"I All-Russian Congress of the Councils of Workers and Soldiers Deputies (What ???)

Decree

On the establishment of the Council of People's Commissar

Education to manage the country (what ???), In the future, before the convening of the Constituent Assembly, the temporary working and peasant government, which will be referred to as the Council of People's Commissar. The institution by individual branches of public life is entrusted to the Commissions, the composition of which should ensure the implementation of the program to the proclaimed congress, in close unity with the mass organizations of workers, workers, sailors, soldiers, peasants and employees. Government power belongs to the college of the chairmen of these commissions, that is. Council of People's Commissar.

The control of the activities of the people's commissars and the right of displacement them belongs to the All-Russian Congress of the Councils of Workers, Peasant and Soldier Deputies and its central. Span. Committee.

At the moment, the Council of People's Commissars is compiled from the following persons:

• Chairman of the Council of People's Commissar - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin).

Folk Commissioners:

• according to internal affairs - A. I. Rykov;


• agriculture - V. P. Milyutin;


• labor - A. G. Hatsnikov;


• for the Military and Maritime Affairs, the Committee, as part of: V. A. Avseenko (Antonov), N. V. Kryglenko and P. E. Dybenko;


• on trade and industry - V. P. Nogin;


• folk enlightenment - A. V. Lunacharsky;


• finance - I. I. Skvortsov (Stepanov);


• according to foreign affairs - L. D. Bronstein (Trotsky);


• justice - G. I. Oppok (Lomov);


• according to the affairs of food - I. A. Teodorovich;


• post and Telegraphs - N. P. Avilov (Glebov);


• on the affairs of nationalities - I. V. Jugashvili (Stalin);

The post of the People's Commissar for Rail Affairs temporarily remains not substituted. "

The most impressive word: "country", of course, immediately after the title - the deputies are unknown which territory!

Wiki O SNK: "

Immediately before the seizure of power on the day of the revolution, the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks instructed Kamenev and Wintern (Berzin) to enter political contact with the left esera and to begin negotiations on the composition of the future government. During the work of the II congress, the Bolsheviks offered to enter the government to the left eseramen, but they refused. The factions of the right-wing essences and Mensheviks left the II Congress of Soviets at the very beginning of his work - before the formation of the government. The Bolsheviks were forced to form a one-party government.

The Council of People's Commissars was formed in accordance with "", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of the Councils of Workers, Soldier and Peasant Deputies on October 27, 1917. Decree began with words:

To form for the country's management, to continue the convening of the Constituent Assembly, the temporary working and peasant government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissar.

The Council of People's Commissars has lost the nature of the temporary management body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which legally entrenched the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. The right to education of SNK received the DVC; The SNK was the general management body of the RSFSR, which has the right to publish decrees, while the Central Executive Committee was entitled to cancel or suspend any decree or SNK decision.

Issues considered by SNK were decided by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the government, the Chairman of the ICTC, the business manager and the secretaries of the SNK, representatives of the departments.

The permanent working body of the SNK of the RSFSR was the management of cases, which prepared questions for meetings of SNK and its standing commissions, carried out receiving delegations. The staff of the business management officers in 1921 consisted of 135 people (according to TGAOR USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, LL. 19 - 20.).

By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars RSFSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR.

Legislative Base of SNK RSFSR

• management of general affairs of the RSFSR


• manual with separate branches of management (Art.35, 37)

The People's Commissar was entitled to only make decisions on all issues under the jurisdiction of the Commissariat leadership, bringing them to the attention of the Collegium (Article 45).

With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of the Union Government, the Soviet University of the RSFSR became the executive and administrative body of the state authority of the Russian Federation. "

Introduction

Chapter 1. Creation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

1 History of the creation of the Council of People's Commissar

2 Composition and formation of SCS of the USSR

3 History of the legislative framework of SNK

Chapter 2. Tasks and powers of the USSR SNK

1 Power of SNK USSR

2 Activities of the USSR

3 transformation of the USSR SNK

Conclusion

Introduction

In the urgency of the chosen topic there is no doubt, since the study of the Soviet model of the power of its essence, patterns and features of development has not only Russian, but also world importance. This system of power has affected the entire course of the XX century history. And at the same time, this phenomenon causes incessant disputes in the scientific and social environment.

The complexity and inconsistency of the development processes of the Soviet system requires studying political history.

The Soviet state apparatus arose as a result of the revolutionary sample of the apparatus of the bourgeois state and was a fundamentally new historical type of state apparatus.

The processes of the body of the bourgeois state apparatus and the creation of the new were interrelated. For Soviet state construction, an absolute prevention of continuity breaks in the presence of power was characterized.

october (November 8), 1917, the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted the Decree "On the establishment of the Council of People's Commissar", formed, thus, the first workers' and peasant government in the world. This decree determined the foundations of the legal status of the Soviet government. The practical activity of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) testified that his authority to a certain extent was beyond the framework of the concept of "government power", which is characteristic of a body that exercise subtitus executive and administrative activities. It was legally expressed in the publication of the Council of the Council not only the acts of public administration, but also decrees - acts of law.

The main place in his activities was occupied by the contemptive, organizational and creative tasks: the construction of a new, socialist economy, the achievement of the highest productivity of social labor, the comprehensive development of science and culture, communist education of workers, creating conditions for the most complete satisfaction of their material and cultural needs.

In a wide concept, the Soviet state apparatus consisted of advice with their branching in the center and on the ground in the form of economic, cultural, administrative, defense and other bodies and numerous public organizations of workers with their multi-million asset.

In a narrow concept, he covered the highest and local government bodies - the Councils of the Workers' Deputies, who created the government authorities: in the center - at the beginning of the Council of People's Commissars, and then the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Councils of Ministers of Allied and Autonomous Republics, as well as ministries and departments; In places - executive committees of the Soviets and their departments that are engaged in issues of industrial enterprises, collective farms, state farms, MTS, send the development of utilities, trade, catering, and show care of the cultural and domestic service of the population.

The subject of the study, the structure of the USSR SCS in collaboration with the state structure.

The purpose of the course work is the historical value of the SCC of the USSR.

To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

.Explore the history of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR;

.Determine the place of the SNK of the Russian Federation in the public administration system;

.Mark the legal significance of the USSR SNK in public administration.

Chapter 1. Creating the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

.1 The history of the creation of the Council of People's Commissar

The government of the world in the world of the workers' and peasant state was first formed as the Council of People's Commissars, which was created by 26 Oct. (November 8) 1917, the next day after the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution, Resolution of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of the Councils of Workers and Soldier Deputies to Education of the Workers and Peasant Government.

The decree written by V. I. Lenin said that "the Constituent Assembly, the temporary working and peasant government, which will be referred to as the Council of People's Commissar, is established to manage the country. V. I. Lenin was elected the first chairman of the SNK, who worked in this post for seven years (1917-1924) until his death. Lenin has developed the basic principles of the activities of the SNK, the tasks facing the highest authorities of the State Administration of the Soviet Republic.

The name "temporary" with the dissolution of the constituent assembly dropped. The first composition of SNK was one-party - it included only the Bolsheviks. The proposal to the left esrames to enter the SNK was rejected by them. On Dec. 1917 Left-esters entered the SNK and consisted in Prospect until March 1918. They came out of SNK due to disagreement with the conclusion of the Brest world and stood in the position of counter-revolution. In the future, CHK was formed only by representatives of the Communist Party. According to the Constitution of the RSFSR 1918, adopted by the 5th All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the government of the republic was called SNK RSFSR.

