Material world of the Siberian village. Izba. Culture - Guide to the Golden Ring of Russia Izba in National Culture

How many walls from the Russian hut? Four? Five? Six? Eight? All the answers are correct, because the question is with a trim. The fact is that different horses were built in Russia, differing from each other with the appointment, the prosperity of the owners, the region and even the number of walls! So, for example, the hut, which everyone in childhood saw in the illustrated books with folk fairy tales (the same, on curiped legs) is called four-way. The chicken legs of the real four-cold, of course, no, but in the rest he looks like this: a fetched house of four walls with cute windows and a large roof.

But if with four walls everything is obvious and understandable, what does a five-stranded hut look like? Where is this mysterious fifth wall? Surprisingly, even having inspected the famous Russian five-line wall from all sides and having been inside, correctly showing the fifth wall in the hut is far from all. Options are called a variety of. Sometimes they even say that the fifth wall is the roof. But it turns out, the fifth wall is called the one in Russia that is located inside the hut and divides a huge house for two residential premises. The same wall that separates non-residential suspension from the residential premises nor the fifth or the sixth wall is not considered. Legal question: why?

As you know, the huts were built according to the "crowns": all the logs of one horizontal series were put alternately, and therefore all the walls in the house - four external and one inner - built at the same time. But Seni has already been completed separately. The inner room of the hut was divided into two parts: the hill and the living room in which they put the oven and prepared food. The barbell was not specifically shot, but was considered a parade room in which guests could be taken or gather the whole family on the occasion of the holiday.

In many regions, even when the peasant children grew and acquired their families, they continued to live with their parents, and then the five-rank was home to two families. An additional entrance was cut into the house, the second oven was put, the second senses were completed. In a five-line ethnomir, you will see a special, modified Russian oven with two fireboxs, which heats up both rooms and unusual double senses.

The five-lane is considered a big rich, rich. Just to build only the master owner who knows how to work, so in the five-line ethnomir we have equipped the craft workshop and conduct master classes dedicated to the traditional Slavic doll.

This may seem incredible, but historians and ethnographers have more than 2.5 thousand dolls of Russia: gaming, ritual, faithful. In our five-line, you will see over one hundred different dolls made of flasks, lycons, straws, ashes and other primary, daily materials of peasant life. And every doll has its own story, your interesting story and your destination. Which one touch your soul? Girl-Baba, Prying, Chuck, twist, herbits, comforter or, maybe lovers? Order Master Class "Home and Family Alerts"! You will hear the stories of some dolls, be surprised by the wisdom of ancestors and their skill, make your memorable souvenir: Patchwork Angel for happiness, homemade carnival, a small brunt - for prosperity in the house - or a ladunce for peace and Lada in your family. And the custodian of culture will tell you why many dolls make it more correctly without scissors, why they do not have a person and how good thoughts and faith, with whom the dolls are mastered by our Pramaire, helped them in life.

Basic elements of buildings. The main types of current peasant yards and ravines. Their structural and artistic details. Peasant huts on writing monuments and comparison them with existing types. Interior view

Walls of a log building can be fed away with doubly: from logs located vertically, or from logs located horizontally. In the first case, the length of the wall without danger of its collapse may be arbitrary, in the second case, the length of the wall can not exceed 4-5 seats, unless it is sublitted by any controls. However, the advantage of the first method practiced by the peoples of Western and Northern Europe (in Sweden and Norway) is largely weakened by the fact that the drying of the tree is formed between the logs, in which the cacopat is found bad, whereas with the second method practiced by the Slavs, the logs at Osushka is lowered one on the other (the wall gives the sediment), which allows the wall to crumpled tightly. Slavs did not know the splicing of logs, that is, the compounds of them with each other with the help of writing the castle that appeared from us relatively late, so the logs of Slavic dwellings could not at their length and width exceed the natural middle length of the logs; The latter, by virtue of the reasons mentioned above, were unlikely to be longer than three or four seats.

Thus, a substantial part of Slavic housing, its initial form, from which its further development was, was a square in terms of and arbitrary in height of a log house from horizontal series ("crowns") logs connected in the corners of wristbands with the residue ("in the Obloman") Or without a residue ("in the paw", "in the chap").

Such a log house was called a crate, and the latter, depending on its purpose or position for other cells, was called: "Z'" or "Istopkoy", if it was intended for housing, and there was a stove in it; "Hornyceum", if it was above the bottom crate, which in this case was called the "swell" or "bubble". Several cells standing near and associated with one whole were called, depending on their number, "double", "triple", etc., or "Horomina"; Also called the combination of two centes set by one to another. Of course, he appeared later, and initially the Slavs were content with one crate - the source, probably, very little different from the modern peasant hut, which, although it is arranged in different areas in detail, but, essentially, the device is equally equally.

Consider some types of housing that exist now and the most different from each other by the degree of their development, and we note that the Finnish tribes took place from Slavs a lot of customs and receptions of the dwelling device and stopped at them, why we can find in some cases They are that Russians have already disappeared completely or largely changed their former shape.

Let's start with the most primitive type, namely, from the huts of the Ostsey peasant. As can be seen from Figure 2, its housing consists of two cutters: large - warm (the heels itself) and a smaller cold cage, interconnected by halves without ceiling, with Seni are usually arranged not as deep as the hut and crate, as a result of which in front of them It turns out something like a porch, covered with a sink of a straw roof, shared over the entire building. The focus is arranged from the stones and does not have a pipe (Kurnya Izba), why it puts it closer to the door, so that the smoke goes through it in Senie by the shortest way; From Seine smoke rises to the attic and comes out through the holes in the roof, arranged under its skate. Near the oven and along the entire back wall of the huts are made for spongas. The cage serves to premit the home of that homemade scar, which can suffer from smoke, such as chests with dress, as well as for sponging in it in summer. Both the hut and crate are illuminated by small "wetlarms", that is, the chamber, windows, and the senses are left dark. The whole building is made by the "record" ("on the commune"), that is, it is placed directly on Earth without the foundation, why the floors are usually arranged from the rammed land or clay.

To the street, the building is drawn by its narrow side (* supplied with "accurate"), so there are two windows of huts overlook it, and the entrance door in Songy goes to the courtyard.

Lithuanian hut (Fig. 3) differs from discussed mainly by the fact that it is "five-colored", that is, the main log house is divided by the chopped wall into two almost equal parts, and the shaft from the Seine is separated by the partition.

Most of the municipality of the chamber; Therefore, the walls of its hut in most cases are not chopped, but the masaka. We will not stop on the device's device, we will not only note that in comparison with the housing of the Ostseeans and Lithuanians, it is the next level of development, while remaining at the same time on the placement of the main parts as the previous one as the previous one; This is quite definitely talking about the community of the initial lifestyle and that the ancestors of Maloros built their dwellings from the tree, which they had to be replaced by a poultry and clay after they were ousted in a chamber steppe. It is also confirmed by the fact that the huts of more wooded provinces, such as, for example, Volynskaya, are very similar to the type of housing already considered. Indeed, the Hata of the Volyn province consists of a five-stranded log, most of which is assigned to warm housing (Fig. 4), and the smaller, divided by the wall, forms Seni and the Choslan; The latter adjoins the cage made from the columns, the gaps between which are taken by boards, and covered with an independent roof. The furnace, although equipped with a pipe, but remains on the old memory at the door; The ovens adjoins the Konych (Nara), passes from two other walls in a seating shop. In the red corner, under the images, there is a table, bursting with legs in an earthen floor. Outside the hut, at its warm part, the dump truck is satisfied, something like an earthen bench, which also serves to hold heat in the hut, why from the sides where there are no windows, the hut rises sometimes almost under the roof. For the same purpose, that is, to preserve heat, all housing breaks down somewhat into the ground, so that Seni has to go down to several steps.

The Malorossiysk Hut is not placed at the street itself, but several retreats, behind the garden, windows and the door focuses on the south and the embankment is made to remove rainwater; Economic buildings and premises for livestock never adjoin the housing, but are put up without a certain order, as more convenient in each case, throughout the yard, the discovered shoulder.

