Internal sewerage device in a private house. Do-it-yourself sewer system and installation in a private house Do-it-yourself sewer pipes in the house

Sewerage laying is an important stage in the construction of a private house. If there is no public sewage system, then in order to equip a fully autonomous drainage system, you need to lay a network that delivers wastewater from sanitary and household appliances to a collection well. Installation of a sewage system for a private house is not a quick matter, however, if you do the work yourself, serious difficulties should not arise. The help of specialists may be required only in the most difficult sections of the pipeline.

The drainage system of a private house consists of an internal and external sewerage system and a collection well. In cottages with more than two floors with their own bathrooms, the sewer network is additionally equipped with a fan pipe.

Water supply and sewerage systems are usually designed and installed at the same time, since the same plumbing and household equipment is connected to them.

The procedure for laying the sewer network:

Prepare a pipeline project, taking into account all devices connected to it, a slope of 2-3 cm per linear meter, and calculate the amount of required building materials.
Purchase pipes, fittings and fittings.
Cut pipes into lengths in accordance with the project.
Carry out internal wiring and lead the sewer pipe to the outside.
Install the waste pipe.
Lay the external sewage system.
Equip the collecting well and connect the pipeline to it.

Internal wiring

Indoor sewage is collected in such a way that its lowest point is the place where the pipeline is taken out. In order not to be mistaken with the angle of inclination, you can start assembly from this point.

If there is a project, the order of connection is not important, but you must strictly follow the rules for performing internal wiring:

Each device and functional section of the pipeline requires a pipe of the appropriate diameter: for a riser and a toilet bowl - 11 cm, for showers, baths, kitchen sinks - 5 cm, for everything else, 3.2 cm is enough, but if several devices are connected to one pipe at the same time , its diameter must be at least 7.5 cm.
Since the wastewater flows through the pipes by gravity, a pipeline slope of 2-3 cm per running meter is required.
The pipe connection must be hermetically sealed and not impede the free flow of liquid: the pipes are connected along the flow, there must be no roughness or burrs at the junction.
Right angles should be avoided, as it is in them that blockages are most often formed. It is better to use several knees with smaller angles to complete the turn.
It is necessary to prevent back suction from the sewer and the penetration of unpleasant odors into the house. To do this, a siphon or an S-shaped curved pipe is installed on the branch pipe of each plumbing fixture, which performs the function of a water seal.
If the house has several floors and each of them has plumbing, you should equip a common riser.
Toilets are installed closer than other household and plumbing fixtures to the riser.
Nodes of the pipeline should not be performed in places where walls or ceilings pass.
Holes for pipes passing through walls and ceilings are cut with a margin, it is advisable to insert special sleeves or sections of wider pipes into them.
The connection points to the riser and pipeline bends are equipped with a tee with an inspection window, closed with a plug. Through these windows, in the future, the pipes will be cleaned in case of clogging.
The riser is located as close as possible to the place where the sewer is taken out.

Ensuring comfort and quality life in a country house is an important point for any owner of such a building. One of the factors that make it possible to ensure a comfortable life is the convenience of the outflow of used water and waste products. A sewage system correctly calculated at the design stage and subsequently correctly built in a private house will be the key to long-term operation, in which there will be no problems. You can create such a design with your own hands, if you approach the issue with the utmost responsibility.

Primary requirements

In order to avoid any problems in the process of creating a sewage system in your own house, it is best to follow as much as possible in this process all the requirements and standards that are described in the regulatory documentation - SNiP. In this case, everything will surely function flawlessly for a long period of time.

In any building where a water supply is laid and there is a water intake, a system must be installed that will remove the waste masses. Drainage mechanisms should be established at the sites as well. In general, such a network will be able not only to provide a comfortable life, but also not harm the environment, and will also significantly increase the time of using the building.

Typically, the sewerage system consists of the following systems:

stormwater that drains water;
outdoor;
internal.

They must be laid so that the various building sanitary requirements for the sewage system in your own home are met.

These requirements include:

ensuring normal cleansing;
no risk of flooding the building;
ensuring the required volume of wastewater;
tight accumulation and transportation of waste water.

If we talk about the requirements for internal systems of this type, then they should consist of the following elements:

the riser to which all pipes are attached;
dilution of pipes, which pumps waste water in the direction of the riser;
plumbing fixtures for drainage.

According to the norms, in the mechanism, part of which is located in the building, there must be enough space for free transportation of liquid from the places where the drain is carried out to the pipes that carry out the outlet outside the building. When laying sewers inside a building, pipes made of cast iron or some kind of polymers are used. At the outlet, the size of such a pipe should be 11 centimeters. Naturally, this mechanism must also have ventilation. Usually it is passed through the riser. Above each element, an exhaust place is made that overlooks the roof.

If we talk about the project of external systems, then its creation is carried out taking into account the requirements prescribed in SNiP No. 2.04.03-85.

According to this regulatory document, the following points should be taken into account:

wells should be installed in the mechanism for maintenance and cleaning;
for the purification of effluents, a plant using biological methods is needed;
if we are talking about a gravity network, then polymer, ceramic or asbestos-cement pipes are used;
pipes that are located outside the boundaries of the building should be about fifteen centimeters in diameter and laid at the level of ten to twelve centimeters;
if the building has few floors, then several houses can be combined into a single network;
if it is impossible to arrange a gravity system, then it is better to make a choice in favor of a pressure sewage system.

