms of plan, M:

1 - 2.9x5.9; 2 3 - 1.5x1.7

Picture 10 - schedule to determine the average value of Keo e cf. In public areas with mine lamps with the depth of the player mine 3.50 m and size in the plan, m:

1 - 2.9x5.9; 2 - 2.7x2.7; 2.9x2.9; 1.5x5.9; 3 - 1.5x1.7

Picture 11 - schedule to determine the average value of Keo e cf. In public areas with mine lamps of diffuse light with the depth of the lighting mine of 3.50 m and size in the plan, M:

1 - 2.9x5.9; 2 - 2.7x 2.7; 2.9x2.9; 1.5x5.9; 3 - 1.5x1.7

1 - trapezoid lantern; 2 - a depth, having inclined glazing;

3 - rectangular lamp; 4 - Shed having vertical glazing

Picture 12-schedule to determine the average value of Keo e. CP. In public areas with lanterns

Check Calculation of CEO at the top lighting

The calculation of the CEO is produced in the following sequence:

a) The graph i (Figure 6) is applied to the transverse section of the room so that the pole (center) 0 graphics can be combined with the calculation point, and the lower line of the graphics - with the following work surface. Calculate the number of radially directed rays of graph i passing through the transverse section of the first opening ( n. 1) 1, second opening - ( n. 1) 2, the third opening - ( n. 1) 3, etc; At the same time, the numbers of semi-rays, which pass through the middle of the first, second, third openings, etca, etc.;

b) determine the angles, and so on. between the lower line of the graph I and the line connecting the pole (center) of graph I from the middle of the first, second, third openings, etc.;

c) Graph II (Figure 7) are applied to a longitudinal section of the room; At the same time, the graph is placed so that its vertical axis and horizontal, the number of which must correspond to the semi-rapid number on graph i, passed through the middle of the opening (point C.).

Calculate the number of rays according to graphic II passing through a longitudinal section of the first opening ( n. 2) 1, second opening - ( p 2) 2, the third opening - ( n. 2) 3, etc;

d) calculate the value of the geometric CEO, in the first point of the characteristic section of the room by the formula

where R - the number of light openings;

q. - the coefficient that takes into account the uneven brightness of the plot of the sky, visible from the first point, respectively, at angles,, etc;

e) repeat the calculations in accordance with paragraphs "A", "B", "B", "G" for all points of the characteristic section of the premises to N. inclusive (where N. - the number of points in which the calculation of Keo);

e) determine the average value of the geometric CEO;

g) according to the specified parameters of the room and light openings determine the values r. 2 , k. F. , ;

The verification calculation of the CEO values \u200b\u200bat the points of the characteristic section of the room at the top lighting from anti-aircraft and mine lights should be performed using the formula:

where A. F.V. - the area of \u200b\u200bthe input top opening of the lantern;

N F. - the number of lamps;

q. () - coefficient taking into account the uneven brightness of the cloud sky of the ICO;

The angle between the straight line connecting the calculation point with the center of the lower opening of the lamp, and the normal to this hole;

The average value of the geometric CEO;

K. from - The lighting transmission coefficient, determined for the lanterns with a diffuse reflection of the walls, and for the lights with a directional reflection of the walls - the value of the index of the light opening of the mine lamp i. F. ;

Picture 13 - schedule for determining the coefficient q. () depending on the corner

Picture 14 K. from Lanterns with diffuse reflection of the walls of the mine

Picture 15 - Schedule to determine the freedation coefficient K C. Lanterns with a directional reflection of the shaft walls at different values \u200b\u200bof the diffuse reflection coefficient of the shaft walls

K. Z. - Estimated coefficient, taking into account the decline in CEO and illumination during operation due to contamination and aging of translucent fillings in light openings, as well as a decrease in the reflecting properties of the room surfaces (stock coefficient).

Light opening index with holes in the form of a rectangle i. F. Determine the formula

where A. F.N. - the area of \u200b\u200bthe lower opening of the lantern, m 2;

A. F.V. - the area of \u200b\u200bthe top opening of the lantern, m 2;

h. S.F. - Height of the lighting mine of the lantern, m.

R F.V. , R F.N. - Perimeter of the upper and lower openings of the lantern, respectively, m.

The same, with holes in the form of a circle - by the formula

i. F. = (r. F.V. + r. F.N.) / 2h. S.F. , (5)

where r. F.V. , r. F.N. - radius of the upper and lower holes of the lantern, respectively.

Calculate the value of the geometric CEO in the first point of the characteristic section of the room by the formula

Repeat the calculations for all points of the characteristic section of the room to N J. inclusive (where N. J. - the number of points in which the calculation of CEO is calculated).

Determine the formula

Sequentially, for all points, calculate the direct component of the CEO by the formula

Determine the reflected component of the CEO, the value of which is equally for all points, by the formula

. (9)

Calculation of natural lighting of the working office

Theoretical part

Lighting work offices, offices should be designed based on the following requirements:

a) the creation of the necessary conditions for lighting on the work tables located in the depths of the room during the fulfillment of various visual work (reading of typographical and typewritten texts, handwritten materials, distinguishing parts of graphic materials, etc.);

b) ensuring the visual connection with the outer space;

c) protection of premises from the blinding and thermal action of insolation;

d) a favorable distribution of brightness in sight.

Side coverage of work offices should be carried out, as a rule, separate lighting openings (one window for each study). In order to reduce the necessary area of \u200b\u200blight openings, the height of the window sill above the floor level is recommended to receive at least 0.9 m.

When building a building in the administrative regions of the Russian Federation of the Light Climate Resource Groups The normalized value of the CEO should be taken: with the depth of the working offices (offices) of 5 m and more - in Table 3 in relation to the combined lighting system; Less than 5 m - according to Table 4 in relation to the natural lighting system.

To ensure a visual contact with an external space, the filling of light openings should, as a rule, be carried out by translucent window glass.

