Frame house overlapping on two levels. Standard mistakes in the construction of frame houses. Roof construction technology for a frame house

Overlapping in a frame house is the basis of the strength and reliability of the entire structure. It is it that divides the building into floors, provides it with sufficient stability and durability. The interfloor overlap in a frame house is a layer cake consisting of load-bearing structures, insulation and insulation materials. Considering that the interfloor overlap in a residential building is a floor and a ceiling at the same time, this pie also includes finishing materials. Many novice builders do not quite know exactly how to make a high-quality overlap of the second floor in a frame house. Indeed, this is a rather responsible process that requires compliance with certain building technologies.

A construction cake in the form of a floor slab will only serve for a long time and with high quality if all the rules for its installation are observed.

These rules are as follows:

1. High load-bearing capacity of the structure. The calculation should be made for the maximum load on the slab. It must withstand the weight of people and furniture without damage or deformation, and withstand strong gusts of wind.
2. Sufficient rigidity. The floor slab of a frame house should not bend when walking on it, carrying even very heavy loads. To do this, you need to correctly calculate the length, width and thickness of the ceiling beams, how they are attached to the trim and walls.
3. Adequate level of sound insulation. This is necessary so that the inhabitants of the first floor do not experience discomfort from the noise on the second level.
4. Refractoriness. When creating a cake slab, you should choose materials that do not support combustion, prevent the spread of fire across floors.
5. Low thermal conductivity. This quality is necessary when one floor is not used for living. A well-thought-out design of the interfloor floor in a frame house will protect the residential level from the heat in the summer and from the cold in the winter.
6. Ease. Frame houses have limited strength. The basement floor can simply collapse under the pressure of walls and a massive slab. For its construction, you need to choose high-quality and lightweight materials.

When carrying out construction, do not make excessively thick floor slabs between levels. Their insulating qualities must correspond to this parameter at the shield walls.

The largest load is borne by the beams, which are attached to a horizontal strapping installed on top of the first tier. It is better to fasten the strapping of the first floor of the frame structure with nails. They are much stronger than self-tapping screws and can withstand a strong horizontal load. Over time, the tree shrinks and shrinks. The nails provide the timber to slide down to the bottom layer. In the case of self-tapping screws, large gaps remain, which must be constantly caulked.

As for the insulation, it is recommended to use basalt wool. It is a lightweight and resilient material with incredibly low thermal conductivity and fire resistance. The cake, in which mineral wool is laid, is lightweight and has excellent sound insulation characteristics. Despite the fact that this insulation has low hygroscopicity, it is recommended to insulate it with a membrane film to protect it from moisture.

From below, the floor slab is sheathed with sheet material. The easiest and most inexpensive way to make a ceiling is to use drywall. It is easy to process and lightweight material. Floor beams can be sheathed with plywood or OSB. The lining and block house look beautiful. Stretch ceilings look impressive, but these products are impractical. The space between them and the floor slab is extremely difficult to access. If rodents or insects settle in this space, then real estate owners will face serious problems and costs. The most effective in terms of cost, ease of installation and maintenance are plastic panels. This structure is installed, dismantled and put back in a matter of hours.

Floorboards, OSB, laminate and thick plywood can be laid on the second floor joists. The choice should be made in favor of a material that has the best performance and resistance to moisture.

Installation sequence

To build a high-quality and durable floor, you need to know how to calculate the thickness and frequency of the beams. After that, it remains to calculate the total need for building materials and get to work. When carrying out calculations, one should be guided by SNiP. If in doubt, they should be interpreted in the direction of increasing hardness and strength.

The arrangement of the interfloor floor slab along the frame walls is carried out in the following sequence:

1. Cross beams are screwed onto the harness. If the purlins are longer than 400 cm, then glued boards should be used. When making long runs, the boards are fastened together with an overlay of 75-80 cm.
2. Lags are fixed to the beams and on the harness. Fixation is carried out with long nails and on metal corners. The interval between the lags is 50-58 cm, depending on what material is chosen as insulation.
3. The lower part of the frame is covered with a membrane film. Sheets of plywood, OSB or an untreated wooden surface are nailed to the boards. This will be the basis for insulation and finishing of the ceiling.
4. Insulation is placed in the frame. All cracks are carefully sealed. The recommended thickness of thermal insulation is 10 cm. A vapor barrier film is fixed on top of the insulation with a construction stapler.
5. The frame filled with insulation is covered with boards or wood-based panels - they will be the subfloor of the second floor.

The final stage is the final finishing of the floor. The choice of material is determined by the purpose and style of decoration of the entire room, the taste and financial capabilities of its owners.