More advanced character have old huts in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Don Troops; The main log house is made here low and shares the longitudinal capital wall into two equal parts, which, in turn, are divided by partitions on the Songs (a), pantry (b), clean room (B), bedroom (e) and kitchen (E). The last three premises are heated by one stove, in addition to which the kitchen has a focus for cooking (Fig. 5). To avoid flooding during the spill of rivers, on the shores of which are usually put at home, the latter are arranged at high basements, which causes the need for a device of stairs ("gradders") leading to the porches that merge with gallery covers with housing from three sides. These gallery are maintained or pillars, or brackets from exhaust logs (Fig. 6). More older galleries were made with canopies on carved columns, being due to this homogeneous form with the "Opassians" (gallery), which are often covered by the circle of the Malorosi and Carpathian churches. The openings of the windows are focused on the outside with platbands and are supplied to protect against the burning rays of the southern sun by shutters; The walls outside are aligned, like the Malorosiysk Hut, a thick layer of clay and white lime. Roofs are made or straw or penetrated.

Almost the same device also has the most primitive Great Rubbish, which is mainly in localities, poor forest; It consists of two cuts connected by Seine (Fig. 7). The front log house, leaving the windows to the street, serves as a residential premises, and the rear, exiting the courtyard, the so-called tight, or the sidewall, serves as a pantry and summer bedroom. Both logs have ceilings, while Seni covered only the roof, common to the whole building. The entrance door leads from the courtyard in the senses, of which they already fall into the hut and in the crate. Such huts are commonly ragow, they are surrounded for heat by the panels and still very recently most of them were drunken ( * "Black", "ore" ("Study" - MARE, DROW) Therefore, the oven turned the hole ("Hail") not to the windows, but to the door, like Chukhon is the Ostsey region.

The next to the degree of development is the type of hut is the one in which the entire building is delivered to the dumplings; It is done to facilitate access to the hut during winter, when the street is lying on the street and piles of manure are recruited in the courtyard. In addition, the soil is not useless as an excess room for a warehouse of various less valuable property, for storing products and, finally, for small livestock. In the presence of a lined, there was a need for an outer staircase to the entrance door of Seine; The staircase almost always goes along the courtyard towards the street and together with both its venues is covered with a common roof, reaching the street. Such stairs are called porchs, and the appearance of them in Russian architecture should be attributed to deep antiquity, since the word "porch", and moreover, it is in this meaning, it is found in the chronicle of the killing in Kiev Varyagov Feodor and John (first Christian martyrs in Russia) . Initially, the porch was made from the sides open, as it is found in churches (Fig. 8), and then they began to pick them up sometimes and then they had to abandon the windows of the windows in the wall, along which the porch goes. As a result, there was a need to turn the oven Hyl to street windows, as it would be different to work darkly. If the hut was arranged smoke, then with such a turn of the oven smoke with difficulty leaving her in the seni and therefore there were huts in which the furnace was nominated by Hayl in the seni and cut the wall of the hut in this way. However, in most cases, the furnace in such flashes have pipes and this makes it possible to extinguish in the hollow by the bulkhead of a special room - a strengthening, which is exclusively Babi possession (Fig. 9).

The rest of the inner routine of housing remains almost the same: there are shops around the huts, but the konych moves from the furnace to the opposite wall; In the "red" corner (right, far from the door) under the images - the table; Near the furnace, the door in the bottom of the cabinet is located, and the two other cabinets are arranged: the first - on the other side of the furnace High, and the second is near the window of the street, but the door to the hut. In the street there are their tables and benches. To sleep was warmer, the flavors are arranged - the boardwalk, which represents the continuation of the upper surface of the furnace and takes half of the area of \u200b\u200bthe hut (not counting the cutting). Close to the flaps on two steps adjacent to the wall of the furnace.

Sometimes a crate of such ancillars turns into a clean room - in the "sidewall", and warehouses for different goods are the cushors arranged in the Seine and illuminated by small enders. In the sideways they make kinks, benches and put the table in the red corner.

Thus, the type of huts quite satisfy the very uncomplicable personal needs of the Russian peasant and his family, but for the economic need of one of the heaven, there are rooms for carts, sleds, agricultural tools and, finally, for livestock, that is, different sheds, barns, oxins ( * In the north they are called "Rigachi"), Mshanniki ( * Warm, cocointed moss facilities for livestock), Chleva, etc. All these independent buildings are shaking part to the hollow, part of each other and form the "courtyard" of the Great Russian peasant (Fig. 7 and 10). Part of the courtyard is made indoor, and in the old days the whole yard pulled out logs, as it turned out when excavations in Old Ladoga ( * the logs were brought not only yards, but even the streets of villages, like the city streets).

On only the part of the building, only part of the building is set: the front hindlery or sidewall, or both of them together, and the Songs are made much lower, several steps, as, for example, arranged in one of Murashkina * Knyagininsky County, Nizhny Novgorod province) (Fig. 11).

With further development, the sidewall is done warm, it put a stove in it, and then it gets the name "rear hut"; At the same time, the Seni and the rear hood are made sometimes in the area somewhat less than the front huts (Fig. 12), and sometimes both the back and the front hubs are made equal to the area they occupied and more than five-lane, that is, the internal capital (chopped) wall into two parts (fig. 17 a).

Finally, with a very numerous family and, with a known prosperity, it is the need for a separate room for employees, so separate hut is cut for them, on the other side of the gate, but under one roof, with the main thing, which allows you to arrange a "Door", then There is a cold room with small windows and floors raised above the floor of the main hut (Fig. 13); The barbell connects directly with the cutting and similar to it is provided to the full possession of Bab.

All the considered types of Basins are single-storey, but there are often two-storey "fierce" huts ( * Probably, before, they were called "two-housing", i.e. Holidays in two housing.), In particular, in the northern provinces, where the forests are still a lot. Such huts in their plan repeat, in essence, receptions of the lines of one-storey, as they are replaced by the first floor; But the purpose of individual premises is modified. So, the twisted heaven, becoming higher than in one-story, ceases to be a storeroom and along with the top serves as a residential premises; The lower tier of the back of the hut turns into a stable and in Khlev, and the top of her tier serves as a shed and partly with a hazel, and a special "shipment" is arranged in it, that is, a log-in-law (Fig. 14).

In the attic of the front hut, sometimes a residential room is made, called the belver, in front of which the balcony usually stretches. However, these balconies are represented by them, apparently, the phenomenon is relatively later later, as well as small balconies on the pillars like shown in Figure 14. The latter, obviously, the essence is nothing but a transformed porch.

Consider another similar example of the northern heaven, located in the village of Vorobyevsky ( Kladnikovsky County of the Vologda province. * Izba This is built over a hundred years ago). Izba this two-storey (Fig. 15). The middle of the first floor occupies a passage ("Single"), to the left of which are "Sweet" ( * Saves sometimes serves housing, and sometimes small cattle is placed in it) and "Crazy", that is, a storeroom for provisions; Right from the passage are "Mshannik", that is, warm pantry for cereals and flour, and a "flock", that is, a stall for small livestock. In the second floor over the subsidement there are Seni, above the tweet and over a car - the hut, the furnace of which is placed in the far corner, and not at the door, although the hut and cannon; Near the furnace is a staircase leading to the cabbage. On the other side of Seine are located: the sidewall (* Tornynia), the window of which goes to the street, and a steadmate pantry. All these premises are placed in one six-sighted sruba, turned one of his long walls to the street so that the porch is also coming out (Fig. 16). Two more logs are adjusted to the opposite wall, which are under one roof with the first. In the lower floor of the middle cut, there is a "big coherent" - the premises for horses, over which there are "Large Sennik"; The latter lies with the hay, there are carts, sleighs, economic tools and stored giving out. The dentition leads the removal covered with an independent single-sided roof. Finally, in the lower floor of the rear log house there are two "flocks" and an extensive barn, over which they are "ass", or "Sathers" who serve as a warehouse of oats, and "Small deck", which, due to its relative purity, is a place for a sphancing in Summer time as well as a place in which homework is produced.

Sometimes only one outer porch is made in the two-storey sinks, and the staircase in the Seine (Fig. 17 and 18) is served for the internal communication.

Such are the main types of missing and central provinces; As for the Mal South provinces, they are essentially the same, although they are distinguished by the fact that they are placed on the street not by the short side, but long, so that all the porch goes to the street, and also the fact that the furnace is often not placed Doors, and in the opposite corner, despite the fact that the horses in most cases cannon.

Of course, in those provinces where the forests are not enough - the hollows are tested, low and very often do not have a swelling (Fig. 19); In the more rich provinces, peasant yards are sometimes not less complex than in the north (Fig. 20).

