Definite punctuation marks. Punctuation signs and their role in the text

Today we will talk about existing punctuation signs.
We learn what exist punctuation marksWhat they serve and where they came from.
Let's start with the fact that we form a certain understanding of the purpose of punctuation marks. Why do we need these very signs?
Our speech is extremely diverse, not only in the content of words in it, but also by intonational features. We can ask something meaningfully, making pauses, exclaimed, summarizing the logical conclusion. Share your story on the part. Quote someone, use many other techniques in speech.
To reflect these most intonational-semantic features on the letter, the punctuation marks come to the aid.
We list all the existing signs of punctuation and let us briefly describe each.
« » - Space Serves to separate words from each other.

« . » - Pointallows us to share text on suggestions. A proposal is a kind of completed thought within any narration. Also, the point serves to reduce long words (an example of "sq. 97" - a reduction from the apartment 97).

« , » Comma Allows us to arrange accents, separate the words from each other within the sentence. The famous example: "execute, you can not pardon." And "cannot be executed, pardon." Shows how important the proposals are sent in the creation of the sense.

« ? » Question mark Allows us to make the offer "asking".

« ! » Exclamation point It comes to us to help when you need to give a more pronounced emotional conclusion.

« … » Dot (Three points) We use when we want to designate a pause or inactive in the narration. A dot is used for technical purposes to reduce text usually in quotes.
Example.
In the lines of Gorky poem: "Over the gray-haired plain of the sea ... the petrel is relevant.", We can meet a call to the revolution.

« ”” » Quotes. As you might notice, they are used in this article quite often. We allocate quotes, direct speech, titles, words in a figurative value. They are kind of word sequences in general context.

« - » Tire or Defis. The borders of the application of this punctuation mark are quite broad. It is used as a short dash without spaces in words like "ever, someone, somehow," and long in suggestions. For example: "Teaching - Light! " A dash is a kind of bridge between words or suggestions, denoting their relationship. We give a few more examples so that you caught the essence and diversity of using this sign.
With me the book is my faithful assistant.

In the forests, fields, seas and oceans - everywhere harmony.

- How did you sleep today?
- Sleep - Miracle!

"To me!" - Said the master team.

I will buy two buckets - one home, another to the cottage.

I am very sorry and east.
I will fly away Moscow - Vladivostok.

« : » Colon We indicate the subsequent part of the proposal to the previous one. For example, when in the proposal we have a generalizing word, and after it is transferring the words to it relating. Different animals live in the forest: Wolf, Fox, Bear and others. The colon can separate 2 parts of the sentence, if the second follows the meaning of the first. I am satisfied: today the day was not in vain. Also, the colon is actively used in proposals with direct speech and quotes in cases, if you first go the words of the author. For instance. Einstein said: "All about!"

« ; » Semicolon. We use this sign usually with the same purpose as the comma. It is worth saying that if the comma is a kind of intonational pause for the purpose of separation, the point of the comma is an intonational pause, but slightly longer and more significant.
It is used in complex suggestions, as well as the list of list.
We give a couple of examples.
Need to buy:
1) Red apples;
2) pickled cucumbers;
3) Tomatoes.
Vitya did not catch the fish; But despite this, he told all evening, what an interesting fishing was.

« () » Brackets We separate the implied text that is not consistent with other parts in the proposal. Usually in brackets are written: clarifications, some details and details. In speech, we usually indicate such moments: more precisely, in the sense, I mean, etc.
Examples:
In winter (at the end of December), I'm going to go to Austria.
Punctuation signs (eng. Punctuation Marks) - Comfortable tools for creating more understandable and saturated text.

« ’ » Apostrophe. This is familiar, as a rule, separate one part of the word from another in difficult last names (Zhanna d'Ark, D'Artagnan) as well as in words with a part of the word on Latin (I sometimes use E-mail and Skype). This is a kind of upper comma, which gives us to understand that when pronunciation, you need to make a micro pause on the site of the apostrophe.

