Sounds of Russian language designation. Letter "y" vowel or consonant, solid or soft? Phonetic analysis words

In Russian, 33 letters forming 42 sounds, six of which are vowels, the rest are consonants. Where did they come from so much, because the letters - b, b, I, E, Yu, the sounds do not indicate? It is very difficult to master and understand such information not only to the first-grader, but also an adult. Let's figure it out in order, simply, reinforcing the rules of uncomplicated examples.

How many vowel sounds in Russian is the main concept

Help: letters are the characters that we see and write, the sound can only be heard and pronounce, and he has no sign.

Learning to distinguish:

• tell me in the syllables, stretching the first syllable in the Word - Mom. You hear a clean single sound sound A - M-A-A. Now tell the word - the Christmas tree, paying attention to the first syllable. Listen - it sounds like "yo", that is, the sound is double;
• fulfill the material: the bush, here - [y], Yula - "Yu" hears as [yu]. Olya - [o] [ya], spruce - [je], hedgehog - [yo] [and];
• as you can see, letters - E, E, Yu, I do not have my sounds, each of them consists of 2 other strangers borrowed from other letters: [IE], [yo], [yu], [ya]. That is why they are considered letters;
• now about solid and soft signs: one performs a separation function, the other - softens the beaks in phrases, and since we do not hear them, they are not sounds.

How many consonant sounds in Russian - divisions

The consonant alphabet number has 21 letters, sounds - 36.

• Fifteen letters - b, in, g, d, s, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x possess double sound: soft - linen [b '] and solid - ram [b] In other words, in one letter - two sounds. Total - 15 x 2 \u003d 30 sounds.
• At the most soft beams - th, h, by one sound.
• Only solid sounds come out when pronunciation - Well, W, C (also one sounds for the letter).

We consider: 30 + 3 +3 \u003d 36 consonant sounds.

How many vowels in Russian and consonant sounds - additional information

• The consonants are divided into ringing - clearly heard in colloquial speech (heat) and deaf, whose pronunciation is similar to the whisper (sleep, noise).
• The ringing / deaf are combined into pairs, which are easily remembered - b / n, in / f, g / k, d / t, w / w, s / s, the remaining unpaired sounds - [h], [n], [c] , [x], [p], [m], [l].
• A ringtone sound when pronouncing can be tremended, and deaf - to become heard: eyebrows - hearing - Brof, berry - speak - Yagatka. In this case, find the test word so that after this consonant walked vowel - eyebrows, berries. Exception (need to remember) - Cosmonaut, station, Zigzag and others.

• Hissing - and w in the presence of solid sound - s, they are written with soft vowels - and (reassembly, belly, livestock). The sounds of h and with a soft voice acting (Ya-Yu) are written with solid vowels - ah. For example: Sorrel, Grachat, Pike, Miracle.

• There are among consonants and unprofitable, which are checked by a related word with a clear sound: reed - cane.

• Some sounds we only hear. For example: skillful, wonderful, heavenly sound with the sound of "T", but it is not there. There is a funny poem on this score, memorize it and write it right.

The correlation of the letter and sound is very important for the correct pronunciation and writing, so it is good to read the material presented and try to convey it to a child.

Speech sounds perform an important role in the life of each personality - thanks to them all people can talk and understand the friend said.
All speech sounds are two types - consonants and vowels. And although the number of the latter is much more, in the multiple points, the vowels are determining. For example, the number of syllables depends on the number of vowels in the Word, it is the vowel sounds that have the property of the impact / implicit. Considering the question of vowels, it is also worth noting that their number does not correspond to the number of denoting letters. How many vowels in Russian, and why it turns out - it still has to figure it out.

What sounds are called vowels (vocales)

First of all, it is worth remembering what sounds are called vowels. Vocales (from the Latin Word Vocales) - phonetic sounds formed by voice, without impurities of noise. Giving a vowel, man exhales the air freely and it easily passes through the larynx, then through the mouth and between the ligaments, without meeting any obstacles. Thanks to their acoustic characteristics, in particular, the fact that the length of the vowel sound can be any, they are still called musical, or tone.

How many vowels in Russian

If there is a dozen letters, it corresponds to them only six sounds - these sounds [s], [u], [o], [y], [a], [and].

Part of the above vowels is graphically designated with different letters. For example, [a] can give not only "a", but also the letter "I" in a certain position, and sometimes an unstressed "O": "Valentina", "Ball", "Board".

The sound [y] can give not only the letter "U", but sometimes "Yu": "Sledgey", "Luke".

The sound [o] besides the letter "O", gives "ё": "Cake", "Pog".

The vowel sound [s] gives the letter "s", as well as the shock "and" if it is in position after the letters "F", "C", "Sh": "Klyk", "Circat". Unstressed letters "E", "A", "O" sometimes can also denote this sound: "Tested", "Horses", "Chocolate".

Vowel [E] can give the letters "E" and "E": "Mary", "Forestish".

But the vowel [and] is graphically denoted by only one "and" if it is in a shock position: "peaceful". Without emphasis, this vowel can give the letters "A" ("Watchmakers"), "I" ("Rows"), "E" ("Print") standing after soft consonants. Also "and" following the soft consonant or at the beginning of the word ("player"); "E" at the beginning of the word ("shelf").