Indeed, in the last example, the whole range of various business buildings, of which the most interesting barns are most interesting, as they have kept their old-fashioned type, as clearly, their simple and logical design, applied everywhere with small variations, that is, they are made Usually or with an indoor gallery, or with a deep ledge of the lower part, which serve as protection from the rain at the entrance to the barn. In places of raw or poured overwhelming water, the barns are put on high lines or on the pillars (Fig. 21.22 and 23). Consider now some details of the design design items. As it was already noticed above, the walls of the horizontal rows of logs associated in the corners of wrists; The grooves along the logs are now chosen now in the lower part of them, however, about 60 years ago, there was a hatching and with reverse grooves, which, according to Academician L.V. Daly, was considered a sign of ancient times of the building, but, according to our conviction, such a cut of the walls, very illogical ( * Rainwater With this method of cutting, it penetrates into the grooves much easier in the grooves and, therefore, the platforms should come much earlier than with the usual way the device of the grooves.), could only be applied due to any misunderstanding, or for such buildings, for some reason, for some reason they did not count.

The inner walls that divide the log house on separate rooms are made or houseped (partitions), sometimes not reaching the ceiling, or log-made (chopped), and in two-storey sinks, even the latter sometimes do not immediately come directly over the other, but shifted, depending on the need So the upper walls are obtained on weight. So, for example, the right walls of the subnet and Seine in the exhaust village of Vorobyevsky (see Rijun 15 and 16) do not represent one continuation of the other.

In simple single-storey skews, the walls of Seine do not usually be carried in the walls of the log cabins of the huts and crates, and they are taken by horizontal logs, the ends of which are included in the grooves of vertical racks attached to the seas. In more complex types, as, for example, in the exhaust village of Vorobyevsky (Fig. 15 and 16), it is sometimes used to be a very original way leading its beginning from the time when our carpenters have not yet been able to split the logs and make them thus arbitrary lengths. It consists of following: one of the walls connecting two main logs in this example - the left wall of the cooler and the deck, is the continuation of the wall of the rear cut and the ends of its logs relate to the ends of the front hut logs; For six tops from the free end of this wall in it, a short transverse wall is cut into it, something like a counter-friction, facing the inside of the building, providing stability of the first. The right wall of the sensory and the cooled is not completely connected with the walls of the front and rear cuts, why the transverse short walls are lying in both of its ends; Thus, this wall would be completely separate, if it were not combined with cutters of the first floor ceiling beams.

The floors of the residential premises in the first floor are arranged or printed (from the Earth or clay), or from the lagham boards ("Trip on Ponds"); In the upper residential rooms, the floors are sprinkled on the beams ("according to Matitsam"), and only two in the latter out of the latter; One mathitz is ordinary, the ends of which are always driving into the walls in such a way that her ends are not visible outside the walls. The direction of the Matitsa is always parallel to the entrance door to the hut; In the middle, and sometimes in two places, Matitsa is supported by racks. The floorboards are chosen in a quarter ("in the prison with an extrusion") or simply hesitate. The floors of such premises, like a large degree, are made not from the boards, but from thin logs ("rounding"), just harassed to each other. The ceilings of the upper premises are made in the same way, and there are sometimes torn in the residential rooms in the grooves, the lubricant is always made on top of them, consisting of a lower layer of clay and top, thicker, layer of sand.

To maintain the board of the board, we have a horizontal rack, called "Voronets"; It is located in the direction perpendicular to Matitsa. If there is a boarding partition in the hill, separating, for example, the strengthening, then the boards are also nailed to the Voronz.

The windows are arranged two types: "Volokovy" and "Red".

The first have very small lumen and are closed with not bindings, but in charge shields moving or horizontal direction, or vertical; Such windows survived so far even in some churches, such as John the Theologian in the village of Ishna near Rostov Yaroslavsky (see chapter 8).

"Red" windows are called such, the lumen is closed without a shield, but the binding; Initially, the bounds of such windows rose up, like shields of wicked windows and only (* such red windows can often be found in the outstands of the Ryazan and Arkhangelsk provinces (Fig. 24), probably relatively recently received widespread bounds on the loops. Window glasses, as you know , it became not uncommon in Russia only after Peter, and before him, their place replaced the bovine bubble, or at best, mica, the high price of which, of course, excluded the possibility of using it in the peasant skews.

As for the artistic processing of windows, namely the boardings, decorated with cutters and external shutters (Fig. 9, 16, 25 and 26), they could get widespread use again only in the post-work era when the tests began to quickly be crowned with boards received by sawing logs and, therefore, much cheaper than tes; Up to the same time, the window frame ("deck") was usually not closed by a platband, and the cuts were made directly on it, such as, for example, this takes place in a very old barn of the village of Shungy by Olonetskaya province (Fig. 27), and the upper and lower mating frame It was sometimes not independent parts, but eased from the crowns of the walls. Of course, this type of decks could be arranged only in economic structures, in residential, both horizontal and vertical parts were made from individual bars, which gave the opportunity to leave over the deck the clearance, which excluded the possibility of breaking or throwing the deck during the walls of the wall. The gap outside closed by BRA or a wide decorated peeling of the peel, which was the wedding part of the outdoor window processing. The doors were decorated in the same way.

As for the gate, it was avoided by decorative parts, not caused by the logic of the design, and all the beauty of the gate, this one of the few sophisticated parts of the hut was in general form, and in a few cuts, as can be seen on the examples given ( Fig. 28, 29, 30, 31 and 32).

The most interesting and preserved your ancient reception is the roof device, especially in the north, where the straw has not yet supplanted Tesa, as is observed in the provinces that have lost forests. The roof base form rafter legs ("bulls") (Fig. 33-11), the lower ends of which are driving in "Bribells", that is, to the upper crowns of the cut, and the upper ends - in the "princess" (33-6). The basis of this "trains" ("slopes" or "subtertainment"), that is, thin jerseys, to which the "chicken" are attached - bars made of rhizomes of trees; The latter give the appearance of various shapes decorated with cutting (33-10). At the curved ends of the chickens, the rainy chute is stacked - "Watercraft" (33-19), which is a logged in the form of trough, whose ends have ends and are decorated very often with cuts.

The roof is made of two layers of Tesa, between which it is laid to eliminate the leaks of the wood bark, commonly birch ("rock"), which is called the lower layer of Tesa called the command. The lower ends of Tesins rest in the watersheds, and the upper clamps are "cool" (33-1), that is, a thick extended log, ending on the facade of the root treated in the form of a horse, deer heads, birds, and the like. Over the upper edge of the Ohlupnia sometimes put or lattice, or a series of "stamikov" (33-12); The first, as L. V. Dal, absolutely noticed quite correctly, does not fit well with the church figure and is a phenomenon, apparently, quite later; The latter, probably, have an ancient origin, which partly indicates the fact that the splitters really loved to decorate their prayer ( * During the rings on the splitters, their secret prayers were very often recognized by the police precisely in the stamps why they were often avoiced at that time, and now the stamps almost completely disassemble.).

Since the ohlupen one cannot hold the roof boards from breaking them with a strong wind, then you have to arrange a "nests" (33-4), that is, thick logs, the ends of which are captured on both finalons with carved boards, called "Fires" (33-2) . Sometimes instead of one oppression on each rope, there are somewhat thinner logs or jersey; In the latter case, the ends should be hooked in the form of crocheses, for which the rods are laid (the right side of the picture 33).

If there are no downstream ends, then the boards nourish them, very often richly decorated with cuts. These boards are called "whims" or "fenders" (33-3 and 34) and protect the ends down from the posting. L. V. Dal believes that the breeds originate from the straw roofs, where they protect the straw from slipping to the frontoth, and therefore are laid down for hooks down (Fig. 35). The joint of two apartments, coming on the end of the princess blind, is closed with a board, which is usually also richly decorated with threads and is called "anemone" (Fig. 14).

In order for the sink of the roof over the fronton, the ends of the top of the top crowns gradually hang one over the other; These protruding ends are called "sodes" (Fig. 33-8) and sometimes sewn together with the pood light (33-7), "small shoes" - carved boards protecting the ends of the cooks and blind off (Fig. 36). If the end of the patient blind is very thick and cannot be closed with one small hitch, then a special board is attached next to the latter, which gives the form of any figure, mostly a horse or bird (Fig. 36).

The most frontones are made almost always do not make up, but chopped out of the logs, which are called "males" here.

Wooden pipes are arranged in Kurkureza | * "Drynitsa", "smoke"), removing smoke from under the roof of Seine. These pipes are made from the boards and sometimes have a very picturesque look, since they are decorated with cutting and stamps (Fig. 37).