« Paragraph"- a punctuation sign, denoted by paragraph, is, in fact, the transition to a new string. It is used for the purposes of the meaning or intonation division of the text on the part. With the transition to a new line usually begin a new thought. Actively transitions are used when writing poems and dialogs.

We listed and revealed all punctuation marks In Russian existing today. In conclusion, I would like to pay attention to several facts from the history.
Do you know that until the end of the 15th century, the words were written in Russia without gaps?
The point appeared only in the 1480s, commaed in the 1520th. And the first paired sign (brackets) - in 1619.
Today we successfully use all the characters listed, both on their direct destination, and creating bizarre smiles of them.
On this all.
Good luck;)

In Russian, there is such a very important section as punctuation. In it are studied punctuation marks, the rules of their arrangement. Why are they generally needed? After all, it would seem how easier to do without them. It would not be necessary to teach many rules, break the head when and what sign to install. But then, our speech would turn into a solid flow of words without meaning. The punctuation marks help to give proposal logicality, expand the emphasis, separating parts of the statements, emphasize and paint with the help of intonation some of them. There are sometimes places in the text when it is not clear whether the punctuation sign is needed, and if so, what exactly. To answer these questions, it is necessary to apply a certain rule of punctuation. And the place itself in the text or proposal, where you need to make such a choice, is called a name. An algorithm of actions such:

• find a place where it is possible to assume a punctuation error;
• recall the rule suitable for this case;
• based on it, select the required punctuation sign.

What are there signs?

In Russian punctuation, we can allocate ten basic signs. This is a point, comma, of course, the signs of the question and exclamation, a point with a comma, colon and dash, quotes, as well as ellipsis and brackets. All of them are designed to make text correctly, help him rightfully understand. What exactly functions can perform punctuation signs in sentences? Let's look at it.

Punctuation functions in Russian

All punctuation marks can either separate proposals, words, phrases from each other, or emphasize attention on separate semantic segments in the text, offer. In accordance with these roles, they are all divided into three groups.

1. Separate. These are such punctuation signs as ".", "?", "!", "...". They are used to separate each proposal from the subsequent, as well as to design it as complete. Which sign to choose, dictates the meaning of the suggestion itself and its intonational pain.
2. Dividing. It ",", ";", "-", ":". They delimitate homogeneous members in a simple sentence. The same punctuation signs in a complex sentence help the separation of simple elements in its composition.
3. Excretory. They are 2 commas, 2 dashes, colon and dash, brackets, quotes. Serve these signs to highlight elements that complicate a simple sentence (input words and structures, appeals, various separate members), as well as to designate direct speech on the letter.

When punctuation marks are needed

Please note that the place in the offer, where the corresponding signs are needed, it is easy to find if you know certain signs.

Helping structuring written text. Their use is regulated using punctuation rules, individual for each language. They are not always easy to learn, so extremely many errors fall on this section. So, when studying foreign languages, extremely few programs include punctuation. However, this section is no less important than grammar or spelling, although it is necessary only in so what there are punctuation marks?

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The main punctuation units in any language are the point, comma, as well as the question and exclamation marks. With their help, it is possible to correctly express your thoughts, although not always with sufficient accuracy. In total, ten icons are used in modern Russian: in addition to the already named, it is a dash and colon, which will be discussed separately. In addition, these are brackets and quotes having a separation function. Also a dot, ending the thought, and a semicolon, playing the same role, but within one sentence.

As you can see, the list is small, but each of the listed punctuation units has its own purpose. Sometimes they are interchangeable, but more often - no.

Classification

There are several options for separating punctuation units. First, on the basis of pair. That is, in the case of a single punctuation mark, it is necessary to add it to the second. The pair categories include brackets, quotes, as well as double commas and dash.

According to the second classification, all punctuation marks can be divided into 3 categories. For example, such:

1. Selection signs. They are intended to designate the boundaries of various syntactic structures and isolation. This category includes paired signs. They allow you to clearly strudule the offer and see its significant parts.
2. Signs of separation. They denote the border between independent proposals, including the composition of complex structures. In addition, they point to the type here everything is not included in the first point.
3. Sometimes a red string is separately highlighted. It denotes the change in the topic or a new turn in the narration or reasoning.