Thus, considering how many in Russian sound sounds, it becomes clear why there are less than the letters themselves.

Public letters

Each vowel sound has its own graphic designation in the form of the letter. In our language, dozen signs to designate vowels. These are the letters "O", "U", "E", "A", "I", "and", "s", "E", "E", "Yu".

At the same time, the vowels themselves almost twice the smaller - six. Such a situation has developed due to the fact that Yoted "Yu", "E", "E", "I" - not separate sounds. Depending on their position in the word, these letters are capable of denoting various sounds.

Being at the beginning of the word, following the vowels or for "Kommersant" and "b", the letters denote the sounding of two sounds (are difongs): [j] and the corresponding Vocales: "Yana", "washed", "curly."

In cases where "Yu", "E", "E", "I" follow consonant letters, they denote the corresponding vowel sound, and also make preceding consonants soft: "accepted".

Having understood with the question of how many vowel sounds in the alphabet, and how many letters, it becomes clear why there was a significant difference.

Classification of vowels. Labialization

Paying enough attention to two issues: how many vowels in Russian, and many signs are used to transfer them to the letter, it is worth moving to the classification. Public sounds, as well as their counterparts, have a number of features for which they are related to various groups.

There are several of them: these are labialization (cudcupidity), the method of education (lifting) and the place of education (row).

Labelization or, in other words, cuddles are a sign of participation or non-participatory elongated lips in the process of sound pronunciation. How many vowel sounds in the language would be available (in Russian, like most of their other languages, six), just two of them [o] and [y] are labialized. Others do not have a similar property.

An interesting fact: the greater use in one or another language of closer sounds, the more melodic it sounds. Therefore, one of the most melodic languages \u200b\u200bof the world is French, as there are very often sounds [o] and [y].

The method of formation of vowels

The classification of vowels according to the method of education is also called the classification on the vertical rise of the language. In our tongue, Vocales are divided into:
1) Low rise - sound [a].
2) Average lift - [o] and [e].
3) The upper lift is the highest position of the language characteristic of the pronunciation of sounds [y], [and], [s].

The place of education is vowels

The classification of vowels at the place of education (row) shares the vowel sounds along the horizontal position of the language during the pronouncement of a certain sound.

All vowel sounds at the place of education are divided into:
1) the rear row is the sounds [y], [o], when they are formed, the language is maximally pushed back.
2) Middle row - sounds [a], [s]. With their pronunciation, the language moves back not so far and is in the so-called middle position.
3) Front row - sounds [e], [and]. Arriving them, the language is most advanced forward.

Classify and remember the distinctive properties of vowel sounds are much easier than consonants, as they are much smaller. However, each educated person seeking to write correctly and talk, it is important to accurately represent how many vowel sounds Russian, with the help of what graphic signs they are recorded. These knowledge can come in handy and those who are going abroad and for this begins to study someone else's language. In kindred Slavic languages, the pronunciation of vowels is largely similar to the Russians, since all of them in the distant past have occurred from one Praslava language. In foreign languages \u200b\u200bfrom other language families, the principles of formation of vowels, as well as their classification occurs on the generally accepted rules in linguistics. So even studying English or French, it is important to have an idea of \u200b\u200bhow many vowel sounds in Russian.

Modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The phonetics of the modern Russian number determines 42 sounds. Sounds are vowels and consonants. The letters b (soft sign) and Kommersant (solid sign) do not form sounds.

Vowels

In Russian, 10 vowel letters and 6 vocal sounds.

• Public letters: a, and, e, o, o, y, s, uh, yu, me.
• Public sounds: [a], [o], [y], [e], [and], [s].

To memorize, vowels are often recorded by pairs at similar sound: Ah, O-E, E-e, I-Y, Yu.

Impact and unstressed

The number of syllables in the Word is equal to the number of vowels in the Word: Forest - 1 syllable, water - 2 syllables, the road - 3 syllables, etc. A syllable that is pronounced with greater intonation is shock. The vowel forming such a syllable is the shock, the remaining vowels in the word - unstable. The position under the stress is called a strong position, without emphasis - weak position.

Jotted vowels

A significant place is occupied by yoted vowels - the letters E, E, Yu, I, which mean two sounds: E → [y '] [E], Е → [y'] [o], y → [y '] [y], I → [y '] [a]. The vowels are yothic, if:

1. stand at the beginning of the word (spruce, tree, yula, anchor),
2. stand after the vowel (what, sings, hare, cabin),
3. stand after b or b (creek, stream, stream, stream).

In other cases, the letters E, E, Yu, I mean one sound, but there is no definite compliance, since various positions in the word and various combinations with the consonants of these letters give birth to different sounds.

Consonants

Only 21 consonant letters and 36 consonant sounds. The inconsistency in quantity means that some letters can mean different sounds in different words - soft and hard sounds.

Consonant letters: b, in, g, d, g, s, y, k, l, m, n, p, p, c, t, f, x, c, h, sh, uh.
The consonants: [b], [b '], [in], [in'], [g], [g '], [d], [d'], [g], [z], [s' ], [th '], [k], [k'], [l], [l '], [m], [m'], [n], [n '], [n], [p' ], [p], [p '], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [φ], [f '], [x], [x'], [c] , [h '], [sh], [sh'].

