Academician Michurin. Unknown Michurin. Rare historical photos created by personal photographer Michurina V.A. Ivanov. Published in the book N.I. Savelyeva "All-Russian Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Fruit Plants. I.V.

Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin (1855-1935)

We cannot wait for mercies from nature, to take them from her - our task. "" Who does not own technique of any art, science or craft, will never be able to create something outstanding ... ". These words belong to Ivan Vladimirovich Michurina, who perfectly owned the art technique to create a new life, cultivate new wonderful varieties of fruits, berries and flowers. It was a truly restless, greedy converter of nature, the Creator of the New Life, who had a goal to update the land. The life of Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin is a real scientific work feat.

Ivan Vladimirovich was born in the village. Long Prijan County of Ryazan province on October 27, 1855 Praded, Grandfather and Father Michurin were fans of fruit. In the former Kaluga province, where Michurin's ancestors lived before, the Michurin pears were still known to be known as one of these ancestors.

To achieve the Great in Life, very much early to put yourself a big goal, it is too strong to feel my life vocation and then persistently with all the effort of the will to follow this vocation, go to your life goal.

Michurin early found his life vocation. He wrote: "... I, as I remember myself, always and was completely absorbed only by one desire to grow those or other plants, and so much was such a hobby that I almost didn't even notice many other details of life: they seemed to Everyone went past me and almost did not leave marks in memory. "

I. V. Michurina managed to graduate with the prison district and enroll in Ryazan gymnasium. But from the gymnasium, it was soon excluded under the pretext of "disadvantage" to the authorities, and in fact, because this bosses demanded a bribe and did not receive it. I. V. Michurin dreamed of higher education, but he could not even graduate from high school. Nineteen-year-old Michurin was forced to become a headquarters of the commercial office at the Kozlov Station of the Ryazan-Ural Railway with a monthly wage in 12 rubles.

In 1874, I. V. Michurin married the daughter of Worpty Alexandra Vasilyevna Petrushina. This led him to a rupture with her parents - impoverished nobles that were outraged by such a choice of the Son. Almost in poverty began his independent life path Ivan Vladimirovich. But the modest railway office, abandoned by fate in the deaf provincial town of Kozlov, was full of rainbow hopes and dreams. He wrote:

"After thirteen years of comprehensive theoretical and practical study of the life of plants in general and, in particular, the cases of gardening and its needs in the area of \u200b\u200bthe middle part of Russia, after I traveled and inspected all the gardens and garden institutions outstanding at the time, as well as on the basis of personal Testing the qualities and properties of fruit trees suitable for culture in the middle and northern parts of the Former. European Russia, I in 1888 came to the conclusion about the state of our gardening ... It became apparent to the extreme need for a radical improvement of the range of our gardens by replenishing them more Productive varieties of better quality, which forced me in 1888 to establish a garden nursery with an exceptional goal of removing new best and more productive varieties of fruit plants. "

It began with a tiny parisade near a house in the city. Here on the small block of the Earth I. V. Michurin could have been dissolved only a small amount of fruit trees. Only in 1895, Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin was able to accumulate money for the purchase of manors outside the city, where, together with his wife, moved his dear plants on his hands. From the working diaries of Ivan Vladimirovich, it can be seen how wide and with what energy it turned out his creative activity here.

Here is a record: "Sowing 1887". It can be seen from it that I. V. Michurin, in the most intensely worked on a plurality of plants. Here and fruit-berry - pears, apples, cherries, plums and peaches; here and vegetables - melons, watermelons; here and flower and decorative - cloves, primroses, gladiolus, petunias, begonias, gloxia, cyclamen, kali-stegies, lilies, dahlias, daffodils, etc.; All listed plants are different varieties. Various palm trees, drasens, magnolias, camellias, sagiarism, eucalyptus, lemon, orange, orange, cedar, spruce, ebelman, etc.

I. V. Michurin is an insatiable in his search for a test of nature - sowned with his own hands, pushing, stalks; conducts extensive experimental studies; It is achieved by a good rapid barking of cuttings, is experiencing a different composition for lubricating cuts and a different composition of the substrate in which the cuttings are sown.

Diaries I. V. Michurina show what difficulties he had to overcome. He puts the cuttings, not having laboratory dishes, in banks from kalems and jam, in glasses, in a bottle, in a vessel from the Bunsen element. Material concerns hang over the creative labor of the researcher. I had to calculate a penny.

Record I. V. Michurin "Sowing of 1887" took only 8 pages of printed text, but a single researcher contained in it could envy not one major research institute with dozens of scientists. And meanwhile I. V. Michurina, at this time I had to work not only without support, but even in an atmosphere of alienation and hostility to a new case. With an amazing devotion to the very idea of \u200b\u200bthe idea, spilled on a small plot of her garden, I. V. Michurin, who did not have any official diplomas, worked on to create a new fabulous world of northern fruits, wonderful to taste, magnitude and beauty.

Veliko was the surprise of the royal government, when the news from the border began to come about Kozlovsky "Cudak". "In 1898, the Moscaanovsky Congress of Farmers, which gathered after the harsh winter, stated that all the old varieties of cherries both European and American origin in Canada were extorted, with the exception of" fertile Michurin "from Kozlov (in Russia)." So wrote the Canadian professor Sounders. Glory went about new wonderful varieties of fruit plants I. V. Michurin and in the United States of America. From there, the Department of Agriculture sent to I. V. Michurina his specialist - Professor F. N. Meira and did I. V. Michurine offer to sell all his living collections to America. At that time, I. V. Michurin was in a hard material situation. And nevertheless, the Americans did not seduce him very advantageous. He loved his homeland and wanted to convey the fruits of his creativity to his people.

Under the influence of the news from America, even the thickness of the royal government was worried. It was awarded I. V. Michurin Cross "St. Anne" of the 3rd degree "for services at the agricultural field", but did not have any actual support of I. V. Michurina in his most valuable creative work. Meanwhile, old age came.

In 1914, at the age of about 60 years, this person had bitter words from the Iron Will: "The years left and the forces are exhausted, it is extremely disappointing for so many years for the general benefit of a person and in old age not to have any support for themselves."