The methods of the composition of the porches are very diverse, but they can still be divided into three main types: on the porch without stairs or with two-three steps, on the porch with stairs and on the porch with stairs and roses, that is, with covered bottom venues preceding the march of the stairs .

The first are arranged usually in such a way that their side-free side is located directly against the door, and are covered with a single-table roof (Fig. 38) or two-tie, which is usually supported by two columns.

The marches of stairs, which have no lower platforms, are usually left without roofs (Fig. 39.40 and 41), although, of course, there are exceptions (Fig. 42 and 43).

The stairs with the lower platforms ("Runduki") always have roofs that are arranged with one-sided, often with a fracture over the first step of the march (Fig. 44, 45, 45a and 8). The top view (the upper runduk) lies with one, two or three slopes (Fig. 44), with the support of it or the graduation of the wall of the bars ("Cooks") (Fig. 40), or a rack - one or two (Fig. 46) . Especially picturesque porchs on solitary pillars, as it can be seen in the above examples (Fig. 44 and 45).

As a special type of porch, very elegant and leading, apparently, its origin from the poles of church or choir, you need to point out the porch with two marches converging to the same top platform. Obviously, two march are called here not to utilitarian considerations, but only aesthetic and, probably, therefore such porches are relatively rare.

As for the artistic processing of the porch, we will not stop on it, as it is clearly visible in Figures 38-46; We only note that the same as in other parts of the Lords, boards with rich cutters, that is, purely decorative parts, could appear on the porches only in the postpeople era, and before that was satisfied with solely structural parts, giving them those or other artistic forms.

Furnaces in many places are also made not brick, but global ("broken"), what they were at the same time, probably everywhere, since the brick and tiles ("samples"), as a result of their high price, were not available for peasants , and, in addition, the tiles were used only for furnaces intended exclusively for heating; Furnaces in the sinks and are currently being arranged so that they are mainly for cooking food, although at the same time are the only sources of heat, as individual furnaces for the heating of residential premises are not done.

We reviewed the most important types of modern rally; Those very few, leaving the end of the XVII century and the first half of the XVIII, which have been preserved before our time or were drawn in the second half of the last century by the Academician L.V. Dale and other researchers of Russian architecture.

It is obvious that the evolution of the main forms in this area of \u200b\u200bour construction is performed very slowly, and even a rapidly growing railway network affects our village, so to speak, superficially, without hesitated by the centuries of the prevailing lifestyle, depending, mainly on the conditions of economic. About kerosene and factory manufacturing materials are now known from us in the most deaf corners, but a stray and homesome canvas are continued to exist with them, as items that require only time, but not money. If we have folk suits only in the recent past, they became relatively quickly crowded out by ugly imitation of urban mods, while usually costumes, especially female, before all the other change their forms under the influence of external reasons, it is natural that the receptions of the rustic huts should be modified from us Even more slowly, and the changes have had to touch only the details of both constructive and artistic, but not basic forms, the roots of which are powered by juices produced in the depths of the organism of the people, and not in its external covers.

We will try to find confirmation of the existence of the excavations and in writing monuments, finding the forms in them, homogeneous today or similar to them. Very valuable information about residential wooden structures of the beginning of the grand mining period were excavated in the estate M.M. Petrovsky in Kiev and in the village of Belgorod (Kiev County). According to the archaeologist V.V. Rough, the construction of these, which, presented to the hedgerana, were produced in a quadrangular excavation, depth of about one and a half meters, brought to the mainland clay, which served as a floor of residential premises and other premises. These dwellings were not large (with an area of \u200b\u200b6.75 x 4.5 m) and, judging by the remnants, were constructed from pine material; The walls of them, somewhat rising above the surface of the Earth, were cut from thick logs, but the lower logs, which were the foundation of the walls and stacked the grooves were always different in particularly durable. The inner walls that did not usually reach the ceiling and the total log house for two equal parts were arranged from the horizontal or vertical rows of logs, sometimes hacked on both sides, or from the boards. Both the outer and the inner walls were treated on both sides with a thick layer of clay, which inside the rich housing was lined with pottery tiles; The latter had a different shape and were decorated with a layer of watering yellow, brown, black or green colors. An extension was often adjacent to one of the short walls of the main log, which representing the genus of the indoor hay, and the floor was higher than the floor of the dwelling itself, to which he was labeled by Seine 3-4 earthen steps, but at the same time he was lower than the level of land on 5-6 steps. In one of the inner premises of these housing, there was a furnace arranged from logs or boards, coated on both sides with a thick layer of clay; Outside, the oven was carefully smoothed and often painted with patterns in two or three colors. Near the furnace in the clay of the floor was arranged for kitchen garbages a booty pit, the walls of which were carefully smoothed. Unfortunately, it remains unknown how the ceilings, roofs, windows and doors were arranged; Information about such constructive parts could not be mined by excavations, since most of the dwellings described died from fire, which, of course, first of all destroyed the roofs, windows and doors.

Information about residential buildings for later finding foreigners in the descriptions of their travels to "Muscovy".

Adam Olairius attached to the description of his trip to the Moscow state of the image almost exclusively cities. True, some folk scenes, such as the wandering bundles and sweatings of women, occur, apparently, not in the city, but all the attention of the artist was drawn to them mainly on the images of figures, and the landscape and image of the buildings are probably subsequently, By memory, and therefore especially to trust these images is hardly possible. But on the map of Volga, Olearia has a drawing of a meadow Cheremis, which in the essential parts there is not much different from the current gaps of the most primitive device (Fig. 47). Indeed, the two of her log cabins are made of horizontal crowns, chopped with the residue; Between the cuts are visible gates leading to the indoor courtyard (in Songy). The front log house presents a living part of the building - the hindrance itself, because through the open door in it, people sitting on the floor are visible; The rear log house depicting is probably a crate is under a common roof with riding and hay; There are no windows in the walls of the rear cut, whereas in the front there is a small lying window without binding - probably wicked. The roof is made of TESE, and the testers are on the cluster. There are no pipes from this heb, but two other bonds, located behind, pipes are available, and on one of the roofs, even the nests mentioned above are mentioned above. Unusual, compared to the current outstands, is in the figure of oleary, the device of the boarded frontone and the placement of the entrance door is not from Seine, but from the street. The latter, however, was done, very likely, with the only goal to show that the front log house is a residential part of the building, which could not be guess if instead of doors, through which people were visible, windows would be depicted.

In contrast to olearia, meyerberg (* Maeerberg album. Types and household paintings of Russia XVII century) It gives a lot of pictures in his way album, and villages and villages, who are their gates, churches, wells and a common type of residential and economic buildings are completely similar to modern villages and villages. Unfortunately, seeking to grab the overall character of a particular village, the author of these drawings was obviously not chasing for the details, and could not do this, due to the relatively small scale of these drawings. Nevertheless, among those depicted them, it is possible to find the huts of this type, as well as the olearia's huts described above, for example, in the village of Rakhin (Fig. 48), as well as five-lane hips (Fig. 49), and all the huts are depicted covered with two skate, with chopped fronts. Especially interesting is one hood village of Vysnyago Volochka and hollow under Torzh, on the opposite bank of the River Solid (Fig. 50 and 51); Both of them have a porch, leading to the second floor or in residential premises above the lines, and one porch is arranged on the pillars, and the other is made by hanging and the staircase is covered with the roof, that is, each of them is suitable for its design to one of the types of porks that met We are at the review of modern

We now turn to the consideration of Russian sources, of which the above plan of the Tikhvin monastery mentioned above is particularly interesting for our goal. The horses depicted on it can be divided into four groups. The first of them form the horses consisting of one cut, covered with two rocks, with three shutters, located in the form of a triangle and highly raised above the ground (Fig. 52).

The second group includes huts consisting of two log cabins - front and rear, covered with independent double-circuit roofs, since the front log house is slightly higher than the rear (Fig. 53). In both figures there are windows located both on the front (short) side and on the side, and the first form, as in the previous case, the figure of the triangle. In this type, the anterior log house, apparently, is a residential part of the building, and the rear - service, that is, a bee. This is confirmed by the fact that some of these types of their type, their rear parts are not drawn by log, but fell (polar in the poles), and the gates are shown in them, which are not in the middle of the wall, and significantly moved to the leading cut. Obviously, these gates lead to the indoor courtyard or senior, to the left of which is a crate. To the street, these huts are facing the front of the front log house and, thus, not only with its overall layout, but also the situation relative to the streets very much like modern two-pipe horses, as they differ from them only by the fact that their logs are not the same height (Fig. 54) .