The Constitution of the RSFSR 1918 identified the main functions of the SNK RSFSR. The general management of the activities of the SNK RSFSR belonged to the WTCIK. The composition of the PRA was approved by the Soviets VTCIK or the congress of the Soviets. SNK possessed the necessary completeness of rights in the field of enforceing, and along with the Central Executive Committee, enjoyed the law of decrees. By performing executive power, SNK RSFSR led the activities of drug addicts and others. Center. departments, as well as directed and controlled the activities of local authorities.

The management of SNK and the Small Counsel, which is 23 Jan. (February 5) 1918 became the Permanent Commission of SNK RSFSR to preliminary consideration of issues introduced into SNK and issues of current legislation of the management of the department of public administration and the government. In 1930, small SNK was abolished. According to the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of November 30, 1918 was established under before. V.I. Lenin Council of Workers and Peasant Defense 1918-20. In April 1920, he was transformed into a labor and defense council, (STR). The experience of the first SNK was used in the state. Construction Pr-in all allied owls. Socialist republics.

After the unification of the Soviet republics into a single Union State - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) created the Union Government - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The provision on the USSR SCA approved CEC on November 12, 1923.

The USSR Council was formed by the USSR CEC and was its executive and administrative body. The USSR SCA led the activities of the Union and United (Union-republic.) Drug addicts, considered and approved the decrees and decisions of the Union-Union Value within the rights provided for by the USSR Constitution 1924, the provisions on the SCC of the USSR CEC and other legislative acts. The decisions of the USSR decisions and decisions of the USSR were binding on the entire USSR and could be suspended and canceled by the CEC of the USSR and its Presidium. For the first time, the composition of the USSR SNK, headed by Lenin, is approved at the 2nd session of the USSR CEC on July 6, 1923. The USSR Council, under the provision of 1923, was: Chairman, Deputy. Chairman, USSR addresses; Representatives of the Union republics participated in SNK meetings with the right of a deliberative voice.

According to the Constitution of the USSR, adopted in 1936, the USSR SNK was the highest executive and administrative body of the state power of the SSR Union. He formed the top. Council of the USSR. The Constitution of the USSR 1936 established the responsibility and accountability of the USSR SNK. Advice, and in the period between sessions, the top. Council of the USSR - its Presidium. Under the Constitution of the USSR, 1936, the USSR SNK united and sent the work of the Union and Union-Republican People's Commissariat of the USSR and others. and cultural institutions, took measures to implement Nar.-Hoz. Plan, state. The budget, carried out guidance in the field of external relations with foreign states, led the general construction of the country's armed forces, etc. According to the USSR Constitution, 1936, the USSR SNK was entitled to the Office and Household, referred to the competence of the USSR, suspend the decisions and orders of SNK of the Union republics and cancel orders and instructions of the drug addicts of the USSR. Art. 71 The Constitution of the USSR 1936 set the right of the deputy request: a representative of SNK or the USSR peer, to which the request of the Deputy of the USSR Supreme Soviet is obliged to give an oral or written response to the appropriate chamber.

SNK of the USSR, according to the Constitution of the USSR 1936, was formed in the 1st session of the top. Council of the USSR 19 Jan. 1938. June 30, 1941, the decision of the Presidium is the top. Council of the USSR, the Central Committee of the CSP (b) and SCA of the USSR was created by the State Defense Committee (GKO), which focused all the fullness of state power in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War 1941-45.

SNK of the Union Republic is the highest executive and administrative body of the state power of the Federal Republic. He is responsible to the Supreme Council of the Republic and it is accountable, and in the period between sessions, the top. Council - before the presidium top. The Council of the Republic and it is accountable to the SNK of the Federal Republic, according to the Constitution of the USSR 1936, issues decisions and orders based on and in the fulfillment of the current laws of the USSR and the Federal Republic of the Republic, decisions and orders of the USSR SCA and is obliged to check their execution.

1.2 Composition and formation of SCS of the USSR

An important stage in the way of adopting the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 was the second session of the CEC Union of the SSR, which was opened on July 6, 1923.

The CEC of the USSR formed the Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars. The USSR SCA was the executive and administrative body of the USSR CEC and was responsible in his work to him and his Presidency (Article 37 of the Constitution). The chapters on the highest bodies of the USSR consolidated the unity of legislative and executive.

For the management sectors of the public administration, 10 USSR addicts (Chapter 8 of the USSR Constitution 1924) were created (Chapter 8 of the USSR 1924): five all-union (on foreign affairs, on military and maritime affairs, foreign trade, communication, post office and telegraphs) and five united (Supreme Council of the national economy , Food, Labor, Finance and Workers' and Peasant Inspection). All-Union People's Commissaries had their authorized in the Union republics. The United Noncomcombs guided in the territory of the Union republics through the people's names to the same name. In other areas, the Office was carried out exclusively by the Federal Republics through the relevant republican addicts: agriculture, internal affairs, justice, educational, health care, social security.

The drug addicts of the USSR were headed by the people's commissars. Their activities combined the principles of collegiality and unity. At the addict, under his chairmanship, a board was formed, the members of which were appointed by the USSR SNK. The People's Commissar had the right and solely to make decisions, bringing them to the attention of the college. College or its individual members in the event of disagreement could appeal the decision of the People's Commissar in the USSR SCA, without suspending the execution of the decision.

The second session approved the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and elected his chairman V. I. Lenin.

Since V. I. Lenin was sick, the leadership of the Council of People's Commissar was carried out by five of his deputies: L. B. Kamenev, A.I. Rykov, A. D. Tsyurup, V. Ya. Chubar, M. D. Orahlashvili. The Ukrainian Chubar has been from July 1923 by the Chairman of the Council of Justice of Ukraine, and Georgian Orazhelashvili Chairman of the Sovnarkom ZSFSR, so they performed, first of all, their direct responsibilities. From February 2, 1924, the Chairman of the USSR SCA will be Rykov. Rykov and Zureupa were Russian by nationality, and Kamenev - Jew. Of the five deputy councils, only Orachelashvili had a higher education, the remaining four - average. The USSR Council was a direct successor to SNK RSFSR. In addition to the chairman and five deputies to the first Council of the Union, there were also 10 addresses and the Chairman of the OGPU with the right of a deliberative voice. Naturally, when selecting the leaders of the Sovnarkom, there were problems related to the necessary representation from the Union republics.

There were also their problems in the formation of allied drug addicts. Drug addicts of the RSFSR on foreign affairs, foreign trade, communication, post office and telegraphs, in military and maritime affairs were converted to allied. The personnel composition of the addicts at the time was still formed mainly from the former employees of the Office of the Office and specialists of even pre-revolutionary time. For employees former to the revolution workers in 1921-1922. It accounted for only 2.7%, which was due to the lack of a sufficient number of competent workers. These employees automatically flowed from Russian addicts to allied with a very minor number of employees translated from the National Republics.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Federal Republic is formed by the Supreme Council of the Federal Republic of the Republic of: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Federal Republic; Vice-Chairmen; Chairman of the State Planning Commission; Folk Commissars: Food Industry; Light industry; Forest industry; Agriculture; Grain and livestock state farms; Finance; Internal trading; Internal affairs; Justice; Health care; Enlightenment; Local industry; Utilities; Social security; Authorized committee of the billets; Chief of art administration; Authorized National Union People's Commissariators.