Three years later, the Great October Socialist Revolution came. Not leaving his nursery during the entire period of the February revolution I. V. Michurin on the other day after the advice of workers, soldiers and peasant deputies took power into their hands, not paying attention to the last on the streets of the shooting, appeared in just Organized county land commissariat and stated: "I want to work for a new government."

V. I. Lenin and I. V. Stalin showed a great personal care for I. V. Michurine. Twice I. V. Michurina visited Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin in Kozlin. In Kozlov, new research and educational institutions named after Michurin were grew up: a breeding and genetic station, the Institute of Northern Freedry, Technical School, Higher School. The city of Kozlov turned into Michurinsk - a major scientific center of northern fruit growing. In 1934, the eighty-year-old I. V. Michurin wrote: "Life has become another, full of meaning, interesting, joyful."

Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin belonged to the number of those "Chudakov", which, in the expression of Maxim Gorky, decorate the world. He wanted to "move" to the north. He wanted somewhere in the Voronezh or Tambov province and Yeho further to the north grew winter-hardy varieties of apple trees, pears, drain, grapes and other plants with fruits no worse than excellent southern varieties.

Creative findings of Ivan Vladimirovich were built on two main foundations. He himself created and developed these foundations and filled them with his original Michurinsky content. These basics are remote crossing and raising plants.

Remote crossing or remote hybridization is called remote because they cross each other and receive the offspring of two parent plants removed in their respects in evolution and in their geographical origin.

There are southern apple trees - Belfller Yellow American. He has large delicious fruits. In addition, they later ripen and can be kept in the winter in the winter. But the apple tree belfleur does not have enough winter hardiness. I. V. Michurin puts himself a task - to get a new variety of an apple tree, who would have the fruits would not be worse than Belflore, but the tree itself would well endure the winter. For this, I. V. Michurin fertilizes the Belfrel of Pultsya from the Chinese apple tree. The Chinese apple tree is relative to the wild Siberian apple tree and is distinguished by the big winter hardiness, but it's very small fruits (go on jam called "paradise apples").

Belflur American and Chinese apple trees are distant and by kinship, as belonging to two different types of apple trees, and in their geographical origin. From their crossing, I. V. Michurin received a seed, from which he brought his new grade Belflore-China. But to remove this variety, the scientist had a lot to work.

When the young apple tree grown from the seed in the seventh year of life brought the first fruits, they ripen relatively early - in August, but were not large enough. To improve the properties of fruits I. V. Michurin, applied the method of "Mentor", that is, the educator, the essence of which lies in the fact that wanting to obtain hybrid varieties with the desired properties, the gardener vaccinates the hybrid plant, in the crown, the stalk of that plant grade whose properties he wants to transfer to hybrid fruits. Transplanted cuttings affects a hybrid plant, as if brings up it in the desired direction. Hence the name of this method. I. V. Michurin instilled in the crown of this young apple tree as mentors, or educators, cuttings of the mother of the American Belflle. This, indeed, had his influence on a young apple tree, and she began to bring mature frigues later and larger. But I. V. Michurin did not satisfy this. He instilled in his village more cuttings of winter varieties of apple trees with laying fruits.

As a result of all this, the weight of the fruits from the new grade rose from 154 to 222 grams, and the ripening time moved to approximately 90 days. In the future, I. V. Michurin brought the weight of fruits at the Belflora-Chinese up to 340 grams. This variety of Belfleer-Chinese turned out to be quite enduring frost in the Ivanovo region, 500 kilometers north of Michurinsk. According to its beauty and taste, the BelfloR-Chinese is not inferior to the parent plant - Belfleer Yehlah American. With good storage conditions, the fruits in the winter melting can be maintained until February, without without losing their taste. Remote hybridization was only the beginning of the work of Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin on the creation of this variety. Methods of education applied to them very importantly.

Why did you need remotely crossing? When crossing between a close related small varieties living in one area, you cannot achieve major changes. Only very limited minor improvements will be obtained. And with the remote crossing, you can go far beyond these minor improvements. It is characteristic that with remote crosses I. V. Michurin did not take local wild grades of fruit and berry plants, despite their high frost resistance. The fact is that these varieties are very well adapted to the local climate conditions and when crossing with plants from other places suppress the properties of these plants, including the valuable qualities of their fruits.

Ivan Vladimirovich nominated and proved the situation that "the farther the pairs of crossed producers plants at their homeland and the conditions of their environment are accomplished, the easier it is to adapt to the conditions of the medium in the new area of \u200b\u200bhybrid seedlings."

The method of remote crossing I. V. Michurin began to apply from 1884. This wonderful discovery of I. V. Michurina has not been understood by theoretical science on heredity and variability - genetics. Only in September 1923, at the meeting of the German Society of Inheritance, the well-known Genetic Renner stated: "Maybe we will have more success if we become along and cross the views from the remote and with a long time of separated by the geographical areas of habitat.

When Renner spoke it only in the form of assumption, I. V. Michurina has long been a deeply developed scientific theory of remote crossing, and he created many new wonderful fruit plants on the basis of this theory. With the help of a remote crossing, I. V. Michurin not only connected the water body to give the benefits of the necessary high qualities with the ability to resist harsh winter conditions. The organisms obtained in this way were more flexible in the adaptation to new living conditions and more appropriate in the alteration of their nature.

Plants did not always succumb to remote hybridization. Then I. V. Michurin, deeply understood the nature of the plant, forced them to do this with its original methods:

• pollen blends
• vegetative rapprochement,
• intermediary introduction.

If, with a remote (interspecific) hybridization, the usually used artificial pollination did not give results, then I. V. Michurin caused a pestle on a pistil, not clean pollen of one of a variety or species, but a mixture of pollen of many varieties or species and as a result, the fetal tying . This technique I. V. Michurin called "Mixed Pollen Method". Another method of overcoming intersportal undertaking is a method of vegetative rapprochement, which I. V. Michurin introduced, consists of the following. The cuttings of I. V. Michurin inspiring through pollination by the usual way, and when the colors will diverge, their pollen pollines the flows of the stock and vice versa. This technique I. V. Michurin called the "preliminary vegetative rapprochement" method, which then facilitates the sexual reproduction of these vegetatively closest forms by pricing.