Another important point is the selection of the design. This is really important when designing an autonomous sewer network.

There can be three options for septic tanks that are used:

aerotanks;
storage septic tank;
treatment plant.

Now let's talk about them in more detail. Aeration tanks are the latest solutions using several cleaning techniques. After using such a septic tank, the liquid is purified to almost 100 percent. Water can be easily taken out into the ground, pond and used for irrigation. A septic tank of a storage category is an improved version of a cesspool in which no cleaning is carried out, but only drains are collected. When the septic tank is filled to a certain level, it becomes necessary to clean it. This is usually done using special sewage equipment.

If we talk about the differences from the cesspool, then no filtration into the ground is carried out in this case. This means that no harm is done to the environment. But still, this type of septic tank has been used extremely infrequently in recent years due to the high cost of services for special sewage equipment. This type can be used only if you live in the house relatively infrequently.

Treatment septic tanks are used not only for accumulation, but also for the purification of sewage. As a rule, at first, the effluents settle in them, after which decomposition occurs at the biological level with the help of special bacteria - anaerobic and aerobic, which are specially added to the ground for this purpose.

Their use allows water to be purified by about 65 percent, after which it goes into the ground, where it is further purified.

For this reason, the best types of soil for this category of septic tanks will be sandy and sandy loam. If the earth is clay, then it is better to use another septic tank, although this option is not prohibited in this case. It is just that then the installation of a septic tank will be too expensive, since special styling will still be necessary to create filtration fields.

Views

In your own home, sewage can be of several types and is classified according to various criteria.

Usually these criteria can be three:

the location of the sewage system;
the purposes for the realization of which it will be used;
the difference in the type of effluent that will be collected.

If we take the first two criteria, then the system under consideration is the following.

Outdoor. It is a complex of receiving effluents from buildings and other objects and transporting them to special treatment facilities or to a place of discharge into a water intake of a centralized sewerage system. Typically, this includes pipelines, as well as rotary and revision type wells.
Internal. Such a sewage system collects wastewater inside the house thanks to special water intake devices and pipeline systems, after which it transports them along the highway to a special external sewage complex.
Cleaning and waste water. Before the wastewater is discharged into the ground or pond, it must be cleaned thanks to a special four-stage system, which consists of several levels (physical-chemical, disinfection, mechanical, biological).

If we take the criterion of the collected drains, then the sewerage is the following.

Domestic. It can also be called household or household fecal. Usually it is designated K1. This type of sewerage includes the whole complex of devices that are supplied to various plumbing fixtures. This includes trays, ladders, siphons, funnels, as well as a network of various pipelines, which consist of pipes of different sizes, fastening mechanisms and fittings.
Industrial or manufacturing. Usually in the diagrams, its designation goes under the abbreviation K3. This type of sewerage is intended to drain water that is used in some kind of technological process. This type of sewage system is not used in their own homes, but one cannot fail to say about it.
Storm or rain. This type is usually designated as K2. Such a system is a whole set of drainpipes, gutters, sand traps, storm water inlets, funnels, and so on. Usually, most of such a mechanism is laid in the open, but pipelines under the foundation can also be used to transport rainwater somewhere outside the site.

It should also be noted that the sewage system in a private house can be of two types:

autonomous;
centralized.

The type chosen will depend on where exactly the waste water will be discharged - into its own septic tank or into the central main through a collector-type well. If the local sewage system runs close to the house and the connection to it is cheap, then it will be more profitable to connect to it due to the fact that the cost of using in this case will still be lower.

In addition, treatment systems can be different in nature.

These are the following types:

septic tank:
dry closet;
biological treatment using a special unit;
cesspool.

The septic tank has already been mentioned, and therefore we will say about other types. A dry closet will be a suitable solution only for a cottage where the owners rarely live. And he does not solve the issue of drains from the shower and kitchen. Purification using a special station is advantageous with high productivity and a good degree of wastewater treatment. But the costs for this option will be considerable due to the need for energy consumption and the high cost of equipment. The cesspool option was not so long ago the most common. But recently, the amount of drains has increased significantly, and few cesspools can cope with it. In addition, the risk of land pollution has increased significantly for this reason.

Preparatory work

Each of the above solutions for treatment facilities requires a clear understanding of the device and the purposes for which it will be used. For this reason, before starting work on the creation of a sewage system, the necessary preparation should be carried out so that the system can really work efficiently after it is built and put into operation.

What do you need to consider?

Before starting to create a sewage system, you should calculate everything to the smallest detail. And the first factor that will be extremely important is the choice of a place for the installation of the system.

Its placement will be influenced by such factors.

How close the groundwater is.
The relief features of the territory where the sewerage will be located. Here we are talking about the fact that the movement of water is usually carried out by gravity, which means that the slope of the soil will be extremely important.
The physical structure of the soil.
The presence or absence of sources of drinking water.
How much the soil freezes in winter.

Sandy soil is usually loose, which is why liquid can easily pass through it, which means there is a possibility of contamination with household waste. Using the simplest solution as an example - a septic tank made from concrete rings or from tires, we will consider what needs to be taken into account. First, you need to calculate its volume. We will proceed from the fact that one family member who lives in a house takes two hundred liters of water, which must be settled for three days.

