Pollution of the surrounding atmosphere. Types of atmospheric contamination. What is polluted by air

With younger classes, we are taught that man and nature are one that you can not separate one of the other. We know the development of our planet, the features of its structure and device. These areas affect our well-being: the atmosphere, soil, the water of the earth is, perhaps, the most important components of the normal life of a person. But why then every year environmental pollution goes further and gets out of all big scales? Let's consider the main environmental problems.

Environmental pollution, under which the natural medium is also understood and the biosphere is an increased content of physical, chemical or biological reagents that are not characteristic of this medium listed from the outside, the presence of which leads to negative consequences.

Scientists have been alarming about a close ecological catastrophe for several decades. Conducted studies in different areas lead to the conclusion that we are already faced with global climate change and the external environment under the influence of human activity. Pollution of the oceans due to leaks of oil and petroleum products, as well as garbage reached the huge scale, which affects the reduction of populations of many species of animals and the ecosystem as a whole. The growing number of machines each year leads to a large emission into the atmosphere, which, in turn, leads to the drainage of land, abundant precipitation on the continent, to reduce the amount of oxygen in the air. Some countries are already forced to bring water and even buy canned air, since production has spoiled the environment in the country. Many people have already realized the danger and very sensitively react to negative changes in nature and the main environmental problems, but we still perceive the possibility of disaster, as something unnecessary and distant. Is it really or a threat close and immediately need to do something - let's understand.

Types and main sources of environmental pollution

The main types of pollution class environmental pollution sources themselves:

• biological;
• chemical
• physical;
• mechanical.

In the first case, environmental pollutants are the activities of living organisms or anthropogenic factors. In the second case, there is a change in the natural chemical composition of the polluted sphere by adding other chemicals to it. In the third case, the physical characteristics of the environment are changing. These types of pollution include thermal, radiation, noise and other types of radiation. The last type of pollution is also associated with human activity and waste emissions to the biosphere.

All kinds of contaminants may be present as separately by themselves and flow from one to another or exist together. Consider how they affect the separate areas of the biosphere.

People who have undergone long way in the wilderness will certainly be able to call the price of every drop of water. Although most likely these drops will be priceless, because the life of a person depends on them. In ordinary life, we, alas, give water not as great importance, because it has a lot of it, and it is available at any time. Only in the future it is not quite so. In percentage ratio, only 3% of the entire global stock of fresh water remained ungubble. Understanding the importance of water for people does not prevent a person to pollute the important source of life of oil and petroleum products, heavy metals, radioactive substances, inorganic pollution, sewer and synthetic fertilizers.

In polluted water, contains a large number of xenobiotics - substances, alien organisms of a person or an animal. If such water falls into the food chain, it can lead to serious food poisoning and even a fatal outcome of all chain participants. Of course, it is also contained in the products of volcanic activities that pollute water and without human assistance, but the activities of the metallurgical industry and chemical plants have the prevailing importance.

With the advent of nuclear research, nature is prone to quite significant harm in all areas, including water. The charged particles that have fallen into it bear great harm to living organisms and contribute to the development of oncological diseases. Waste waters of factories, ships with nuclear reactors and just rain or snow in the zone of nuclear testing can lead to water infection with decomposition products.

Sewer stocks carrying a set of garbage: detergents, food residues, small household waste and more, in turn contribute to the reproduction by other pathogenic organisms, which, if a person's injury, give a number of diseases such as abdominal typhoids, dysentery and others.

Perhaps it does not make sense to explain how much soil is an important part of a person's life. Most of the food that the person feeds is powered by soil: from cereal crops to rare species of fruits and vegetables. So that it continues further, it is necessary to maintain the condition of the soil at the proper level for the normal cycle of water. But anthropogenic pollution has already led to the fact that 27% of the planet lands are subject to erosion.

Soil contamination is to enter it toxic chemicals and garbage in high quantities that impede the normal flow cycle of soil systems. Main sources of soil pollution:

• residential buildings;
• industrial enterprises;
• transport;
• agriculture;
• nuclear power.

In the first case, the soil contamination occurs due to the usual garbage, which is ejected in the wrong places. But the main reason should be called dumps. Gained waste leads to clogging of large areas, and burning products spoil the soil is irretrievably, taking the whole environment.

Industrial enterprises throw out many toxic substances, heavy metals and chemical compounds that affect not only on the soil, but also on the lives of living organisms. It is this source of pollution leads to technogenic soil pollution.