And finally, an extremely effective in some cases turned out to be a "mediator", the essence of which is schematically as follows. If the view is not crossing up with the type of B, which is crosslinked with the view of C, then I. V. Michurin first attempts to get a hybrid axx and, if possible, it easily crossoves this hybrid overlooking it; The view from appeared only by the "mediator", through which the undiscriminated forms A and B managed with the help of these and other methods I. V. Michurina managed to widely cross the various types of different types, and sometimes even kind of plants, for example, cherry with a cherry, Peach with almond, Irgu with quince or pear, etc. I. V. Michurin considered a particularly significant in conversion of wildlife two points: the hybrid origin of plants (from the remote crossing) and the young age.

Theory and methods I. V. Michurin have great creative power. This brilliant plant converter of plants seemed to break through a breech in a thick stone wall, through which a whole stream of new wonderful varieties of fruit and berry plants, valuable in quality and enduring to a more severe northern climate.

With surprise, you stop in front of this creative power, especially when you remember the old Belgian fruit of Van Monsa, who proved that it takes at least 40 years old to remove the new variety of apple trees and its distribution.

And how many and what wonderful new fruit plants created I. V. Michurin! Here, for example, the apple tree Pepin saffron. Her fruits are perfectly painted by Charlach painted on a beautiful yellow-saffron base background. The flesh is dense, yellowish, wonderful wine-sweet, with light acid, spicy taste, with a thin aroma. This is the late grade of the apple tree, the fruits of which can be saved until May next year. Tree is worn to winter frost.

But the Chinese Anisova. It has exceptional endurance to frosts, extremely fertile and matures very early. Painting of fruits - light greenish-yellow with a gentle blurred reddish-pinkish blush on the sunny side. The flesh is white with a green tint, loose, juicy, sour-sweet beautiful wine taste.

The famous pear "Bera Winter Michurina" is wonderful to frost. The yield is very generous, and the taste of fruits can be considered equal to the taste of many dessert southern varieties of pears. No less famous cherry "Fertile Michurina": the fruits are dark-ax, with a smooth shiny skin, pulp - juicy, pleasant sour-sweet taste, juice pink. Yield reaches 25 kilograms from one adult tree. Wood endurance to winter frosts outstanding. This cherry has gained widespread in the north of America and in Canada.

When you turn the writings of I. V. Michurin, then before my eyes there is a whole panorama of various fruits, which are hung up with its wonderful taste: apples, pears, quince of North, hybrid, cherries, cherries, plums, apricots, almond intermediary, blackberry abundant, raspberry , Four new grape varieties, new varieties of a wonderful Far Eastern berry plant of actinidia, etc. This is a testimony of the wonderful creative power of man. It is not only a great creator, but also an artist, passionately loved in its creation.

I. V. Michurin left us not only new wonderful varieties of fruits, but also the science on how to create them.

Charles Darwin firmly substantiated the very fact of evolution and explained its process, for which the practical experience of agriculture, I. V. Michurin, was very widely used, expressing figuratively, with great courage and enormous success was created by the evolution in the interests of man and on this basis developed further the theory of Darwin on this basis . Darwin explained how devices occur in animals and plants through hereditary changes and natural selection. AI I. V. Michurin gave his theory and the method of how to create new plants, especially fuel to adapt to new living conditions.

Darwin showed how human experience to eliminate new varieties of plants and animal breeds to use to explain the evolution of wild plant and animal world. AI I. V. Michurin opened in wild plants, in these frequently neglected "Cinderellaes", an inexhaustible source in order to increase endurance to them so that with the help of crossing them and improve the quality of cultivated plants.

I. V. Michurin drew attention to the fact that wild plants in the spontaneous process of evolution accumulated the valuable qualities of endurance and fertility. He showed how these qualities can be widely used with remote crossing to improve cultivated plants. There are now Soviet scientists who have been working on their task to get new wheat varieties with much higher endurance and fertility by crossing it with wild species of drinking and wild perennial rye.

In the Soviet conditions, creativity I. V. Michurin received an unusually wide exit to life into practice. For the first time in the world history, a real national scientific school in biology was created. This is Michurin school. In this school, together with academicians and other scientists in the profession, Michurinsky science is being introduced into life and together move it forward "Completely unknown people in the scientific world, ordinary people, practitioners, innovators". These are lovers-Michinurians, crop growers, farmers, trails.

Extremely modest was the working environment of Ivan Vladimirovich, but the whole she was heated by his work. Already nothing to talk about the garden. Here in front of the living plants at every step from Ivan Vladimirovich, the whole poems about the Great Work could be heard, whose living witnesses were here before their eyes.

But the same was in the desktop. Here Ivan Vladimirovich sits in the corner of the office for his modest writing desk and fills his cigarette. But tobacco for these cigarettes is special. He was brought by Ivan Vladimirovich himself, he invented him and made a car for cutting tobacco, which his cigarettes stuffed. And on the wall for Michuurin, an aneroid enhanced to them is hanging. I. V. Michurin was inventor in the soul. It combined the unfortunate powerful creative thought with golden hands. Ivan Vladimirovich himself in his appeal to the XVI Congress of the WCP (b) wrote: "Everything I encountered, I tried to improve: I worked for various sectors of mechanics, electricity, improved tools, studied beekeeping. But the most beloved work was work on improving varieties of fruit and berry plants. "

Michurin's whole creative life was a powerful impulse to the future, to a new, young, better.

On June 7, 1935, the Creator of the new life in the world of plants left the life. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin's grave is located on the square of Michurinsk, not far from the Higher School, in which the frames of young Michurin residents grow, continuing his work.

The main works of I. V. Michurin: Results of half a century work on the removal of new varieties of fruit and berry plants, M., 1929 (t. I), 1932 (t. II); Elimination of new improved varieties of fruit and berry plants, M., 1933; Results of sixty years of work on the removal of new varieties of fruit and berry plants, M., 1936 (4th ed.): Works edited by Acad. B. A. Keller and Acad. T. D. Lysenko, M.-L., Agriculturalized, 1939-1941, T. I. Principles and methods of work; t. II. Descriptions of varieties of fruit and berry plants; t. III. Notebooks and diaries; t. IV. Different notes and articles that have not included in the first three volumes.