The third group disintegrates into two subgroups; The first includes huts consisting of two independent log cabins connected on the facade of the gate, and behind the fence forming an open courtyard (Fig. 55), each of the log cabins is designed completely as well as the log cabins of the first group. The second subgroup differs from the first fact that behind the two rounds of the gate is not an open courtyard, as in the previous case, but the indoor (sense), and the height of it is significantly lower than the height of the log cabins, the same in height (Fig. 56). Both in the first and in the second subgroup of the huts are turned to the streets to the street, and on the facade of their walls, the same, located triangle, windows, as in the outstanding groups are depicted.

Finally, the fourth group includes such horses, which are also the same as previous, consist of two log cabins, but those who connect these logs are adjacent to the long, but to the short sides of the latter, so that only one log house addressed to it With his frontal side, in which again, three windows are seen (Fig. 57). Front of depicted in fig. 57 is particularly interesting in that the lower part of it is depicted made of logs, and the upper one, in which the large, apparently, is visible, the red window is depicted from the boiled boards. This circumstance clearly says that the middle of the hut is precisely the Songs that have always been cold and, therefore, could be afraid. In most cases, the Songs of these are depicted lower, rather than log cabin, but in one case (Fig. 58), namely, the hut standing in the fence of the female Tikhvin monastery, both cuts and senses have the same height. This hut is obviously bunk, as she is visited by the departure leading to the gates of the upper Seine, and the gate of the lower Seine is visible under the reclining site. To the left of this hut is another, which has a porch leading to a special gear, the prospect of which is very distorted by the compiler of the plan. The porch consists of a march and upper ruined (the porch himself), the pillars of which are very unclear, several strokes.

Much more detailed depicted porch in the hut standing outside the fence of the same monastery, behind the river (Fig. 59). This hub consists of two buildings: left - low (single-tier) and right-high (bunk); The hulls are connected to each other goal, behind which is an open courtyard. The porch leads to the second tier of the right corps and consists of a staircase and an upper rundot, based on two columns and a coated single roof; Along the left wall of the right housing, another single-sided roof belonging to the gallery emerging is likely to the roof of the porch. This drawing, like most of the remaining images of the buildings on the terms of the Tikhvin monastery, have to be corrected and supplement, but still it gives a complete picture of the general nature of the building.

But, maybe the compiler of the Tikhvin plan fantasized, like the icon painters portrayed on the icons of the building, very far from nature, and painted in his drawing what he wanted to portray, and not what existed in reality? This is contrary to the nature of the plan of the plan, which is clearly portrait, if you can express it, the similarity that can be judged by, comparing the plan pictures with what exists and so far in the Tikhvin monastery, for example, with the Cathedral of the Big (Male) monastery, with his Bell tower and with the cathedral of a small (female) monastery. Finally, perhaps, the author of the plan sketched only such important, stone buildings, as the only listed, and less important, that is, wooden, painted in memory? Unfortunately, none of the wooden buildings shown on the plan, so far did not survive and therefore it is impossible to respond to the questioned question by direct comparison. But we have the full right to compare the drawings of the plan under consideration with similar buildings, preserved in other places, and this comparison will quite convince us that the Tikhvin plan's drawing plan has copied nature. In fact, it is only worth making the roadside chapels depicted on the large crosses (Fig. 60) with photos of the same chapels built in the XVIII century (Fig. 61 and 62) to give the fair tribute to those love and good faith with which The author of the plan reacted to the task assigned to it.

No less punctual in the image of nature is the author of the icon of St. Alexandra Svirsky ( * This icon is located in the Museum of Alexander III in Petrograd.).

Indeed, the flue pipes drawn on them on the roofs of the residential buildings of the monastery are absolutely the same character as those "smokers", which are used in the north and to the present and with which we met above (Fig. 63).

Matching all the above images of rural buildings with existing now, or with those who existed in the recent past of the peasant hairs, are convinced of the loyalty of our a priori assumption that not only the main techniques of rural construction, but most of his details remained so far as they were in XVII century and earlier. In fact, on the considered figures of foreigners and our drawers ("bannamers", as they were called in the old days), we saw huts with centers separated from them by hay, with hanging porchs or with porchs on the pillars, with recluses and chopped frontones. We saw that in relation to the streets of the huts were located in the same way as now, and the huts themselves were made small, then five-lane, then single-tier, then finally bunk. We observed the same in relation to the details; So, for example, the warm parts of the HOL are depicted with chopped, and cold crates - militants; Then, among the small, obviously, the wicked windows, we saw large windows and, finally, the roofs of Kurkure were completely the same smoke, as well as in the existing outstands of the North.

Thus, complementing existing pictures of the longtime past, we have the opportunity to recreate an almost complete picture of those, in essence, unwitched construction techniques, which have long been developed and continued to satisfy the peasants to the present, when, finally, new techniques are beginning to be given new techniques. Due to the increasing level of culture.

It is somewhat harder to imagine the inner view of the peasant huts of the same time, because even in the outstands of the North, where the original customs hold a much stronger than in the provinces of the central, now everywhere, where they live samovars, lamps, bottles, etc., The presence of which instantly dispels the illusion of antiquity (Fig. 64). However, on a par with these articles of the city market, you can find more objects of the former situation and utensils: in places there are still ancient type of shop (Fig. 65), tables, wardrobes (Fig. 64) and shelves for icons (Bores), decorated with cutting and painting . If you add it with samples of peasant utensils, stored on our museums - with different weaving machines, ribs, rollers, solets, cups, kings, buckets, etc. ( * Samples of the old peasant utensils, see Count A.A. Bobrinsky "People's Russian Wooden Products"), then it is possible to approach the inner view of peasant missions in the old days, the former, apparently, is far from such poor, as usually thinking, making himself a presentation on the current gourdes now the central provinces.

Five-line - wooden volume in the form of a rectangle, the living area of \u200b\u200bwhich is divided into two parts into the transverse wall. In the old days, it was a hill and agony, where the hill - clean rooms of the hut, and the Songs are the space between the porch and residential rooms. In the residential room installed a furnace that heated the house. Here they prepared food.

Characteristic five-rank

The inner fifth wall or the oven is performed simultaneously with the main log cabin and is resistant to the residue. The wall begins on the base of the structure and goes to the ceiling. And the transverse sections are outward and separated the facade into two parts. Initially, the loose was divided into different parts, but then the separation became the same.

Such a log house looks originally and aesthetically. In this case, the inner wall preserves the heat in the living rooms, protects against the cold and wind. Therefore, the log house is perfect for year-round accommodation. Note that the inner fifth capital wall can be moved, and the two parts of the structure do any parameters.

To date, five-rank is the most popular type of fire, despite the high cost and complexity of installation. After all, the result is a durable and reliable, strong and warm house. It evenly distributes the weight of the roof and does not give a strong load on the foundation.

The advantages of a firewall

• Increases the heat efficiency of the structure;
• Suitable for construction in the northern cold regions of the country and for living in the house all year round;
• The fifth wall is an additional ribbiness that enhances and strengthens the design, makes the house durable and reliable;
• Durability. In compliance with the rules and rules for the construction of five-ranks, it will easily flash 100 years;
• Five wall logs can have any dimensions and provides an opportunity to apply different design solutions and internal planning options;
• High sound insulation properties. A full-fledged wooden wall delays the sounds and does not miss a foreign noise into the house;
• The five-ranger is convenient for construction and planning. It allows you to effectively share the washing and steam room from the rest room;
• Overbreet or fifth wall is capital, due to which it prevents the deformation of the long walls of a church, which is possible due to a shruck shrink;
• Aesthetic and attractive appearance of the structure.

Siruba-five-ran

In modern houses, hassle call the hall, hallway, corridor or vestibule. In addition, here you can equip the terrace or attach a veranda. Additional premises will increase the useful area, will make rest comfortable. They will increase the thermal insulation properties of the cut, insulate the house and decorate the facade. As a result, you will receive not an old wooden hut, and a cozy refined and elegant cottage.

Hubines in modern hollows are residential premises. The living room or room, kitchen and dining room, office, bedroom, wardrobe and other rooms can be located here. If this is a two-storey house, experts still recommend doing one bedroom on the first floor. It is suitable for older people who are hard to constantly rise and go down the stairs. In addition, this bedroom can be a room for guests.