Transport emissions, hydrocarbons, methane and lead, falling into the soil, affect the food chains - enter the human body through food.
Excessive fallout of land, pesticides, pesticides and fertilizers, which contain sufficient mercury and heavy metals, lead to significant soil erosion and desertification. Abundant irrigation can also be called a positive factor, as it leads to saline of the soil.

Today, they burst in Earth to 98% of radioactive waste of nuclear power plants, mainly uranium splitting products, which leads to degradation and depletion of land resources.

The atmosphere in the form of a gaseous shell of the Earth is greater value, because it protects the planet from cosmic radiation, affects the relief, determines the climate of the Earth and its thermal background. It is impossible to say that the composition of the atmosphere was homogeneous and only with the advent of man began to change. But it was after the start of active activity of people, the heterogeneous composition "enriched" with dangerous impurities.

The main pollutants in this case are chemical plants, fuel and energy complex, agriculture and cars. They lead to the appearance of copper, mercury, mercury, and other metals. Of course, in industrial zones, air pollution is most felt.

The thermal power plants carry light and heat into our homes, however, in parallel, they throw away a huge amount of carbon dioxide, and soot into the atmosphere.
The cause of acid rains are waste emitted from chemical plants, for example, sulfur oxide or nitrogen. These oxides can be reacted with other elements of the biosphere, which contributes to the appearance of more destructive compounds.

Modern cars are quite good for design and technical characteristics, but the problem with the atmosphere has not yet been able to solve. The ash and fuel processing products not only spoil the atmosphere of cities, but also settle on the soil and lead to its disrepair.

In many industrial and industrial areas, the use has become an integral part of life precisely because of environmental pollution by plants and transport. Therefore, if you are concerned about the condition of the air in your apartment, with the help of a bizer you can create a healthy microclimate at home, which, unfortunately, does not cancel the planer problems of environmental pollution, but at least it allows you to protect yourself and loved ones.

There are four lives of life, without which a person cannot exist: air, water, soil and the surrounding living organisms. The environment directly or indirectly affects the condition, development and survival of all living organisms in this environment inhabited.

Environmental pollution recently becomes an increasingly relevant topic, because with the acceleration of the development of technical progress, especially in recent decades, and environmental pollution has increased. Its active pollution began about 200 years ago, with the beginning of the scientific and technical revolution in Europe. Even this influence has become noticeable in England. Plants and factories in this country at the time worked on traditional fuel - coal. Coal dust and soot polluted the air and even influenced the development of evolution. In those areas of Europe, where the industry has developed particularly intensively, some types of butterflies have changed their painting over the past 200 years in order to adapt to new existence. Previously, these butterflies had a brightened color and hid from birds hunting on them in the bright bark of trees, but because of the many years of settlement of coal dust, the trunks of the trees trees, and butterflies, to be imperceptible on the blackened crust, also changed their color, became black.

In the 20th century, the emissions of harmful gases increased and the emissions of harmful gases increased, coal ceased to be the main fuel, oil and gas excreted to change completely different substances during combustion. It gave rise to another, even more complex problem, the fact is that nitrites and sulfites, which are products of the combustion of oil, falling into the atmosphere, become the cause of acid rain. The clouds with acid rain the wind can be transferred at the distance of many hundred kilometers from the emission gas of the enterprise, that is, acid rains can fall out at a considerable distance from the pollution site.

Acid rain causes great harm to plants, kills useful microorganisms in the soil, thereby destroying its fertile layer.

A well-known fact, half of the forests die in Germany, and in Sweden, for the same reason, in four thousand years, the fish completely extinct. The famous Ancient Greek Temple of Parfenon as a result of the effects of acid rain in thirty years has been severely destruction than for the previous two millennia.

Emissions of gases into the atmosphere of the chlorofluorcarbon group, which contains freon used in refrigeration plants and aerosols, destroy the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from the effects of ultraviolet radiation. Harmful ultraviolet radiation of the Sun can cause human skin cancer in humans, provoke eye diseases, as well as it has a harmful effect on the marine fauna and vegetation of the Earth.

The Arctic zones are subject to a particularly destructive influence of ultraviolet radiation, because the ozone layer is the most thin. The fact that the ozone hole over Antarctic is constantly increasing, the fact is well known.

An excessive amount of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere formed with the breath of all living bees and during the burning of any products, contributes to the formation of the so-called greenhouse effect, in which the resulting film from carbon dioxide does not allow the parts of the sunlight reflected from the Earth, the effect of the greenhouse occurs. As a result of the accumulation of excess heat, the overall increase in temperature occurs, it causes melting of polar ice, while occurs its rise in the world's ocean. Scientists calculated that if all the polar ice melted, then the rise in the ocean level will be 61 meters, with the result that such cities like New York and London will go under water, and not only cities can be flooded with whole states, such as, for example, Bangladesh and the Netherlands.