Oh I. V. Michurine: Baharev A. N. and Yakovlev P. N., Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin (Life and Creativity), M., 1938; Gorshkov I. S., Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin, his life and work, M., 1925; Baharev A. N., Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin (biographical essay), in t. I cit. I. V. Michurina.

In his work, I.V. Michurin was widely enjoyed hybridization. At the same time, he took into account the complex nature of hybrids. He believed that hybrid seedlings pass at certain stages of development of critical periods during which the realization of various-quality parent genes occurs.

Based on this assumption, I.V. Michurin applied techniques to educate seedlings, affecting them factors of the medium. It used various methods of soil processing, making fertilizers, Mentor Method.

Mentor's method It is that in the crown of a hybrid seedling is made from the plant, the properties of which must be transferred to the hybrid. Sometimes the hybrid is hidden on the corresponding dive.

Remote hybridization in the works of Michurina

I.V. Michurin was also widely used. It found that in the hybridization of southern varieties with local, the signs of local varieties are usually dominated. To avoid this, he concluded that it was necessary to select parents originating from various geographic areas.

So, the sort of pear Bere Winter he brought through the hybridization of the South European Pears Bere Royal with Ussuri Pear. With such a hybridization in a hybrid, the hereditary basis of both initial parental forms is in unusual natural conditions.

By changing the conditions of cultivation of hybrids, Michurin brought up economically valuable signs, borrowed from both one and from another parents. In this particular case, the Bere Winter grade inherited a large-sightedness, high taste qualities and the possibility of long-term winter storage, and from the Ussuri Parent - cold resistance.

Due to the fact that the organisms under the influence of the medium can change within the reaction rate, can be influenced by external factors to phenotypic manifestations of signs. This was used by Michurin while growing fruit trees hybrids, changing certain conditions at various stages of ontogenesis. Dominance of signs that in the environment find the most favorable conditions for development, Michurin called the dominance control.

In order to overcome insightness with distant hybridization, Michurin has developed a number of methods.

Methods Michurina

Method of vegetative convergence It is the preliminary vaccination of one type of plants to another. As a result, the chemical composition of the tissues changes, which, apparently, contributes to the germination of pollen tubes in the pestle of the parent plant. So you can achieve fertilization in hybridization of such species that are usually not cross.

Mediator method It is that if it is necessary to obtain a hybrid between the non-seeing species A and B, first carry out hybridization of the crossing of species B with C, and the hybrid is crossped with a view A.

Pollination method with a mixture of pollen from different species It can also favorize the germination of pollen tubes in the flower pestle and contribute to fertilization.

Most of the varieties derived by Michuryin are heterozygous in the genotype, so sexually multiplied them, they will be split. They are breeding in a vegetative way.

Michurin paid a lot of attention to the acclimatization of southern fruit plants and laid the beginning of the promotion to the north of grapes, apricot, cherries, etc.

Many made by breeders in the removal of new varieties of agricultural plants. Great in this merit of N.V. Cycin, P.P. Lulukyanenko, V.N. Rosezlo, F.G. Kirichenko, V.E. Pisareva, who deposited new wheat varieties. V.S. Pustovyt was created by high-solid varieties of sunflower, I.M. Khajinov achieved great success in the breeding of corn.

Michurin Ivan Vladimirovich is a famous biologist - breeder, the creator of many modern varieties of fruit and berry crops. Born on October 28, 1855 in the estate of the vertex, near the village of Long (now Michigovka) of the village of Ryazan province. He studied at first at home, and then in the prison district of the Ryazan province, devoting all his free time to work in the garden. On June 19, 1872, she graduated from the prison county school, after which the father was preparing the Son at the rate of gymnasium to enter the St. Petersburg Lyceum. But his father suddenly falls. To repay debts, it is necessary to sell the estate. Delighted opportunities to receive higher education, Michurin enters Ryazan gymnasium. But after a few months it was excluded from it.

At the end of 1872, I. V. Michurin received a commercial desktop of the commodity office of the goat station (Ryazan-Ural Railway, later - Station Michurinsk, Moscow-Ryazan Railway). Two years later, Michurin occupies the position of assistant chief, but not long, a quarrel with the head of the station violated plans. Michurin changed the work and began repairing hours and signaling devices.

Soon he managed to remove the abandoned estate in the Kozlov area, with an area of \u200b\u200b130 hectares., With a small land plot, on which Michurin began to put breeding experiments with more than 600 plant species. Going to the city's urban manor, Michurin brought the first varieties of plants: Raspberry commerce, cherry grid, cherry Beauty of the North and others. But after a few years and this manor was crowded with plants.

Several times, Michurin endured the nursery, acquiring the plots of land with a larger area. This was achieved in the extensive labor and tough cost savings. For many years of work in the field of hybridization brought results - Michurin created valuable varieties of apple trees: Antonovka semi-trunk, candidyl-Chinese, rennet Bergamo, Slav; pears: Bere Winter Michurina, Bergamot Novik; Plums: Rencod gold, renclod reform, Turn sweet and other cultures. For the first time in the history of fruit growing created in the middle lane, winter-hardy grades, almonds, grapes, papiral tobacco, oil rose, and others. Michurin is convinced of the unsuccessful acclimatization method by vaccinations, and concludes that the soil of the nursery is a powerful black soil - is fat and " PAYS "Hybrids, making them less resistant to devastating for thermal-loving varieties of" Russian Winter ".

In 1906, the light saw the first scientific publications I. V. Michurin, affecting the problem of the new removal of varieties of fruit trees. Already in 1912, Michurin for his achievements was awarded the Order of Anna Third Degree. In 1913, the Americans offered Michurina to sell a collection of varieties, to which the breeder was refused.

After the October Revolution, Michurin continued his works and finally received state support. In 1918, at his request, the nursery was nationalized, and Ivan Vladimirovich was appointed his director. In 1921 and 1923 Local authorities allocated additional land for the nursery. By the 1922th year, Michurin produced over 150 new varieties of fruit trees and shrubs: apple - 45 varieties, pears - 20 grades, cherries 13 varieties, cherries - 6 grades, rowan - 3 grades, etc.