To limit the blinding operation of solar radiation in working offices and offices, it is necessary to provide curtains and light adjustable blinds. When designing management buildings and buildings for offices for the III and IV climatic regions of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to provide equipment for lighting openings focused on the horizon sector within 200 ° -290 ° sunscreens.

In rooms, the values \u200b\u200bof the reflection coefficient of surfaces must be at least:

ceiling and top of the walls .. 0,70

the bottom of the walls .................... 0.50

floor .......................................... 0.30.

Practical part

It is required to determine the necessary area of \u200b\u200bthe window in the working offices of the control building, located in the city of Surgut (sheet 1).

Source data. Depth of the room d. P \u003d 5.5 m, height h. \u003d 3.0 m, width b. P \u003d 3.0 m, floor area A P. \u003d 16.5 m 2, the height of the upper face of the light opening above the conditional working surface h. 01 \u003d 1.9 Filling light openings with transparent glazing on metallic single bindings; The thickness of the outer walls is 0.35 m. There is no shading with opposing buildings.

Decision

1. Considering that the depth of the room d. P Over 5 m, in Table 3 we find that the normalized Keo value is 0.5%.

2. We produce preliminary calculation of natural light at the initial depth of the room. d. P \u003d 5.5 m and height of the upper face of the light opening over the conditional working surface h. 01 \u003d 1.9 m; define that d. P /h. 01 = 5,5/1,9=2,9.

3. Figure 4 on the corresponding curve e. \u003d 0.5% find a point with an abscissa d. P /h. 01 \u003d 2.9. According to the ordinate of this point, we define that the necessary relative area of \u200b\u200bthe light opening A. about / A. P = 16,6%.

4. Determine the area of \u200b\u200blight opening And O. according to the formula:

0,166 A P. \u003d 0.166 · 16.5 \u003d 2.7 m 2.

Therefore, the width of the light opening b O. \u003d 2.7 / 1.8 \u003d 1.5 m.

We accept the window block of 1.5 x 1.8 m.

5. We produce the check calculation of the CEO at the point BUT (sheet 1) by the formula:

6. We assign a graph I to calculate Keo by A.M. method Danilyuk on the transverse section of the room (sheet 2), combining the pole graph i - 0 with a point BUT , and the bottom line - with a conditional working surface; We calculate the number of rays according to the graph i passing through the transverse section of the light opening: n. 1 = 2.

7. We note that through the point FROM On the section of the room (sheet 2) undergoes concentric semicircle 26 graphics I.

8. We assign a graph II to calculate the Keo on the room plan (sheet 1) so that its vertical axis and horizontal 26 pass through the point FROM ; We count on schedule II number of rays passing from the sky through the lighting light: p 2 = 16.

9. Determine the value of the geometric CEO by the formula:

10. On the cross section of the room on a scale of 1:50 (sheet 2), we determine that the middle of the sky section apparently from the calculated point and through the lighting light is at an angle; By the value of this corner, we find a coefficient that takes into account the uneven brightness of the cloud sky of MCO: q I. =0,64.

11. The size of the room and the light opening find that d. P /h. 01 = 2,9;

l. T. /d. P = 0,82; b. P /d. P = 0,55.

12. Weighted reflection coefficient .

13. According to found values d. P /h. 01 ; l T. /d. P ; b. P /d. P Table 6 find that r O. = 4,25.

14. For transparent glazing with a metallic single binder, we find the overall transmittance of light.

15 SNiP 23-05 Find that the stock ratio for public buildings K. Z. = 1,2.

16 Determine the geometric Keo at point A, substituting the values \u200b\u200bof all the found coefficients in the formula:

Therefore, the selected dimensions of the light open ensure the requirements of the norms on the combined lighting of the working office.

Table 1

Group of administrative districts

	Administrative region
1	Moscow, Smolenskaya, Vladimirskaya, Kaluga, Tula, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Sverdlovskaya, Perm, Chelyabinsk, Kurganskaya, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo Region, Republic of Mordovia, Chuvash Republic, Udmurt Republic, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Tatarstan, Krasnoyarsk region (north 63 ° C. sh.). Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (north of 63 ° S.Sh.), Chukotka Avtoon. District, Khabarovsk Territory (north of 55 ° S.Sh.)
2	Bryanskaya, Kurskaya, Orlovskaya, Belgorod, Voronezh, Lipetskaya, Tambov, Penza, Samarskaya, Ulyanovskaya, Orenburg, Saratovskaya, Volgograd Region, Komi Republic, Kabardino-Balkaria, Republic of North Ossetia-Alanya, Chechen Republic, Republic of Ingushetia, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District, Altai Republic, Krasnoyarsk Territory (south of 63 ° S.Sh.), Sakha Republic (Yakutia) (south of 63 ° S.Sh.), Republic of Tyva, Republic of Buryatia, Chita region, Khabarovsk region (south of 55 ° C. Sh.), Magadan, Sakhalin Region
3	Kaliningrad, Pskov, Novgorod, Tverskaya, Yaroslavskaya, Ivanovo, Leningrad, Vologda, Kostroma, Kirov region, Republic of Karelia, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Nenets Autonomous District
4	Arkhangelsk, Murmansk region
5	Republic of Kalmykia, Rostov, Astrakhan Region, Stavropol Territory, Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Dagestan, Amur region, Primorsky Krai

table 2

Light climate coefficient

Light opening	Orientation of light openings on the sides of the horizon	Light climate coefficient m N.
		Administrative Region Number
		1	2	3	4	5
In the outdoor walls of the building	FROM	1	0,9	1,1	1,2	0,8
	SV, NW	1	0,9	1,1	1,2	0,8
	Z, B.	1	0,9	1,1	1,1	0,8
	Yow, Yuz	1	0,85	1	1,1	0,8
	YU	1	0,85	1	1,1	0,75
In anti-aircraft lanterns	-	1	0,9	1,2	1,2	0,75
Note - C - North; Sv - northeast; SZ - North-West; In East; S - western; Yu - South; Yow - Southeast; UZ - south-western orientation.