The sign 'means a soft sound, that is, the letter is pronounced softly. The absence of a sign says that the sound is solid. So, [b] is solid, [b '] - soft.

Ringing and deaf consonants

By how we pronounce consistent sounds, there is a difference. Corresponding consonants are formed in combination of voice and noise, deaf consonants - are formed by noise (voice ligaments do not vibrate). Total 20 ring consuming sounds and 16 deaf consonants.

Ring consistent		Deaf consonants
unparallery	paired	paired	unparallery
y → [y "]	b → [b], [b "]	p → [P], [P "]	h → [h "]
l → [l], [l "]	in → [in], [in "]	f → [F], [f "]	shch → [Shch "]
m → [M], [M "]	r → [g], [g "]	k → [K], [K "]	c → [C]
n → [n], [n "]	d → [D], [D "]	t → [T], [t "]	x → [x], [x "]
p → [p], [p "]	f → [F]	sh → [sh]
	z → [s], [s "]	c → [C], [C "]
9 unpaired	11 pairs	11 pairs	5 unpaired
20 ring sounds		16 deaf sounds

By partiality-evaporation, ringing and deaf consonants are divided into:
bd, VF, Mr., Dt, Jr, Z - C - Paired on the deaf bells.
y, l, m, n, r - always ringing (unpaired).
x, C, h, sh - always deaf (unpaired).

Unpaired ringing consonants are called sonorn.

Among the levels of "noise" also allocate groups:
well, sh, h, shitting.
b, in, g, d, z, z, k, p, s, t, f, x, c, h, sh, u - noisy.

Solid and soft consonants

Solid consonants		Soft consonants
unparallery	paired	paired	unparallery
[F]	[b]	[B "]	[h "]
[Ш]	[in]	[in"]	[Shch "]
[C]	[g]	[g "]	[th "]
	[d]	[D "]
	[s]	[s "]
	[to]	[to"]
	[l]	[l]
	[m]	[M "]
	[n]	[n "]
	[P]	[P"]
	[R]	[R"]
	[from]	[from"]
	[t]	[t "]
	[f]	[f "]
	[x]	[x "]
3 unpaired	15 pairs	15 unpaired	3 pairs
18 solid sounds		18 soft sounds

There are a lot of different voices in the world, almost everything, maybe, besides vacuum, you can hear. Humanity has created a system of conditional signals in the process, a combination of which can be perceived by the consciousness of each individual as a kind of image that implies a particular semantic value.

In contact with

So, what are the sounds in Russian? It is meaningless in their essence, the smallest elements of words or who help convey the thought from one person to another. For example, the combination of consonants "D" and "M" and one vowel "O" can create the word "house", which in turn has a very specific meaning. Such "bricks" of the Russian language are vowels and consonants, solid and soft, hissing and ringing.

What is the difference?

Thinking how to distinguish sounds and letters, it is worth knowing that the second is specific characters with which graphically write what we hearFor example, there is a "a", which we can pronounce loudly, mentally, whisper or shout, however, until it is recorded on paper in the right form, it will not become the letter. From this it is clear that it is very easy to distinguish between these two concepts - what is on paper, a written symbol is the letter, what we hear or say is the sound.

Attention! What are the difference between sounds from their written characters? In Russian there are 33 graphic elements, but they consist of 43 voice signals, and vowels - 10, and sounds 6, and on the contrary, consonant 21 and 37, respectively. From this you can make a simple conclusion - not all letters and sounds coincide with each other and hear how they are written.

What are vowels?

So called such elements of the language that can be disappeared. What differ from their opposites - consonants? They are consist only from voiceThe air during their pronunciation is easily drawn into the lungs and passes through the mouth. What are vowels? This is recorded on paper graphic characters or their combination.

table of correspondence

Voice	Graphic
but	but
about	about
w.	w.
and	and
s	s
e.	e.
y'a	i
y'u	yu
y'E	e.
y'o	e.

What letters give two sounds? Some are formed by two elements - consonant (s) and corresponding sounding vowels. These are the yotatated elements of the alphabet that are needed to perform the following functions:

1. If you need to put the vowels after vowels, for example, the word "mine".
2. After the separation sign - "Hug".
3. In cases where the vowel should stand at the beginning of the phonetic word - "pit."
4. If you need to soften standing ahead of the consonant - "Möl".
5. If you need to reproduce a foreign word.

If such a yotatated symbol is standing after the unpaired hardness or softness, then it denotes the usual, for example, Schölk is read as Scholk.

Jotted vowels

What are the consonants?

The consonants are the smallest linguistic units that cannot be disappeared by their pronunciation. air, exhaled from the lungs, stumps on the obstacle, for example, in language. They are divided into pairs, hissing, as well as solid and soft. We will deal with everyone in order.

Ringing, deaf and hissing

What are the consonants? The table will help see visually:

The apostrophe is referred to softened elements. This applies to all listed pairs, except for "F", as it cannot be soft. In addition, there are consonants that were not defined in the pair. It:

In addition to the listed deaf and bell, there are also hissing. These include "w", "sh", "u" and "h". They necessarily belong to the deaf, with their pronunciation language in different ways is pressed against the nurse. For rumors, they are a little similar to the hiss of the snake, if you stretch them a little.