In 1923, the first All-Union Agricultural Exhibition was opened in Moscow, on which Michurin's achievements were also presented. The Expert Commission of the exhibition has awarded Michurine a higher award - the diploma of the USSR CEC. November 20, 1923 Name named after I.V. Michurin was recognized as a national institution and received the name of an experienced nursery. I.V. Michurina. Further in 1928, he was renamed the state selection and genetic station to them. I.V. Michurina, and in 1934 the station was transformed into the central genetic laboratory. I.V. Michurina.

In 1925, the USSR government noted greetings of the 50th anniversary of Michurin's activities and rewarded with his Order of the Labor Red Banner. And on June 7, 1931, he was awarded the Order of Lenin. On the eve of his 80th anniversary, Michurin was awarded a set of honorary titles: Honored Worker of Science and Technology (1934), Dr. Biological and S.-H. Sciences (1934), Academician Vaschnil (1935), Honorary Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1935), Honorary Member of the Czechoslovak Agricultural Academy (1935).

The most important issues developed by Michuryin: inter sorted and remote hybridization, methods of education of hybrids due to regularities of ontogenesis, management of dominance, mentoring assessment and selection of seedlings, acceleration of the selection process using physical and chemical factors. Michurin created the theory of selection of source forms for crossing. It has been established that "the more the pairs of crossed plants, producers at the place of their homeland and the conditions of their environment, are accomplished, the easier it is adapted to the conditions of the medium in the new area of \u200b\u200bhybrid seedlings." The crossing of geographically remote forms was widely used after Michurin and many other breeders. Michurin has developed theoretical foundations and some practical techniques of remote hybridization. Proposed methods for overcoming the genetic barrier incompatibility in remote hybridization: pollination of young hybrids during their first flowering, preliminary vegetative rapprochement, use of the mediator, pollination with a mixture of pollen, etc.

In addition, Michurin was a good inventor mechanic. It constructed and made a tobacco cutting machine, a distinguished device for determining the percentage of rose oil, tools for pollination and vaccination, developed a unique way to air rooted cuttings.

Before the anniversary (in June-July 1934), I. V. complained about gastric pains, but then in his health was a temporary improvement that coincided with the period of the anniversary celebration in September 1934

However, by the winter of 1934/35, he again felt worsening and complained about the disease. Nevertheless, I. V. worked without breaking the usual regime. He took his employees and gave instructions on work, led a greater correspondence.

In the winter of 1934/35, I. V. was no longer out of the room, feeling increasing ailment. In February 1935, threatening symptoms from the intestine appeared; I. V. Lost appetite, his strength was noticeably weakened. However, he did not cease to lead the work of his employees and was interested in all affairs and news.

On March 14, I. V. adopted one of the scientific cooperations of the Timiryazevsky Agricultural Academy, who came to him for advice and help. March 19 advised the film plan about his work. March 29, all day was advised by the letter. Maintenance of the Georgian SSR on the use of a new design garden instrument. Carefully following the newspapers and magazines, I. V. I learned about the anniversary V. R. Williams and on April 3 sent him a welcoming telegram: "On the day of the fiftieth anniversary of your outstanding scientific activity, I cordially congratulate you, dear Vasily Robertovich, I sincerely wish you with the sum Work for the benefit of socialist society. "

In April, the health of Ivan Vladimirovich had a sharp deterioration, and he began to quickly weaken. His famous biographer A. N. Baharev, all the time who was in communicating with the sick, describes this period of his life: "Disease disgusted the once mighty body of Ivan Vladimirovich ... The patient's face was laughed, his hands were shaking, and he barely moved around the room. Only still burned his dark brown eyes. Appetite disappeared at all ... Michurin was fed only by milk and tea. On the morning of April 22, we, who lived and worked with Michurin for many years, was last breakfast with Ivan Vladimirovich. The next day, complaining of general weakness and sharp stomach pains, he could not climb from bed. " The consultation that took place on April 24, found a small curvature of the stomach in a sick cancer.

The end of April, the whole May and the beginning of June I. V. was already on artificial nutrition. He was tormented by bloody vomiting and strong gastric pains, but he, without getting up from bed, continued to work, courageously carrying suffering.

He often caused his employees to himself into a small bedroom, gave them instructions, made amendments to their work plans, was vividly interested in the course of work in the garden, he looked through all the correspondence and read the newspaper. Having received the seeds of watermelon from Saratov (up to 4 years old) from Saratov, and a letter from one of the commanders of the Red Army, which was randomly at the village of Tominalka Oranienbaum district of the Leningrad region, a large-scale red currants, I. V. Now sent researchers to collect material and information on these interesting plants.

In connection with the continuing impairment of I.V., on May 10, a second consilium was held, confirmed the diagnosis of the first. With a patient, the doctors were on duty all the time, his daughter Maria Ivanovna, the niece of Alexander Semenovna Tikhonov and the nearest helpers - P. N. Yakovlev, I. S. Gorshkov, A. N. Baharev and some others were located in the house. It was clear to everyone that the junction approaches and that everyone needs to be ready forever to say goodbye to his favorite teacher and a friend ...

Until June 4, I. V. still continued to be interested in the work and took the relatives and guests who came to spend it. He arrived from Leningrad and his son Nikolai - Designer Engineer.

The fourth of June was the last day before the deadly Agonye I.V. On this day, the third medical consultation was held, which set: "Diagnosis - cancer. Heavy condition. Sharp cachexia (exhaustion), weakening of cardiac activity. "

"June 5. The state of health I. V. Michurin got worse every hour. On the night of June 5, the patient was almost all the time in forgetting, a lot of fright, rarely came into consciousness. Pulse 108, weak filling. Today, at 12 o'clock in the afternoon, the consultation of doctors stated a sharp deterioration in the state of the patient, the growing of cardiac weakness "(Izvestia, June 6, 1935).

"June 6. By evening, I. V. Michurin deteriorated sharply. Pulse 90-100. Catching pain in the abdomen area. For the first time in all the time I. V. began to moan. From time to time he spoke a single-stroke word "(True, June 7, 1935).

At 9:30 am, on June 7, I. V. died. The next day, a mourning government announced the whole world about the death of a great biologist:

"The Council of People's Commissars of the Union of the SSR and the Central Committee of the WCP (b) with the regret notify the death of Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin, an outstanding Soviet scientist, a bold converter of nature, which created hundreds of new beautiful varieties of fruit trees, all his life to the service of the workers' masses."