Table 3.

Normated CEO values \u200b\u200bfor laterally combined lighting in the main premises of residential and public buildings in the administrative areas of various groups on the resources of the light climate

Group of Administrative Areas for Light Climate Resources		Keo,%
Group of Administrative Areas for Light Climate Resources			in school classes	in the exhibition halls	in reading halls	in the project halls
1		0,60	1,30	0,40	0,70
		0,60	1,30	0,40	0,70
	159-203	0,60	1,30	0,40	0,70
	294-68	0,60	-	0,40	0,70
2		0,50	1,20	0,40	0,60
		0,50	1,10	0,40	0,60
	159-203	0,50	1,10	0,40	0,60
	294-68	0,50	-	0,40	0,60
3		0,70	1,40	0,50	0,80
		0,60	1,30	0,40	0,70
	159-203	0,60	1,30	0,40	0,70
	294-68	0,70	-	0,50	0,90
4		0,70	1,40	0,50	0,80
		0,70	1,40	0,50	0,80
	159-203	0,70	1,40	0,50	0,80
	294-68	0,70	-	0,50	0,80
5		0,50	1,00	0,30	0,60
		0,50	1,00	0,30	0,60
	159-203	0,50	1,00	0,30	0,50
	294-68	0,50	-	0,30	0,60

Table 4.

Normated CEO values \u200b\u200bfor lateral natural lighting in the main premises of residential and public buildings in various groups of administrative regions on the resources of the light climate

Administrative groups radiant areas for light climate resources	Orientation of light openings on the sides of the horizon, hail.	Normed Keo values,%
		in the working offices of management buildings, offices	in school classes	in residential premises	surgean Halls	in reading halls	in the project halls, drawing design torsky Bureau
1		1,00	1,50	0,50	0,70	1,20	1,50
		1,00	1,50	0,50	0,70	1,20	1,50
	159-203	1,00	1,50	0,50	0,70	1,20	1,50
	294-68	1,00	-	0,50	0,70	1,20	1,50
2		0,90	1,40	0,50	0,60	1,10	1,40
		0,90	1,30	0,40	0,60	1,10	1,30
	159-203	0,90	1,30	0,40	0,60	1,10	1,30
	294-68	0,90	-	0,50	0,60	1,10	1,40
3		1,10	1,70	0,60	0,80	1,30	1,70
		1,00	1,50	0,50	0,70	1,20	1,50
	159-203	1,00	1,50	0,50	0,70	1,20	1,50
	294-68	1,10	-	0,60	0,80	1,30	1,70
4		1,10	1,70	0,60	0,80	1,30	1,70
		1,10	1,70	0,60	0,80	1,30	1,70
	159-203	1,10	1,70	0,60	0,80	1,30	1,70
	294-68	1,20	-	0,60	0,80	1,40	1,80
5		0,80	1,20	0,40	0,60	1,00	1,20
		0,80	1,20	0,40	0,60	1,00	1,20
	159-203	0,80	1,10	0,40	0,50	0,90	1,10
	294-68	0,80	-	0,40	0,60	0,90	1,20

Table 5.

The values \u200b\u200bof the coefficient q I.

The angular height of the middle beam of the plant of the sky, visible from the calculated point through the lighting of the opening in the context of the room, hail.	The values \u200b\u200bof the coefficient q I.
2	0,46
6	0,52
10	0,58
14	0,64
18	0,69
22	0,75
26	0,80
30	0,86
34	0,91
38	0,96
42	1,00
46	1,04
50	1,08
54	1,12
58	1,16
62	1,18
66	1,21
70	1,23
74	1,25
78	1,27
82	1,28
86	1,28
90	1,29
Notes 1 With the values \u200b\u200bof the angular heights of the middle beam other than those shown in the table, the values \u200b\u200bof the coefficient q I. Determine interpolation. 2 In practical calculations, the angular height of the middle ray of the plot of the sky, visible from the calculated point through the lighting opening in the section section, should be replaced with the angular height of the middle of the sky, visible from the calculated point through the lighting light.

Table 6.

Values r O. for conditional working surface

The ratio of the depths of the room d. P To height from the level of the conditional working surface to the top of the window h. 01	The ratio of the distance of the calculated point from the inner surface of the outer wall l T. To the depths of the room d. P	Weighted average floor reflection coefficient, walls and ceiling
		0,60			0,50			0,45			0,35
		The ratio of the length of the room a P. To his depth d. P
		0,5	1,0	2,0	0,5	1,0	2,0	0,5	1,0	2,0	0,5	1,0	2,0
1,00	0,10	1,03	1,03	1,02	1,02	1,02	1,02	1,02	1,02	1,01	1,01	1,01	1,01
1,00	0,50	1,66	1,59	1,46	1,47	1,42	1,33	1,37	1,34	1,26	1,19	1,17	1,13
1,00	0,90	2,86	2,67	2,30	2,33	2,19	1,93	2,06	1,95	1,74	1,53	1,48	1,37
3,00	0,10	1,10	1,09	1,07	1,07	1,06	1,05	1,06	1,05	1,04	1,03	1,03	1,02
3,00	0,20	1,32	1,29	1,22	1,23	1,20	1,16	1,18	1,16	1,13	1,09	1,08	1,06
3,00	0,30	1,72	1,64	1,50	1,51	1,46	1,36	1,41	1,37	1,29	1,20	1,18	1,14
3,00	0,40	2,28	2,15	1,90	1,91	1,82	1,64	1,73	1,66	1,51	1,37	1,33	1,26
3,00	0,50	2,97	2,77	2,38	2,40	2,26	1,98	2,12	2,01	1,79	1,56	1,51	1,39
3,00	0,60	3,75	3,47	2,92	2,96	2,76	2,37	2,57	2,41	2,10	1,78	1,71	1,55
3,00	0,70	4,61	4,25	3,52	3,58	3,32	2,80	3,06	2,86	2,44	2,03	1,93	1,72
3,00	0,80	5,55	5,09	4,18	4,25	3,92	3,27	3,60	3,34	2,82	2,30	2,17	1,91
3,00	0,90	6,57	6,01	4,90	4,98	4,58	3,78	4,18	3,86	3,23	2,59	2,43	2,11
5,00	0,10	1,16	1,15	1,11	1,12	1,11	1,08	1,09	1,08	1,07	1,05	1,04	1,03
5,00	0,20	1,53	1,48	1,37	1,38	1,34	1,27	1,30	1,27	1,21	1,15	1,14	1,11
5,00	0,30	2,19	2,07	1,84	1,85	1,77	1,60	1,68	1,61	1,48	1,34	1,31	1,24
5,00	0,40	3,13	2,92	2,49	2,52	2,37	2,07	2,22	2,10	1,85	1,61	1,55	1,43
5,00	0,50	4,28	3,95	3,29	3,34	3,11	2,64	2,87	2,68	2,31	1,94	1,84	1,66
5,00	0,60	5,58	5,12	4,20	4,27	3,94	3,29	3,61	3,35	2,83	2,31	2,18	1,92
5,00	0,70	7,01	6,41	5,21	5,29	4,86	4,01	4,44	4,09	3,40	2,72	2,55	2,20
5,00	0,80	8,58	7,82	6,31	6,41	5,87	4,79	5,33	4,90	4,03	3,17	2,95	2,52
5,00	0,90	10,28	9,35	7,49	7,63	6,96	5,64	6,30	5,77	4,71	3,65	3,39	2,86