A significant rise in the world's ocean leads to the catastrophe of the entire flora and fauna, especially in polar and indolar areas.

Pollution of water and soil also has a large decent effect on the state of the ecosystem as a whole. In the waters of the Black Sea at the depths of more than seventy meters in large quantities, hydrogen sulfide is dissolved, and only special bacteria live on these depths from all living organisms. In addition, in the depths of the Black Sea, in addition to hydrogen sulfide, there are also methane deposits.

To date, this phenomenon of the Black Sea is not fully studied, but it has been established that mineral fertilizers were involved in the formation of hydrogen sulfide and methane, which are fluttered from the Black Sea Soils, which have been in the Black Sea with the waters of the Dnieper, Don and other rivers. If the oversaturation of soil fertilizers did not occur, there would be no such consequences for the Black Sea.

Water used for technical needs by industrial enterprises, also in most cases falls back into the reservoirs or weakly purified or not cleared at all. As a result of this, fish in water bodies die, poisoned water damages the health of people and animals. This is an example, the Vihorevka River - the influx of hangars and the fraternal reservoir is used for the technical needs of the fraternal timber industry complex, due to severe pollution, all valuable fish breeds have died out.

Many natural reservoirs of Europe are contaminated so much that people living next to a large water are forced to buy bottled water. An example of such a contaminated reservoir - the River Thames, its water was used by the English industry since the start of the scientific and technical revolution.

The violation by a man of water balance of nature leads sometimes to severe consequences. The result of such an intervention? Peat fires in the Moscow region in the summer of last year, when our capital plunged into the smoke from the burning peat, just as London was in the XIX century.

No less important factor soil contamination. Man polluting the soil destroys her fertile layer, the land becomes dead, microorganisms involved in natural processes occurring in the soil are killed.

As mentioned above, soil contamination leads to pollution of other environments. A man in the process of his life and activity creates tons of garbage, giant landfills created by a person decompose right on Earth to prevent the effects of this decomposition, a person burns them, but as a result, many harmful substances fall into the atmosphere.

The contamination of three environments leads to the death of the fourth environment: useful for the person of microorganisms participating in his life.

At the moment, air pollution is the most serious problem with which the whole world faced. This phenomenon is a mixture of many harmful substances in the composition of the air and the subsequent negative impact on the environment.

There are many pollutants who contribute to the dissemination of this problem. Curvage gas, chlorofluorocarbon carbon dioxide and much more can be brought as an example. All these pollutants can cause many diseases such as cancer, congenital defects, brain damage and nervous system, long-term injuries, etc.

It should also be mentioned about lead, which is part of a part of any car. This metal is extremely toxic. True, it is important to note that lead is gradually eliminated from the composition of gasoline, but there are other sources containing it. For example, paints, lead batteries, plumbing pipes and various dyes. Automotive exhausts can also produce nitrogen oxide, flying organic compound, which is also a product of fuel combustion. Factories and power plants are the "manufacturer" of the same pollutants as cars, but they produce them in a larger amount, as well as some other compounds, such as sulfur dioxide, which is produced during paper production, coal burning on power plants or smelting Metal. Burning other types of fuel, such as wood or natural gas, can also cause severe pollution of our atmosphere.

Another problem, closely related to industrialization, which is the problem of major cities. The problem of air pollution increases precisely in large cities due to a large number of cars, buses and trucks. During traffic jams, all kinds of pollutants are released outward, and people living near the roads subsequently need to breathe this "dirty" air.

We use all kinds of chemicals that damage to our air. Splitters containing chlorofluorocarbons destroy the ozone layer of the atmosphere. The use of pesticides and other chemicals to protect some plants gives the necessary fruits, but they do not at all give any positive effect on our air.

Thanks to the efforts of each person around the world, we will be able to control the level of air pollution. Industrial installations should be far from residential areas. High flue pipes should be used instead of small. It should also contribute to the use of high-temperature waste-inflating installations, etc.

Option 2.

Pollution is any introduction to the ecological medium that does not characterize it with abiotic and biotic components or structural changes that change the material and energy and information properties of the medium, as well as its physico-chemical and biological, which, in turn, lead to a decrease in the productivity of the ecosystem, To its degradation and destruction.

Currently in the world many pollutants, it is related to technical progress. More plants are built, a person masters large areas. In the process of mastering people change the environment. This is the cause of pollution.