The foundation of the house not only consists of walls and a roof, but also includesfloors in a frame house. It must meet special requirements and take into account many features. At first glance, it may seem that all overlaps are the same, and should also be performed using the same technology - but this is a delusion. For example, the construction of basement floors is constantly subject to sharp changes not only in temperature, but also in humidity and weather conditions. Accordingly, this overlap should be built taking into account all influencing factors in order to reduce possible damage as much as possible. The overlap between floors should be of the same strength and soundproofing to ensure the most comfortable living possible. At the same time, the ceiling of the attic performs the function of thermal insulation in order to keep the most optimal temperature in the house. In connection with all these points, the requirements for the technique of erecting each floor are somewhat different.

Floor types:

• basement
• interfloor
• attic

interfloor overlap in a frame house

When installing an atticfloors in a frame house, be sure to take into account the correct cross-section of the beams and the distance between them. It must be sufficient to support the roof, its own weight and any additional load. On top of the insulation, a mandatory vapor barrier is laid to prevent moisture from entering. On top of them, a rare boarding of sufficient thickness is reinforced so that you can easily move around when installing the roof and roof.

The specialist talks about the wooden floor:

The overlap in the house is its most important element. It is not only a floor divider for the building, but also a floor for the second floor, which is often subjected to heavy loads. Therefore, the overlap should be light on the one hand, like other parts of the frame house, and on the other hand, sufficiently reliable.

The necessary qualities of this element

What to look for when building a floor for a frame house? What qualities should it have?

1. Ease. Since frame houses are considered light buildings, a light foundation is placed under them. To reduce the load on the foundation, the overlap is also made lightweight. The main material for such houses is traditionally wood. It is better to choose conifers for frame construction, since a timber or a board made of conifers is less susceptible to bending in places where forces act on them.
2. Rigidity. The floor structure must be rigid. Its deformations, bends, deflections, etc. are not allowed. It is to improve the stiffness parameters that the boards used in construction are placed with an edge.
3. Strength. If it is assumed that the weight of the second floor of the frame building will be large enough, special attention should be paid to strength. It is often necessary to use not just timber, but glued timber. It has the necessary safety margin, therefore it is preferable. If you want to use a plank, use elements from three connected planks. If we compare the strength of three connected boards and one piece of timber of the same thickness, then the structure of the boards will be more durable.

Do not forget that the joists for the floor of the second floor must be made necessarily reinforced, and mesh or reinforcement must be laid in the screed. This will reduce the deformation of the floor. Planks or beams must be processed. If you are buying a slab already treated with a thin layer of wax, you must be extremely careful when laying them. Place something on the treated wood if you need to walk on it. This will keep the treatment from abrasion, and you will not slip on a sufficiently slippery surface.

Construction methods: what options are there

There are several types of floors that are suitable for a frame house. They differ from the material from which they are created and from the structure itself. Let's consider all the ways.

1. Most often, for the construction of a floor, a solid bar with sheathing with oriented strand boards (OSB) is used. Glued, more durable timber can also be used.
2. The second way to make floors is to use an I-beam made of wood with OSB cladding.
3. A prefab wooden truss can be used, which is also sheathed with OSB.
4. Due to the lightness of the device, the "Sandwich" panels have become very popular, which are complemented by a strapping made of calibrated timber.
5. In addition to wood, you can use metal beams from a cold-rolled bent profile, which is an order of magnitude stronger than wood in terms of its parameters.
6. Another way to use metal is to install slabs from a prefabricated metal truss based on a roll-formed profile.

All these methods have their pros and cons.

Phased creation

So where to start construction? First of all, you should pay attention to the strapping. The strapping is the platform on which the boards or overlapping timber will be laid. During the strapping device, we make so-called nests in the upper beam. It is in them that the timber from the overlap will fit.

If you have a staircase to the second floor according to the plan, you need to mark its location. Using a beam or connected boards, we make a floor frame, bypassing the opening under the stairs. We connect with metal corners, which give rigidity to the connection. It is believed that the use of self-tapping screws loses in reliability with the connection on nails, but the use of self-tapping screws saves time. So, securely using nails and corners, we attach the floor beam to the upper harness.

We waterproof the resulting floor frame in the house from both sides, for which we use either a film or a membrane.

Since when using a two-story house, the issue of sound insulation is acute, it is necessary to use an acoustic, heat, and waterproofing polymer. At the moment, it is the most modern floor material, and the thinnest.

If you want to improve the thermal insulation between the floors of a frame building, you can also use mineral wool or foam, but this is not always financially rational.