Consonants

Solid and soft

Soft differ from a solid method of pronunciation. When a person speaks them, he presses the tongue to the sky, why they are not so rude. As in the previous case, they are divided into pairs for some exceptions. Almost all elements of the Russian alphabet can be solid and soft. How many of them do not have such a pair?

Soft

h '

j '

sh

Solid

j.

sh

c.

It turns out that the pairs do not constitute all hissing, "sh" and th present, including among several vowels. All others can soften under certain conditions.

Such a difference between the number of consonants in Russian is justified by the latest flexibility division. The fact is that such a relaxed form is not reflected graphically on the letter - we will learn about the softness about the softening vowels behind it. This increases the number of sounding units almost twice compared to letters.

Solid and soft consonant sounds

What do vowels differ from consonants?

Division into two types of sounds occurs depending on Their techniques of pronunciation. Single and "light" vowels, unlike consonants, easy to pronounce, pull, sing. If you listen to any melodious song you can hear that they stretch like shelled.

The consonants, in turn, mean any obstacle, that is, the flow of air comes out of the mouth is not easy and smoothly, but stuck in the tongue, lips, teeth, and so on. Such elements are difficult to pull, they seem to have a sharp ending, and regardless of whether they are ringing or deaf, solid or soft.

Interesting! With graphic symbols, everything happens just, because despite the fact that they are written on paper, belonging to one or another group is determined by sounding.

"Special" elements of the Russian language

In the Russian alphabet there are two symbols under which no hearing signals mean. This is a solid sign "Kommersant" and a soft sign "B". They need:

1. In order to share. The presence of one of these signs in the word reports that the vowel comes followed by the vowel.
2. A proprietary soft sign can inform the reader that the preceding consonant soft, or perform a grammatical function, for example, to specify the word of the word - "oven".

Lessons of Russian sounds and letters

Vowels and consonant sounds. Designation of their letters

Output

Knowing the correct interaction of these basic elements helps to correctly write many Russian words. Sound and writing gives the key to the melody of speech and writing, its beauty and provokuly.

In this chapter:

§one. Sound

Sound - The minimum unit of sounding speech. Each word has a sound shell consisting of sounds. Sound correlates with the meaning of the word. Different words and forms of the word sound decoration is different. The sounds themselves do not matter, but they perform an important role: they help us distinguish:

• words: [House] - [Tom], [Tom] - [there], [M'el] - [M'el ']
• forms of the Word: [House] - [Lady'] - [Do' Ma].

Note:

words recorded in square brackets are given in transcription.

§2. Transcription

Transcription - This is a special recording system displaying sound. Symbols adopted in transcription:

Square brackets that are the designation of transcription.

['] - Emphasis. The emphasis is placed if the word consists more than one syllable.

[B '] - The icon next to the consonants denotes its softness.

[J] and [th] - different designations of the same sound. Since this sound is soft, you often use these characters with an additional designation of softness:, [th ']. This site adopted the designation [th '], more familiar to most guys. The softness icon will be used to get used to the fact that this sound is soft.

There are other characters. They will be entered gradually, as they are familiar with the theme.

§3. Vowels and consonant sounds

Sounds are divided into vowels and consonants.
They have different nature. They are pronounced differently and perceived, and also behave in different ways and play unequal roles in it.

Vowels- These are the sounds, when the pronunciation of the air freely passes through the oral cavity, without meeting the obstacles on its path. Pronoming (articulation) is not focused in one place: the quality of vowels is determined by the form of the oral cavity, which acts as a resonator. In the articulation of vowels, voice bundles work in the larynx. They are brought together, tense and vibrate. Therefore, when pronouncing the vowels, we heard a voice. Vowels can pull. They can be shouting. And if you make a hand to the throat, then the work of voice ligaments during the pronunciation of vowels can be smelted, feel your hand. The vowels are the basis of the syllable, they organize it. In the word so many syllables as vowels. For example: is he - 1 syllable, she is - 2 syllables, guys- 3 syllables, etc. There are words that consist of one vowel sound. For example, unions: and, A. and interjections: Oh!, A!, U-U-y! other.

In the word vowels can be in shock and unstressed syllables.
Shock syllable The one in which the vowel is pronounced clearly and acts in its main form.
IN unstressed syllables Vowes are modified, pronounced differently. Changing vowels in unstressed syllables is called reduction.

Impact vowels in Russian Six: [a], [o], [y], [s], [and], [e].

Remember:

Possible words that can consist only from vowels, but consonants are also necessary.
In Russian consonants, much more than vowels.

§four. The method of education of consonants

Consonants- These are sounds, when they say which the air meets the obstacle on his way. In Russian, two types of obstacles: the gap and the bow are two basic ways to form consonants. The view of the barrier determines the nature of the consonant sound.

Gap For example, when pronouncing sounds: [s], [s], [sh], [g]. The tip of the language is only approaching the lower or upper teeth. Slitual consonants can be dragged: [S-C-C-C], [sh-sh-sh-sh] . As a result, you will hear the noise well: when pronouncing [C] - whistling, and when pronouncing [Ш] - hissing.

Bowthe second type of articulation of consonants is formed during the closure of the speech bodies. Air flow sharply overcomes this obstacle, sounds are obtained by brief, energetic. Therefore, they are called explosive. They will not pull them. Such, for example, sounds [p], [b], [t], [d] . This articulation is easier to feel, sense.