In the company "Marisruz" you can order a wooden house of any design and planning. Choose your favorite project in, and the architect will make the necessary changes. When designing, not only the wishes of the Customer to functionality, but also to the interior, appearance and planning of the house are taken into account.

It is important to correctly calculate the foundation and roof to create a high-quality and reliable project, it is important to take into account the specifics of soil and groundwater on the land plot, the location of engineering networks. An expert "Marisrub" takes into account every factor and is quality projects. When ordering the construction of "turnkey" perform design for free!

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Izba in the form of a cerebral wooden log cabin of various configurations is a traditional Russian dwelling for the countryside. The traditions of the huts rise to dugouts and houses with earthwalls of which a purely wooden log cabin gradually began to rise without outdoor insulation.

Russian Rustic Holes usually represented not only a home for the housing of people, but a whole complex of buildings, which included all necessary for the autonomous life of a large Russian family: this is a residential premises, and storage rooms, livestock and poultry premises, indoors for feed reserves (Senakers), the premises-workshops, which were integrated into one fenced and well-protected from bad weather and strangers The peasant yard. Sometimes part of the premises was integrated under a single roof with the house or was part of the indoor courtyard. Only the baths that revered the habitat of the unclean forces (and sources of fires) were built separately from the peasant estate.

For a long time in Russia, horses were built solely only with the help of an ax. Such adaptations as saws and drills appeared only in the XIX century, which to some extent lowered the durability of Russian wooden lines, as saws and drills, as opposed to the ax, left "open" to penetrate moisture and microorganisms. The ax "sealing" the tree, the humming of its structure. Metal was practically not used in the construction of the AB, as it was quite expensive due to its handicraft production (swamp metal) and production.

From the fifteenth century, a Russian oven has become a central element of the survey, which could take up one-quarter area of \u200b\u200bthe residential part of the hut. Genetically, the Russian oven goes back to the Byzantine Bread Furnace, which was concluded in the box and fall asleep with sand in order to maintain warmth longer.

The design of the Hisp did not undergo strong changes since the days of the Middle Ages before the XX century. And to this day, wooden buildings are preserved, which has 100-200-300 years old. The main damage to the wooden house-building of Russia was not nature, but a human factor: fires, war, revolution, regular limits of property and "modern" reconstruction and repair of Russians. Therefore, every day it becomes less and less, it becomes around the unique wooden buildings, adorning Russian land, having your own soul and unique originality.

In the villages of the Upper Priobya, many descendants of the Old Believers, those in the XVII-XIX centuries, live. Mastered Siberian lands. Many elements of their spiritual culture are talking about the preservation of ancient traditions that have existed in medieval Russia. The study of the peculiarities of the material culture of old-timers-Old Believers at the end of the XIX - early XX centuries, conducted by the author of the article over the past few years with the support of the Russian Humanitarian Scientific Fund, show that this trend was very strong in house-building.

Preparatory stage of construction

Old-selling old-timers stably retained the existed knowledge of nature. This is evidenced by the fact that the forest for the construction of the Old Believers was harvested on special rules. For example, it was considered important to take a tree from the root in the winter in full moon: if you do it before, then the logs will dance, and later - to crack. Forest blank for old month. These conditions fully coincide with the recommendations of the "prison", literary monument, which is a translation from Latin essay by Peter Conditions, written around 1305 on the basis of antique and medieval sources:

"A tree to build a house must be cut down in November-December or a little later, yes better for damage to the month, because all sorts of resin and extra juices come from the tree, especially because of the alternate air, which is expensive from the tree Peculiar to him warmly to the root itself and even in the earthly depths, the young one multiplies all moisture, and it is delivered to the damage. "

The settlement device on rivers and the use of natural conditions for natural protection was one of the principles of urban planning of medieval Russia. Thanks to the peculiarities of the old supplementary life, it remained in Siberia for a long time. P. E. Bardina writes that even in the XX century. The settlements of the Old Believers were often located on the torque - the steep raccine of the river, where the settlement from three sides was crossed by a high and climbing coast, and the fourth struck the impassable fence from barbed shrubs.

Much attention of old-timers, the Old Believers paid a choice of place for the house. His location in an open place was considered favorable, on some elevation, but not on the mane, or in the lowland, but not in the ravine. These signs are echoing with the tips of the "Virat":

"We need to take care of, do not put a house where there may be a strong wind, so it's best to put everything under the mountain in a lowland, and not on the grief itself, not in the most lowland itself and not in the dark ravine, but on the spot, where the house is in place Healthy air and cleans everything so that there is no trouble; Yes, it would be better if the place is where the sun costs a whole day, because then the worms, if they crush and the unhealthy dampness will spread, the wind will spread them, and the solar heat will destroy and dried. "

Building tools

Tree, the main building material of the regions of the Priobya, perfectly processed and does not require complex tools. For all types of work, a limited set of tools was required. Until the beginning of the 20th century, old-timers, the Old Believers had to fulfill the construction work tools, species and the form of which were similar to the tools known in Russia with antiquity and, apparently, repeatedly repeatedly changed from the time of the initial settlement of the region. As part of a mandatory instrumental set was puznik for sampling grooves in logs, damn for marks and topping, plane, knife-kosar For splitting logs to lane and tes, a hammer, chips(chisel), attractions (drills) of various diameters and, finally, a universal tool, which traditionally used in carpentry with deep antiquity - axWho could have made the grooves, cut the logs and perform a subtle work.

Special ax, form reminder sequer, It was used before the spread saw for the rolls of trees. For the ridge of firewood in the farm had ax Colong Wedge-shaped. Application area saws It was limited, this tool was known long ago, but began to be widely used only from the beginning of the XX century. If there were special requirements for the construction, for example, when erecting a church or a house on request, any wealthy person who can pay for the time-consuming work and who wanted to get a high-quality construction, the saw for cutting saws was not used, since the benefits of acceleration did not compensate for the lack of reduction The durability of the material of the structural elements. It is known that most of the significant buildings of medieval Russia are built precisely without using saws.

Semicircular chisels, called in the purchase of chips, performed the "road" (groaning) of the roofing test. In the set of tools of peasant-old goods of the Upper Priobya, there were Fuganque, the chisels, the shrybeli, used in Russia from the XVII century. Table 1 is represented by which building instruments used by the Stavrugeers in Priobye at the end of the XIX - early XX century.

Table 1. Instrumental set of old-timers

Instruments	Ancient Rus IX-XV century, Mangazea XVI-XVII centuries.	Top Priobye. Old-timers-Old Believers. End of XIX V.- Start of the XX century (until the 1930s)
Ax	*	*
Ax	*	*
Ax Colong	*	*
Adze	*	*
Puznik	*	*
A hammer	*	*
Babel (stroke)	*	*
Centering	*	*
Kollet		*
Gimlet		*
Nastry		*
Drill	*	*
Plane	*	*
Shirbel	*	*
Jointer	*	*
Mold		*
Gorbach		*
Two-handed		*
Saw two-handed		*
Hacksaw	*	*
Hoven-Lobzik		*
Saw spotted		*
Saw leaky		*
Saw longitudinal		*
Bit	*	*
Chisel semicircular	*	*
Those triangular		*
Chisel corner	*	*
The chisel is straight	*	*
Kinderza	*	*
Knife	*	*
Knife-kosar		*
Drache		*
Rejection		*
Compass	*	*
Damn	*	*

These tables show that for the old-timing old-supplied medium of the upper prost, cut off from the European part of Russia, was characterized by a relatively limited set of manual carpentry and carpentry tools of universal destination, most of which are known in Russia with deep antiquity. The limitations of the toolkit did not mean the popularity of work, on the contrary, the prevalence and well-known knowledge of the knowledge on the implementation of carpentry work, improving the skill of ownership of the tools available at the disposal, taking into account the natural properties of the tree, as the main building material, allowed to perform work at a high level, to ensure greater durability of the construction.

Construction of the house

The old-handed peasants, as long as he had heard, began construction in the spring, when snow came out. To complete the construction of up to large agricultural work, the owner who decided to build, collected relatives and deepeners on "Help" ("help"). He could contact the peasant community and ask to allocate even additional workers. Work on "Verkhi" meant that the owner does not pay for work, but treats all those participating in the works, and if necessary, herself goes to "help."