The surface of the floor and ceiling is formed by sheets of chipboard or OSB, which are laid on the logs. The logs should, if possible, also go along the upper harness. The flooring from OSB or fiberboard must be at least 2 cm thick. They are screwed on with self-tapping screws.

If you do not want to mess with the frame construction of floors in the house, pay attention to the SIP panels. The panels are a ready-made structure, which consists of OSB-3 on both sides, and inside contains expanded polystyrene insulation.

In frame construction, SIP panels are used as walls, but they can also be used as floors. These are special reinforced panels with an increased threshold of rigidity and strength.

Also, do not forget that the concrete screed enhances the transmission of sound in the house, so it is better not to use it for the second floor of a frame building. In this regard, porous substances, the same expanded clay, much better prevents the propagation of sounds.

Greetings to all blog readers, Sergey Menkov is in touch with you.

In this article I will continue the description of the construction of my house, and now I will tell you how I made floors for my house.

I have three floors, this is the lower floor - the floor of the first floor, the interfloor floor, and the attic floor in the attic.

Brief outline of the article:

1. Floor types
2. Overlapping frame buildings
3. Floor covering
4. Ceiling lining
5. Warming
6. Soundproofing
7. Construction order

The overlap in a frame house must have certain properties. The most important thing is to have sufficient deflection strength of the beams. How to calculate the size and spacing of the beams, depending on the width of the span to be covered, I will tell you later, but for now let's go over the theory a little.

Floor types

For private housing construction, various types of floors are used, the most widespread are timber beam floors, and with the help of concrete floor slabs.

Without a monolithic beam floor for self-construction, it is used less often, since it is more laborious in execution, with a large number of preparatory work.

I will not consider all of them in this article, but I will talk about how frame ceilings are arranged, then my house is frame

Overlapping frame buildings

Frame beams should have a number of properties, I will list the main ones that you should rely on when designing a frame house:

1. The reserve of strength for deflection - so as not to get a trampoline instead of the floor, and even corny will not fall into the underground.
2. Resistance to biological effects is touches the bottom floor, it is close to the ground, and if it happens that decay appears, then the weak wood will quickly collapse.
3. Thermal insulation properties - it depends on how warm the house will be. This is especially true of the upper floor, it is through it that a large amount of heat leaves the house.
4. Sound insulation is a characteristic property of an interfloor overlap. Complete sound insulation is very difficult to achieve. I have neglected this, and will limit myself to only partial, with the laying of sound-insulating plates, or backfilling with any loose material.
5. Ease of construction is also very important, as a rule, frame houses are erected by one or two people during independent construction, so the technology should be within their power. Below I will tell you how I made floors for my house, all with my hands, no cranes, lifts and other devices.

In order to start the calculations, you will need to stock up on data on the center distance between the walls on which the beams will rest.

The material for the beams I chose larch, it is a very durable tree, resistant to various influences, we have a large amount of it, at a cost cheaper than pine.

Of course, disadvantages can also be highlighted, this is the tendency to twist and the large weight of the boards. But they are easily leveled by the above-described positive qualities.

Floor covering

Framed floor beams are sewn up with decking. They use different types of subfloors, I used a forty board, and on top of it 10 mm plywood, and in the kitchen 18 mm plywood, it so happened that I miscalculated the number of ten, and ordered a little less than necessary.

A quarter of the house remained unprotected with plywood. And then my friend offered me 18 plywood right in my hand for half the cost (it came out at a price of ten). I quickly bought ten sheets from him, the problem disappeared by itself, and I will cover the most popular rooms of the house with thicker plywood, this will only improve the quality of the floor.

If the step of the beams is small, then plywood or OSB sheets can be used as a rough flooring, this is a common practice, I did not do this, so I cannot tell you about it in detail. If anyone wants to do this, then google it, everything will be found)

Ceiling lining

The ceiling has not yet been hemmed, for the first time I plan to sheathe it with a board, or with sheets of plasterboard on the crate. In the same place, under the gypsum board, I will place the electrical wiring that goes to the lighting.

To be honest, I have not yet decided how I will make the ceiling, so the frame interfloor overlap is still in question. I depicted the option in the picture below. Think.

Here I have a mistake, it was necessary to think in advance about the insulation of these places. Now you have to sweat a lot to blow out these places with high quality. I want to hire a rig and blow out this distance with foam by about 15-20 cm, I think this will be enough.

When using mineral wool at the junction of the walls, it is recommended to lay insulation 60 cm from the edge of the wall, approximately, as in this picture.