Functions

It may seem that in the modern world, punctuation is already atavism. As a rule, and without points can be distinguished by the sentences, and without commas most often understandable, what are we talking about. What can we talk about other signs that are much less likely? Nevertheless, without them, it is extremely difficult to do.

First, they allow you to make mental pauses and distinguish the phrases without turning the text into a meaningless set of letters and words. Secondly, they transmit a huge number of different shades - insecurity, semi-consolidation, etc. Without such a powerful tool, as punctuation, it would be very difficult to achieve this. In addition, in official documents, treaties and contracts without punctuation, it would be extremely difficult. Not there, the questioned comma can completely change the meaning of the entire supply - and this is not a joke.

So the role of punctuation signs is important, no matter how opponents them claim the opposite. In the end, many linguists adhere to the opinions that any unnecessary introduction in the language simply do not take root, while significant parts are saved anyway. And then, the famous "execute cannot be pardon" is just one example, but in fact there are thousands of them. Any punctuation sign is an important part of the proposal that cannot be neglected.

The history of the emergence and development

It is difficult to imagine how it can be done without punctuation, but the current situation has developed relatively recently, and perhaps the process of developing this language section continues. Nevertheless, it is very interesting to observe how the birth and development of punctuation occurred.

The ancient sign of punctuation is the point that meets in the Old Russian monuments of writing. But its use was not regulated in any way, but the location on the line was different - not at the bottom, but in the middle. The rules of its production began more similar to modern about the XVI century.

The comma was distributed approximately in the XV century. Her name happened from an obsolete verb denoting stopping, delay. Single in this case will be the word "stuff". And the most observant will notice one more. For example, the fact that "punctuation" on etymology goes back to the same Korni.

Most of the other signs were entered into widespread use until the XVIII century. Lomonosov, Karamzin and many other prominent scientists contributed to their popularization. The modern rules for punctuation of the Russian language were adopted in 1956 and are still valid.

Proper use of punctuation units

Put punctuation marks is not always easy. At the end of the offer to choose from there are four options, and inside the phrase ... It is not surprising that so much time is dedicated to the study of punctuation. Remember all the rules, perhaps, will be somewhat difficult, but the main is just necessary.

Commas: proper use

Since this particular sign is the most common, it is not surprising that it is for him that it has the greatest number of problems. The comma is a sign that shares simple sentences in a complex. It is also used in translating, to highlight introductory structures, applications, separation of involvement, particle and comparative revolutions and many other purposes. Listed them all, perhaps it is quite difficult, since it is a huge part of the school program. Nevertheless, it should be remembered that the comma also always highlights the appeal. The punctuation marks require careful attention to themselves, and neglect the rules of their alignment for the native speaker - primarily disrespect for his own person.

Direct speech and dialogue

It is this topic that causes the greatest difficulty of both schoolchildren and adults. And if there is less with a dialogue, because there is a dash before each line, the punctuation marks in direct speech becomes simply a stumbling block, especially if imposing words are used.

In order to make this part of the text correctly, you need to know that the replica itself together with its own punctuation marks is highlighted with quotes. If the words are used in this case, the comma is used instead of a point, which in this case is endowed beyond the utterance. Question and always persist. As for the execution of the author's words, it depends on the membership of the replica. If they are a single offer interrupted by the explanation, then it is written with a small letter and is released using a dash and colon. Only one pair of quotes is put - at the beginning and at the end of a direct speech. Probably, in theory it sounds somewhat confusing, but practice is easy to understand.

Using a dash and colon

Grammar in Russian implies existence and this means the demand of the above-mentioned punctuation marks. Their appointment is approximately the same, and they both can be replaced with a comma, which, nevertheless, will not transmit the necessary shades.

The colon is necessary if the subsequent part or even a simple sentence fully reveals the meaning of the previous one, adds parts, etc. Dash - in the inverse situation. Of course, they have other functions, but it is also a large part of the school program that deserves a detailed consideration.