The main technological methods of construction, starting with the bookmark of the house and ending with the roof coating, mainly coincided with those that were tested in medieval Russia. The houses were built exclusively cutting. If the ground was not enough, they did at the beginning of the base of the house - they dug the pits, lowered the wooden racks there, sometimes pre-burned or blurred targets to prevent their rotting in the ground. If the soil was dense, then the stones were simply substituted under the corners of the huts, covering them for waterproofing with two layers of barks. In the event that the racks were displayed high, at home did with "Casting". In Suzu villages, some owners of Kerzhakov were filled with land from Kerzhakov, and by the summer they fell off for the summer "PRIVE". On the racks, stones, or on the compacted primer (in areas with sandy soil) put the groin crown - okladnikAnd then put the crowns to the desired height. Giving the tree a large waterproofability, the rank smeared the tar or the resin, which was cooked by themselves. In this case, the foundation racks were not put, and the first crown was laid directly on the compacted ground. As a rule, the total number of crowns to Matitsa was odd, 15-17 at 6-7 vertex forest in "cut" (i.e. log diameter 22-32 cm).

Although in the upper purchase, the main structural elements of the buildings remained logs, but other diverse details were also needed. In construction from wood, various types of compounds and nodes were used, special blanks were required, for which the logs were needed. The cutting was carried out on large parts: plates and quarters. As a result, a horn was obtained (with a cut round part of the log), lags, timber, tes, duncut. Cutting boards - sawn tiles, made longitudinal sawing logs. Bruks made from large cutting waste.

More than others in the Upper Priobye, the buildings made of round logs were distributed "In the bowl" With semicircular warm grooves, has long been and universally used in Russia. Although the cutting from the bar of residential buildings is known, "Choir", It was well known in Russia from the XVI century, but in the peasant construction of the acquisition, it was rarely used, which was possible, was due to the use of coniferous species of trees. The logs made of high-quality coniferous forests are characterized by smaller, straight and the same cross section almost all through the log. The use of poor quality in these parameters, a bitch material, causes special processing to the logs, for example, cutting under the timber. Another reason for the use for the walls of buildings of a bar is the desire to achieve a visual effect similar to what the stone building produces.

For thermal insulation between the logs, moss were paved. This method was called "Put the hut on the MCU", "Melting Izbu". The best for this purpose was considered "Lake Moss"which was taken in the fall on lake rogs. "Borovoy Moss". The one that grows in Bor,, in contrast to the elastic lake when drying, cries and falls out, i.e. Does not provide good thermal insulation. After the log fit in the Siruba, it was filmed, a layer of moss was laid on the lower log, which was pressed by a finally installed log.

The upper crown of horses was called "Chernogo"It was removed in it "Quarters", the grooves faded the logs, and the ceiling was laid, also made of the places that were laid "in the disintegration" ("Vangest", "bedding"), when one of the plates came to the other somewhat. After installing the roof, the ceiling was insulated, throwing on top of the Earth for 2-3 quarters (in the size of the palm), or wrapped the clay and covered with a layer of humus. For insulation, the ceiling was also sometimes used clay, softening with a ball, which was missing the seams on the side of the attic ( "Tower"), But this method was one of the later and considered the worst. The oldest method of insulation was considered to be a straw coating, which was placed in a thick layer in the attic.

Paul was laid out of wide places "Translation" (beams). Floa for the floor was very thoroughly trimmed. Old-timers-Old Believers sometimes made two-layer floors - the bottom was black, poorly processed, the top, which was kept directly on the "black", "clean", good sharp, tightly heated. The floors did not paint, but they contained in great purity - not only soapy, but also scraped knives-kosari. Over time, the floor in the settlements of the acquisition began to paint with the oil paint or the olifa, which they boiled by adding dye, clay or soot. But old-timers did not approve, considering this innovation harmful, explaining its appearance and the use of growing laziness.

Tweets and lane were the main materials used by old-timers-old goods for the roof of the housing. Top tens was released by an ax from two half of the split log. Only two testers could be made from one log, the drani was significantly larger. Therefore, tes were more expensive and was available only to people with sufficient, mainly from an old-timer, committed to solid traditional methods of construction. With the advent of the Machova saws began to use sawn tes. To obtain durank, they saw the log on a part of 1.5-2 m long, then they were split into four parts, from the fourtrist received a special knife "Drazy" dranke, carefully leading it along the log. Or, without splitting on Quartes, the knife groaned to the end of the logs and hit a sledgehammer on the knife so that he entered the wood, and then gently promoted the knife. A condense straight line and fine-layer pine went on the duch. It was noticed that the coarse wood was not suitable for this, as it is subject to rocking. Top Tweed and Lening, due to such manufacturing technology that excluded the violation of the structure of the tree, and, consequently, the possibility of water penetration and putrefactive bacteria inside the wood, were better, although more laborious types of roof.

When the device, the roof of the Tesla Tesove was articulated "Üpritk" In two rows, since the owners wanted to use this high-quality roofing material with the greatest efficiency. The technology of the device is grathy and sawn tone was the same, except that the sawn tes was knob - "Valued"For the organization of the directional water flow, trying to make the roof more durable, since while the tree in the grooves was condensed, creating an obstacle to the penetration of water inside the tree. The coating of the axes and drank did not require a groove, as the natural laboratories for draining water appeared on the board. Gold and sawn roof roofs in several ways: "Üpritk", "In the Pazbekhka", "With the survey", in which the boards of the upper and lower rows fastened in the case of using the saws.

In the late XIX - early XX centuries. Some old-timers, the Old Believers still satisfied the Gullless Roof "On chics and threads"When special surfacing with curved ends were laid on the crate ("chicken"), supporting the flow - a light log with a groove, where the roofs were inserted, the other, the "combat" bar was stacked from above, the oveg peel ( "Konk"). Such roofs of ancient origin, did not require the use of products from expensive and rare metal - nails, and perfectly served for decades. In addition, one of the basic principles of wooden architecture traditionally was the desire to avoid structural overlapping of metal and wood, especially in external structures subject to atmospheric phenomena. As a "chicken", the trunks of the roots of the desired size with a part of the root, as the fir has a developed and durable root. If the spruce was not, then the chicken were cut out specially of the wood of other breeds, for example, the roar of the birch stem. There were also less labor-intensive in the manufacture of rafting duplex and four-tie roof designs. When the device of the rafter roofs could also be done without nails, applying various design nodes for docking - locks. Duscal roofs were attached to the males or on rafters. "Round" houses of a four-tight roof on the rafting design.

Seni, being a constructive part of the house, was built simultaneously with the main log house or confined later. They were made in the cutting technology from logs, timber or tesa, along the length they occupied part of the wall or the entire wall entirely overlapped with gentle single-sided roofs. The entrance to the house was drawn up with a porch, to which several steps were conducted. The porch was crossed with the panels with balusters, a single-table or dupping roof was arranged over it, fastened on the pillars. There were also internal ladies in the Seine, in this case the porched was not there.

The more the owner was provided, the more windows there were windows. In the hind-ciltie, three or four were usually, in five-ranus, crosses - from five to twelve. From the premises of the house the largest number of windows was in the Hube, which was noted by researchers and for the buildings of ancient Russia. Many windows went outside or south. In the early buildings on the northern side of the windows of the windows, there was little or not at all, in later buildings, the placement of windows on the parties was lost to a large extent, it was replaced by the orientation of most windows into the street. The shoals in the doorways and the frames in the window openings were inserted last, when only "net" work remained - "Outfit", platbands, cornices and shutters.

All windows of huts were made by kosyovy - "Pie"Sometimes with a semi-curvous top, very elegant. Delivered single, dual and even structured windows. They could have both solid window frames and slad. The wolf windows were arranged only in the sieves and lines. Usually the windows are glass, and the poor owners have dragged the processed peritoneum. This window served a year or two and was forced if there were no money to buy glass.

In addition to the outer tribes, some owners from the Old-timers of the Old Believers arranged internal, as was accepted in the XVII century.

Entrance doors of houses were made by single-handed wooden plates. The inner doors were single-holder or bivalves, and in five-lanes were not satisfied at all, only a wide opening was left between the rooms. The doors were hung using self-sustained sucks.