If the premises of the room is unknown, then for the premises of residential and public buildings, the weighted average reflection coefficient should be taken equal to 0.50.

Table 7.

The values \u200b\u200bof coefficients 1 and

View of the lighting material	Values	Type of binding	Values
Glass window leaf:	Binding for windows and lamps of industrial buildings:
single	Binding for windows and lamps of industrial buildings:	0,9
double	0,8	wooden:
triple	0,75	single	0,75
Glass showcase 6-8 mm thick	0,8	sprayed	0,7
Glass leaf reinforced	0,6	double separate	0,6
Pipple leaf glass	0,65	steel:
Glass leaf with special properties:	single opening	0,75
Glass leaf with special properties:	single deaf	0,9
sunscreen	0,65	double opening	0,6
contrast	0,75	double deaf	0,8
Organic glass:	Reps for windows of residential, public and auxiliary buildings:
transparent		0,9
dairy		0,6
Hollow glass blocks:	wooden:
light scattering	0,5	single	0,8
translucent	0,55	sprayed	0,75
Glass windows	0,8	double separate	0,65
with triple glazing	0,5
metal:
single	0,9
sprayed	0,85
double separate	0,8
with triple glazing	0,7
Stationelae concrete panels with hollow glass blocks with a seam thickness:
20 mm and less	0,9
more than 20 mm	0,85

Table 8.

The values \u200b\u200bof the coefficients I.

Bearing coating designs	The coefficient, taking into account the loss of light in the supporting structures,	Sunscreen, products and materials	The coefficient, taking into account the loss of light in sunscreets,
Steel farm	0,9	Restable adjustable blinds and curtains (intercolored, internal, outdoor)	1,0
Reinforced concrete and wooden farms and arches	0,8	Stationary blinds and screens with a protective angle of not more than 45 ° at the location of the plates of the blind or screens at an angle of 90 ° to the plane of the window:
horizontal	0,65
vertical	0,75
The beams and frames are solid at the height of the section:	Horizontal visors:
	with a protective angle not more than 30 °	0,8
50 cm and more	0,8	with a protective angle from 15 ° to 45 °	0,9-0,6
less than 50 cm	0,9	(multistage)
Balconies depth:
up to 1.20 meters	0,90
1.50 M.	0,85
2.00 M.	0,78
3.00 M.	0,62
Loggia depth:
up to 1.20 meters	0,80
1.50 M.	0,70
2.00 M.	0,55
3.00 M.	0,22

Conclusion

During the course work, I was studied by such a parameter as natural lighting. The principle of normalization of natural lighting, as well as the design of natural lighting. In this paper, I made a calculation of natural light in the working office. The normalized value of the coefficient of natural light is 0.5% for the selected district. Having done a preliminary calculation, I found out the size of the window block for sufficient illumination: 1.5 * 1.8. In the verification calculation, I was established in the correctness of the selected sizes of the light opening, as they provide the requirements of the rules on the combined lighting of the working office. The coefficient of natural light in the test calculation is 0.53%.

The source of natural light is the radiant energy of the sun. Natural medium outdoor illumination throughout the year by months and the clock varies sharply, reaching a maximum in June and a minimum in December in the middle lane in December. In addition, during the day, the illumination first increases - up to 12 hours, then decreases - in the period from 12 to 14 hours and gradually falls - up to 20 hours.

Natural lighting has both positive and negative sides.

Solar radiation strongly affects the skin, internal organs and fabrics and, above all, to the central nervous system. Interestingly, this influence is not limited to time when a person is in the sun, but continues after it goes to the room or comes night. Doctors call it reflex.

Sunlight action begins with effect on skin. Unprotected by clothing of human skin reflects from 20 to 40% of those who have fallen visible and closest in the length of the wavelengths of invisible infrared rays (20% reflects the skin of a tanned person, and 40% is the most ungrade, white leather). The absorbed part (60 ... 65%) of radiant energy penetrates under the outer skin and affects the deeper body layers.

Ultraviolet and some infrared rays are reflected in the skin to a lesser extent and are strongerly absorbed by a horny, more coarse layer of skin.

In humans, working for a long time in the north, in mines, metro or simply in cities in the middle lane of Russia, in those in the daytime mostly located in the premises, and the streets are moved on transport, solar fasting is developing. The fact is that ordinary window windows of buildings are at a slight degree missing physiologically active ultraviolet rays, and in the cities of them, there are few of them reaching the surface of the earth as a result of air pollution with dust, smoke, exhaust gases.