1.3 History of the SNA Legislative Base

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of July 10, 1918, the activities of the SNK is:

· management of general affairs of the RSFSR, the management of individual sectors of the Office (Art.35, 37)

· edition of legislation and take action, "necessary for the right and rapid flow of state life." (Article 38)

The People's Commissar has the right to solely make decisions on all issues in the conduct of the Commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the board (Article 45).

All accepted decisions and decisions of the SNK reports the WTCIK (Article 39), which is entitled to suspend and cancel the decree or decision of the SNK (Article 40).

17 folk commissariats are created (in the constitution, this figure is erroneously specified, since in the list presented in Art. 43, they are numbered 18).

Next quotes the list of people's commissariators of SNK RSFSR under the Constitution of the RSFSR<#"justify">· on foreign affairs;

· in military affairs;

· on maritime cases;

· on internal affairs;

· justice;

· labor;

· social security;

· enlightenment;

· post and telegraphs;

· on nationalities;

· on financial affairs;

· communication paths;

· agriculture;

· trade and industry;

· food;

· Supreme Council of the national economy;

· health.

With each People's Commissar and under his chairmanship, a board is formed, members of which are approved by SNK (Article 44).

With education in December 1922 USSR<#"justify">· internal trading;

· labor

· finance

· RKI

· internal affairs

· justice

· enlightenment

· health

· agriculture

· social security

· VNS

The SNK of the RSFSR was now included with the right of a decisive or advisory voice, authorized by the USSR drug addicts under the Government of the RSFSR. SNK RSFSR allocated, in turn, permanent representative in the USSR SCA. (According to SU, 1924, N 70, Art. 691.) From February 22, 1924, the SNK RSFSR and SCA of the USSR have a single business management. (According to TsGAOR USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 5, l. 8.)

With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR of January 21, 1937<#"justify">· food Industry

· light industry

· forest industry

· agriculture

· grain Sovzhozov

· livestocking Sovzhozov

· finance

· internal trade

· justice

· health

· enlightenment

· local industry

· municipal economy

· social security

Also, the SNK was included by the Chairman of the State District of the RSFSR and the head of the art administration for SNK RSFSR.

Chapter 2. Tasks and powers of the USSR SNK

.1 powers of the USSR SNK

The People's Commissar Council of the Federal Republic of the Federal Republic issues decisions and orders based on and in accordance with the existing laws of the USSR and the Federal Republic of the Republic, decisions and orders of the Council of the Council of Nerotome Commissioners of the USSR and checks their execution.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Federal Republic of the Federal Republic has the right to suspend the decisions and orders of the Councils of People's Commissars of the Autonomous Republics and to cancel the decisions and orders of executive committees of the Councils of Deputies of the Workers of the Regions, regions and autonomous regions.

The People's Commissars of the Federal Republic of the Republic of Nations lead to the branches of the public administration within the competence of the Union Republic.

The People's Commissars of the Union Republic are issued within the competence of the orders and instructions on the basis of the relevant national commissariates on the basis of the laws and instructions on the basis of the United States of the USSR and the United States Council of People's Commissars and the Federal Republic of the Republican, orders and instructions of the Federal State Commissioner of the USSR.

The People's Commissars of the Federal Republic of the Republican or republican are allocated.

Union-Republican People's Commissariators lead the public administration entrusted to them, obeying both the Council of People's Commissars of the Federal Republic of the Federal Republic and the relevant Union-Republican People's Commissariat of the USSR.

The Republican People's Commissariats lead the public administration entrusted to them, submitting to the Council of People's Commissars of the Federal Republic of the Federal Republic.

The most important task of Sovnarkom was then the revival of economic life. During the Civil War, labor discipline and absenteeism reached 30-40%, fell relatively since 1913. Approximately 10-15% intensity and productivity of labor, the real wage decreased. The entire amount of wages on average in the RSFSR in 1919-1921. accounted for 38-40% of the pre-war level. However, since 1922 she began to rise and in the spring of 1923 reached 60%.

At the beginning of the 20s. Still, the restoration of the national economy went rather significant pace. In one of his speeches in December 1923, A. I. Rykov noted a noticeable growth of industry. If 1920 was taken by this indicator for 100%, then 1921-119%, 1922-146%, and 1923-216%. However, in 1923, the volume of industrial production was compared with 1913 only 40.3%, and agricultural production-75%. The mainstream of economic success, which was dependent on allied construction.

In the meantime, work on the further continuation of this construction did not stop. In August 1923, the first meeting of the chairmen of the Soviet Republic of the Union republics took place, and on September 29 of the same year - the second. The Commission of the USSR CEC on the preparation of the provisions on the CEC CEC, the USSR SCC and the USSR addicts awarded on August 21, September 13, 22, 23 and 24. On August 24, 1923, the Presidium of the USSR CEC approves the order of the third session of the USSR CEC, which opened 6 and completed it on November 12 of the same year. All representatives of the CEC of the Union republics made their reports, in parallel, was working in commissions who were preparing the decisions of this session. A significant amount of work was done by the Commission, which was entrusted with the development of provisions on the central authorities of the USSR authorities, which took into account the amendments proposed by the Federal Republics to the projects submitted for the approval of the session. The lively exchange of views was, for example, in the commission produced by the "Regulations on the CEC of the USSR". Not everyone agreed with the two-bearet system, since some considered unnecessarily the creation of the Council of Nationalities and ratified for the simplification of the work of the sessions of the USSR CEC "Regulations on the Central Executive Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, it was adopted on November 12, 1923 and consisted of ten chapters, in turn divided At 79 paragraphs. It was envisaged both the next and extraordinary sessions of the USSR CEC, and the regular sessions were to be convened three times a year. Special chapters were dedicated to the Union Council, the Council of Nationalities and the Conciliation Commission, in the case of possible disagreements between them. Joint meetings of both chambers were also envisaged, which also dedicated to a separate chapter. The functions of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Union of the SSR are described in detail. Among other things, there was also the following: "The Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the SSR Union decisions makes decrees, decrees and orders, considers and approves projects of decrees and decisions made by the Council of People's Commissars of the SSR Union, individual departments of the SSR Union, Central Executive Committees of the Union republics and their presidias. and other authorities. "

The Presidium of the USSR CEC also received the right to cancel the decisions of the USSR Council, the right of amnesty, the right of pardon, etc. The relationship between the Presidium of the USSR CEC and government agencies and departments were to be carried out by the Chairman and Secretary of the CEC CEC. At the same time, the entire secretarial and technical apparatus of the USSR CEC should be under the guidance of the secretary of the USSR CEC. On the same day, on November 12, the provisions were adopted on the USSR Council and People's Commissariat of the USSR. When discussing the situation on SNK, when the queue reached the paragraph of the Commissions created by the USSR Council, in particular, the Commission of Legislative Assumptions, the Administrative Financial Commission, and the other was added, by virtue of which in all Commissions in accordance with the Soviet and SOC, who had administrative and administrative rights Representatives of the Union republics should be included with the right of decisive voices.

By virtue of the provision on the Council of Soviet, this body was formed by the CEC of the USSR and was his executive and administrative authority. In addition to the chairman and his deputies, the People's Commissars on Foreign Affairs, on military and maritime cases, foreign trade, communication, post office, and telegraphs, working-peasant inspection, labor, food, finance, and chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy. Representatives of the Union republics could participate with the advisory voice, along with representatives of some other bodies, including the chairmen of the Sovnarkoms of the Union republics. The subjects of the Soviet Council of the USSR also referred "permission of disagreements between the Councils of People's Commissars of the Federal Republics on issues within the competence of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, as well as disagreements, both between the People's Commissars of the SSR, and between the latest and advice of the People's Commissars of the Allied republics. Cyci of the Union republics, their presidiums and republican councils also had the right to make issues for consideration by the USSR Council.