Differences in the punctuation of Russian and European languages

Studying the native, we do not always think about what is the signs of punctuation in foreign adversions, and whether they carry the same function. Of course, the rules of punctuation are different, but the conversation is now not about them.

A bright example is Spanish. Questionative and exclamation offers in it are highlighted more noticeable, because the corresponding signs are not only in the end, but also at the beginning of phrases, so that they relate to the paired along with quotes or brackets.

By the way, in English, often instead of dots at the end of direct speech you can find a dash. And the Greeks instead of a question mark can be put [;]. Guess, not knowing, difficult. So it is not always worth thinking about the rules that establish Russian. Signs of punctuation and ways to use their everywhere.

Eastern languages

Japanese and Chinese remain true to traditions, despite Europe's influence. So, the point looks like a circle and is sometimes placed in the center of the line, and sometimes as the usual one. This is done to avoid confusion, since the European sign could be taken for the last hieroglyph.

There are also two types of commas: ordinary and drowned. The first, for example, shares simple proposals in the composition of complex, and the second is homogeneous members.

Little-known punctuation signs

It may seem that the previously named list is more than exhaustive. But, oddly enough, it is not. So, what are the signs of punctuation, which are not known about, and they are practically not used? Eliminate a little more than a dozen most famous:

• Interbang. This combination in one unit of a questionnaire and exclamation mark looks exotic, but interesting. Of course, it's easier and familiar to write "?!", Moreover, the meaning will be the same, but supporters of Interrobanga's introduction believe that it looks like a letter more representative.
• Rhetorical he spent about 20 years at the junction of the XVI and XVII centuries. In essence, it is a mirror reflection of the usual question mark.
• Asterism. Previously, the heads or part of them were separated from each other exactly by this sign, which represents three stars, located in the form of a triangle. But for quite some time they replaced the same asterism, but located in the form of a straight segment.
• Ironic sign. It may seem that it is too similar to rhetorical, although it is less, located above the line and carries a completely different function, as can be seen from the name. It was invented in the XIX century.
• Love sign. Its function is also obvious from the name, and it itself is a combination of two questional, mirrored to each other, with one point.
• A conciliation sign. It is a combination of two exclamation points with one point. Expresses a demonstration of goodwill or greeting.
• Confidence sign. Performs a function of emphasizing a solid opinion regarding the approval made. It is an exclamation mark crossed out by a short horizontal line.
• Questionate comma. It is used to underline question intonation within one sentence. By analogy, there is an exclamation comma.
• Sarcastic sign. It is a kind of snail with a point inside and protected by copyright. It is used for a separate underscore that the proposal behind which it is located contains sarcasm.
• Snark-sign. It can be typed on the usual keyboard, because it is just a point and the following tilde behind it - [. ~]. It is used to show that the proposal for which he goes should not be understood literally, and there is a hidden meaning.

A rather interesting set, but it seems redundant to many. And although the role of some of these signs seems necessary, the language ultimately displaces the unsuitable and unused things. Probably, this is what happened in this case.

Nevertheless, natural languages \u200b\u200bare far from the only discipline in which there is a concept of punctuation. However, this topic requires separate consideration. Much more appropriate will consider the effect of modern trends in the alignment of punctuation marks.

Punctuation and network etiquette

Since communication on the Internet is initially most often implies informality, quite naturally some simplification and disregard for Russian rules (and not only). Even the concept of network etiquette has developed, which includes the question of how to arrange punctuation marks.

So, for example, the point at the end of a long dialogue is a sign that the interlocutor wants to close the topic. In other cases it looks rudeness and coldness. A large number of exclamation marks means, depending on the context, stormy negative or positive emotions. Ellipment can show despair, thoughtfulness, melancholy and some other mood shades, which can hardly be called positive. The alignment of commas in network communication rarely is the subject of serious reflection, because the goal is to convey to the interlocutor the essence, and the design of thought in this case is secondary. Nevertheless, it is impossible to neglect the arrangement of question characters - this is a movietone.

Although these rules differ from general, remember them are easy. And, of course, it should be borne in mind that they do not touch the business and official correspondence, which must be issued correctly and competently. A punctuation sign is a powerful tool to use neatly.