With solar starvation, the skin becomes pale, cold, loses freshness. It is poorly supplied with nutrients and oxygen. It is weaker in it, the blood and lymph circulate, the products of slag decay are poorly removed from it and the body poisoning begins by spent substances. In addition, the capillaries are made more brittle, and therefore inclined to hemorrhage.

Those who are experiencing solar fasting occur painful, unpleasant metamorphoses affecting both the sphere of psyche and physical condition. First of all, there are violations of the activity of the nervous system: memory and sleep deteriorates, the excitability intensity is increasing, inhibitors from others. With a deterioration in calcium exchange (the appearance of difficulties in the assimilation of food calcium and phosphorus, which continue to be derived from the body, and therefore, it comes to be depleted with the tissues with these necessary substances) begin to break down their teeth, the bone fragility increases. Thus, with long-term solar fasting, mental abilities and performance are reduced, fatigue and irritation occur very quickly, mobility decreases, the possibilities of combating microbes falling into the body are worse (immunity decreases). Undoubtedly, a person experiencing solar fasting is more often cold and other infectious diseases, and the disease is protracted. In these cases, fractures, cuts and any injuries are slowly and poorly. There is a tendency to punet diseases in those who did not suffer from this, and the flow of chronic diseases in those who already have them are harder, the inflammatory processes are heavier, which is associated with an increase in the permeability of the vessel walls, the tendency to swells is increasing.

Given the degree of beneficial effects of natural light on the human body, labor hygiene requires the maximum use of natural lighting. It is not satisfied only where it is contraindicated with the technological conditions of production, for example, when storing photosensitive chemicals and products.

Thus, solar lighting increases productivity to 10%, and the creation of rational artificial lighting is up to 13%, while in a number of industries the marriage decreases to 20 ... 25%. Rational lighting provides psychological comfort, helps to reduce visual and general fatigue, reduces the risk of industrial injuries.

According to constructive performance, natural lighting is divided into:

Side, carried out through window openings, one- or bilateral (Fig. 4.3 but, b.);

Top when the light penetrates the room through aerational anti-aircraft lights, openings in overlaps (Fig. 4.3 in);

Combined when adding to the upper illumination (Fig. 4.3 g.).

Premises with a permanent stay of people should have natural lighting. The dimensions of light opening established by the calculation is allowed to be changed by +5, -10%.

The following types of natural lighting of premises are distinguished:

side one-sided - when light openings are located in one of the exterior walls of the room,

Figure 1. Side one-sided natural lighting

side - light openings in two opposite outdoor walls of the room,

Figure 2. Side Natural Lighting

top - when lights and light opening in the coating, as well as light openings in the wall height differences of the building,
combined - light openings provided for lateral (top and side) and upper lighting.

The principle of normalization of natural lighting

The quality of illumination with natural light is characterized by a natural light coefficient to eOwhich represents the illumination ratio on the horizontal surface indoors to simultaneously horizontal illumination outside,

whereE. in- horizontal illumination indoors in the LC;

E. n.- horizontal illumination outside in the LC.

In the lateral lighting, the minimum value of the natural illumination coefficient is normal - to eO Min., and with upper and combined lighting - its average value - to eO cf.. The method of calculating the coefficient of natural illumination is given in sanitary standards for the design of industrial enterprises.

Construction standards and rules (SNiP 23-05-95) The coefficients of natural lighting of industrial premises are established depending on the nature of the work according to the degree of accuracy.

whereN. - number of the group of the administrative and territorial district for the provision of natural light;

e. n.- The value of the natural light coefficient chosen by SNiP 23-05-95, depending on the characteristics of visual works in this room and the natural lighting system.

m. N.- The luminous climate coefficient, which is located on the SNiP tables depending on the type of light opening, their orientation on the parties to the horizon and the number of the group of the administrative area.

Design of natural lighting

characteristic and discharge of visual works;
a group of administrative district in which the construction of the building is expected;
the normalized value of the CEO, taking into account the nature of the visual works and the light-gravatical features of the location of buildings;
required uniformity of natural lighting;
the duration of the use of natural lighting during the day for various months of the year, taking into account the designation of the room, the mode of operation and the light climate of the area;
the need to protect the room from the blinding of sunlight.

2. Design of natural lighting of the building should be performed in the following sequence:

1st stage:
- determination of requirements for natural lighting of premises;
- selection of lighting systems;
- selection of types of light opening and light-resistant materials;
- the choice of means to limit the blinding effect of direct sunlight;
- accounting of the orientation of the building and lighting openings on the sides of the horizon;
2nd stage:
- performing the preliminary calculation of the natural lighting of the premises (determination of the required area of \u200b\u200blight openings);
- refinement of the parameters of light opening and premises;
3rd stage:
- performing the verification calculation of natural lighting of the premises;
- definition of premises, zones and plots that have insufficient natural lighting;
- determination of requirements for additional artificial lighting of premises, zones and sections with insufficient natural lighting;
- determination of requirements for operation of light openings;
4th stage: making the necessary adjustments to the project of natural lighting and repeated verification calculation (if necessary).

3. The system of natural lighting of the building (side, upper or combined) should be selected taking into account the following factors:

appointment and adopted architectural and planning, volume and spatial and constructive solution of the building;
requirements for natural lighting of premises arising from the features of production technology and visual work;
climatic and light-firmic features of the construction site;
the economy of natural lighting (for energy costs).

4. The upper and combined natural lighting should be used mainly in single-storey public buildings of a large area (covered markets, stadiums, exhibition pavilions, etc.).

6. When choosing light opening and light-resistant materials, it should be considered:

requirements for natural lighting of premises;
appointment, volume and spatial and constructive solution of the building;
orientation of the building on the sides of the horizon;
climatic and light-gravatical features of the construction site;
the need to protect premises from insolation;
the degree of air pollution.