"The General Regulation on the People's Commissariats of the USSR", also adopted on November 12, provided for the creation of commissariators of two types - all-Union, that is, uniforms for all of the USSR, and united. Commissionariants: Foreign Affairs, on Military and Maritime Affairs, Foreign Trade, Communications, Post and Telegraphs; To the United: The Supreme Council of National Economy, Food, Labor, Finance, Workers' and Peasant Inspectorate. This "general situation" provided for compilation for each commissariat of its special provisions to be approved by the CEC of the USSR. It provided for the suspension of the allied republics or their presidiums of those orders of the USSR national commissariatants, which did not comply with the Constitution of the USSR, the legislation of the Union or the legislation of the Federal Republic of the Union.

The Union Commissarities received the right to have under the Union republics of their authorized, directly to them subordinates. These Commissioners were put forward by the USSR Commissioner directly or at the proposal of the CEC of the Federal Republic of the Federal Republic and were subject to approval of the USSR Council. Moreover, for all nominated candidates, a review of the CEC of the Union of the Republic, which had the right to remove the appointed authorized one. These authorized off-union folk commissariats were to be included in the Soviet Union republics with a deliberative or decisive voice in accordance with the decision of the Cyc of the Allied Republic or its Presidium. The orders of the Union Commissioners were mandatory for direct execution throughout the USSR. The United States Commissariants of the USSR should have carried out all their tasks and directives through the People's Commissariants of the Union republics. The chapters of the same name Commissarities of the Union republics were subject to appointment and revocation with the chicks of the Union republics.

2.2 Activity of SNK USSR

The activities of the Sovnarkom was expressed in the struggle for the dictatorship of the proletariat, the creation of a new system of state apparatus, the publication of decrees and regulations. Sovvrkkom published a huge number of decrees and regulations. They covered all the branches of political and public life, issuing the class struggle, its conquest, calculating the soil for the construction of socialism.

Sovnarkk began almost daily, arguing several decrees and rulings per day. There were days when the top ten decree was taken. We give a few examples.

December 20, 1938, the USSR Council established employment records. This "crust" is a labor book (TC) - was an essential element of the Soviet administrative command system. The first labor books appeared a year after the revolution. The royal passports of the Bolsheviks canceled and introduced their identity cards. The decree of October 5, 1918 was called eloquently: "On labor books for unemployed".

An alternative to labor service was either a revolutionary tribunal who was guided by the "velves of the revolutionary conscience", or - a hungry death without a soldering.

From June 25, 1919, the Central Executive Committee introduced a magnitude accounting: a workbook received anyone who reached 16 years. On the first page there was a reminder: "Not a worker yes does not eat." Such a document received even Lenin.

In September 1926, the Sovnarka introduced "Labor Lists". Now this document was intended to account for Soviet employees. The nationality of the employee, social situation, party, and even military registration was recorded.

Resolution of the Soviet University of the USSR on the protection of property of state-owned enterprises, collective farms and cooperation and strengthening public property.

Recently, the collants of workers and collective farmers have become more frequent at the embezzlement (theft) of goods on railway and water transport and theft (theft) of cooperative and collective farm property by hooligan and general public elements. Equally, complaints about violence and the threats of cam elements against collective farmers who do not want to get out of collective farms and honestly and selflessly working for strengthening the latter.

The Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissar of the Union of the SSR believe that public property (state, collective farm, cooperative) is the basis of the Soviet system, it is sacred and inviolable, and people who encroach on public property must be considered as the enemies of the people, in view of which a decisive struggle Pollutors of public property is the greatest responsibility of the bodies of Soviet power.

Based on these considerations and going towards the requirements of workers and collective farmers, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of the SSR are resolved:

To equate the goods in its own value on railway and water transport to the property of state and in every way to strengthen the protection of these goods.

Apply as a judicial repression as a measure of the cost of goods on railway and water transport, the highest measure of social protection - execution with the confiscation of all property and with replacement with mitigating circumstances by imprisonment for a period not lower than 10 years with confiscation of property.

Do not apply amnesties to criminals convicted of cases of theft of cargo in transport.

To equate the property of collective farms and cooperatives according to its value (vintage in the fields, public stocks, cattle, cooperative warehouses and shops, etc.) to the property of state and in every way to strengthen the protection of this property from the discretion.

To apply as a judicial repression measure for the embezzlement (theft) of the collective farm and cooperative property, the highest measure of social protection - execution with confiscation of all property and with replacement with mitigating circumstances by imprisonment for a period not lower than 10 years with the confiscation of all property.

Do not apply an amnesty to criminals convicted of cases of the embezzlement of collective farm and cooperative property.

Test a decisive struggle with those antisocial Kulatsko-capitalist elements that apply violence and threats or preach the use of violence and threats to collective farmers in order to force the latter to get out of the collective farm, with the aim of violent destruction of the collective farm. Equate these crimes to state crimes.

To apply as a measure of judicial repression on cases of protection of collective farms and collective farmers from violence and threats from Kulatsky and other anti-social elements, imprisonment from 5 to 10 years with conclusion in the concentration camp.

Do not apply amnesties to criminals convicted of these cases.

1932, June 25, Resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on revolutionary legality.

Noting the decade of the organization of the prosecutor's office and achieved during this period in the SSR Union in strengthening the revolutionary legality, which is one of the most important means of strengthening the proletarian dictatorship, protect the interests of workers and workers of peasants and the struck of the working enemies of workers (culchatic, dealers-speculators, bourgeois pests) And their counter-revolutionary political agents, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of the SSR especially indicate the presence of a significant number of violations of the revolutionary legality from officials and curvatures in the practice of its holding, especially in the village.

In order to ensure the most favorable conditions for the Socialist Reconstruction of Agriculture, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of the SSR are resolved:

Cancel in areas of continuous collectivization Act on the permission of land rental and the use of hired labor in sole peasant farms (VII and VIII sections of general land use and land management).

Exceptions from this rule regarding middle offices are governed by district executive committees under the guidance and control of district executive committees.

To provide regional (regional) executive committees and the governments of the autonomous republics, the right to apply all the necessary measures to combat foolhood in these areas to complete the confiscation of the properties of fists and evict them from the limits of individual areas and edges (regions).

The confiscated property of the Kulats farms, with the exception of the part that goes to the repayment of obligations due from fists (debts) by state and cooperative bodies should be transmitted to the indivisible funds of collective farms as a contribution of poor and battresses entering the collective farm.

Suggest the governments of the Union republics, to the development of this resolution, to give the necessary instructions to regional (regional) executive committees and the governments of autonomous republics.

In the "Year of the Great Flamm", September 24, 1929, a decree of the Sovnarkom was issued, abolishing all the holidays, except for November 7 and May 1.

2.3 Transformation of SCC USSR

According to the Constitution of the USSR in 1936, the USSR SCA is the highest executive and administrative body of state power<#"justify">Conclusion

In the conclusion of this work, it should be noted that in the 1920s, state administration was in a state of dynamic evolution. This refers to the development on its own basis, when the essential features of the developing system, i.e. At the stage of becoming, they decided, but did not have a frozen character.

The lighting of the post-beater history of public administration in Russia is based primarily on the characteristics of the qualities and features of the Soviet state system, its structure, goals and methods of management in the process of their formation and evolution.