There are several types of pollution:

• Natural pollution is associated with natural changes to which a person does not affect. Forest fires, weathered rocks, volcanic activity - all these are subject to natural contamination;
• Anthropogenic pollution depend on the person. The source of these environmental pollution is precisely human and human activity. Most often, this group of pollution includes the construction of various industrial industries, which, during work, discard harmful substances that pollute the environment.

Also separated atmospheric pollution on the scale of contaminants:

• Local pollution occurs on a small territory;
• Regional pollution can occur at one country or several countries;
• Global pollution is the most dangerous, as it covers the whole world, the entire planet and threatens with all mankind.

Modern sources of atmospheric pollution:

• The heat energy is the main source, since there was a lot of nuclear power plants, TPPs, hydroelectric power plants, which emit harmful substances into the atmosphere;
• Oil industry. In the extraction of oil and gas, a huge amount of hazardous substances also fall into the atmosphere;
• The chemical industry is one of the most dangerous sources of pollution, since the input of chemically hazardous substances into the atmosphere gradually destroys it;
• Mechanical engineering;

Exhaust gases that highlight cars, transport. This is a particularly dangerous type of pollution, since the gases accumulate in the atmosphere and, when exposed to the human body, can cause unpleasant consequences up to the development of serious diseases.

Mississippi is one of the most famous rivers in the world, and for many interesting reasons. The name "Mississippi" is translated from the Indian language as the "Great River".

Climate - message report

The climate is a long-term weather regime established on a certain territory. There are a number of factors characterizing each type.

A large amount of harmful impurities and gases has a strong negative impact on the environment. The main compounds that polluting the atmosphere are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, formaldehyde, benz (a) Pyrene, also in the air of large cities there is mercury, cadmium, lead, nickel, more than 50 hydrocarbons and other impurities, most of which are highly toxic. Here is the characteristic and influence on the human body of only some of them.

Carbon oxide - gas that does not have neither color or smell.

The main mass of global emissions with internal combustion engines.

Our sense authorities are not able to detect it, nevertheless it is present in the air in sufficiently large concentrations. Carbon monoxide is inhaled with air or tobacco smoke and enters blood, where it is connected to hemoglobin molecules stronger than oxygen. The greater carbon monoxide in the air, the more hemoglobin binds to it and the less oxygen reaches the cells. Consequently, the picture of oxygen deficiency is developing. The secondary effect of CO action is similar to the mechanism of the actions of cyanic compounds, leading to a violation of the cellular respiration and the death of the body (at a concentration of 1% in a few minutes). Carbon monoxide is one of the factors causing heart attacks.

Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas with a stupid smell.

World SO2 emissions into the atmosphere is about 147 million tons.

In contact with the wet surface of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract SO2, it forms unstable sulfuric acid, oxidizing to sulfur, which determines the primary character of its toxic action. The irritating effect of the sulfuric anhydride on the mucous membranes leads to the development of chronic rhinitis, inflammation of the auditory pass and Eustachius pipe, chronic bronchitis, mainly with asthma components. At high concentrations, the sulfuric anhydride causes irritation of the mucous eye, in rare cases, even loss of consciousness. With prolonged exposure in low concentrations, there are changes from the digestive organs, there are functional disorders of the thyroid gland.

Lead - cumulative poison. It gradually accumulates in the human body, since the rate of its removal is very low.

The air in the cities is filled with lead particles formed during gasoline combustion (50% of the total inorganic lead falling into the body). Street dust, which also discovered high levels of lead joints - another source of him in the human body.

The lead content measured in the city air over a month is 5 μg / m3. With such a concentration of cities in residents, the threshold levels of lead, in which signs of lead poisoning are manifested, are achieved faster. Lead reduces the rate of formation of erythrocytes in the bone marrow; It also blocks hemoglobin synthesis. In children, the threshold level is half the level of adults and they turn out to be much more sensitive to lead poisoning. The development of the disease in a child is characterized by constant constipation, vomiting, seizures and fainting.

Mercury - the substance at room temperature is a heavy silver-white bat, the pairs of which are extremely poisonous.

The only metal, which under normal conditions are in a liquid aggregate state. It is used in various fields of science, technology and medicine. The most common sources that can allocate mercury into the environment include mercury thermometers, mercury lamps, energy-saving gas-discharge lamps, industrial processes and equipment, construction and finishing materials. In addition, mercury is released into the atmosphere when burning fossil fuels (coal, oil) and their derivative combustible materials.