So, when pronouncing consonants, noise is heard. The presence of noise is a distinctive sign of consonants.

§five. Ringing and deaf consonants

According to the ratio of noise and voices, consonants are divided into write and deaf.
When pronouncing calls consonants are heard and voice and noise, and deaf- Only noise.
The deaf can not be pronounced loud. They cannot be squeezed.

Compare words: house and cat. In each word on the 1st vowel sound and 2 consonants. The vowels are the same, and the consonants are different: [d] and [m] - ringing, and [to] and [t] - deaf. Clearance-deafness is the most important sign of consonant in Russian.

couples on the bells-deafness: [B] - [P], [s] - [c] and others. Such couples 11.

Couples by deaf-belling: [p] and [b], [p "] and [b"], [f] and [in], [f "] and [in"], [k] and [g], [to "] and [g"], [t] and [d], [t "] and [d], [Ш] and [Ж], [С] and [З], [С"] and [ s "].

But there are sounds that have no pair on the sign of the bells - deafness. For example, at the sounds [p], [l], [n], [m], [y '] there is no deaf pair, and [C] and [h'] call.

Unparallery

Unpaid unpaired: [p], [l], [n], [m], [y "], [p"], [l "], [n"], [m "] . They are also called sonornos.

What does this term mean? This is a group of consonants (only 9), having pronunciation features: when they are pronounced in the oral cavity, obstacles also arise, but such that the air jet, passing through the barrier forms only insignificant noise; Air freely passes through the nasal or mouth in the cavity or mouth. Sonorny pronounced voices with the addition of minor noise.Many teachers do not use this term, but the fact that these sounds are ringing unpaired, should know everything.

Sonorny has two important features:

1) they do not stun as paired ringing consonants, before the deaf and at the end of the word;

2) Before them does not come off the sponsoring of paired deaf consonants (i.e., the position in front of them is strong by deaf-belling, as before vowels). For more information about the positional changes, see.

Deaf unpaired: [C], [h "], [sh":], [x], [x "].

How is it easier to remember the lists of ringing and deaf consonants?

Remember lists of ringing and deaf consonants will help phrases:

Oh, we did not forget each other! (Here only ring consonants)

Fock, do you want to eat a gum? (Here only deaf consonants)

True, these phrases do not include hardness pairs. But usually people can easily figure out that not only solid [s] ring, but also soft [s "], too, not only [b], but also [b"] and so on.

§6. Solid and soft consonants

The consonants differ not only by deaf-belling, but also on hardness-softness.
Hardness-softness - The second most important sign of consonants in Russian.

Soft consonants differ from solid Special position language. When dealing with solid, the whole body of the tongue is drawn back, and when they pronounce soft, shifted forward, and the middle part of the tongue is raised. Compare: [M] - [M '], [s] - [s']. Soft swollen sounds higher than solid.

Many Russian consonants form softness Couples: [b] - [b '], [in] - [in'] and others. Such couples 15.

Couples on hardness-softness: [b] and [b "], [m] and [m], [p] and [p"], [in] and [in "], [f] and [f"] , [s] and [s "], [s] and [c"], [d] and [d], [t] and [t "], [n] and [n"], [l] and [l "], [p] and [p"], [k] and [to "], [g] and [g"], [x] and [x "].

But there are sounds that have no pair on the sign of hardness-softness. For example, at the sounds [F], [sh], [C] there is no soft pair, and [y '] and [ch'] - solid.

Unparalleled softness

Hard notparable: [F], [Ш], [C] .

Soft unpaired: [th "], [h"], [sh ":].

§7. Designation of the softness of consonants on the letter

We distrace from pure phonetics. Consider a practically important question: How is the softness of consonant in the letter mean?

In Russian, 36 consonant sounds, among which are 15 pairs of hardness-softness, 3 unpaired solid and 3 unpaired soft consonants. Consonant letters only 21. How can 21 letters denote 36 sounds?

For this purpose, different ways are used:

• yoted letters e, E, Yu, I After consonants, except sh, J. and c,unpaired softness, testify that these consonants are soft, for example: aunt - [T'O' T'a], dya' Dia - [Yes Yes] ;
• letter and After consonants, except sh, J. and c.. Consults denoted by letters sh, J. and c, Unpaired hard. Examples of words with a vowel letter and: nibble- [N'I'i Tk'i], sheet - [L'ist], nice- [nice'] ;
• letter b, After consonants, except sh, f, After which the soft sign is an indicator of grammatical form. Sample words with a soft sign : pro'ev - [Pros'bb], Mel. - [M'el '], distance - [gave '].

Thus, the softness of consonants on the letter transmitted not by special letters, but by combinations of consonant letters with letters and, e, ё, Yu, I and b Therefore, when analyzing, I advise you to pay special attention to the adjacent letters standing after consonants.

Discussing the problem of interpretation

In school textbooks it is said that [sh] and [sh '] - unparalleled hardness-softness. How so? After all, we hear that the sound [sh '] is a soft analogue of the sound [sh].
When I studied at school myself, I could not understand why? Then my son studied at school. He had the same question. It appears in all the guys who relate to learning thoughtfully.

Beeeping arises because school textbooks do not take into account that the sound [sh '] is also long, and the hardest [sh] is not. Couples are sounds that differ only in one sign. A [sh] and [w '] - two. Therefore, [sh] and [sh '] are not pairs.