That is, for a family of four members, a septic tank with a volume of slightly less than 2.5 thousand liters will be needed.

In addition to the factors mentioned above, it should be said that the distance to the nearest residential building should be no more than five meters. It should be the same up to the next site. If there is a highway nearby, then the distance should be twenty meters. And if there is a reservoir or water intake point nearby, then the distance should be at least fifty meters. It is also necessary to take into account the fact that if an elevated level of groundwater is observed at the site, then the structure must be supplemented with a pump or pump for transporting groundwater to the filter well.

Another factor to consider is the choice of pipe materials.... It is on this factor that the time of using the entire mechanism will depend. If we are talking about an internal sewage system, then pipes made of polypropylene or polyvinyl chloride with a cross section of 11 centimeters are usually used here, and for breeding - with a diameter of 4-5 centimeters. Their cost will be lower than metal pipes, and their service life will be long.

Connections should usually be made with rubber cuffs, which are sealed with a special silicone-based substance. If we are talking about installing the outer part, then other orange pipes are used. They are made in such a color scheme that it is easier to find them in the ground. They are made of extra strong plastic and also have a diameter of 11 centimeters.

Design

As it became clear, any work of an assembly and construction nature cannot be carried out without the preliminary creation of design documentation. And the installation of the sewage system will be no exception. A sewerage scheme is being formed from the general layout of the so-called wet elements. The wiring can be configured as you like, depending on the wishes of the customer.

Important aspects should be listed that cannot be ignored:

the drainage from the room where the toilet is located should be carried out exclusively using pipes with a cross section of 10-12 centimeters with a length of at least 1 meter;
under the drains from the shower and kitchen, you can use polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene pipes of five centimeters in size;
if the building has two or more floors and there is more than one toilet, then they should be placed exclusively on top of each other (for a one-story house this rule does not work and you can place it anywhere);
wiring bends should be made by combining two plastic elbows, the bend of which has an angle of forty-five degrees, which should minimize the risk that the sewer will clog;

the toilet should be connected directly to the sewer riser at a minimum distance from the pipe;
other plumbing fixtures should be connected to the sewer network above the point of connection of the toilet bowl in order to exclude the possibility of feces getting into the drain line;
the sewer riser must be brought out to the roof and a fan exhaust must be installed on it in order to ensure the inside of the sewer ventilation;
the greatest distance for connecting sanitary-type appliances to the riser should not be higher than three meters, and the toilet bowl should not be higher than a meter.

In addition, other expert advice should be given:

when creating a project for an internal sewage system, you must first draw up a construction scheme on a scale, before that, having carried out all measurements using a tape measure;
now it is necessary to determine the installation site of the risers;
conventionally, on all floors, we mark the location of the plumbing fixtures;
depicting the location of the pipes on the graph;
we determine the dimensions of the riser and the fan pipe based on the number of devices;
we find the exit point of the sewer from the building;
we sum up the length of all pipes and count the fittings;
now we draw a conclusion and draw up a sewerage scheme.

Mounting

So, now let's move on to the direct installation of the sewage system in our own home and find out how to correctly conduct it. The laying of the sewerage after the project has been made and calculated should start with the installation of a septic tank. To do this, you need to dig a pit somewhere three meters deep. It is necessary to calculate in advance the volume of the septic tank, taking into account the number of people living in the apartment. You can make a pit yourself, but to speed up the process, it will not be superfluous to attract special equipment. A sand cushion is made at the bottom of the pit. Its thickness should be at least fifteen centimeters.

Now we create a formwork from boards or chipboard, which must be immediately reinforced with a special reinforcing belt. You can make such a belt from rods made of metal. For more confidence, you can use steel wire to tie up such rods. Now we make a couple of holes in the formwork and install pipe scraps in them. These sections will become the entry points for the system line and the overflow pipe that connects the septic tank sections.

The entire formwork should now be concreted. A vibrating tool is used to evenly distribute the solution. Note that this structure must be monolithic, which is why it is usually filled in once. You should also cite as an example, and then, if you want to install a two-chamber septic tank. First, the bottom of the first compartment is formed by pouring concrete. As a result, we get a sealed structure where the waste will settle. It is in this part that large solid fractions of waste will settle down below. But in the second part, a slightly purified liquid will accumulate.

Due to the presence of a pipe that connects both compartments, it will go into the adjacent chamber.

There is no need to make the bottom in the second compartment due to the fact that the section is made on the basis of monolithic walls. You can also use concrete rings for this, which will simply be stacked one on top of the other. At the bottom we make a thick layer of sedimentary rocks. It will filter the drains. You can use gravel, pebbles or crushed stone. We install an overflow pipe between the parts. It is located somewhere in the upper third of the wells. Note that usually summer residents use a two-section septic tank when carrying out the sewerage installation process. Although, if desired, there may be more compartments, which will provide cleaning of higher quality.

It is also easy to make an overlap for a septic tank yourself. This requires concrete and formwork. Or you can take a reinforced concrete slab. In this part, it is imperative to make a special inspection hatch. It will allow you to control the hood, as well as the filling of the sections. After all this, when the installation is complete, it is required to fill the pit with sand or earth. It is necessary to clean the sump about once every two to three years.