Impact on the body: The degree of toxic effect of mercury is determined primarily by how the amount of metal has time to react in the body, before it was removed from there, i.e. It is not dangerous to mercury itself, but the connections that it forms. When entering the body in elevated mercury concentrations, it has the ability to accumulate in the internal organs: kidneys, heart, brain. Inxication occurs mainly through the respiratory tract, about 80% of the inhaled vapor mercury is delayed in the body. The salts and oxygen contained in the blood contribute to the absorption of mercury, its oxidation and the formation of mercury salts. The acute poisoning of mercury salts is manifested in intestinal disorder, vomiting, the swelling of the gums. It is characterized by the decline of cardiac activity, the pulse becomes rare and weak, fainting is possible. In chronic poisoning of mercury and its compounds, a metallic taste appears in the mouth, rubiness of the gums, strong salivation, easy excitability, a weakening of memory. The likelihood of such poisoning is in all rooms where mercury is in contact with air. With prolonged exposure of even relatively small concentrations (the order of cells and thousandth mg / m3), the nervous system is defeated. The main symptomatics is characterized by headache, increased excitability, irritability, decrease in performance, fast fatigue, sleep disorder and memory deterioration.

Cadmium is one of the most toxic heavy metals. The environment comes with the processes of mineral substances and fertilizers, the combustion of plastics, in which it is added to increase the strength characteristics, and with the combustion process, almost all types of fuel. High-temperature technological processes characteristic of many industrial regions are also sources of cadmium release into atmospheric air. It is used in various fields of science and technology.

Impact on the body: cadmium - a substance attributed by the International Cancer Study Agency to the first class of carcinogens. Connections cadmium poisonous. A particularly dangerous case is inhaling the vapors of its oxide (CDO). Cadmium - cumulative poison, it is able to accumulate in the body. The half-life of cadmium in the body is 10 years. The soluble cadmium compounds after suction to the blood strike the central nervous system, liver and kidneys, violate phosphorous calcium exchange. Chronic poisoning leads to anemia and bone destroying. There are evidence that confirms the effect of inhaled with air cadmium on the development of lung cancer in humans and animals. Cadmium enters the human body and in the smoking process.

Nickel - metal.

The main sources that pollute the atmosphere are mining enterprises, metallurgical plants, machine-building, metalworking, chemical enterprises, energy enterprises and other productions that use fossil hydrocarbon fuel materials as a source of energy and their derivatives. Among other things, the sources of nickel are tobacco smoke, construction and finishing materials.

Impact on the body: nickel is a carcinogenic substance relating to the second hazard class. Whole metal nickel is not dangerous for living organisms. Dust, pairs of nickel and its connections are toxic. In addition to the general toxic effects, chronic intoxication leads to the emergence of diseases of the nasopharynx, the lungs, the appearance of malignant neoplasms and allergic lesions in the form of dermatitis and eczema.

Hydrocarbons are thrown into the atmosphere in the form of droplets and vapors.

A third of the annual emissions of hydrocarbons into the atmosphere accounted for exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. Another source is the work of oil refinery.

The effect on the body of gasoline hydrogen hydrocarbons is expressed in violations of the functional state of the central nervous system. The highest nervous activity suffers to the greatest extent, which is associated with the narcotic action of hydrocarbons. Even in very low concentrations, the action of hydrocarbons leads to functional disorders of the nervous system, neurasthenia, vegeton-erection, flares and irritability - up to severe dizziness with sharp movements head. The hydrocarbons emitted into the air during the operation of vehicles with gas-challennel installations cause overall weakness, headaches, less often - the feeling of noise in the head.

PAU (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - Anthracene, Phenantrene) - part of various mastic for waterproofing (on a hurron-based basis), parquet stickers, some adhesives, plasticizers, some impregnations for natural wood, parquet board / laminate substrates. Particulate: products from plastic and resin, insulation.

Styrene - hazard class II (high-dangerous), which is part of solvents, plastics.

It may be released from adhesives, varnishes, plastics (polystyrene), rubber products. The most common sources: rubber linoleums, foaming bases of carpets, polystyrene, styrene polymers, ABS plastics, foamed polystyrene, fiberglass, varnishes and glues based on polyester resins; PAH and styrene have a reflex-resorbative effect characterizing the focus of the biological effect of the substance. Under the reflexive effect it is understood as the reaction from the receptors of the upper respiratory tract - a feeling of smell, irritation of the mucous membranes, breathing delay, and the like. These effects occur with short-term exposure of harmful substances. Under the resorbative effect, the possibility of the development of general toxic, gonadotoxic, embryotoxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic and other effects, the occurrence of which depends not only on the concentration of the substance in the air, but also the duration of its inhalation.