My attic is insulated with sawdust, the layer thickness is still 25 cm, when this layer dries completely, I will gradually catch up to 40-50 cm.Sawdust as a heater is a very good material, and most importantly, it is practically free. From the sawmills themselves call and ask where to unload.

I did not use cotton wool in the attic, for reasons of steam regulation in the house. Sawdust will easily remove some of the steam outside without losing its thermal insulation properties. Therefore, there is no vapor barrier in the house on the ceiling of the second floor.

Soundproofing

Various materials are used as soundproofing of floors, consider the main ones:

1. Mineral wool - these include all types of mineral wool used for sound insulation. It is recommended to use a more dense one, although sound waves are well dampened by light glass wool. All the same, only an integrated approach will save from impact noise.
2. Loose - various backfills, for example, ecowool, sawdust, sand, expanded clay and other materials with soundproofing characteristics.
3. Sheet materials in the form of vibration-insulating sheets, special floor coverings for finishing, cork coverings. They are more often used in complex methods of sound insulation.
4. An integrated approach to getting rid of noise consists of a combination of different solutions, for example, the use of layers of different density and strength.

Construction order

Well, let's finish with the theory, now I'll tell you how I made my overlaps.

The lower and interfloor floors in a frame house are almost identical in terms of construction technology. The only thing is that when working on the second floor, you should take precautions, it is not pleasant to crash from there.

Well, I think it's time to finish, I hope that after reading the article you will not have any questions about how to make an overlap in a frame house. If you stay please in the comments, I will definitely answer.

And if anyone wants to add - do not hesitate!

PS.
And one more thing, we consulted here with my wife, and she decided to try to take on a couple of blog headings. So maybe the blog will soon become a family one!

Well, all for now, do not forget to subscribe to updates, I went to bed….

Frame-and-beam ceilings, which will be discussed this time, are successfully used not only in frame, but also stone houses. We will tell you about the main features of their device and describe in detail the installation process from the assembly of the supporting system to the installation of rough finishing surfaces.

General specificity

Floor slabs are considered one of the main challenges in civil engineering. With the requirements for high strength, bearing capacity and high-quality sound insulation, monolithic and precast-monolithic technologies remain almost the only option. However, the installation of a concrete floor requires the use of heavy construction equipment, which is not only expensive, but also not always possible due to the lack of normal access roads to the construction site. In addition, during construction, a large amount of expensive steel and concrete is used, the load on the foundation and load-bearing walls increases, and formwork rental is required.

However, alternatives to concrete slabs exist, the most attractive being the use of a framing system on load-bearing beams. This type of flooring is successfully used in modern Finnish houses: in terms of performance, they are not inferior to concrete ones, but at the same time they have a consistent assembly technology that does not include rigging, are lighter and provide simple routing of utilities.

At the same time, frame-beam floors have a number of disadvantages. The main one is the large thickness, forcing the increase in the height of the walls to maintain the design height of the ceilings. Another disadvantage is the reduced service life in comparison with reinforced concrete. Nevertheless, despite some overconsumption of material during the construction of walls, this type of flooring is still economically profitable, and the service life is reduced to only 50-70 years, which is quite enough for private housing construction objects.

Carrying system device

The supporting floor system is represented by beams, which can be one of the following structural elements:

1. Glued pine board 250-300 mm wide. The strength of solid wood is not compromised, so the density of the glued board beams is lower than in the case of other materials. There are also disadvantages: high cost and length limited to six meters.

1. Wooden I-beams have recently become a fairly common material on the domestic market. The relatively low flexural strength is compensated by the possibility of tighter placement of the beams, which allows the relatively low cost of the I-beam. The main advantage is the considerable length of the beams, which allows spanning spans up to 13 meters without joining. Preference should be given to an I-beam with LVL shelves and OSB ribs 10 mm or more thick.

1. Timber trusses can be self-assembled from available lumber. This is the most budgetary option for beams, in the manufacture of which pine timber with a thickness of 50-70 mm is used. The main disadvantage is the complexity of calculating the bearing capacity, which requires the provision of a significant margin of safety. In addition, it takes some time to assemble the trusses, which slows down the construction process.

1. LVL is considered to be the most authentic material of the Finnish floor support system. Advantages of the material: high strength, considerable length of molding, resistance to fire and organic damage, the highest of the listed materials service life. Among the disadvantages, the most pronounced are the low prevalence and high cost of high-quality LVL.

In addition to the main load-bearing elements, the floor structure also includes additional ties that perform the function of positioning the beams and keeping them in a position that is optimal from the point of view of the perception of loads. If the beams are made of glued board or LVL, they are fastened together with spacers made of the same material. The spacers are staggered to distribute indirect loads and facilitate fastening to the end of the tie through the beam body.