A good example of the housing belonging to the Old Believers peasant is the hut in the village of Serebrennikovo Maslyaninsky district of Novosibirsk region, built at the end of the XIX century. Three brothers for his patient relative-Bobyl. The building is installed on the basis of four logs and is composed of halves of logs, having a diameter of 26-28 cm in cut. Forest dried, beautiful dark brown. Built very well, firmly. According to the reviews of the present owners, there are little in the house designs, and the fact that it was necessary to change was not easy to separate from other structures. Floors are tightly carried away, they absolutely walked. The roof is installed on powerful rafters with a thickness of 40 cm. The attic is well insulated with a large layer of earth with a thickness of about half a meter. The house has a sense, a shopping extension and a remote porch with five steps and a platform. The porch is covered with a two-tie roof and from the side of the horizontal feet. Another side is adjacent to an extension in which a single door leads. The entrance door of the house also has one sash. Inside home left from the entrance is a Russian oven with a subtop. From the inside the walls were crucified and whiten (now - assessed by wallpaper). Four windows with platbands and crowns come out on the street. The feature of the design of windows is complex platbands in the interior of the house. The roof of the house is four-tight with a switcher. Previously, she was covered with Tesove, and now he was replaced by slate. The playground in front of the porch is eliminated by large stone slabs of the wrong shape.

Types of houses and interior

Old-timers-Old Believers were built huts (four-stranded houses) with hay, five-rank, houses "with communication" and crosses. These types of dwellings were known for a long time. According to the tradition known in medieval Russia, the housing premises had different names. Room of the peasant house with the stove was named hisunnecessarily remind that this name has an ancient origin. In five-line, there was also a parade room - gorny. (Gorge) or roomwhere they often put galana (Dutch oven). Much distribution was characteristic of the XVII-XVIII centuries. Houses "with connection", in which they were combined with a heated room with unheated (hut - hangeon) or two heated (hind-s). Crusades belonged to the wealthy peasants and, except for the hut ("kitchens") and the flashes, had one or two "Rooms"and bedroom ( "Spallenka"). The houses also had special economic premises, with the entrance from Seine. This is a different kind pantry and "Kazenki". In the houses of the Old Believers sometimes there were small specially frozen rooms - "Molyany"where households spent time in prayers. According to the stories of old-timers, there were a lot of time in spacious hats. The windows had a table with a samovar. It was cool and light. In the summer it was a holiday destination for adults and children's games. In winter, Songi was used for household needs. Actually, this is how in ancient Russia and understood the appointment of Seine.

Sustainable features of the middleweight dwelling interior were characteristic of old-timers old-handed houses. These include the limitations of the dwellings, the unity of furniture and planning, the use of wood as the main diverse material. In the Laconism of the decoration of the Impressions, such an ancient Russian trend is trained as the desire to create maximum amenities. The integrity of the interior perception was achieved by the absent of the space of the room, since the division by walls or bulkheads was not practiced.

The inner structure of old-timer houses has largely reproduced the interior of the ancient Russian dwelling, since its main elements were furnace, fixed (flats, shelves) and mobile furniture (table, benches, styling - chests, "boxes", a weaving machine, a spreader).

The furnace was traditionally and a heating device and an interior decoration. In the late XIX - early XX centuries. Old-timers, old supplies put firefights ( "BATTY") or brick ovens. Glaoted ovens are stronger and more reliable than brick, better keep warm, do not repense, it is difficult to break them even scrap. Clay ( "Earth") They took the furnace near the village, and sometimes if the clay layers approached close to the surface of the Earth, then in their pigeon. Used ordinary red clay, plastic, but not fat. According to the ancient traditions of the old-timers of Suzunsky and the Ordane district of Novosibirsk region. Beating the furnaces were timed to the full moon, so that she would not crack and did not rejoice. In the outstage of the furnace was made with chimney - "White", stoves without chimneys - "Black" At the beginning of the XX century. Old-timers have not yet been put. In the design of the focus and supply space, such materials as clay, wood, bricks were used. The ovens were usually descended, as was done in medieval Russia. The air construction included a furnace pillar, docked with the main ceiling beam, a mathica, the symbolic understanding of which has ancient roots and is associated with the concepts of the genus and world order.

On the walls of the huts were placed shelves for dishes, hooks, pendant hooks - clothes hangers, horse breakdown, which was characteristic and for ancient Russian dwellings. Between the furnace and the wall of the hut, the faults were traditionally organized, where they laid down children. An old-timers under the entrance had a homemade wooden or purchased iron bed with a cement - "bed", replaced by a wide wooden shop. No one ever slept on such a bed, which was quite surprised by new people in the village, not familiar with local customs. Sometimes such a bed was put in the hubber (Suzunsky, Ordinsky, the Maslyaninsky district of the Novosibirsk region), in this case the entrance was carried out attached to the wall by the bench with an appropriate bench. Poor owners who did not have money purchases were limited to the installation of such a shop, which is a view of the fixed furniture, which made the decoration of the oldest rams.

S. Herberstein wrote about the dwellings of medieval Russia:

"In every house and dwelling at a more honorable place they have saints, drawn or cast images; And when one comes to another, then entering the dwelling, he immediately reveals his head and looks around, looking for, where the image is ... ".

And in the same way in the outstands of Siberian Old Believers at the end of the XIX - early XX centuries. Honorary place - front or red corner, Scheduled with images, have some nations for books. On the mounted triangular supply put the icons written by oil or tempera with the images of Christ, the Virgin, the Saints. Old Believers Suzunsky villages, Kolyvan district of Novosibirsk region. They had cast metal folds. Regardless of the type of planning, the angle with icons was located diagonally from the furnace, according to custom from the eastern or south-east.

In the front corner under the images in a well-lit place set the table. The place occupied at the table is an important indicator of the family and social position of a person, which is repeatedly beaten in rites and folklore. The place at the table in the front corner was considered the most honorable: it was intended for the owner or the most respected guests, and the prestige of the site declined as it removed from the front angle. The table is considered an integral affiliation of the house. For example, when selling the house, it was necessary to transmit to the new owner together with the table, the buying should follow this so that the house did not go out of the house (old-timers d. Merit Suzunsky district, d. Kargopolovo of the Ordane district of Novosibirsk region). It is clear that in this case the table acts as stationary furniture. If you turn to the times of ancient Russia, then archaeologists have been established that, indeed, some tables had a special design with the panels, they were erected inside the residential premises.

Since the time of ancient Russia in the decoration of the houses, benches, chairs (rod of the toaster), cradle, chests, who had retained their design features for centuries. The cradle was a box without a bottom, bent out of the Luba, or a frame shot down from four planks for which canvas or Beresto. She was suspended on a flexible six - Och / C / Epay, fortified under the ceiling. Old Believers The chest called drawer. It is possible that this word has been preserved since a long time, since it is established that the ancient shape of the chest was a truly simple wooden box with a flat lid and metal locks, tin stripes, overlays, havices. Similar was discovered, for example, in the Novgorod states of the XI century. .

Lighting devices in many old-supplied families were oil lamps, candle holders, light-ray soles, which were used in Russia from an early time. In the Slavic layer of Sarkela-White Fairy, a whole collection of luminaire vessels made from potted clay was found, their form is practically reproduced in the forms of oil lamps of the treasures of the top prost.

So, it can be noted that at the end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX centuries. Siberians-Old Believers who lived in the villages of the Upper Accession at all stages of construction work, in the use of tools, technological methods of construction, planning and organization of the home of the housing preserved a number of traditions that exit in medieval Russia.

Notes

1. RGNF, 1998-1999, 98-01-00364, "Problems of studying the traditional culture of Russian peasants Siberia methods of ethnography and linguistics."
2. Violer. M., 1990. C.208.
3. Ibid. P.190.
4. The table is filled on the basis of the following data: Fishermen B. A.Crafts of ancient Russia. M., 1948. p.182-184, 407-412, Belov M. I., Ovsyannikov O. V., Starkov V. F. Mangazea. Material culture of Russian polar sevagas and earthquakes of the XVI-XVII centuries. M., 1981. Part 2. P.12, 80-83, 141-142; Materials of the West Siberian Ethnographic Detachment 1995-1998.
5. Zabelin I. E.Homemade life of Russian kings in the XVI and XVII centuries. The first book. Sovereign yard, or palace. M.: Book, 1990. p.66.
6. Archeology: Ancient Rus: life and culture. M.: Science, 1997. P.9.
7. Perhaps the word "bed" is a distorted "horse", a wide shop in the Russian hut, located near the entrance parallel to the furnace and traditionally belonged to the owner of the house, which was indecent to be sitting in women. It can be assumed that the bed "replaced" the Konik, actually taking its location and turning into an element of the frontal decoration, which is absolutely not used in the utilitarian sense.
8. Gerberstein S. Notes on Moscow affairs. St. Petersburg, 1908. p.86, 87.
9. Archeology: Ancient Rus: life and culture ... C.10.
10. Archeology: Ancient Rus: life and culture ... p.13.
11. Ibid.

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