The next step will be the laying of the highway. It will be carried out from the septic tank to the area where the sewer pipe comes out of the foundation. Note that the pipeline must go as if at a slope so that the waste water can flow down. It is important that the larger the size of the pipes used, the smaller the inclined angle will be necessary for the high-quality operation of the line. But the average is about two degrees.

Note that the sewer should be laid lower than the level of freezing of the ground. Usually we are talking about an indicator of one meter, but sometimes an indicator of 70 centimeters will be enough. Although if the region is cold, then the level should be increased to one and a half meters. Before laying pipes at the bottom of the trench, create a dense sand cushion, compacting it well. This will allow for reliable pipe fixation and prevent the pipeline from collapsing when the soil is displaced of a seasonal nature.

If we talk about the most correct scheme, then for a summer residence, the best solution would be to lay a straight line from the building to the collector. If necessary, you can make a turn and install a well for inspection in this place. You can use cast iron or plastic pipes intended for the external type of sewer. At the joints, everything should be done as tightly as possible. When everything is ready, the trench is covered with sand, and only then the soil is put on it.

To connect the inside to the outside, corrugated pipes are used. This makes it possible to ensure reliability during ground movements.

To lay pipes in a building, we will need:

sharper knife;
saw for working with plastic;
sets of installation seals made of rubber.

First, we need to prepare the fittings.

These are the following elements:

transition couplings that can provide a transition between pipes of different sizes;
three-hole or four-hole connection fittings that allow pipe branching;
transition bends required to form transitions between pipes with the same size;
bends that form corners, they can be 45 or 90 degrees.

In general, sewer installation in your own home will not be difficult if everything is calculated correctly. First, the installation of vertical risers is carried out in the required amount. Usually they are installed from the basement to the roof, so that this entire structure can be successfully combined with the ventilation shaft. The installation site is usually selected closer to the toilet bowls, which should be located no further than a meter from the riser. If the toilets are located, say, one under the other, and the house is small, then one riser for such a building will be quite enough.

Note that the farthest plumbing fixture should not be more than five meters from the riser.

Now the supply pipes are connected to the riser. First, the toilet pipes are connected, which should be lower than all the others. After that, the lateral branches are connected. Sometimes a large number of plumbing fixtures can be connected to the supply. It should be said that the thickness of the supply pipe should be taken with the calculation of the total capacity. The last step will be to connect the devices in question using siphons. Then everything will depend on the selected category of waste disposal, the properties of the land, as well as how the groundwater behaves. Therefore, for each case, everything will be individual.

It will also not be superfluous to give an example of creating a suburban sewage system without pumping out. Summer residents are getting accustomed to such systems more and more often, and therefore it will not be superfluous to explain how to make them. Note that such systems are represented by two or three-chamber septic tanks, which will be simultaneously active. If the mechanism has two reservoirs, the sump will occupy three quarters of the structure, and for three-chambered ones - one second. In the first part, the settling of heavy substances is carried out. As it fills, the liquid also enters another compartment, where the light parts are separated. In the third part, the water is completely cleaned of dirt and enters the well for drainage or filtration field. It is important here that both containers are airtight.

This type of system requires pumping out, but not as clean as when using a simple septic tank. This is done using a drainage or fecal sewage pump, the cost of which will depend on various factors. Such equipment will be used to remove sediment that accumulates in the sump. It should be noted that the frequency of this procedure will be influenced by both the composition of the waste water and the size of the reservoir. The structure will need to be cleaned when the sludge height reaches the overflow level. Then it will need to be pumped out.

For six months, the tank usually accumulates somewhere between 70-80 liters of sediment.

Standards for the location of sewer outlets for various plumbing fixtures

Any sewerage system can be designed in such a way that all plumbing devices that are connected to it have a minimum number of various intermediate elements, which will only complicate the mechanism of the mechanism and significantly reduce its reliability. An ideal solution can be called when the siphon coming after the plumbing fixture is immediately connected with a smooth pipe with a previously installed sewer socket. For implementation, it will not be superfluous to know exactly where the plumbing equipment will be located even before the creation of the project. And it will be even better to know which plumbing fixture will be installed in a given place.

At the same time, for different categories of plumbing equipment, there are features that make it possible to simplify the sewer connection. It and the placement of different plumbing fixtures will be seriously influenced by factors such as the level of the clean floor. Indeed, in relation to this parameter, the height of the equipment and sewer sockets and the location of the water sockets are being set. This parameter should be known in advance, which is why the installation of sewage pipelines can be carried out even before the moment the floor screed is poured and the finish-type coating is applied.

Now let's say a little more about the plumbing standards related to the system for certain devices.

The height of the connection of the siphon to the sink outlet for the washbasin should be at the level of 53-55 centimeters from the level of the finished floor. Its center should be right in the center of the washbasin. To create a connection, you can use sewer pipes with a diameter of 4-5 centimeters.
The center of the socket should be at the level of 22-24 centimeters when it comes to a wall-hung toilet.
In the case of a sink, this figure is 30-45 centimeters right in the center of the sink.
If a garbage grinder is built into the sink, then the bell center should be at a height of 30-40 centimeters, but shifted to either side.
For an attached type toilet, this figure will be somewhere between 18-19 centimeters.
For washing machines and dishwashers, the connection of the drain hoses will be at a height of 60-70 centimeters.
For baths, as well as shower cabins with a pallet, it is necessary that the socket center of the sewer pipe with a diameter of 5 centimeters is at a distance of no more than 6 centimeters from the level of the clean floor. If this is not possible, then installation should be carried out on a stand. Although there are a number of models of bathtubs, the connection of which is carried out at the level of 8-10, or even 13 centimeters.