To prevent the negative consequences of the effects of pollutants, their limit levels need to know, in which the normal life and functioning of the body is possible. The main magnitude of the environmental rationing of the content of harmful chemical compounds in the components of the natural medium, in particular in atmospheric air, is the MPC - a maximum permissible concentration. The PDC of pollutants in the air is established in the legislative procedure or are recommended by competent institutions. In Russia, the PDC of the pollutant substance in the atmospheric air is a hygienic standard approved by the Decree of the Main State Medical University of the Russian Federation on the recommendation of the Commission on State Sanitary and Epidemiological Regulation under the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Russia's Hygienic standards of GN 2.1.6.695-98).

Changes related to the impact of climatic factors often lead to the development of so-called seasonal diseases or seasonal exacerbations of chronic diseases.

Seasonal diseases are more often registered in the transition time of the year (in spring and autumn), when the climatic conditions are unstable and exposed to sharp fluctuations. As a rule, it includes colds: ORZ, angina, inflammatory diseases of the bronchopulmonary system. The greatest mortgage

from tuberculosis

easy falls for winter and early spring, from cardiovascular diseases - for November-December. On the autumn-winter period, there is a maximum mortality from myocardial infarction and stroke. In the summer, the rise of gastrointestinal diseases is noted in connection with the violation of personal hygiene rules against the background of the organism overheating, as well as seasonal outbreaks of diseases transmitted by pathogens or carriers of infections whose activity coincides with a certain season (amoebic dysentery, malaria, etc.)

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Preventive Types of Weather:

1) Optimal-inhaulous oscillations T to 2, air movement speed up to 3m / c, change in atmospheric pressure to 8 mebar

2) irritating-oscillation T to 4, air movement speed up to 9m / c, change in atmospheric pressure up to 8 mebar

3) Acute-oscillations T is more than 4, the speed of movement is more than 9m / c, the change in the atmospheric pressure is more than 8 MBar.

The influence of the weather in person diverse, climates influencing the biological rhythms of various physiological systems of Org-Ma.Pod with the influence of these factors there are seasonal diseases and exacerbations of chronic diseases, exist of meteoropic diseases, with sudden weather changes related to health deterioration and reduction of health

Prevention:

1) limit the employment load for adverse weather for threatening patients

2) Use drugs for anti-therapy therapy of chronic diseases.

3) Isolate threatening patients in biotrons (chambers with driving weather)

4) Hardening Org-Ma

They were rushed into the summer of those times when humanity could calmly enjoy the terrestrial benefits that the nature gave our planet in excess. Every year, there are less and fewer areas on the globe, on which clean air, crystal clear water, remained intact flora and fauna. This contributes to a number of factors, each of which has its nature of origin. However, not only a person is guilty that his native planet Earth gradually ceases to be a terrestrial paradise, turning into a hostile and aggressive environment. Nature itself, in the course of natural processes, participates in the pollution of the atmosphere, producing substances that pollute air, changes the river bed, surface relief and landscape. The combination of many natural and artificially created factors, the growth of their number becomes the main reason for the deterioration of the environmental environment of the habitat. The danger of air pollution, polluted air today is already becoming a norm of life.

The problem of the pollution of the atmosphere - the challenge of human civilization

The problem of air quality deterioration is today no less relevant than the armament race and the struggle against the global terrorist threat. If with deadly hazardous types of weapons and terrorism, the world community is able to cope on their own, then the contamination of the atmosphere carries humanity to the threat of total extinction. Such problems are prolonged, global in nature, jeopardizing the existence of subsequent generations.

The main danger lies in the fact that as a result of harmful substances and components in the air shell of the planet, the chemical composition of the air is changing. This leads to the fact that the conditions of habitat of man and living organisms substantially change, the climatic situation on the planet changes catastrophically quickly.

If we talk about the role of a person in the emerging worsening of air quality, then the rapidly developing industry. The human activity, directed mainly on the creation of civilizational benefits, caused artificially pollution of the atmosphere. The industrial revolution, which began in the XIX century, led to a rapid increase in the number of harmful emissions. Over the past 200 years, the concentration of carbon dioxide increased by 30-35%. This was facilitated by a large-scale cutting of forests and burning in huge quantities of organic fuels. Ultimately, global industrialization entailed large-scale environmental problems, polluted air became a permanent satellite of the current human civilization.

Almost all types of human activity affect air quality. The products of thermal power plants and an increase in the number of cars were added to industrial emissions. When combining fossil fuels in huge quantities, sulfur dioxide is highlighted, and millions of working automotive engines emit hundreds of tons of nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere. In addition to the chemicals harmful and dangerous organisms, as a result of active human activity, our air is rapidly filled with soot and dust.