7. When designing lateral natural lighting, the shading created by opposing buildings should be taken into account.

8. The translucent fillings of lighting in residential and public buildings are chosen taking into account the requirements of SNiP 23-02.

10. The choice of devices for protection against the blinding effect of direct sunlight should be made with regard to:

orientation of light openings on the sides of the horizon;
the directions of sunlight relative to a person in a room having a fixed line of view (a student at the desk, a drawing board for a drawing board, etc.);
time of day and year, depending on the purpose of the premises;
the differences between sunny time, which built solar cards, and maternity times adopted in the Russian Federation.

9.1 The technical and economic assessment of various embodiments of natural and combined lighting of premises should be made for the whole year or individual seasons. The duration of use of natural lighting should be determined by an intermediate time between shutdown moments (in the morning) and inclusion (in the evening) of artificial lighting, when natural illumination becomes equal to the normalized illumination from installing artificial lighting.

In the premises of residential and public buildings in which the calculated value of the CEO is 80% and less normalized CEO value, the norms of artificial illumination increase on one stage on the light scale.

9.2 The calculation of natural illumination in the premises should be made depending on the groups of administrative regions on the resources of the light climate of the Russian Federation and the period under consideration:

a) when building buildings in the 1st, 3rd and 4th groups of administrative districts for all months of the year - on the cloud year;

b) when building buildings in the 2nd and 5th groups of administrative areas for the winter half of the year (November, December, January, February, March, April) - on the cloud sky, for the Summer Half of the Year (May, June, July, August , September, October) - by cloudless sky.

9.3 The average natural illumination in the room at the top lighting from the cloudy sky at a point in time of the day is determined by the formula

where e cf. - average CEO value; Determine the formula (B.8) of the application b;

External horizontal illumination with solid clouds; Take on Table B.1 Appendix V.

Note - External illumination values \u200b\u200bin Appendix G are given for local medium solar time. T M.. Transition from local maternity time to local average solar is produced by the formula

T M. = T D. – N. + L - 1, (14)

where T D. - local maternity time;

N. - time zone number (Figure 25);

l is the geographical longitude of the item, expressed in-hour (15 ° \u003d 1 h).

9.4 The value of natural illumination at a specified point BUT With lateral lighting in conditions of solid clouds, they are determined by the formula

where - the calculated value of Keo at the point BUT premises with lateral lighting; determined by the formula (B.1) of the application b;

Outdoor illumination on the horizontal surface with the cloudy sky.

Calculation of natural illumination at a given point M. Premises from the windows during the cloudless sky should be produced:

a) in the absence of sunscreen in light training and opposing buildings by the formula

; (16)

b) when shading windows with opposing buildings by the formula

c) in the presence of sunscreen in light formula

, (18)

where E. B I. - geometric CEO, determined by the formula (B.9);

b. B. - the coefficient of the relative brightness of the sky section apparently through the lighting; Take Table 11;

Outdoor illumination on the vertical surface, created by the scattered light of a cloudless sky; Action depending on the orientation of the surface of the facade of the building and the time of day on Table B.3 of the application in;

Figure 25. - Map of time zones

b F I. - average relative brightness of facades of opposing buildings; Determine in Table B.2 Appendix B;

Determined by the formula (b.5);

r. F. - the weighted average reflection coefficient of facades of opposing buildings; Take on table B.3 Appendix B;

The outer total illumination on the vertical surface, created by the scattered light of the sky, the straight light of the sun and the light reflected from the earth's surface; Take Table V.4 applications V.

The calculation of medium natural illumination indoors from the cloudless sky at the top lighting, depending on the type of light opening, produced:

a) with light openings in the coating plane, which have filling from light scaffolding materials, according to the formula

; (19)

b) with light openings in the coating plane, which have filling from translucent materials, according to the formula

; (20)

c) when lanterns deposit according to the formula

; (21)

d) with rectangular lanterns by formula

where T. about - see formula (B.1);

r. 2 I. k F. - see formula (B.2);

e. cf. - see formula (B.7);

The total outer illumination on the horizontal surface, created by a cloudless sky and the straight light of the sun; Take Table B.3 of Annex B;

Outdoor illumination on the horizontal surface, created by a cloudless sky; Take Table B.3 of Annex B;

b. B. - the relative brightness coefficient of the sections of the cloudless sky visible through lightways; Take Table 12;

See formula (16);

And - outdoor illumination on the two opposite sides of the vertical surface; Take Table V.4 applications V.

Notes

1 straight sunlight in illumination calculations are taken into account in the presence of sunscreens or light scattering materials in lightways; In other cases, direct sunlight do not take into account.

2 The values \u200b\u200bof the calculated coefficients in Tables 11 and 12 are shown for local average solar time.

Table 11.

Orientation of lights	B. Coefficient value B.
Time of day, h

IN		3,1		1,9	1,4	1,25	1,2	1,3	1,4	1,55	1,7	1,8	1,9	1,95	1,85
Yow	1,05	1,1	1,45	2,5	2,6	1,9	1,5	1,3	1,25	1,3	1,35	1,45	1,6	1,85	1,9
YU	1,5	1,35	1,1	1,2	1,3	1,5	1,7	1,85	1,7	1,5	1,3	1,2	1,1	1,35	1,5
Yuz	1,9	1,85	1,6	1,45	1,35	1,3	1,25	1,3	1,5	1,9	2,6	2,5	1,45	1,1	1,05
Z.	1,85	1,95	1,9	1,8	1,7	1,55	1,4	1,3	1,2	1,25	1,4	1,9		3,1
SZ	1,3	1,5	1,7	1,75	1,75	1,7	1,6	1,5	1,4	1,3	1,25	1,25	1,3	1,9	2,9
FROM	1,2	1,2	1,3	1,45	1,5	1,6	1,6	1,65	1,6	1,6	1,5	1,45	1,3	1,2	1,2
St.	2,9	1,9	1,3	1,25	1,25	1,3	1,4	1,5	1,6	1,7	1,75	1,75	1,7	1,5	1,3

Table 12.