SCS of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) made a decision on the funeral of I. V. Michurin at the expense of the state. At the same time, it was decided to convey the house in which I. V. lived, in the life use of his family, to oblige the NKZ of the USSR to establish 10 scholarships named after Michurin in agricultural universities, organize the publication of a meeting of his scientific papers, to provide members of the I.V. Personal Pension. Kozlovsky district was renamed Michurinsky district, Kozlov Station - to the station Michurinsk.

We give a detailed conclusion about the disease I. V. Michurin, who led him to death. This conclusion was composed by a representative of the Sanitary Management of the Kremlin and the attending physicians.

"Medical bulletin

Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin enjoyed all his life with good health. In the spring of 1934, he suffered a few attacks of malaria, accompanied by an intestinal activity disorder. After that, there was a deterioration in the general state of health. Last year, Ivan Vladimirovich was under the systematic observation of local doctors, periodically was inspected by the best specialists in Moscow and Voronezh.

During the winter of 1934/35, there is a progression of general ailment, a drop in performance. All winter, the patient did not come out of the room, continuing to lead the work of his closest employees. In February 1935, the intestinal activity disorder again appeared. The appetite dropped sharply, up to a complete disgust for food, vomiting was joined, often with an admixture of blood. From this point on, the phenomena of the power decline began especially quickly. On the advice of treating doctors, the patient was established bedding and diethical nutrition.

The above dyspeptic phenomena and the associated drop in nutrition still continued to grow. During April-May, a number of concernes took place with the participation of professors: Muller, Leporsky, Russian, Bruskina, Associate Professor Kogan and a number of others. A stomach tumor was diagnosed, apparently malignant. Clarification of the diagnosis was difficult due to the impossibility of a patient to produce a number of necessary laboratory, radiological and other studies. The progression of a painful process, indomitable vomiting, complete disgust for food led to a sharp exhaustion, which could not be prevented by artificial nutrition, on which the patient was in the last one and a half months.

The exceptional individual resistance and features of the body allowed the patient so long to carry almost complete starvation. It is necessary to note the striking preservation of intelligence and interest in working until the last days of life.

On June 7, 1935, at 9:00 am 30 minutes, with an increase in the decline of cardiac activity, Ivan Vladimirovich died "(Izvestia, June 8, 1935).

On the night of June 7-28, an opening of the body of I. V. Michurin was performed in Michurinsk. The opening establishes that the deceased suffered from stomach cancer, common arteriosclerosis, aortic aneurysm and cardiosclerosis. The brain was seized and sent to the Moscow Institute of Brain.

Ivan Vladimirovich's funeral took place on June 9 in the evening. I buried him on the square at the training fruit and vegetable institution of his name, at the highest location of the city. It offers a beautiful view of the neighborhood of the city with typical paintings of Russian nature, and Michurin institutions are clearly visible from here: the central genetic fruit and berry laboratory and the research fruit and vegetable institute.

Shortly before his death I. V. wrote: "I admit quite appropriate organization at a special area near the university building (i.e., the fruit and vegetable educational institute. I. V. Michurin) of the Educational and Experimental Forms Garden."

This position was completed: the grave of the Great Gardener was spreading the most interesting garden Square - the living museum of Michurin varieties of fruit and berry plants. In the frame of the mass of still young, blooming, full forces of the trees and shrubs there is a grave of Ivan Vladimirovich. Strict black marble tombs. On her side facing the entrance to Square, read:

Michurin I.V. 1855-1935

On the opposite side:

"A person can and should create new plants of plants better than nature."

I. V. Michurin.

From the head of the words expressing the idea of \u200b\u200ball the lives of the Great Natural Score:

"We cannot wait for mercies from nature; Take them with her - our task. "

I. V. Michurin.

Death I. V. Michurin caused a huge number of responses from both us and in the medium of progressive figures of foreign countries. On June 8, a necrologist, compiled by N. I. Vavilov, was published in the Pravda newspaper. Numerous appeals were obtained in Kozlov from a wide variety of institutions and organizations that expressed sorrow on the death of I. V.

Mass of letters, telegrams from people who knew Ivan Vladimirovich, who heard about him who studied from him or who used his classic works was from all over our immense country. Heavy loss of government, party and public organizations, gardeners, workers, agronomists, scientists, and miners - gardeners and gardeners, which, I. V., had a lot of help, teachers and students, as well as land, teachers and students, as well as land Authorities, agricultural and scientific organizations and institutions, etc.

In the Donbass, mourning meetings took place in many mines. In many cases, these appeals were accompanied by obligations aimed at the development of the Green Book by I. V. Michurin, - grow thousands and millions of fruit seedlings, ornamental plants, etc. Scientists-nerds of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR headed by Acad. V. L. Komarov and Acad. B. A. Keller published a letter in which it was said: "Death broke out of our rows of the great gardener, plants converter, the Honored Worker of Science, Honorary Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Ivan Vladimirovich Michurina. He was an outstanding experimental, naturalist and artist in horticulture. His motto was: "We cannot wait for mercies from nature; Take them with her - our task. And he took a huge number of new varieties of fruit and berry plants and transferred these new varieties to its Socialist Fatherland "(True, June 9, 1935).

The letter ended the call to transfer breeding work from the cabinets to the fields.

Personal friend I. V. Michurina Acad. B. A. Keller, expressing the sorrow of wide circles of scientists of the Soviet Union, wrote:

"Refused to serve the old body of Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin of his young, strong creative thought. The feeling of huge grief covers the hearts of workers and peasants-collective farmers, our Soviet community ... "Craid", in the view of the town man, I. V. Michurin was presented by the old Tsarist Russia, when he broke his great creative way alone - without diplomas and professions, on his Labor penns, among the stuffy police atmosphere, through the thick bark of the provincial bureaucracy in the deaf goat.

"With the masses of Rodnil Ivan Vladimirovich, his heroic struggle alone before the revolution; All his life research path is bold, far from templates, is the specificity of his scientific creativity, the uniform thought of art has found an expression on the joy of fruits and flowers. And the main thing is that Ivan Vladimirovich, from the very beginning of the October Revolution, completely gave her all his work, sensitively, with extreme accessibility it was going to meet and woke up requests to him from the masses.

"AND. V. Michurin in his creative work has long appreciated with his characteristic insightfulness of V. I. Lenin.