For a long time, the situation in this regard has not changed. Human civilization was too passionate about the pursuit of improving the quality of life and creating consumption products. Only at the end of the 20th century the whole seriousness of the environmental problems of the planet became apparent. In order to understand the problem of the issue, it is enough to look at the current statistics. In 150 cities of the world, there is an excess of the maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances in the air 5 times. More than 100 cities of the planet on the concentration of connections of harmful substances in the air can generally be classified as unusable to the person.

In this aspect, it is important to consider the contamination of the atmosphere as it affects the quality of our life. The increase in the content in the air of harmful impurities immediately affects the work of the human body. Inhaling carbon monoxide (carbon dioxide), you can get strongest poisoning, bordering the fatal outcome. Heavy metals at large concentrations are harmful to humans. Penetrated into the atmosphere, they are distinguished by strong toxicity. Feacious ozone, which is so necessary for our planet, at great concentrations also rushes a threat to human body. Dust, Gare and finely dispersed compounds are carcinogens, slowly poisoning the habitat.

The change in the chemical composition of the air consistently entails the change in the climate of the planet. The familiar picture of the smooth change of the seasons today becomes rare. In those regions of the planet, where the warm and soft winter was previously observed, low temperatures and large-scale cooling becomes frequent phenomenon. In the tropics instead of the wet season of the monsoon, there is a sharp increase in arid periods. Climate change leads to a decrease in agricultural land, to reduce the amount of pastures. Against this background, the problem of providing the population of the planet with food products arises. Hunger becomes hardly the main secondary factor in changing the climatic situation on the planet. A sharp change of climate contributes to the development of a number of dangerous diseases, which a person faces today.

The direct consequence of the climate change becomes intensive reduction in the area of \u200b\u200bglaciers in mountain systems, there is an intensive melting of the ice shell of Greenland and the Antarctic Ice Shield. These processes entail an increase in the level of the oceans, a change in the hydrological situation in coastal areas. An indirect effect on the state of the atmosphere is inert gases present in the products of the chemical industry. Finding into the upper layers of the atmosphere, they destroy the ozone layer, which is a living shield for us from a rigid cosmic ultraviolet.

Causes of air pollution

Basically, the quality of air mass affects the increase in the concentration of chemical, physical and biological components, uncharacteristic for natural natural gas exchange. These processes occurred and continue to occur naturally, however, in recent years, the person's participation in air pollution has grown noticeably.

In other words, the reasons that contribute to the pollution of the Earth's atmosphere can be divided into two types:

• natural;
• artificial (anthropogenic).

Against this division, there is also a classification of pollution sources, which can also have a natural and artificial nature.

Throughout billion years, the earth's atmosphere was influenced by the active geological activity of our planet. Volcans were constantly ejected to the atmosphere of millions of tons of harmful and poisonous impurities. In the history of the Earth, there are quite a few tragic moments when large-scale eruptions led to disastrous consequences. The clouds of a poisonous ash fell into the upper layers of the atmosphere, polluted air became an obstacle to solar radiation. As a result, the hot and wet climate was replaced by a sharp cooling, which ended with the mass extinction of one species and the appearance of others. Volcanic activity is the nature of thermal pollution of the atmosphere, resulting in a significant impaired temperature balance on the surface of the planet.

The catastrophic eruption of the Krakataau volcano, which occurred in 1883, not only changed the relief and landscape of the whole island, but also led to a significant emission to the earth's atmosphere of billions of tons of ash and dust. As a result of the propagation of such a quantity of solid particles in the lower and middle layer of the atmosphere, the level of natural lighting of the surface of the entire planet has noticeably fell. Over the next two years, early twilight has been observed around the world, and the air temperature fell 0.5-1 degrees.

Together with volcanoes, the natural sources of air pollution can be safely ranked forest fires, sandy storms, natural soil erosion. Finally, the chemical composition of the air mass affects the centuries-old decomposition of organic substances accumulated in the upper layers of the earth's surface. The source of pollution is forest fires, drying at all times in extensive areas that fill air carbon monoxide and a huge amount of Gary and ash. Sand storms contribute to mixing the lower air layer with millions of sand and dust, reducing air humidity and making it unsuitable for breathing.

Despite this, nature itself adapted to fight similar negative phenomena, while maintaining the required component balance in the atmosphere. As for the human factor, the artificially created factors of pollution of the earth's air shell comes to the arena. For this category of pollution factors, anthropogenic sources are characterized. These primarily include industrial emissions, transport infrastructure, extensive agriculture, household waste. These sources are most dangerous for our air, as nature is not always able to quickly cope with negative consequences. Pollutants entering the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources are divided into three types:

• solid;
• gaseous;
• sexual state.