The structure of the Soviet government is based on the decrets of the Soviet Congress of Soviets, where the system of government and management is determined: the All-Russian Congress of Soviets is the Supreme Body of Public Authorities; VTCIK is the executive body of the congress and the carrier of the highest power in the period between the congresses; SNK-worker-peasant government, executive management body; Folk Commissariants (Commissions) - Central Offices of Management of Individual Industries; Tips in the field - local authorities of state and management.

The senior executive and administrative body under the Constitution of the USSR 1924 was the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The composition was not constant. Representatives of the Union republics, members of the USSR CEC, representatives of some committees and offices under the Government (OGPU, CSB, etc.), the head of the Government of the Allied Republics participated in the meetings of the USSR. The SNK of the USSR actually issued decisions and decisions that had the power of the law, and from the beginning of the 1930s, all bills were to pre-put on his consideration, although it was not envisaged by the Constitution.

The Constitution of the USSR of 1936 made significant changes to the system of higher authorities and management, in the electoral system. The Constitution of the USSR of 1936 is a very contradictory document. On the one hand, it secured a refusal of multi-stage elections, established universal eligible law, direct and equal elections in secret ballot. On the other hand, formally confirming the federal nature of the state, it actually secured his unitarial character, providing almost infinitely broad powers in the overall "center". In a sense, it was democratic than the Constitution of 1918, and at the same time she became the cover of an uncompromising reaction and personal power regime.

In December 1936, the drug industry of the defense industry was allocated from the drug industry by the Heavy Industry. In 1937, the People's Commissariat of Mechanical Engineering was formed. In 1939. The drug addicts of the coal and oil industry, the People's Commissariat of Power Plants and the Electricity.

To improve management by drug addicts in April 1940. At the SCC of the USSR, 6 business councils were created: in metallurgy and chemistry, engineering, in the defense industry for fuel, electrical equipment, etc.

february 1941 The Central Committee of the USSR Central Committee, guided by the decisions of the XVIII CVP (b) decisions of the USSR statement, proceeding to the preparation of the general economic plan of the USSR for 15 years, designed to solve the main economic task - to catch up with the main capitalist countries for the production of products per capita.

In connection with the increased work of the USSR SCC in 1937, the Economic Council was created to help, who acted as a permanent committee of the Council of the Council, the Council considered annual and quarterly national economic plans and made them for the approval of SNK, controlled the execution of plans, acquainted with the provision of individual sectors of the national economy , took measures to improve their work, etc.

He had the right to issue decisions and orders, mandatory for all drug addicts of the USSR. Thus, in the organization of the management of the national economy, there is a course on the strengthening of the Union-Union began.

The law of March 15, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

council People's Commissar State

List of used literature

1.Vert N. History of the Soviet state. 1900-1991. M., 1999. P. 130-131.

2. Wegemen of the Houchs. Lenin in life. Systematized arch of the memoirs of contemporaries, documents of the era, versions of historians , Olma-Press, 2004, ISBN: 5948501914.

Oleg Platonov. The history of the Russian people in the XX century. Volume 1 (ch. 39-81).

Gimpelson E. G. Soviet managers. 20s. (Guidelines of the USSR State Apparatus). M., 2001, p. 94.

Munchaev S.M. National history. 2008. //

Higher state authorities and central administration authorities of the RSFSR (1917-1967). Directory (based on the materials of state archives) "(prepared by CGA RSFSR), ch. I section. "Government of the RSFSR".

. "Constitution (basic law) of the RSFSR" (adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of the Soviets 10.07.1918).

Shamarov V. M. Formation and development of legal and organizational foundations. M., 2007. P. 218.

Zhukov V., Eykov G., Pavlov V. History of Russia. Tutorial. M., 2008. P. 283.

Shipunov F. Truthful Russia. M., 2007. P. 420.

The Constitution of the USSR of 1936 "Formally answered the best world samples of that time." Political history of Russia / d. ed. V.V. Zhuravlev. M., 2008. P. 530.

Borisov S. Honor as a phenomenon of Russian political consciousness. St. Petersburg, 2006. P. 183.

All rulers of Russia Vostralyshev Mikhail Ivanovich

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissar Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870-1924)

Chairman

Council of People's Commissar

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

Volodya Ulyanov was born on April 10/22, 1870 in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk) in the family of the Inspector of People's School.

Grandfather Volodya by Father Nikolai Vasilyevich Ulyanov, the son of serfdom (information about his nationality is absent, presumably Russian or Chuvash), married late on the daughter of baptized Kalmyk Anna Alekseevna Smirnova. The son of Ilya was born when the mother was 43 years old, and father for 60 years. Soon Nikolai Vasilyevich died, Ilya raised and learned the elder brother Vasily, the order of the Astrakhan company "Brothers Sapozhnikov".

Grandfather Lenin by Mother Alexander Dmitrievich - Srul (Israel) Moishevich - Blank - baptized Jew, a physician, a considerable condition of which significantly increased after marriage to Nheme Anna Grigorievna Grzskopf (the GROSKOPF family had a Swedish roots). Early the orphaned mother of Lenin, Maria Alexandrovna, like her four sisters, raised aunt for mother, tracing niece music and foreign languages.

In the family of Ulyanov's efforts, Mary Alexandrovna was supported by a special appearance in front of German order and accuracy. Children owned foreign languages \u200b\u200b(Lenin perfectly owned German, he read in French and said, English knew worse).

Volodya was a living, brisk and cheerful boy, loved noisy games. He played so much toys as they broke them. Five years learned to read, then a Parish teacher of Simbirsk was prepared for the gymnasium, where he entered in 1879 in the first class.

"When he was still a child, he was taken to one of the best Russian oculists, then he was heard at all the Volga region, - the Kazan professor Adamyuku (senior), - recalled the doctor M.I. Averbach. - without having, obviously, the opportunity to accurately explore the boy and seeing objectively at the bottom of his left eye some changes, mainly congenital character (congenital gap of optic nerve and rear cone), Professor Adamyuk accepted this eye for badly visiting from birth (the so-called congenital amblyopia). Indeed, this eye saw a very bad distance. The mother of the child was said that the left eye is not good from birth and help this grief is impossible. Thus, Vladimir Ilyich lived all his life with the idea that he did not see anything left eye and exists only with one right. "

Volodya Ulyanov was the first student in the gymnasium in which he entered in 1879. Director of the Gymnasium F.M. Kerensky, Father of the head of the temporary government of 1917, Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky, highly appreciated the ability of Vladimir Ulyanov. The gymnasium gave Lenin a solid foundation of knowledge. The exact sciences did not make an interest for him, but the story, and in the future philosophy, Marxism, political economy, the statistics were the disciplines for which he read the mountains of books and wrote dozens of writing volumes.

His older brother A.I. Ulyanov was executed in 1887 for participating in the attempt on Tsar Alexander III. In 1887, Vladimir Ulyanov entered the Faculty of Law of the University of Kazan; In December, it was excluded from the university and expelled from the city for participating in student movement. He was exiled to the estate of Kokushkino, where he read a lot, especially political literature.

In 1891, she passed the external exams for the Faculty of Faculty of the University of St. Petersburg, after which he served as an assistant jury attorney in Samara. But as a lawyer, Vladimir Ilyich did not show himself and already in 1893, leaving jurisprudence, moved to Petersburg, where he joined the Marxist Student Circle of the Institute of Technology.