These recommendations work almost always, since manufacturers of such goods try to comply with generally accepted norms, which, by the way, are not legally spelled out anywhere. But in reality it can be anything, so the actual availability of equipment that will be installed in a predetermined place will be a big plus.

Possible problems and solutions

It should be said that quite often, even without violations during installation, problems appear in the operation of the sewage system in your own home.

The most common troubles are as follows.

The sewer smells bad. To eliminate the appearance of unpleasant odors, toilets and sinks are connected to the mechanism using u-shaped siphons, where there is always a little water. This type of barrier prevents unpleasant odors from passing through.

Blockage. It often happens that the system is clogged, even if the installation was carried out according to all the necessary rules. For this reason, risers on all floors should be equipped with special tees so that there is no need to disassemble the system before removing the plug.
Freezing of the sewer. This is another common problem. The reason is that many simply lay the sewer system above the freezing point of the soil. It should be said that this problem should not be ignored due to the fact that sooner or later the pipe may simply burst and then it will need to be replaced and repaired.
Inconsistency of various elements with each other. To avoid such a situation, the installation should begin with the installation of the outlet-assembly that connects the riser to the pipe, which is suitable for the septic tank. The outlet is a metal sleeve with pipe cuttings. Its diameter should be greater than the size of the riser pipes. Usually we are talking about a figure of 13-15 centimeters. And the sleeve should crawl out of the foundation by 12-16 centimeters.

To prevent the above and other problems from appearing, you should be guided during the installation of such a system by the following principles:

if the pipes have different diameters, then they must be joined using special adapters;
using oblique tees, you can connect risers and pipe bends;
the toilet should be located as close as possible to the main riser;
the installation of an external sewage system should be carried out exclusively in the warm season;
as you approach the riser, the pipe size should become larger, not smaller;
where the pipes of the kitchen and bathroom intersect, a collector should be placed.

In order for the sewer mechanism in your own home to always work efficiently and efficiently, and also function well, experts recommend following a few simple rules. The first thing to do is to flush the external and internal pipelines with plenty of hot water on a regular basis. The second tip is that in plumbing fixtures, especially in the bathroom and in the kitchen, it is required to use dust collectors to prevent hair, dirt, and various insoluble substances from entering the drain.

Another important recommendation of specialists is to pump out various sedimentary masses from the septic tank at the right time, otherwise they may cause breakdown of the entire system. Another advice from the experts is to avoid letting fat waste into the drain. Especially when it comes to animal fats, which settle on the pipe walls and can cause clogging of the pipe.

Experts recommend, when purchasing components and pipes, to check whether a rubber lining is present in the bell, since many people constantly lose it. Under no circumstances should a drain pipe be connected to the ventilation unit. According to experts, when inserting PVC pipes into a ditch, it is necessary to carefully monitor the joints as much as possible due to the fact that the connecting places are extremely fragile and unstable.

It is also recommended to install an emergency outlet for cleaning the sewage system. It is usually mounted as close as possible to the pipe entry section into the building in an accessible place. In addition, if there is a usual set of water consumption points in the building, then it is completely unnecessary to install the fan pipe, you can limit yourself to a vacuum-type valve.

In general, as you can see, the creation of a sewage system in a private house is a process that requires serious calculations and great attention from the owner of the house. Moreover, the creation of such a system involves thinking through the water supply system at home. In addition, a lot will depend on what type of sewage system will be created. The pressure sewage system will have its own characteristics, and the external or internal one will have its own. In any case, for the competent implementation of such an undertaking, it is important to think through everything to the smallest detail and consult with specialists.

Connection to sewerage networks, what documents are required

Ready plan of the house. It is imperative that a diagram of the laying of the sewer pipeline must be presented on paper. This process is carried out with the help of a company that conducts a geodetic examination.

All technical conditions for connecting the sewer. All these issues are considered by the organization.

The scheme on which the plan will be indicated, it is according to it that it is necessary to connect the sewage system. This document must be provided by the specialist who designs and installs the technical functions. It builds on the basis of the technical specifications, thus giving out a new plan.

The project, which was prepared in the water utility, with their approval. This process is handled by architectural management.

It is also necessary to remember one main nuance. Before starting construction work, you must obtain permission from your neighboring residents. They are required to sign their consent. If you have additional questions about the pipeline, which will pass through those places where other electrical or heating networks have already been installed, then in this case, you must take another permit. It is necessary to require a special document in the organization. If the owner does not pursue certain requirements, then he will have to pay a huge fine.

To lay the pipeline to the central highway, you must take a permit. In the event that a well is located nearby. The pipe, which will pass through the section to the well, will be directed at a certain slope and angle. To determine the paving depth with accuracy, it is necessary to use the special values provided by the data in the SNiP.