Type of light opening	B. Coefficient value B.
Time of day, h

Rectangular lantern	1,3	1,42	1,52	1,54	1,42	1,23	1,15	1,14	1,15	1,23	1,42	1,54	1,52	1,42	1,3
In the coating plane	0,7	0,85	0,95	1,05	1,1	1,14	1,16	1,17	1,16	1,14	1,1	1,05	0,95	0,85	0,7
Shed (oriented on SZ, C, SV)		1,17	1,13	1,04	0,95	0,9	0,85	0,8	0,85	0,9	0,95	1,04	1,13	1,17

Examples of calculating the time of use of natural lighting indoors

Example 1.

It is required to determine how the duration of use of natural lighting in March for the average day in the working room with upper natural light through anti-aircraft lights and with a general fluorescent lighting system, if you reduce the projected area of \u200b\u200banti-aircraft lights by double and go to combined lighting.

The work room is located in Moscow, the accuracy of the audit works performed in it corresponds to the B-1 category of rules on the annex and SNiP 23-05.

The initially projected area of \u200b\u200bthe lanterns provided the average Keo value in the working room, equal to 5%; When decreasing the area of \u200b\u200bthe lanterns, twice the average value of the CEO is 2.5%. The work is performed in two shifts from 7 to 21 h local time.

Decision

1 In accordance with Table 1, the list of administrative regions on the resources of the light climate of the Russian Federation Moscow is located in the first group and, therefore, the calculation of natural light in the room is performed for the conditions of the cloud sky.

2 From Table B.1 Annexes in Table 13, the value of the outer horizontal illumination with continuous cloudiness for different watches of the day in March.

Table 13.

Time of day (local sunny time)	Outdoor horizontal illumination, lk	Medium Natural Illumination Indoor E CP, LK
at Keo \u003d 5%	at Keo \u003d 2.5%












	-	-	-
	-	-	-
	-	-	-

3 Sequentially substituting the value in formula (13), determine for the corresponding points of the time the value of the average light inside the room E Cp.. The calculation results are recorded in Table 13.

4 for found values E Cp. Build a schedule (Figure 26) Changes in natural illumination in the room during the working day at Keo \u003d 5% and 2.5%.

5 in the Appendix and SNiP 23-05 find that for the working room, located in Moscow, the normalized Keo value for B-1 discharge of work is 3%.

1 - a change in the natural light in the room at CEO, equal to 5%; 2 - the same, 2.5%; BUT - a point corresponding to the time of turning off artificial lighting in the morning;

B. - point corresponding to the time of artificial lighting in the evening

Figure 26.- schedule of changes in natural illumination in the room during the working day

Normated illumination is 300 LCs. When decreasing the area of \u200b\u200bthe lanterns, the average calculated value of Keo is 0.5 normalized Keo values; In this case, in the working room, the normalized illumination value from artificial lighting should be increased by one step, i.e., 400 LCs should be taken instead of 300 LCs.

6 At the ordinate, the graphics of Figure 26 find a point corresponding to the illumination of 300 LCs through which the horizontal is carried out to the intersection with the curve in the first and second half of the day. Points BUT and B. The intersection with the curve is design on the abscissa axis. Point but on the abscissa axis corresponds to time t A. \u003d 8 h 20 min, point b. - t B. \u003d 15 h 45 min.

The use of natural lighting in the work room with an average CEA equal to 3% is defined as a difference t B. - t A. \u003d 7 h 25 min.

7 From Figure 26 it follows that the horizontal corresponding to the illumination of 400 LCs does not intersect with a curve of changes in natural illumination with an average Keo \u003d 2.5%, which means that the time of using natural lighting in the working room with a decrease in the lanterns decreased is zero , i.e., during the entire working time, permanent additional artificial lighting should work in the work room.

Example 2.

It is required to determine the natural light and the duration of the use of natural lighting during the day in September with continuous cloudiness at three points A, B and B (Figure 27) of the characteristic School Class section at the level of the party (0.8 m from the floor). The points are located on the following distances from the outer wall with windows: BUT - 1.5 m, B. - 3 m and IN - 4.5 m. The calculated value of the CEO at the point A E A. \u003d 4.5%, at point B e B. \u003d 2.3, at point In E B. \u003d 1.6%. The normalized illumination in the classroom from the installation of artificial lighting is 300 LCs. The school is located in Belgorod (50 ° C. sh.) And works in one shift from 8 to 14 h (local sunny time).

Decision

1 From Table B.1 Appendices in discharge the values \u200b\u200bof external illumination during the day for September. Consistently substituting the values \u200b\u200bin formula (15), obtain the values \u200b\u200bof natural illumination at the specified points E G., E GB, E gv. The calculation results are recorded in Table 14.

BUT, B., IN - calculated points

Figure 27.- schematic transverse section of the school class

Note - Considering that in Table B.1 Appendix B for 50 ° C. sh. Outdoor illumination is not given, find the required value of the outer illumination by the method of linear interpolation.

Table 14.

2 According to Table 14, the figure of Figure 28 is built, for this, it is carried out a horizontal through the dandate axis point, which corresponds to the illumination of 300 LCs, up to the intersection with illumination curves E G., E GB, E gv (Curves 1 , 2 , 3 ).

3 design horizontal intersection points with crookeds on the abscissa axis; The use of natural lighting at the point BUT Determine the ratio:

t. 2 - t. 1 \u003d 14 h 00 min - 8 h 20 min \u003d 5 h 40 min.

From Figure 28 it follows that at points B. and IN With continuous cloudiness, in the fall, it is necessary to have permanent additional artificial lighting, since the score of the second and third rows of the party is a natural illumination below normalized value.

1 - At point BUT; 2 - At point B.; 3 - At point IN

Figure 28.- schedule of changes in natural light in the three calculated points of the school class during the working day

Reading the text, try to visualize everything that is written. This will help you not get confused in endless colors and shades, and also contributes to more accurately understand the article. In general, ahead and with the song! By the way, who is playing? Please write in the comments - it is interesting to know what people are listening, furrowing spaces of the Internet.