In 1894, one of the first works of Lenin appeared - "What is" friends of the people "and how they fight against the Social Democrats", in which it was argued that the path to socialism lies through the working movement headed by the proletariat. In April - Mae 1895, the first meetings of Lenin took place abroad with members of the Labor Liberation Group, including G.V. Plekhanov.

In 1895, Vladimir Ilyich participated in the creation of the St. Petersburg "Union of the struggle for the liberation of the working class", then he was arrested. In 1897, he was sent for three years in the village of Shushensky Yenisei province.

The terms of reference in Shushensky were quite acceptable. Favorable climate, hunting, fishing, simple food - all this has strengthened Lenin's health. In July 1898, he was married with N.K. Krupskaya, also exiled to Siberia. She was a daughter of an officer, a listener of Bestuzhevsky courses, held at one time in correspondence with L.N. Tolstoy. Krupskaya became an assistant and like-minded Lenin for life.

In 1900, Lenin went abroad, where he was until 1917, with a break in 1905-1907. Together with George Valentinovich Plekhanov and others began the publication of the newspaper Iskra. In the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP in 1903, Lenin headed the Bolsheviks party. From 1905 in St. Petersburg, from December 1907 - again in emigration.

At the end of August 1914, Lenin moved from Austro-Hungary to neutral Switzerland, where he put forward the slogan defeat of the Russian government and turning the imperialist war in civil war. Lenin's position led him to isolation even in a social democratic environment. The leader of the Bolsheviks, apparently, did not consider the evil possible in this case by the occupation of Russia Germany.

In April 1917, having arrived in Petrograd, Lenin put forward a course to the victory of the socialist revolution. After the July crisis, 1917 was in an illegal position. Headed the leadership of the Oktyabrsky uprising in Petrograd.

On the 2nd All-Russian Congress of the Soviets, Vladimir Ilyich was elected Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK), the Council of Working and Peasant Defense (since 1919 - a hundred). Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (WTCIK) and the Central Executive Committee (CEC) of the USSR. From March 1918 he lived in Moscow. Played a decisive role in the conclusion of the Brest world. On August 30, 1918, with an attempt on his life, he was seriously injured.

In 1918, Lenin approved the creation of the All-Russian emergency commission to combat counter-revolution and sabotage, widely and uncontrolled the methods of violence and repression. He also introduced military communism in the country - November 21, 1918 signed the decree of the Sovnarkom "On the organization of supplying the population by all products and subjects of personal consumption and households." Trade was prohibited, cash relations were replaced by a natural exchange, a privacy was introduced. Cities began to die out. Nevertheless, the next step of Lenin has become the nationalization of industry. As a result of this grand experiment, industrial production in Russia actually ceased.

In 1921, unprecedented hunger in the Volga region broke out. This problem was partially resolved by the robbery of Orthodox churches, which, naturally, the parishioners resisted. Lenin took advantage of this to apply a decisive blow to the Russian Orthodox Church. On March 19, he writes a secret letter to members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) on the use of resistance from believers to the violent seizure of church values, as a reason for the mass executions of the clergy, which was fulfilled.

The economic situation in the country has worsened rapidly. At the X Congress of the Party in March 1921, Lenin nominated the program of "New Economic Policy". He understood that the "right" elements in the party were revived with the introduction of NEP, and the residual elements of democracy in the RCP (b) eliminated the same X Congress, prohibiting the creation of fractions.

The NEP in the field of economics immediately gave positive results, the process of rapid restoration of the national economy began.

In 1922, Lenin was seriously ill (syphilis of the brain) and from December of this year did not participate in political activities.

Portrait V.I. Lenin. Artist Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin. 1934.

On January 27, from 10 o'clock in the morning, the troops and the delegation of workers and peasants took place on the Red Square of Moscow by the coffin installed on the special pedestal with the body of Lenin. On one of the banners it was written: "Lenin's grave is a cradle of freedom of all mankind." At 4 o'clock the day, the troops took the weapon "on the guard", Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Molotov, Bukharin, Rudzort, Tomsk and Dzerzhinsky raised the coffin and suffered it in mausoleum ...

Muscovite Nikita Okunev records in the diary: "By the time of lowering in the grave, an order was given for the whole of Russia at 4:00. Of the day, stop any movement (railway, equestrian, shipping), and at the factories and factories to produce whistles or beeps for five minutes (on The same period is terminated and movement). After a series of different jokes, those who were composed about these unprecedented funerals, was this: when Lenin lived, he was applauded, and when he died - all Russia whistled without a break for 5 minutes ... In the future, Lenin's monuments will be given, probably not only in cities, but also In every village. "

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin in Smolny. Artist Isaac Brodsky. 1930.

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Lenin (1870-1924) Life and Lenin's activities in Russia of the late XX century began to be evaluated at all as in Soviet times. And if it was previously exaggerated by his merits as a thinker (in political genius, he could not even refuse enemies), then he was even more

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From the book Worldwide History in the sayings and quotes Author Doshenko Konstantin Vasilyevich

Since the Jewish topic was touched, then lay out one material that I didn't find myself places. The issue of the Jewish Representative Office in the upper echelons coving is very vividly trembling to this afraid. Even I did not resist his saduketive char. Once he read the famous book "One hundred and forty conversations with Molotov" F. Chuev and one moment was very much confused. Here he: "They say, the Jews made a revolution, and not Russian. - Well, few people believe in it. True, in the first government, the majority of the majority of Jews in the Politburo. " A very strange statement, for someone, like not "stone ass", know the true state of things - they are like you. And no sclerosis.

In general, this is a very common misconception among a very general public - that the Jews made up most in the Soviet leadership. Even in other friends I read this. Immediately I will say that the majority - that in party tops, that in the government - the Russians have always constituted. However, foreigners - including Jews - a very broad representation was had in certain periods. On the national composition of the party leadership, in principle, quite a lot is written, but about the government, I only saw the analysis, spinning around the first composition of the Council (although, to admit, the plot itself was not particularly interested). So I was born with my idea to dig and search how many Jews were part of the Soviet government. Next article: Jews in the USSR leadership (1917-1991) turned up. I thought that she had the topic exhausting, and was very sad for nothing. The time spent time was very sad, but I didn't find it without pleasure that in relation to the government, the text contains in itself although minor, but still skipping, and decided work on throwing. But now, I think I brought it to the end, and I present the results to the court.

Immediately I will say that I was interested in only the compositions first SNK RSFSR (1917-22) and SNK / CM of the USSR. Wikipedia reports that "before the creation of the USSR in 1922 and the Education of the Union Council, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR actually coordinated the interaction between the Soviet republics arising in the territory of the former Russian Empire." Therefore, we will have chronological frameworks to cover 1917-1991. As for the personalities, I will present it in the form of a simple chronological list - it is somehow perceived in the dynamics.

Trotsky Lev Davydovich (Bronstein Laba Davidovich)
People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR (November 1917 - March 1918).
People's Commissar on the Military and Maritime Affairs of the RSFSR / USSR (August 1918 - January 1925).
People's Commissar RSFSR (March 1920).
Chairman of the main concession committee at the USSR SCC (June 1925 - 1927).

Steinberg Isaac Zakharovich (Atzhok-Nakhman Zerahovich)
People's Commissar of Justice RSFSR (December 1917 - March 1918).

Sverdlov Veniamin Mikhailovich (Binjamin Movshevich)
People's Commissar of RSFSR Communication (January-February 1918).

Gukovsky Isidore Emmanuilovich
Narc on the financial affairs of the RSFSR (March-August 1918).