There is also one main tip to consider. This question concerns the presence of existing turns on the track. As shown in practice, turns on the track should not exist, but if such a problem suddenly arises, then it is necessary to turn the highway a few degrees, about 90. It is also recommended to install an inspection well. Since, in this case, the well performs the function of control over this system.

A significant role is played by the correct selection of the height of the trench digging. Certain elements need to be considered. The pipe diameter must be larger than the inner pipe. The usual size is up to 250 mm. Basically, pipes with a diameter of 150 to 250 mm are used. After the specialist has decided on the size of the pipes, it is necessary to dig the bottom of the trench. Once the process is complete, a pillow can be provided for laying the pipeline.

Where to go to carry out the sewerage

water utility or garden partnership

First you need to contact the local administration, from there you will have to go to the geodetic service (order a situational plan for the site), to the water utility and SES. An application is submitted to the vodokanal to obtain technical conditions for connection. You need to have a copy of your passport and a document confirming ownership of the house and land. If the pipeline is to be run under the carriageway, a permit from the road service will be required.

After the technical conditions are received, you can order a sewerage project. If it will be created by third-party specialists, the finished document still needs to be approved by the water utility and in companies whose communications pass near the house (gas service, distribution zone, telephone service). The final agreement takes place in the architecture department of the local municipality.

For installation, you can also hire a contractor who has the appropriate approvals. But in any case, the tie-in to the general network is made by a specialist of the company that maintains the municipal sewage system.

to mount an autonomous sewage system.

Sewerage laying in a private house begins with the development of a project and estimate documentation.

Household sewerage project

A household sewerage project is a diagram that details where and how the main parts of the sewerage network should be installed.

Private sewerage project

When designing a domestic sewage system, one must take into account:

location of plumbing products inside the house. It is desirable that all sewerage wiring in a private house be as close as possible to the previously installed central riser. This will allow avoiding the use of additional equipment, significantly reducing the cost of purchasing and laying pipelines, reducing the risk of blockages and the appearance of unpleasant odors;

Typical scheme of an internal sewer network

the slope of the sewer in a private house. If it is possible to build a gravity sewer system, it is not necessary to resort to the pressure type. Installation of a sewerage system in a private house of a gravity type is much easier and cheaper than a pressure one;
sewerage depth in a private house. It is required that all pipelines and additional structures are reliably protected from freezing, which can lead to a complete failure of the system.

Basic rules for laying a sewer pipeline

Rainwater drainage project

The project of a storm private sewage system, as well as a household one, includes the location of the main elements and recommendations for installing the system.

Typical storm sewer system design

For high-quality and uninterrupted operation of a private sewage system, it is better to develop all the necessary projects in cooperation with qualified specialists.

Installation steps

For internal sewerage, gray pipes are used

You need to install a home sewage system from its inside. In all rooms with plumbing equipment (kitchen, bathroom, pool, sauna), pipes are installed towards the riser. The wiring is made from tubes with a diameter of 50 mm. A pipe with a cross section of 110 mm is connected to the toilet.

All joints, connections must be treated with a sealant. Plugs are installed at the outlets for household washing appliances.

The riser is brought to the foundation, in which a hole with a diameter of 130-160 mm is pre-punched. A metal sleeve must be inserted into it. Through it, the collector pipe is brought out. The place of outlet of the outer pipe is insulated with high quality, the gaps between the sleeve and the foundation are concreted.

External sewerage

Orange pipes are for external sewerage

Initially, you will have to dig trenches for the collector. They are dug from the very exit of the pipe from the house and up to the intended location of the septic tank. The digging depth depends on the level of soil freezing in the region, as a rule, it is at least 70-90 cm. The upper edge of the laid pipe should be at this mark from the ground surface.

In the course of digging trenches, the slope set by SNiP is observed. The final sink for drains should be located below the outlet of the sewer pipe from the house. Then they work like this:

A sand cushion is poured at the bottom of the trenches and tamped well.
Pipes are laid on the base, connecting them securely.
The fully assembled system is checked for leaks. If there are no leaks, water leaves the house freely, you can backfill the collector. At the same time, the soil is not strongly rammed. He will sit down himself over time. If necessary, then add more earth from above.

Septic tank device

At the final stage of work when installing a private sewage system, you need to build a homemade septic tank. As the simplest option, you can use a reservoir in the form of a plastic barrel. Some people build a sink for sewage from car tires, concrete rings. It's easier to work with plastic. The principle of installing a two-chamber septic tank looks like this:

Pits are dug under the tanks in accordance with the parameters of the barrels. In this case, the depth and width of the pit are increased by 30-40 cm under the base and backfill.
The bottom of the pit is carefully rammed. Pour a sandy pad of moistened sand. It is well compacted.
A wooden formwork is placed on the sand under the first chamber and a concrete solution 20-30 cm thick is poured.
The bottom of the second tank is made drainage. A layer of fine gravel is poured onto a sand pillow, and a broken brick or cobblestone is placed on top.
After the solution has dried, place both tanks next to each other.

It is important that there are no distortions.
Both chambers are connected by an overflow pipe at a level of 40 cm from the bottom of the barrels.
A drain / waste pipe is brought to the first receiver in its upper part. All joints are well sealed.
The reservoirs are filled with water and only after that they are backfilled with careful compaction of the soil.

If the barrels are not filled with water, they can burst in the soil later.
The top of the septic tank chambers are covered with hatches.