Own values \u200b\u200bof punctuation marks were formed during the centuries. Everything random and unsuccessful, all the best was fixed in the work of finely felt written text of the authors, in the practice of serious publishers in which they worked as finely feeling the importance of punctuation editors.
Many believe that the point always stands at the end of the sentence, and it is, as taught at school, expresses the completed thought. But we consider this, for example, the proposal: "Pavlik's store immediately saw this ball. Large. The black. Stitched from leather hexagonals. The ball, which he dreamed about. Which even saw in a dream. " Judging by the grammatical structure, the proposal here is one. Instead of five points, you can put five commas.

Where do these "illegal" points? In fact, the point is not there, where the proposal really ends, but where the writeer wants to say: "I told you everything that I considered it necessary. You can think about my message. " However, the regulatory punctuation allows you to do similar "statements" only at the end of the sentence. Everything else is the author's liberties.

Dot - a kind of antonym of the point. He put it when they want to say: "I told you not all that I know. Think by yourself that you can add to the said (or what happened later) ". "He was unusually, unusually talented, but you know how it is done in youth ... quickly, more grazing - Trep-Lyap, and so it will go ... yes-s ..." (A. and B. Strugatsky).
Another value of the dots - "I told you not all that I know. I'll think about it and maybe add something else." "Count Caliostro is not at all the same as the great ballazamo. It. How to tell you ... This is not a very successful copy of it. Balsamo in his youth viewed itself "(A. and B. Strugatsky).
In ellipsis, two shades - incompleteness and insecurity; In the texts, they can appear both together and apart. In addition, by the help of dots indicate passages in the text.

The question mark is also opposed to the point, but quite otherwise. The point denotes the end of the message, but does not offer the interlocutor immediately react to it. But the question mark requires a response. In oral speech, he corresponds to a special kind of intonation and questioning words, such as K. I. Chukovsky.
"Before buying a pear, apples, or, say, cherries, she appeared in an argument, ...
- Are they good? - Good, Madamechka, good!
Having learned the price, Masha asked her a new question:
- Ty, not expensive? - Not expensive, leader. Not expensive!
When the merchant answered his mother's goods on dubious scales, Mom asked:
- Do you have any scales? - Faithful, Madamechka, faithful! ".

If the writeer puts at the end of the proposal in about withk, it shows how much the content of his own statement is worried. In this sense, an exclamation mark is opposed to a point, and a dot, and a question mark:
"- Wait! - I cried. - Eagle! Eagle take away! Together with the smell! " (A. and B. Strugatsky).

The comma is put when they want to say: "I have not finished my message, read on." On the one hand, the comma is opposed to the point (the message is not completed), on the other, the dullness (writing does not intend to interrupt its message). The commas are peculiar hooks for which they cling to the artwork of the author of the text. So they are not so much isolated or distinguished how much is united.

The point is a semicolon, a kind of synonym and comma, and points, opposed to them. The value of this sign can be defined as follows: "I finished a substantial part of my message. You already have something to think about. However, I said not all, read on. " Here's as a point with a comma uses A. S. Pushkin:
Korolovich buried and went to an empty place, to see another bride at least once. Here goes; and rose in front of him the mountain cool; Overlook the country is empty; Under the mountain Dark entrance.
The point with the comma is often used instead of a comma, if the parts connectable to it are too common, complex in structure. Such examples are set in the texts of L. N. Tolstoy.

The colon put, if they want to say: "I'm going to clarify the message made." This explains the use of a colon in front of a number of homogeneous members after a generalizing word, in the non-union sentence before the second part, which explains or supplements the first or indicates the cause, and before the direct speech: "I looked out of the kibitat: everything was darkness and vikhori"; "The reader apologies me: for, probably, he knows from the experience, as akin to a person to indulge in superstition, despite all sorts of contempt for prejudices" (A. S. Pushkin).