Lyutov Artemia Moiseevich
Acting Mission Post and Telegraph RSFSR, USSR (March 1920 - May 1921, November 1927 - January 1928).

Dovygalevsky Valerian Savelievich (Saulovich)
People's Commissar and Telegraph RSFSR (May 1921 - July 1923).

Shainman Aron Lvovich
Chairman of the Board of the State Bank RSFSR, USSR (October 1921 - December 1924, January 1926 - October 1928).
People's Commissar of the USSR (December 1924 - November 1925).

Kamenev (Rosenfeld) Lev Borisovich
Deputy Chairman of the SNK RSFSR / USSR (September 1922 - January 1926).
People's Commissar of Foreign and Internal Trade of the USSR (January-November 1926).
Chairman of the Main Concession Committee at the USSR SCC (May 1929 - October 1932).

Sokolnikov Grigory Yakovlevich (Brilliant Girsche Yankelyevich)
People's Commissar of Finance RSFSR / USSR (October 1922 - January 1926).

Yakovlev (Epstein) Yakov Arkadyevich
People's Commissar of Agriculture of the USSR (December 1929 - April 1934).

Rukhimovich Moses Lvovich
People's Commissar Trades of the USSR (June 1930 - October 1931).
People's Commissar of the Defense Industry of the USSR (December 1936 - October 1937).

Litvinov Maxim Maksimovich (Vallah-Finkelstein Meer-Genoch Moiseevich)
People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR (July 1930 - May 1939).

Kalmanovich Moses Josephovych
Chairman of the Board of the USSR State Bank (October 1930 - April 1934).
The People's Commissar of Grain and Livestock Councils of the USSR (April 1934 - April 1937).

Rosengolts Arkady Pavlovich
People's Commissar of Foreign Trade of the USSR (November 1930 - June 1937).
Head of the Department of State Reserves for SCS of the USSR (August-October 1937).

Shumyatsky Boris Zakharovich
"People's Cinematography": Chairman "Soyuzzino", Head of the Main Directorate of the film industry, Chairman of the State Film Firecraft Advision in the USSR SCA (November 1930 - January 1938).

Goltzman Abram Zinovievich
Head of the Main Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet at SCC of the USSR (February 1932 - September 1933).

Goshetokin Filipp Isaevich (Shaya Isaakovich)
The main state arbiter in the USSR SCC (February 1933 - October 1939).

Cleinter Israel Mikhailovich (Stew Mailikhovich)
Chairman of the Committee on Crimping of Agricultural Products at SCC of the USSR (April 1934 - December 1936).
People's Commissar of the USSR (December 1936 - August 1937).

Maryasin Lev Efimovich
Chairman of the Board of the USSR State Bank (April 1934 - July 1936).

Wezer Israel Yakovlevich
People's Commissar of Internal Trade of the USSR (July 1934 - October 1939).

Yagoda Heinrich Grigorievich (Yehuda Enoch Girshevich)
People's Commissar of the USSR (July 1934 - September 1936)
People's Commissar of the USSR (September 1936 - April 1937).

Kaganovich Lazar Moiseevich
People's Commissar of the USSR Communications (May 1935 - August 1937, April 1938 - March 1942, February 1943 - December 1944).
Narcar of the gravity industry of the USSR (August 1937 - January 1939).
Deputy Chairman of the SNK / CM of the USSR (August 1938 - May 1944, December 1944 - March 1953).
People's Commissar of the Fuel Industry of the USSR (January-October 1939).
The People's Commissar of the USSR Oil Industry (October 1939 - July 1940).
Minister of Industry of Building Materials of the USSR (March 1946 - March 1947).
Chairman of the State Committee, see the USSR of the material and technical supply of the national economy (January 1948 - October 1952).
First Deputy Chairman of the SM USSR (March 1953 - June 1957).
Chairman of the State Committee see the USSR on labor and wages (May 1955 - May 1956).
Minister of Industry of Building Materials of the USSR (September 1956 - July 1957).

Kaminsky (Hoffman) Grigory Naumovich
Chief Sanitary Inspector of the USSR (1935 - June 1937).
People's Commissar of the USSR (July 1936 - June 1937).

Kruglikov Solomon Lazarevich
Chairman of the Board of the USSR State Bank (July 1936 - September 1937).

Khalepsky Innokenty Andreevich
People's Commissar of the USSR (April-August 1937).
Particular SCS of the USSR in touch (August-November 1937).

Broskin Alexander Davidovich
People's Commissar of Mechanical Engineering of the USSR (October 1937 - June 1938).

Kaganovich Mikhail Moiseevich
People's Commissar of the Defense Industry of the USSR (October 1937 - January 1939).
People's Commissar of the USSR Aviation Industry (January 1939 - January 1940).

Gilin Abram Lazarevich
People's Commissar Food Industry of the USSR (January-August 1938).

Ginzburg Semen Zakharovich
Chairman of the Committee on Construction Affairs at the USSR SCC (March 1938 - May 1939).
People's Commissar for the construction of the USSR (June 1939 - January 1946).
People's Commissar for the construction of military and naval enterprises of the USSR (January 1946 - March 1947).
Minister of Industry of Building Materials of the USSR (March 1947 - May 1950).

Dukelsky Semyon Semenovich
Chairman of the Cinematography Committee for the USSR SCA in the Range of the People's Commissar (March 1938 - June 1939).
People's Fleet of the USSR Fleet (April 1939 - February 1942).

White Zakhar Moiseevich
Acting Chairman of the Soviet Control Commission at the USSR SCC (May 1938 - April 1939).

Anelovich Naum Markovich
People's Commissar of the Forest Industry of the USSR (October 1938 - October 1940).

Pearl Polina Semenovna (Karpovskaya Pearl Semenovna)
The People's Commissar of the USSR Fish Industry (January-November 1939).

Vannikov Boris Lvovich
People's Commissar of the USSR (January 1939 - June 1941).
People's Commissar of the USSR (February 1942 - August 1945).
People's Commissar / Minister of Agricultural Engineering of the USSR (January-June 1946).
Head of the First Main Directorate for SNK / CM USSR (August 1945 - March 1953).

COUNTRYWOMAN (Zalkind) Rosalia Samoovna
Deputy Chairman of the USSR SCC (May 1939 - August 1943).
Chairman of the Commission of Soviet Control for SCS of the USSR (May 1939 - September 1940).

Mehlis Lev Zakharovich
Deputy Chairman of the USSR SNK (September 1940 - May 1944).
People's Commissar / Minister of State Control of the USSR (September 1940 - June 1941, March 1946 - October 1950).

Salzman Isaac Moiseevich
People's Tank Industry Tank Industry (July 1942 - June 1943).

Raizer David Yakovlevich (Usherovich)
Minister for the construction of enterprises of a heavy industry (May 1950 - March 1953).
Minister of Construction of enterprises of the Metallurgical and Chemical Industry of the USSR (April 1954 - May 1957).

Dymshitz Veniamin Emmanuilovich
Head of the capital construction department of the USSR Capital Construction Department - Minister of the USSR (June 1959 - April 1962).
First Deputy Chairman of the USSR Programmer - Minister of the USSR (April - July 1962).
Deputy Chairman of the USSR (July 1962 - December 1985).
Chairman of the USSR, Chairman of the USSR (July - November 1962).
Chairman of the Council of National Economy of the USSR (November 1962 - October 1965).
Chairman of the State Committee, see the USSR of Material Supplies (October 1965 - June 1976).

Volodarsky Lev Markovich (Goldstein Laba Mordkovich)
Head of the Central Statistical Office at the CF USSR, Central Statistical Department of the USSR (August 1975 - December 1985).