Connecting the house to the sewer where to start

The sewer connection is divided into two types. They are separate and mixed. Separate is used in cases, storm and household connections. But mixed, it is used only with a mixed type pipeline.

It is worth noting that the developer himself finances the sewer input. This process is associated with large sums. But if the owner of the house does not have that kind of money, then there is an opportunity to save money. In this case, you will have to upgrade the centralized branch. First of all, the owner is obliged to contact the water utility and offer his cooperation, that is, a certain payment for the work. If the institution confirms your application, then part of the amount of money will be paid by the organization itself. However, you can also pay money by agreement with your neighbors. If they are satisfied with this method, then it will be much easier for you to cope with the task.

Many people do not like to do troublesome things and prefer not to go to various institutions. There is an optimal solution. You can contact the company that deals with these matters, provide all the documents and draw up a contract. They will do everything for you. Just before trusting the company, it is necessary to clarify whether they are ready to cope with the task. Do not forget that all services are quite expensive. Therefore, if you do not have sufficient funds, then you should not apply.

We connect the sewage system to a private house

Before starting the construction of their own residential building, each owner is always faced with a number of different problems. First of all, it is necessary to create the correct design of the object and subsequent installation work. If the residential plot is located in an area where centralized communication networks have not been built, then you will have to take measures and build an autonomous option. Connecting an autonomous type of sewage - it will take money and time. If the owner builds his house near centralized networks, then there is an excellent opportunity to connect the system to the city sewage system. This is the most advantageous option.

Designing and carrying out the necessary calculations

Before starting the construction of the system, you need to draw a preliminary diagram of the installation of the sewage system. On the drawing, all the points of the location of the plumbing in the house and the location of the septic tank on the site are marked. In addition, the location of the pipeline outlet through the foundation into the ground under the first floor is applied to the diagram. All lines of the collector are applied to the drawing from each plumbing point and up to the entrance to the septic tank. Measurements of the length of each section of the pipeline. Thanks to the measurements, the total amount of required footage of external and internal pipes is obtained.

It is imperative that all bends, connections, branches and turns of the manifold be marked on the drawing. So the master will be able to purchase the required number of adapters, fittings, etc.

Stages of the sewerage device in a private house

If you would like to independently carry out the installation of the sewage system in a private house by connecting to the central system, then the following steps should be taken:

you need to use the services of a surveyor to draw up a situational plan for your site, including a plan of the house itself and marking the path along which the sewer line will be laid;
fill out an application with the appropriate organization for the development of technical conditions for wastewater disposal at your site;
these specifications must be transferred to the design specialists, who will develop a project for entering the central sewerage system. The finished project must be submitted for approval to the architect and to the water utility service;
the architect must issue a permit to carry out work by a specific organization;
it is also necessary to obtain the consent of your neighbors to carry out work near their homes to connect to the central sewage system;
if in the course of work the destruction of the road surface is envisaged (in the case of the route passing through it), then it is necessary to obtain the appropriate permits from the traffic police, as well as from the road maintenance service;
before putting the line into operation, it is necessary to notify the operating service of the water utility;
upon completion of the installation of the sewage system, the operating organization must accept the finished project and sign an agreement with you regulating the receipt of wastewater from you.

When laying sewer pipes, remember that the pipe should run at a depth of 1200mm from the house, and the slope should be approximately 5mm per linear meter.

Stormwater drainage - connection to the city stormwater network

Many owners of private cottages would like to drain rainwater from their plots together with domestic wastewater. Technically, this is not difficult at all, however, it is strictly forbidden to direct rainwater into sewer wells.

This method can easily lead to overfilling of the well, due to which a large amount of sewage will escape to the outside. Therefore, in order to free the site from the accumulated rainwater, it is necessary to carry out not only the installation of the sewerage system in a private house, but also the connection to the central or city storm sewer. Since the storm sewer has a much higher carrying capacity, then the streams of rainwater will not create an excessive load for it. A rainwater pipe can lead directly to a collector.

Keep in mind that in case of heavy downpours, water can go back through the drain pipe, therefore, when connecting to the central storm sewer system, it is necessary to install a return valve.

Installation of an autonomous storm sewer in a private house

The most practical way is to set up a special pit on the site with a reservoir for rainwater drainage. A similar system can be used as a local sewerage system for a summer residence. The reservoir is in the soil, and therefore natural cooling occurs, which prevents the growth of bacteria. Then a drain is laid, through which rainwater from the roof of the house will enter the reservoir. It is also advisable to install a special grate that will work as a filter and prevent leaves, branches and other debris from entering the tank.

The accumulated water in the tank can then be used for irrigation, for example.