Dawn

At dawn, the lighting changes very quickly. Natural lighting has a bluish tint before sunrise. And if the sky at this time is clear, the effect of a red sunset can be observed. In nature, there is often a combination of high layered or cider clouds with a low-diluted fog. In such conditions, there is a transition of sunlight from up to the bottom up to a total of more scattered light, in which the shadows are blurred. With a negative temperature, the effect is more pronounced.

At dawn, excellent photographs of plants, open landscapes, water bodies focused on East churches are obtained. Often, fog spreads in lowlands, in water stroit. Valley landscapes look very impressive, photographed from a high point in the eastern direction. Often it is precisely at dawn plots with equipment, metal structures and any other objects having a glossy brilliant surface. With natural illumination, such surfaces and reflections from them look just great.

Photographer: Glory Stepanov.

The quality of light in the mountains is determined by the location. If the relief hides the sunrise, it is almost impossible to get interesting light effects. It should also be mentioned that the calm is most often observed at dawn. It helps to get the perfect snapshots of smooth surfaces of reservoirs.

Natural lighting in the morning

After sunrise, the light changes very quickly. In the warmest months, the sun can dispel a fog or haze, in the cold period - to create them (as a result of evaporation of the Inea). There may be spectacular weak evaporation from water bodies, rivers, humid roads. If at night there was rain, then in the morning the wet streets and plants, dull under normal conditions, will take a lot of bright spokes.

With an increase in the distance, the landscape is blurred and brightened. This can be used to transfer the 3rd dimension. At the specified period of day, the lighting color varies from warm bright yellow with golden notes to a heat-neutral tone. In the pictures made in the morning, human skin looks very smooth. The fact is that at night our skin is tightened, and the face of the face seems to be happy - the main thing is to be washed.

Photographer: Maria Kilina.

An hour later, as the sun rose, the lighting is created perfect for photography. Professional photographers often get up long before dawn, to have time to prepare for the session and "catch" the optimal light. Weather forecast practically does not matter, because the morning weather is difficult to predict.

There are other reasons to climb early and get to the shooting place in advance. You can independently trace the weather changes and, focusing on the position of the Sun, to understand what time the optimal natural lighting is for photography of specific plots. It is advisable to keep appropriate entries. Also, do not forget that the results of the observations will be fair only for a specific season.

Noon

The time and duration of the ideal light depends on the latitude of the terrain and the season. In the northern regions, where the sun does not enter, but also does not rise too high, such a light is observed most of the night and all day. In moderate latitudes, the appropriate light is saved for several hours. But do not forget that at the same time the position of the luminaire changes. In winter it can be low all day (I'm detailed about it).

The maximum brightness is observed within four hours in the middle of the day. Hot summer, too, have 4 ideal for photographing an hour. Two of them are afternoon, and two more - in the morning. Between them - the dead period. At this time, there is a very high probability of getting a pass.

Photographer: Ovchinnikova Elena.

In the Equatorial and tropical regions, natural lighting at noon is not suitable for photography. The sun is located high above his head and creates an annoying, blinding light that makes inexpressive surrounding landscapes.

The reportage shooting of people can be carried out only with the use of filling light by means of direct additional lighting or reflectors. It is recommended to use light, having a flower temperature of about 5.2 thousand Celvin.

A midday light in such regions can only be used to shoot canyons and gorges, thick vegetation covered with vegetation. At another time of day in such corners, the sunlight does not fall. The presence of direct rays helps the photographer get bright contrast pictures.

Faithful time and evening

In day heating, the air absorbs moisture from water or land. Therefore, in the 2nd half of the day, changes in the spectral composition (colors) of natural lighting, which are not always present in the morning are observed. Warm air absorbs more moisture. Cooling when moving shone to the sunset, it loses the ability to retain moisture. The latter is condensed into invisible smallest drops that remain in the form of suspension. With a sharp cooling, the fog is turned out. This is especially characteristic of marine regions.

Usually the fog is very weak and visually noticeable by the presence of light haze, which can "muffle" light. For this reason, the afternoon in the summer may seem dull and dusk, even if the sun shines brightly. In the pictures, this is expressed by "crushed" flowers and tones. In the evening, the situation is improved, since the sun's rays begin to pierce their way through a haze consisting of dust and aqueous particles, and reveal the air perspective.

Photographer: Maria Kilina.

In the 2nd half of the summer, the air in the city may look gray. If you look at the city from the plane, you can see the bluish light haze around it. It should be borne in mind that dust and moisture dispel the rays of natural lighting. With a highly located sun, the red rays are absorbed, and blue - dissipate, increasing the flower temperature. The pictures appear cold metallic blue, looking unavoidable.

The above partially explains what the afternoon light from the morning. There are other factors, for example, the characteristic orientation of construction and other structures in various places. The same gardens are located so as to grab the sunlight. Trees and plants acquire a final form, which depends on the peculiarity of the sunlight on them. But in general, the morning light is more preferable than the afternoon.

Sunset

At the sunset, specific natural lighting, a characteristic low position of the shone, when the atmosphere allows you to skip the red long-wave radiation and reflects the shortwave blue. In the afternoon, part of the red rays was absorbed by the haze, and the blue was scattered. Now the situation is reverse. The upper part of the sky remains blue, since the angle of its lighting has changed. As a result, cool color combinations and smooth tones gradients appear.

The sunset can become both the source of light and the object of the shooting itself. In this case, we will consider only the quality of radiation characteristic of this time of day. At sunset, the sun rays make their way through the haze or light clouds. Their color is gradually warmer (the color temperature is reduced).

Many photographers consider this state of the atmosphere most favorable to transfer natural lighting in the evening and interesting in the context of the color scheme. If there is a need to make adjustments, this can be done by using blue light filters.