For adults and high school students.

In order to accomplish the correctness, the school tradition of transcribing sound [sh '] change. It seems that the guys are easier to use another additional sign than to deal with illogical, unclear and misleading the statement. Everything is simple. For generation by generation does not break the head, you need to finally show that the soft hissing sound is long.

For this, there are two icons in linguistic practice:

1) Fast features over the sound;
2) colon.

The use of an edema is inconvenient because it is not provided for by a set of characters that can be used with a computer set. So, the following possibilities remain: Using a colon [sh ':] either grafts denoting the letter [Sh "] . It seems to me that the first option is preferable. First, the guys at first often mix the sounds and letters. Using the letters in transcription will create a base for such a mixing, provoke an error. Secondly, the guys now early begin to learn foreign languages. And the [:] icon when using it to designate the longitude of sound is already familiar. Thirdly, transcription with the designation of longitude with a colon [:] will perfectly transmit sound features. [W ':] - Soft and long, both signs that make up its difference from the sound [sh], are clearly presented, simply and definitely.

What to advise the guys who learn now on generally accepted textbooks? It is necessary to understand, comprehend, and then remember that in fact the sounds [sh] and [sh ':] a pair of hardness-softness do not form. And I advise you to transcribe them as your teacher requires.

§eight. Place of education of consonants

The consonants differ not only by the signs already known to you:

• deaf-belling,
• hardness-softness
• method of education: Bow-gap.

The last, fourth sign is important: place of education.
The articulation of some sounds is carried out by lips, others - the language, its different parts. So, the sounds [p], [p '], [b], [b'], [m], [m '] - lip-lip, [in], [in'], [f], [f ' ] - Long-dental, all others are pagan: front-band [t], [t '], [d], [d'], [n], [n '], [s], [s'], [s ], [s'], [sh], [z], [sh ':], [ch'], [Ц], [l], [l '], [p], [p'] , medium-language [th '] and posteripal [k], [k'], [g], [g '], [x], [x'].

§nine. Positional changes

1. Strong-weak positions for vowels. Positional changes in vowels. Reduction

People do not use pronounced sounds isolated. They do not need it.
Speech is a sound stream, but the stream, in a definitely organized. The conditions in which one or another sound is important. The beginning of the word, the end of the word, the shock syllable, the unstressed syllable, the position before the vowel, the position before consonant is all different positions. We will understand how to distinguish strengths and weak positions first for vowels, and then for consonants.

Strong position The one in which the sounds are not subjected to positionally due to changes and are in their main form. A strong position is isolated for groups of sounds, for example: for vowels it is a position in the shock syllable. And for consonants, for example, strong is the position before vowels.

For vowels, a strong position under the stress, and weak - without emphasis.
In unstressed syllables, vowels are subject to change: they are shorter and not pronounced also clearly as under stress. Such a change in vowels in a weak position is called reduction. Due to the reduction in a weak position, fewer vowels differ than in strong.

The sounds corresponding to the shock [o] and [a], after solid consonant in a weak, unstressed position sound the same. Regulatory in Russian recognized "Akane", i.e. Non-existence ABOUT and BUT In an unstressed position after solid consonants.

• under the stress: [house] - [ladies] - [o] ≠ [A].
• without emphasis: [d butma'] -Doma' - [d butla'] -Dala' - [a] \u003d [a].

The sounds corresponding to the shock [a] and [e], after soft consonants in a weak, unstressed position sound the same. The regulatory pronunciation is oscale, i.e. Non-existence E. and BUT In an unstressed position after soft consonants.

• under the stress: [M'Ech '] - [M'Ach'] - [e] ≠ [a].
• without emphasis: [M'ich'o'm] - sword'm -[M'ich'o'm] - Ball'm - [and] \u003d [and].
• But what about the vowels [and], [s], [y]? Why didn't they say anything about them? The fact is that these vowels in a weak position are only quantified reduction: they are pronounced more briefly, weakly, but their quality does not change. That is, as for all vowels, an unstressed position for them is a weak position, but for a schoolboy, these vowels do not represent problems in an unstressed position.

[Ly'ys], [in _Lu' Zhu], [N'I' T'i] - and in a strong, and in weak positions, the quality of vowels does not change. And under the emphasis, and in an unstressed position we are clearly heard: [s], [y], [and] and write letters that these sounds are considered to be denoted.

Discussing the problem of interpretation

What vowel sounds are actually pronounced in unstressed syllables after hard consonants?

Performing phonetic analysis and making the transcription of words, many guys express bewilderment. In long multi-key words, after hard consonants, no sound is pronounced [a], as school textbooks say, but something else.

They are right.

Compare Word pronunciation: Moscow - Muscovites. Repeat every word several times and listen, what a vowel sounds in the first syllable. With word Moscow Everything is simple. We pronounce: [Maskva'] - the sound is clearly heard [a]. A Word muscovites? In accordance with the literary norm, in all syllables, except for the first syllable before the emphasis, as well as the positions of the beginning and the end of the word, we say not [A], and the other sound: less distinct, less clear, more similar to [s] than [ a]. In a scientific tradition, this sound is denoted by the [K] icon. So, we really say: [Malako'] - milk'[Khrabasho'] - OK ,[Kulbas'] - sausage'.