The dash is not only multi-valued, but even has homonyms. Tires put, for example, if they want to show that there is a skip in the message. In this value, the dash is used in incomplete sentences: "Tatiana - to the forest. Bear - for her "(A. S. Pushkin). Often a dash marks the lowered verb ligament
I note by the way: all poets - love of dreamy friends. In addition, the value dates and the dash, denoting the interval: monuments of the ancient Russian writing of the XI-XIV centuries. Almost no preserved.

A completely different sign - dash in the meaning of alternation. It is put if they want to point out that the author of the replica changed in the dialogue, or that from direct speech moved to the usual text: "- Why go to the right to me? - I asked a bump with displeasure. - Where do you see the road? Not: Horses His, chase not stand. - The bar seemed to me right. "In fact, - I said, - Why do you think that housing is not far?" - "And because the wind of Ottol pulled, - the road was answered, - and I hear, smoke smelled; Know the village close "(A. S. Pushkin).
Perhaps it is to this value that the use of a dash dates back to the names: a sign of certainty - uncertainty; Law Boily - Mariotta. A dash may indicate that options are not just equal, but identical: he is seriously faded by my mother - a woman with bright and talented. Oddly enough, the value of the opposite is also often indicated by this sign: I am dark - you are cheerful, I am happy - you are angry.
And finally, the dash is in the meaning of the following. The dash is set, if it should be noted that one event follows the other - usually suddenly, even contrary to expectations: he slowly, trying not to show his horror animal, retreating to the door - and suddenly fell, stumble upon some kind of bitch; All frozen. Sometimes the event does not happen suddenly, but naturally, being a consequence of the previous one: we do a common cause - there is no need to quarrel yes find out who is the main one; Want to eat - work with everyone. This is a kind of antony of the previous value.
Perhaps, precisely because of the ambiguity of the dash love poets and writers, turning it into the main means of the author's punctuation.

Quotes put when the statement concluded in them belongs not to the author. Most often, they are used to designate the boundaries of direct speech or quotation. Sometimes in quotes enter into words from which the writeer wants to "disappear", or the generally accepted, but not entirely accurate, not too successful. Compare. The party leader stated that the country would moan under the courtyard of the "criminal rulers who were owned by enemies", and promised to correct the situation as soon as he would escape by the president; My buddy came to the "Commowers" - trades with some stains. Thanks to the ability to emphasize the indirect meaning of the words and expressions of quotes often become a sign of an ironic attitude to the subject matter under the subject: such "Savior of the Fatherland" can bring us to a serious misfortune.

In brackets put a statement that does not carry the main, and additional information.
If you look attentively, then you can see that in addition to the usual semicol, there are two commas (or a pair comma) that highlights the syntax structures on both sides. In many ways, there are two dash sign with it (pair dash). These signs other than the usual value of the comma and the dash are still allocated in the proposal some kind of design (they are similar to the brackets). In Spanish, for example, the paired is mandatory for ... Questionaging and exclamation marks: they should stand not only at the end, but also at the beginning of a questionnaire (exclamation) proposal, and at the beginning - in the turned the form - isaludo!
If the two commas only distinguish between the design, then the dash and especially the brackets still indicate the relative convergence of the content of the allocated unit from the meaning of the entire supply.

On function similar to punctuation sign Capital letter at the beginning of a new offer: In fact, it is the same symbol of the beginning of the statement, as the point is the symbol of the final. It would be more correct to talk about signs: "Capital + point", "Registered + Multiple", "Registered + Question Sign", "Registered + Exclamation Sign".

In the time of M. V. Lomonosov "Local sign" (so called punctuation marks) Defisc was considered. It shows that two words constitute a single concept (Gogol-Mogol, Student-cooker), i.e. its functions differ from the functions of other signs. However, the dash in some of its values \u200b\u200bis similar to the hyphen. It is not for nothing that the apps write through the hypis (rusist professional) in the presence of dependent words is written through a dash (lectures read the Russist is a real professional).

If you go beyond the offer, then punctuation sign Paragraph (§) could also be claimed, and font selection of headlines or other fragments of text, and framework, and the location of the text on the page.

Principles of punctuation and norms of syntactic constructions of the Russian literary language of the first third of the XX century