Kotlyar Nikolai Isaakovich
Fisherman Minister of the USSR (January 1987 - November 1991).

Raevsky Vladimir Abramovich
Acting Minister of Finance of the USSR (November 1991 - March 1992).

As can be seen from the list, the first 30 years of the communist regime turned out to be the first 30 years of the communist regime for the relevant people.

Other authors (and yes, and there is no other), lizing the Jews in the Soviet government, they often refer to their number of representatives of other peoples, mainly, no matter how funny, Russians. The reasons for this personally are not clear to me - in most cases, the origin is possible enough to establish on the reference literature and completely there is no need to sit down in such a scenario. But here there is this phenomenon. I met the following "liaudevy" from the addresses:

Efim Slavsky (born in the Ukrainian peasant family);
Rodion Malinovsky (his origin is very muddy: the son of cook-Ukrainians, the father is unknown - suggest that from Karaim, but these are not Jews, albeit Jews; Marshal's daughter argues that her grandfather is "Russian Prince");
Isidor Lyubimov (Waxberg and Solzhenitsyn are recorded in the Jews, although the Bolshevik was born in the family of the Kostroma peasant. Apparently, the name confuses);
Pavel Yudin (the son of the Tula Worker. Here, it seems, confuses the surname);
Ivan Teodorovich (from the Polish noble family);
Abraham Zaveyagin (other than those called Abram, although he is Abraham; Son of the train station in the Tula region);
Mikhail Frinovsky (from the Penza teacher's family);
Vasily Rulev-Schmidt (out of the poor family - Father Peasant, Mother Kukharka-German);
Nikolai Krestinsky ("Molotov" touchingly notices: "... Apparently, the former Jew seems to be baptized, therefore the Krestinsky. But maybe I am mistaken. Barin, such a barin. Might be intentes and find out that the barin - from noble family);
George "Lomov" of the pits (also from the nobles).

Stubbornly circulate rumors about the Jewish origin of Andropov - directly striking! However, there are no direct reliable information, we will believe the official biography. A similar way, Philipop Goloshchekin hit the list, rather, inertia - there is no documentary confirmation of its "present name" and the Jewish origin. But this one, since no one argues, let it be.

There is another question about the Khrushchev Ministry of Agriculture Mikhail Olshansky - here it is, the stereotype of Jewish appearance does not strongly correspond, and the surname on the origin of the Belarusian. Questions seem to and should not arise, but the place of birth of the minister, Sarna, was at the beginning of the twentieth century. So in this case, the grandmother said in a literal sense. If someone has confirmation or denial of guesses, I will be very grateful.

Perhaps it is still worth dispelled by the well-known error - despite the numerous statements of the publicists of the "black-based" ™ directions, killed in the spring of 1918 in Petrograd Bolshevitsky "Tribune" Volodarsky Never in the Council of RSFSR did not enter (although he is attributed to the fictional post "People's Commissar, Propaganda and Agrication "). The fact is that after the arrival of the Bolsheviks to power in the field, according to the example of the Center, their Councils began to form. And the Volodarsky entered the Council of Commissioners of the Union of Commune of the Northern regions - there he was a commissar for printing, propaganda and agitation. That is, this is a regional "minister", no more.

However, the name "Volodarsky" you still meet in the list presented - only not at the beginning, but at all at the end. And no accident: statistics - the younger brother of the St. Petersburg "newspaper dictator". That's how in life it happens: o)

Such in the Sovde was the situation with the addresses and ministers of Jewish nationality. As you can see, nothing is right from the row, everything is quite decent. It is much more decent than in the sovereign, and then independent Russia, where only 12 people from this people were part of the highest executive body. So to the national policy of the current government should look closely! ;about)

ZY Of course, the representatives of the Jews at the government level were not exhausted - the Commissars "of them" and in the Union republics were, but it already requires a separate special immersion. A separate special immersion requires the theme of the Jews-managers of the sectoral masters of other drug addicts - these controls in the mass of their own by the end of the 30s, during the Stalinovsky inflating states, were made as independent drug addicts. The list of residents of the Government Houses shows that at this level the representative office of the Jews was significantly larger - as with the "bodies", the list of leaders of local offices of which in the 20-30th says, in general, for itself. But, again, it is necessary to do separately.

SNK is the highest government body that carried out the executive power in Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1946. This abbreviation is deciphered as the Council of People's Commissars, since this institution consisted of heads of drug addicts. This body existed first in Russia, but after the formation of the Soviet Union in 1922, similar education was formed in other republics. The following year after the end of the war, he was transformed into the Council of Ministers.

Appearance

SNK is a government that was originally created as a temporary body from representatives of peasants, soldiers and workers. It was assumed that it should have been functioning up to the convening of the Constituent Assembly. It is not known the origin of the name of the term. There are points of view that it was proposed either by Trotsky or Lenin.

Bolsheviks planned its formation before the October coup. They offered to the Left Esera to enter the composition of the new political education, but they refused, as far as the Mensheviks and the right-wing esters, therefore, as a result, a one-party government was convened. However, after the Constituent Assembly was dissolved, it turned out to be constant. SNK is an organ that was formed by the highest legislative institution of the country - the ICCIK.

Functions

His conduct included general management of all the affairs of the new state. It could make decrees that, however, could suspend the WTCIK. Solutions in this authority were made very simply - by a majority vote. At the same time, the chairperson of the mentioned legislative institution was present at the meetings, as well as members of the government. SNK is an institution in which a special department of business management was consistent with issues for consideration. His staff was quite impressive - 135 people.

Features

The legally powers of the SNK were recorded by the Soviet Constitution of 1918, where it was said that the body should be engaged in the management of general cases in the state, by some industries.

In addition, the document said that the Council of People's Commissars should issue draft laws and decisions necessary for the proper functioning of public life in the country. The CCIK controlled all the decisions taken and, as mentioned above, could suspend their action. In total, 18 commissionarians were formed, the main ones were devoted to military, foreign and maritime matters. The People's Commissar directly conducted the Office and could only make decisions. After the USSR education, the Council of People's Commissars began to perform not only executive, but also the administrative functions.

Structure

SNK RSFSR was formed in very difficult conditions of political change and power struggle. A. Lunacharsky, who occupied the post of the first addict of enlightenment, argued that its composition was random. Big influence on his work was provided by V. Lenin. Many of his members were not experts in the areas they had to behave. In the 1930s, very many members of the government were repressed. According to experts, SNK consisted of representatives of the intelligentsia, while the Bolshevik Party declared that this body should be workers and peasant.

The interests of the proletariat were only two people, which subsequently gave rise to the emergence of the so-called working opposition, which required offices. In addition to the above layers, the institution's workgroup included nobles, minor officials, so-called fine-bourgeois elements.

In general, the national composition of the SNK is still disputes from scientists. Among the most famous politicians, held posts in this body, there are surnames such as Trotsky, which was engaged in foreign affairs, roars (in his jurisdiction there were internal affairs of the young state), as well as Antonov-Ovseenko, who held the post of commark on naval affairs . The first chairman of the SNK is Lenin.

Changes

After the formation of the new Soviet state, changes in this authority occurred. From the Russian institution, he turned into the All-Union Government. At the same time, his powers were distributed among the Union authorities. Local republican councils were created on the ground. In 1924, Russian and All-Union bodies formed a single office on affairs. In 1936, this authority was transformed into the Council of Ministers, which performed the same function that SNK.