Types of sewer systems for a private house

The easiest way is to install plastic piping

Taking into account the fact that the pipeline will not be connected to the city's central highway, the owners of private plots are constructing one of the types of sewerage systems near their home:

A single-chamber septic tank is a cesspool with a sealed bottom and walls. Provided that the tank is completely filled, it is necessary to pump out sewage using a sewage system. It is possible to make a drainage / filtering bottom at a single-chamber septic tank. So the water will go into the ground. But here you should be careful: if the groundwater level is high on the site, there is a risk of contaminating nearby drinking wells. Such actions are punishable by law.
Two-chamber septic tank. Represents two adjacent tanks. The first has a larger volume than the second. The sewage flows down the collector to the main receiver, where it settles. Large particles of debris (feces, paper) settle to the bottom. Clarified water is poured into a second reservoir and drains into the ground there. The bottom of the second accumulator is made of sand and gravel filtering. To avoid silting it up, it is better to change the filling every 4-5 years. The first tank is cleaned every 1-2 years.
Septic tank for biological treatment. Here, bacterial preparations are used to process sewage into organic matter - sludge and water. Such a tank must be connected to electricity, since bacteria work only in a positive temperature condition.

Independent sewerage device

For the internal system you need:

pipeline
riser and waste pipe
revisions
shut-off elements
outlet (connection to an external system).

optimal place for a riser

The first step is piping from each device to the riser. The diameter of the pipe for the bathtub, shower, sinks and sinks is 50 mm, for the toilet bowl - 100 mm. All plumbing fixtures are equipped with knees that prevent unpleasant "odors" from entering the premises from the sewage system. When installing and fastening the pipeline, it is necessary to take into account the slope (approximately 3 mm per meter). The stand is brought out above the ridge and covered with a lattice. The opening for the outlet to the external pipeline should not be less than 30 × 30 cm.

The outer part of the sewerage system consists of:

pipeline
wells
storage tank or septic tank.

The pipeline located above the freezing level is best mounted from cast iron. The use of plastic materials is allowed when buried below the freezing level. In a system without a pump, the pipeline is laid with a slope

It is important that the sump or septic tank is located no closer than 5 m from a residential building and 20 m (at least) from a well with drinking water. In addition, it is necessary to provide free access for the sewer machine.

the pipeline is installed and laid.

The size of the pit for the septic tank should be larger than the container (so that you can create a concrete cushion at the bottom). In this case, the neck of the container at the end of the work should be located slightly above the ground level. The spaces between the septic tank and the pit walls are filled with a cement-sand mixture and compacted. After connecting pipes to the septic tank and checking the tightness and functionality, all trenches are filled up.

It is more convenient to mount the system for collecting melt and storm water separately. This will allow you not to increase the volume of the septic tank. In addition, melt water and rainwater are much cleaner than domestic wastewater, so they can be used for technical needs (for example, irrigation).

First, you need to make markings on the surface and dig trenches for bends and pipes (taking into account the slope), as well as holes for storm water inlets. The trenches for the outlets are concreted, a sand cushion 10 cm thick is arranged at the bottom of the trenches under the pipes. Water collectors must be equipped with funnels, which are closed with nets. All elements of the stormwater system are connected.

The cost of connecting the sewerage system of a private house to the general network depends on the cost of processing all the necessary documents, the amount of materials and their type, the cost of the installation contractor's work. Depending on the region, the total amount varies between 50-150 thousand rubles. The cost of an autonomous system can range from 500 thousand to 1.5 million rubles. To save money, you can build one system for several houses.

Types of sewerage systems for a private house

Any drainage system consists of two parts: internal and external. The first is designed to collect water from various plumbing fixtures. The second most often also consists of two parts: household and storm sewers. The first removes excess water from the roofs of a residential building and other buildings, platforms and paths. The second collects waste water from a residential building. It consists of:

pipeline;
pumps;
filters;
wells and drain pits;
filter wells or septic tanks.

gravity or forced circulation. depends on the power supply,

Is it difficult for you to imagine your private house or summer cottage without autonomous water supply and sewerage? Agree that a well-maintained home ownership is many times more comfortable to live in than a building devoid of all the amenities. But you do not know where to start and how to implement your plans?

We will help you deal with this issue - the article highlights popular schemes and options for arranging the sewer system. The stage of planning, the choice of a treatment plant and the order of work are considered in detail.

Contrary to popular belief, the sewerage system of a country house with your own hands can also be perfectly equipped. If you correctly design and build a system, then it will serve no worse than a professional one. For a better understanding of the material, we have selected schemes, thematic photos and videos with expert advice.

"Conveniences in the yard" can be satisfied only if we are talking about a summer cottage without running water, where the owners appear occasionally and for a short time.

Work on the improvement of a residential building primarily involves the installation of water supply and sewerage. They are designed at the same time. If the water is already connected, then the sewerage system is "adjusted" to the existing network.

When choosing a sewage system for a residential building, there should be no mistakes. An incorrectly assembled network will not work or there will be problems during its operation (+)

Experts remind that the work on laying external sewage pipes starts from the point of insertion into the centralized sewage system or from a septic tank and moves towards the house.

Installation includes several stages:

A trench is dug at a pre-calculated depth. It is advisable to immediately maintain the desired slope. It is impractical to fill in the finished trench. This is quite laborious, given the need for additional compaction of the bottom.
A pillow of sand is poured. The height of the structure is 0.1-0.15 m. The sand is well spilled with water and then thoroughly rammed.
Pipes are laid on the prepared base. The presence of the specified slope is checked.
A layer of sand with a height of about 0.1 m is filled up. The backfill is again poured and compacted.
Backfilling of the soil is carried out.

During the installation of external sewerage, you need to remember the need to equip inspection wells. They are placed at all turns and in areas where there are depth differences. In addition, such structures are also installed on straight sections every 25 m.

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