"This high grade of V. I. Lenin found a joyful response and wide support for the multi-million massologies of the Soviet Union. I. V. Michurin soon became one of the favorite heroes of our Great, new socialist culture.

"Dear teacher and friend! We all want to decorate our hotly favorite socialist homeland lace greenery, bright colors colors, lighting the life with the joy of lush fruits. For all of us - from the gardener-academician and gardener-worker and collective farmers to the young pioneer - the courage will be shining on it; Ways, bright courage of your dank, will serve our weapons of research methods.

"Cute teacher and friend! The rich fruits of your exceptional creative life, you completely gave a new, great socialist human culture. Vintage your creative thoughts and your wonderful varieties are seized millions.

"Your vital work disappeared. He picked up and multiplied by millions, he goes forward, to the great future of new humanity "(True, June 9, 1935).

In Czechoslovakia, in Prague, many newspapers placed a detailed biography of I. V. Michurin - an honorary member of the Czechoslovaksky Agricultural Academy, with an expression of a deep sympathy about the death of a great scientist, which brought a huge benefit of nations not only the USSR, but also from the world.

The responses of progressive scientists of foreign countries to death I. V. Michurin are given on materials published in connection with this mourning event in our central newspapers ("True" and Izvestia for June 9-10, 1935).

On October 12, 1935, a detailed report on the life and activities of I. V. Michurin was read in Prague at the meeting of the Academy of Czechoslovak scientists. In Austria, F. Tswegelt made the following statement in connection with the death of I. V. Michurina: "The death of a famous researcher Michurina means a unacceptable loss for all world breeding science in the field of fruit crops ... The death of this person is especially regretting Austria, which was with Michuryin in close contact ... But I hope that the inheritance of this great person will continue as a living testament and impulse for offspring. "

Deep sorrow expressed French scientists: prof. Riva, prof. Lanzhen. Director of the National Agronomical Museum in France Lemoan wrote: "From the bottom of my heart I join the trarawe, comprehending the USSR. I had no honor to personally know the great scientist Michurin. But his scientific work is known and enjoys high assessment in France. " Professor of Biology Prennie wrote: "The name of Michurina is now famous for all over the world. It is a symbol of an reviving influence provided by the Soviet authority to science. Before the revolution, Michurin hardly spent his experiments. Only the victory of the workers and the peasants gave him the means to realize the great case conceived by him. " Director of the colonial agronomic laboratory prof. Chevalé stated: "I am with all my heart I join the Soviet scientist in the Great Touré, who fell into science. Professor Michurin is well known to the French scientist. He until the death was a man of action, who gave a lot of nerd. His hybridization experiments are of great scientific importance. "

In England and the United States, the news of the death of I. V. Michurin also caused a wide response, and many newspapers published a message about its work and about the opportunities for its development, which he was provided to the Soviet government.

I. V. Michurin died. Not a great teacher of Soviet biology ... But it lives it and develops. Our biological science associated with thousands of threads with the practice of the USSR national economy is successfully developing along the path specified by Darwin and Michuryin.

"Michurin," wrote Acad. V. R. Williams (True, June 5, 1937), - belongs to the category of happy figures. Happy because the results of his work will remain living in the centuries, many generations will turn out and will bloom and fron. "

Organized in 1921 in Michurinsk at the Central Selection and Genetic Station Michurin Museum of Achievements is the best monument and Ivan Vladimirovich himself. I. V. Grushvitsky and L. I. Ivanina (1949) in his compressed, but at the same time, a very detailed description of this museum report: "It is at least fluid to briefly review the book of reviews and wishes to make sure of its extraordinary popularity. Where else, as not here, in the city, the name I. V. Michurin, where for many years he lived and worked, where the work was first widely set by the transformation of nature, where Michurina's talented students continue to get the deepest , bright and vital idea about I. V. Michurine. "

On October 27, 1955, the Soviet people, all progressive humanity widely celebrated the century since the birth of the great converter of Nature, an outstanding biologist Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin.

On October 27, a solemn meeting of the USSR Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences named after V. I. Lenin, was held in the Bolshoi USSR Academy of Sciences, together with representatives of ministries, scientific institutions. The Presidium of the meeting contained representatives of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the members of the Government of the Soviet Union.

At the anniversary meeting, the largest Soviet scientists, agronomists, zootechnics, innovators and edge of the collective farm and state-owned production, which came from all over the country, guests from Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, German Democratic Republic, Korean People's Democratic Republic, Democratic Republic Vietnam, France, Yugoslavia, Japan, Pakistan, Switzerland, Belgium and other countries.

The solemn meeting was opened by the introductory word of the President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Academician A. N. Nesmeyanova.

"The Great Lenin opened Michurin," said Academician A. N. Nesmeyanov. "So I. V. Michurin entered the history of modern natural science, he became due to the care and generous help of the Communist Party, the Soviet state," due to the conditions that the socialist system created for the development of scientific thought.

"Century since the birth of I. V. Michurin, scientists of our country are noted as a significant date in the history of natural science, as a bright milestone on the path of scientific curses in the knowledge of the laws of life, in their use to transform wildlife for the benefit of humanity."

From October 28 to November 2, a scientific session took place in Moscow. V. Michurin.

About two thousand people took part in the plenary and sectional sessions, there were scientists, crust of agriculture, trails, as well as foreign scientists. In total, more than 250 reports were made.

A group of participants in the session and foreign guests traveled to Michurinsk, where he looked at scientific institutions and laid a wreath on the grave of the Great Scientist.

Century from the birthday of I. V. Michurin was devoted to the meeting of the Biological Department of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR F Scientific sessions of the Academies of the Union Republics, solemn meetings of scientific councils of research institutions and higher educational institutions. Throughout the country in enterprises, in collective farms, state farms were read and lectures about Michuchin. Michurinsky evenings took place in schools, district houses of culture, at experienced stations, variety of expectancy.

Century from the birth of I. V. Michurin resulted in a nationwide demonstration of the achievements of Soviet biology.

I. V. All Life worked for the prosperity of the science that V. I. Lenin (1953) said: "The human mind opened a lot of outlines in nature and reveals even more, strengthening his power over her."