I understand that, giving this material in the textbooks, the authors tried to simplify it. Simplified. But many guys with good hearing, hearing clear that the sounds in the following examples are different, no way can understand why the teacher and the textbook insist that these sounds are the same. Actually:

[in butyes ] - Water' -[in kommersantd'Iina '] - Watering'y:[a] ≠ [ъ]
[Dr. butva'] - Firewood[Dr. kommersantvino'y'y '] - Warning:[a] ≠ [ъ]

The special subsystem is the realization of vowels in unstressed syllables after hissing. But in the school year, this material in most textbooks is not presented at all.

What vowes are actually pronounced in unstressed syllables after soft consonants?

I have the greatest sympathy to the guys who learn to textbooks offering in place BUT,E., ABOUT After soft consonants to hear and transmit the sound "and, prone to e" into transcription. I consider it fundamentally wrong to give schoolchildren as the only version of the outdated norm of pronunciation - "Ecane", which occurred today is much less likely to "Ikanya", mainly in deep older people. Guys, boldly write in an unstressed position in the first syllable before stressing on the spot BUT and E. - [and].

After soft consonants in other unstressed syllables, in addition to the end position position, we pronounce a short weak sound, resembling [and] and denoted as [b]. Say words eight, nineand listen ourselves. We pronounce: [Wa' S'g] - [b], [d'Е'ort '] - [b].

Do not confuse:

Transcriptional signs are one, and letters are completely different.
Transcription sign [Kommersant] denotes vowel after solid consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the first syllable before emphasising.
Letter Kommersant is a solid sign.
Transcription sign [b] denotes vowel after soft consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the first syllable before emphasising.
Letter b is a soft sign.
Transcription signs, unlike letters, are given in straight square brackets.

End of the Word - Special position. It has clarification of vowels after soft consonants. The unstressed ending system is a special phonetic subsystem. In Ne. E. and BUT differ:

ZDA[Zda' N'iy'e] - building[Zda' N'iy'a], I am[Mn''E'i'i'e] - Me'ya[MN''' N'ii'a], MO' RE[MO' R'E] - seas[MO' P'A], wa.[V'L'A] - on Wait[N_VOO' L'E]. Remember this when you make a phonetic word analysis.

Check:

As requires denoting vowels in an unstressed position your teacher. If it uses a simplified transcription system, nothing terrible: it is widely accepted. Just do not be surprised that you really hear different sounds in an unstressed position.

2. Strong-weak positions for consonants. Positional changes in consonants

For all, without exception, the consonant strong position is position before Glasna. Before vowels, consonants advocate in their main form. Therefore, making a phonetic analysis, do not be afraid to make a mistake, describing the consonant, standing in a strong position: [Dacha'a] - country house, [T'L'Iv'i'i'y'y'y] - television,[C'ino' N'ima] - Sino' Nima,[B'ir'O' PS] - Berezov,[KarZ "And' us] - Bases. All consonants in these examples before vowels, i.e. In a strong position.

Strong positions by deafness bells:

• before vowels: [there] - there,[ladies] - Dame,
• before the unpaired ringing [p], [p '], [l], [l'], [n], [n '], [m], [m'], [y ']: [DL'A] - for[TL'A] - TLL,
• Before [in], [in ']: [Your'] - His [ringing] - Rough.

Remember:

In a strong position, ringing and deaf consonants do not change their quality.

Weak positions by deaf-belling:

• before paired by deaf-belling: [Slav'i Tk'y] - Slaughter[memory pk'i] - Zu' BKK..
• before the deaf unpaired: [Aprah-T] - Girth, [Fhot] - Login.
• at the end of the word: [ZUP] - tooth[DUK] - Oak.
  

Positional changes in consonants by deafness-belling

In weak positions, consonants are modified: there are positional changes with them. Ringing become deaf, i.e. Stunning, and deaf - ringing, i.e. Sound. Positional changes are observed only in pairwise consonants.

Stunning-sponge

Stunning beams happens in positions:

• before paired deaf: [Fsta'it '] - inhundred' vite,
• at the end of the word: [click] - treasure.

Spiley sponge occurs in position:

• before paired bellows: [Kaz'b'] - Co. fromthink

Cylinders on hardness sofildness:

• before vowels: [Mat '] - Mother[M'At '] - Move,
• at the end of the word: [won] - Won,[won '] - Sten,
• in front of lifting: [b], [b '], [p], [p'], [m], [m '] and posteripal: [k], [k'], [g], [g ' ], [x [, [x '] for sounds [s], [s'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [d], [d '], [n ], [n '], [p], [p']: [sa'e n'k'i] - Sa' Nyki. (Rod. Pad.), [C'Anq'i] - Sa' Nki,[Bo' Lka] - Bo' Lka,[BU L'KT '] - Clap,
• all positions for sounds [l] and [l ']: [forehead] - forehead,[Pal'b] - Palf.

Remember:

In a strong position, solid and soft consonants do not change their quality.

Weak positions on hardness-softness and positional changes in hardness-softness.

• before soft [t '], [d'] for consonants [c], [s], which are necessarily softened:, [s'd'es'],
• before [h '] and [sh':] for [n], which is necessarily softened: [at' n'ch'ch'ik] - at' Nichchik,[Ka' M'In's': IR] - ka'man.