The negative and harmful effect of solid particles and substances in the semi-liquid state is short-time in time, often wears a local character. As for gaseous impurities, they constitute 90% of all harmful substances falling into the atmosphere of the planet.

Basic anthropogenic sources of air pollution

To date, artificial sources of pollution that have a negative impact on the chemical, physical composition of the air, classified by origin. It looks like this:

• technological, industrial sources of pollution;
• household infrastructure;
• transport;
• sources of radioactive air pollution.

One of the first positions among artificial sources of pollution is occupied by the chemical industry, which is characterized by an increased concentration of objects in a limited territory. This leads to intensive and rapid air pollution in certain territories. In this case, we are dealing with a unique phenomenon. Polluted air becomes dangerous for a person not only due to large volumes of harmful emissions. Chemicals that fall into the air layer enter into a reaction, forming highly toxic substances and connections. A vivid example is the formation and concentration in the lower layers of the ozone atmosphere, which is dangerous and harmful to humans.

In a large extent, a negative trail in the atmosphere leaves a heavy industry. Increasing the number of mining and processing plants, ferrous metallurgy enterprises and thermal power plants, leads to an increase in carbon monoxide concentration, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, a number of other heavy components in the air mass.

In the household sphere, an undoubtedly significant contribution to air pollution makes the use of freon. The mass production and operation of refrigeration facilities, the use of aerosols contributes to a high concentration of inert gases in the mesosphere and in the stratosphere of our planet, destroying the ozone layer.

Transport infrastructure is characterized by a high intensity of harmful emissions, among which millions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen compounds and hydrocarbons prevail. Pollution of the atmosphere by exhaust gases occurs on the background of the daily operation of hundreds of millions of cars equipped with internal combustion engines. Air is filled with heavy metals, among which there is a dangerous for human health Tetraethyl lead, cadmium and mercury. According to the latest data of environmental organizations, in each major metropolis, polluted air contains lead and mercury compounds 20-40 times more than the established norm.

The latter, radioactive sources of airborne pollution carry a hidden threat. The action of radioactive elements and infected particles on living organisms is manifested over time. The radioactive contamination of the atmosphere is usually technogenic in nature and is associated with testing nuclear weapons, accidents at nuclear power plants and objects where radioactive components are used as a research material.

Air Pollution - Environmental Problem

To date, the person has been directly encountered with those negative consequences that entails a sharp deterioration in air quality. The main effect of what is happening is to harm human health and other living organisms. The habitat in which today it turned out the population of huge cities and densely populated areas of the planet, becomes little suitable for a comfortable life. Inhaling on average throughout the day up to 20 thousand liters of air, a person with it gets inside to 1-2 liters of harmful solid impurities and 5-50 mg. Heavy metals. Most of this amount remains in the body, providing a negative effect on human health.

The mandatory attribute of large cities today becomes a photochemical fog. What is it connected with? Gases that in huge numbers appear as a result of the vital activity of the metropolis, cannot arbitrarily rise to the upper layers of the atmosphere and settle in the surface layer. Under the influence of temperature, high humidity and solar radiation in such a gas pepper cloud, toxic compounds that violate the work of the lungs of a person, preventing the photosynthesis of plants. Photochemical fog is a new and connected with a large concentration in the lower layers of the atmosphere of primary and secondary compounds consisting of aerosols, sulfur oxide, nitrogen and organic substances.

At the same time, affecting the problem of pollution of the atmosphere on a global scale, it is necessary to talk about the frequent acid rains and the greenhouse effect that became the scourge of the XXI century. Acid rains make unsuitable for use of huge arrays of agricultural land, become the cause of the death of huge forest arrays. Excess concentration in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide planet leads to the formation of a greenhouse effect. The temperature of the lower air layers is growing, the meteorological situation is changed accordingly in the lower and middle air layer.

Pollution control measures

The problem with air pollution and the Earth's atmosphere today becomes global. For overcoming the ecological crisis, a person throws a huge funds aimed at finding solutions to problematic issues and to eliminate the consequences. Currently, the contamination of the atmosphere is actively underway both at the domestic level and in an international, nationwide context. Permanent monitoring of the air pollution.

In many countries where the size of the environmental crisis has taken a threatening scale, various programs to reduce the level and intensity of industrial emissions are carried out. In some states, control over the work of nuclear facilities and chemically hazardous industries increased. The cutting of tropical forests is reduced, which are responsible for replenishing air with oxygen. In parallel, there is an intensive reclamation of land and water resources in agriculture aimed at restoring natural resources. The use of chemically harmful reagents and biologically active components in agriculture is reduced.

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