It is most convenient to fasten trusses and I-beams with horizontal bar inserts between the upper and lower chords. The trusses are preliminarily set up step by step and leveled, then temporarily fastened with boards laid diagonally in the upper and lower planes of the overlap. Then the main connections are established and the temporary spacers are removed. A design option is also common, in which the role of additional ties is played by the flooring and the hemmed rough ceiling, however, this method of overlapping is technologically more complicated.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the joints of the floor to the wall. If we are talking about a stone building, a ledge with a width of at least a third of the beam height must be formed in the wall. At the same time, in buildings composed of gas silicate blocks, an armored belt must be installed to distribute the load from the beams. The beams are fastened with cement mortar and masonry, the thermal bridge is eliminated by lining the beams with expanded polystyrene. It is also possible to overlap without the formation of a quarter, in which case the fastening is carried out through the beam brackets of a special shape. In frame houses, the pillars of the lower floor are covered with a massive bar, which acts as a support crossbar for the floor beams and pillars of the upper floor. The beams are fastened through the transom from below.

Laying of communications

There is no difficulty in placing the lines of communication parallel to the load-bearing beams. With the correct organization, such an opportunity allows you to lay up to 80-90% of all engineering networks without interfering with the design of the supporting system.

However, it is almost inevitable that there is a need to make pass-throughs in the beams. Beams can be drilled only if a number of conditions are met:

1. The hole diameter should not exceed 1/3 of the beam height.
2. The holes should be at least 50 mm to the edges of the beam, ideally in the center.
3. Holes must not be made closer than 150 mm from the end of the beam or the fulcrum.
4. A gap of 4 times the diameter must be maintained between the holes in the same beam.

Observing these conditions, it is quite easy to lay the main communications in the ceiling: rough plumbing, electrics and low current. However, when it comes to ventilation ducts, usually more than 100 mm in diameter, the diameter of the holes exceeds the allowable limit. There are several solutions to this problem: arrange a technical cavity in the ceiling of the first floor, give preference to trusses instead of beams, or reinforce holes whose diameter exceeds 1/3 of the beam height. For this, reinforcing linings are installed at the place where the passage is made, which doubles the nominal cross-section of the supporting beam. The length of the overlay should be sufficient to overlap the bonding area by a distance 5 or more times the width of the hole. As a rule, the linings are fixed with distributed fasteners: by drilling up to ten through holes for bolts or screw ties.

Ceiling decoration

Immediately after the completion of the laying of communications, it is necessary to carry out a preparatory finishing of the ceiling in order to then fill the ceiling cavities with sound-insulating material. At the same time, preparations are being made for the installation of the supporting sheathing to perform the sheathing of the rough ceiling.

The support of the slab filling material is required to eliminate pressure on the back of the suspended structure sheathing. To do this, a lathing made of a 25x50 mm lath with a step of 30-40 cm is nailed across the bottom of the beams. The specific size of the step of the slats is determined so that they have overlapping places of the vapor protection canvases. The film is hemmed from below and shot with staples, then a strip of adhesive tape is glued along the line of the fastener.

The installation of the load-bearing lathing under the sheathing is carried out either on a counter-lattice, lined from below along the line of the beams, or on straight suspensions and a galvanized profile. In both cases, it is required to first apply marks on the walls indicating the axial centers of the beams, or to be guided by the clearance through the film.

Rough floor

The filling (mineral wool) can be carried out before the completion of the ceiling on the lower floor. However, it is recommended to nail the vapor barrier in advance so that the cotton wool does not spill down during further work. If the density of the filler is high enough to place it on the spur, no additional support is required. However, often in ceilings, cheaper low-density mineral wool is used, for laying it, you first need to lay plywood or MDF board with a thickness of up to 5 mm on the battens.

After the overlapping cavities are completely filled, the entire cake is covered with dense geotextile on top. Laying is carried out along the direction of the beams, the overlap is placed directly above the beams and nailed to them, having previously folded a double fold. Geotextiles are necessary to prevent the weathering of mineral wool particles during floor vibrations, therefore this barrier must have sealed joints and abutments.

From above, the ceiling is covered with a flooring made of edged boards or sheet materials with a total thickness of up to 20 mm. The hallmark of Finnish technology is a device over the subfloor with a cement or semi-dry screed 50-70 mm thick. It is this version of the cake that provides the highest quality sound insulation between floors and a high bearing capacity, comparable to hollow slabs - up to 400 kg / m 2.

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