Remember:

In some positions today are possible both soft and solid pronunciation:

• before soft front-band [n '], [l'] for advanced consonants [C], [s]: snow -[S'N'EK] and, angry -[Z'l'it '] and [Zl'it']
• before soft front-band, [s'] for advanced [T], [d] - raise -[Pad'n'A' T '] and [Padn'a' t'] , beyond -[AT'N'A' T '] and [Atn'A' T']
• before soft front-band [T "], [d], [s"], [z "] for front-band [n]: v'Nikt -[V'I' N "T" IC] and [B'i''i'ik], NSI - [P'E' N'S'i'y] and [P'E' Ns'i'i]
• before soft lump [in '], [f'], [b '], [p'], [m '] for lips: writing " [f "P" Isa' T '] and [FP "IS' AT'], R'Fme.(dates. Pad.) - [Р'I' Ф "M" E] and [Р'i''i fm "e]

Remember:

In all cases, there is a positional mitigation of consonants in a weak position.
Write a soft sign with a positional mitigation of consonants erroneous.

Positional changes in consonant on the signs of the method and place of education

Naturally, in school tradition, it is not taken to state the characteristics of sounds and the positions that occur with them with all the details. But the general patterns of phonetics must be assimilated. Without it, it is difficult to make phonetic analysis and perform test tasks. Therefore, the following is a list of positionally-conditioned changes in consonants on the signs of the method and place of education. This material is tangible help for those who want to avoid mistakes in phonetic analysis.

Associate agree

Logic is this: for the Russian language, the likelihood of sounds is characteristic, if they are similar and in this case are nearby.

Learn list:

[C] and [W] → [W:] - Sew

[z] and [F] → [w:] - squeeze

[s] and [ch '] - in the root of words → [Sh ':] - Happiness, account
- at the junction of morpheme and words → [Sh ': Ch'] - comb, dishonest with what (the preposition followed by the word pronounced ply of as one word)

[C] and [sh ':] → [sh':] - split

[t] and [c] - in the verb forms → [C:] - Smiles
-An the junction of the console and root → [CA] - dumbfound

[T] and [C] → [C:] - Flip

[T] and [h '] → [h':] - Report

[T] and [T] and [W ':] ← [c] and [h'] - Countdown

[d] and [sh ':] ← [c] and [h'] - counting

Frame management

Framework is the process of positional change opposite to the likelihood.

[g] and [K '] → [x'K'] - easy

Simplification of group agreements

Learn list:

vFA - [ST]: Hello, feel
zdn - [zn]: late
healthy - [SC] : Under the Woodhouse
lNT - [NTS]: the sun
nDC. - [NC]: Dutch
vDSH - [NSh:] landscape
nTG - [NG]: x-ray
rDD. - [RC]: a heart
rDch. - [RF ']: serchchko
stl - [Sl ']: happy
sTN - [CH]: local

Pronunciation of sound groups:

In the forms of adjectives, pronoun, the communities are found alphabetic combinations: Wow, it. INa place g.they are pronounced [in]: his, beautiful, blue.
Avoid contracted reading. Pronunciation of words his, blue, beautiful right.

§10. Letters and sounds

Letters and sounds have a different purpose and different nature. But these are correlated systems. Therefore, the types of ratio need to know.

Types of ratio of letters and sounds:

1. The letter denotes the sound, for example, vowels after hard consonants and consonants before vowels: weather.
2. The letter does not have its own sound, for example b and kommersant: mouse
3. The letter denotes two sounds, for example, yoted vowels e, E, Yu, Iin positions:
   • the beginning of the word
   • after vowels,
   • after dividing b and kommersant.
4. The letter may designate the sound and quality of the preceding sound, for example, yoted vowels and and After soft consonants.
5. The letter may indicate the quality of the prior sound, for example bin words shadow, stump, pallet.
6. Two letters can designate one sound, more often: sew, squeeze
7. Three letters correspond to one sound: smile - draw -[C:]

Sample forces

Check how you understood the content of this chapter.

Total test

1. What does the quality of the vowel sound depend on?

   • From the shape of the oral cavity at the time of the pronouncement of sound
   • From obstacles formed by speech bodies at the moment of pronouncing sound

2. What is called reduction?

   • correction of vowels under the stress
   • pronouncement of vowels in an unstound position
   • special pronouncement of consonants

3. What sounds the air jet meets the obstacle on his way: a bow or gap?

   • In vowels
   • In agrees

4. Is it possible to pronounce the deaf consonants?

5. Do they participate in the pronouncement of deaf consonants voice ligaments?

6. How many pairs form consonants by deaf-belling?

7. How many consonants do not have a pair of deaf-belling?

8. How many pairs form Russian consonants on hardness-softness?

9. How many consonants does not have a pair of hardness-softness?

10. How is the softness of consonant in the letter translated?

    • Special icons
    • Combinations of letters

11. What is the name of the sound position in the speech stream, in which it performs in its main form, without being subjected to positional changes?

    • Strong position
    • Weak position

12. What sounds are the strong and weak positions?

    • In vowels
    • In agrees
    • All: and vowels and consonants

Right answers:

1. From the shape of the oral cavity at the time of the pronouncement of sound
2. pronouncement of vowels in an unstound position
3. In agrees
4. Combinations of letters
5. Strong position
6. All: and vowels and consonants

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