There will be centuries, but the memory of the outstanding Russian naturalist, the grateful converter of nature, a great worker, a public figure and patriot of their homeland will always live in the happy future generations of humanity.

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For the great scientists, the people were entrusted to the famine, sorcerer

The city of Michurinsk is known as a major railway node. It is also known that the famous breeder Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin (1855-1935) lived here and created a new variety of fruit crops. About Michuchin's wide circle of readers is unknown almost nothing ...

"Pushkin - he speaks with us, verses. Michurin can not, and almost do not know it. How no one really knows Landau, Kapitsa. Sakharov is known as a human rights activist, but not as a physicist, but he already made one of the greatest assumptions before death, that the proton is unstable system, and now it is confirmed .... "

So, our conversation began at the Department of Mathematics and Physics of the Michurin Agricultural University, where the Rights of Ivan Vladimirovich Michurina Alexander Kursakov works.

But it was a matter, Michurina Wathali in America. He received the first sentence from there in 1914. The US government did not just guarantee the breeder with the laboratory and land without limitation, but promised to take all his garden on the steamer. Michurin refused flatness. I explained it like this: "Adult plants are bad at another place, and the people all the more."

The Dutch offered him a big money for the bulbs of Lily Phials with the condition that this flower will no longer be grown in Russia. Did not sell.

Although he lived poorly. At the monument in the center of Michurinsk, the jacket of the scientist is fastened to the "female" side. Many believe this for the error of the sculptor, although Matvey Manizer, who was ordered a monument, scolded him by photographs. The thing is that Ivan Vladimirovich himself drove old clothes. Mittens spil to themselves, shoes wore to the limit. The government did not help, and everything he grown in the garden went to the wage of workers. Nothing remained him. Just honor.

In general, it was an amazing person. In a civil war, when "white" came to the city, he hid in his basement of the wounded "red" when "red" - wounded "white". Why didn't they call him?

Kursakov says that Michurina neighbors loved and afraid at the same time. Behind him, the fame of the sign, the sorcerer. He knew the many herbs with therapeutic properties, prepared from them all sorts of ointments, brazers, healed migraine, pig, kidney colic, furunculosis, heart failure, even cancer, removed stones from the kidneys. He possessed the ability to influence the growth of plants and behavior of people. It happened, walked with a cane on the field and showed: "This, this one, and this leave, the rest throw out." Of the 10 thousand seedlings, some small defined two or three. They were hybrids that were. His assistants secretly tried to transplant seedlings rejected him. None caught up.

He could talk for hours with a dying plant, and then returned to life. He could safely enter any courtyard, and huge guard dogs did not leave. Birds without pauses sat on his hat, shoulders, palm and groveled grain.

My grandmother was sophisticated by the younger brother once, "Alexander Kursakov says. "His long and unsuccessfully looking for, finally, went to Michurina." He showed his hand on the river Omut and said: "He is there." He was really found there.

Michurin was a magnificent watchmaker, held a workshop, and determined the sound than the mechanism of sick. Unique intuition was a man. Rare natural gift. He loved to make himself. The vacuum chisel, a manual secator, an elegant portable apparatus for pasting the essential oil from rose petals, a lighter, a cigarette room - everything was done. Special machine stuck cigarette tobacco tobacco "Michurinsky" variety. He had a unique workshop for the manufacture of vessels of fruits and vegetables from wax. They were considered the best in the world and were so skillful that others tried to put them off. Did not love when anyone was late. He said: You take care of your time and mine. But when at what kind of workers, his boyfriend happened, will suit, look like her eyes, and the color tried to give a cut on the dress ...

Family life Michurin was difficult. His wife (and he took her wife when she was not also 16 years old, and they lived 41 years old) died in 1915 from cholera. Michurin was hard to experience her death. For a long time I did not go anywhere, did not accept anyone. They had two children - Maria and Nikolai. Michurin believed that the son would be his successor, but Nikolai didn't love to work with the land, and what was entrusted to him, did the opposite. Then the Father said: "Or you will work as it should be, or I will ask you to leave the family." Nikolay left. It was at that time 14 years. He lived in Leningrad, she did not know with his father. They met a few months before the death of Ivan Vladimirovich. First of all, Michurin showed his books and rewards to his son.

Maria Ivanovna, on the contrary, helped Michuurina in all his affairs. She had three daughters and two sons. Sons died in a civil war. About one daughter does not know anything, and two lived in Michurinsk. According to Maria Ivanovna and Alexander Kursakov goes. Lives hard, in strained.

The descendant of Michurina bullet flies from one school to another, it works in three shifts, in order to at least give a sown to a student and feed two other sons, "says his comrade, Associate Professor Vladimir Petrushin. "I'm already used to that Sasha Kursakov walks all the time in the same jacket and the same pants." And he is to my gray costume. The Moscow janitor, who swept near the mayor's office, is probably more than the whole of our department of mathematics and physics combined.

Ivan Vladimirovich Michuurina was not lucky after death. Bolshevik ideologists snatched his phrase from the context: "We can not wait for mercies from nature, to take them with her - our task," and made it a militant atheist.

In the film about him, a priest looks like in one of the personnel because of the fence, and something throws a scientist. In fact, with a neighbor, the priest they were friends, and Michurin honored God.

That Lysenko in the fight against genetics also relied on Michurin. And he was friends with Vavilov until the end of his life. But when the first genetic studies began to appear, began to check them. And I found out that for annual plants, all the laws of Mendel are suitable, and many years of member plants - no. Then it was confirmed. Michurin was never an opponent of genetics, but already dead, Lysenko recorded him in his allies and thus blurred the name of the scientist.

When people of a different layer came to power, they began to paint not only the layer, which was changed, but also its expressives. Remember how the director of Sergey Bondarchuk, the composer Alexander Pakhmutov, the composer Alexander Pakhmutov ... The story once again corresponded to the next ruler. Under this skating rink and Michurin. From the university created by him, removed his name. We wanted to rename the city, but the inhabitants were opposed. Kozlov was not known to anyone, and Michurinsk is known to everyone.

Michurin died in 80 years from the gastric cancer. I won to bury myself next to the house, but it was not fully implemented because in the spring everything is flooded with flood waters. He rests next to the agricultural institute, which is unimusted with his sign, the name of his founder.

michurinsk, Tambov region

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