The map of the Kuril Islands with the names is controversial. Russian-Japanese disagreements around the Kuril Islands

The Kuril Range Operation The Operation of the Red Army on Kurilich entered the history of operational art. She was studied in the many armies of the world, but almost all experts came to the conclusion - there were no prerequisites for the emergence of the Soviet landing. Success provided courage and heroism of the Soviet soldier. American failure on the Kuril Islands

On April 1, 1945, American troops, with the support of the British fleet, landed the landing on the Japanese island of Okinawa. The US command was calculated by one lightning strike to seize a bridgehead for landing for troops on the main islands of the Empire. But the operation lasted almost three months, and the losses among American soldiers were unexpectedly high - up to 40% of personnel. The spent resources were incommensurable with the result and forced the US government to think about the Japanese problem. The war could last years, and cost the lives of millions of American and British soldiers. The Japanese were convinced that they could resist long and even put forward the conditions for the conclusion of the world.

The Americans and the British were waiting for the Soviet Union, who was still at the Allied Conference in Yalta commitments to discover military actions against Japan.
The Western Allies of the USSR had no doubt that the Red Army in Japan expects the same long and bloody battles, as in the West. But the commander-in-chief of the troops in the Far East, the Marshal of the Soviet Union Alexander Vasilevsky did not share their opinions. On August 9, 1945, the troops of the Red Army moved to the offensive in Manchuria and in just a few days they delivered an enemy a crushing defeat.

On August 15, the Emperor Japan Hirokhito was forced to declare the surrender. On the same day, the American president of Harry Truman compiled a detailed payment plan for the Japanese troops, and sent it to harmonize the Allies - the USSR and the UK. Stalin immediately drew attention to an important detail: nothing was said in the text that the Japanese garrisons in the Kuril Islands should capitulate to Soviet troops, although quite recently the American government was in order to make this archipelago to go to the USSR. Taking into account the fact that the remaining items were spelled out in detail, it became clear that this is not a random error - the US tried to put the post-war status smoked in question.

Stalin demanded that the President of the United States amend the amendment, and pointed the attention that the Red Army intends to take not only all the Kuril Islands, but also part of the Japanese Hokkaido Island. It was impossible to hope only for the goodwill of Truman, the troops of the Kamchatka defensive region and the Petropavlovsk naval base was given an order to land on the Kuril Islands of the landing.

Why countries fought for the Kuril Islands

From Kamchatka in good weather it was possible to see the island of Schosha, which was just 12 kilometers from the Kamchatka Peninsula. This is the extreme island of the Kuril archipelago - the ridge out of 59 islands, 1200 kilometers long. On the maps, they were designated as the territory of the Japanese Empire.

The development of the Kuril Islands Russian Cossacks began in 1711. Then the belonging of this territory to Russia did not cause doubts from the international community. But in 1875, Alexander II decided to strengthen the world in the Far East and handed over the Kuriles of Japan in return for her refusal of complaints about Sakhalin. These peace-loving efforts of the emperor turned out to be in vain. After 30 years, the Russian-Japanese war began, and the agreement has lost its strength. Then Russia lost and was forced to recognize the conquest of the enemy. For Japan, not only Kuriles remained, but she also received the southern part of Sakhalin.

The Kuril Islands are unsuitable for economic activities, so many centuries they were considered practically uninhabited. The inhabitants were only a few thousand, mainly representatives of Ainov. Fishing, hunting, natural economy - that's all the sources of existence.

In the 1930s, stormy construction was launched on the archipelago, mainly military - airfields and sea bases. The Japanese empire was preparing for the struggle for domination in the Pacific Ocean. The Kuril Islands had to become a bridgehead, both to capture the Soviet Kamchatka and to attack the American naval bases (Aleutian Islands). In November 1941, these plans began to be implemented. It was the shelling of the American Naval Base Pearl Harbor. After 4 years, the Japanese managed to equip a powerful defense system on the archipelago. All available places for landing on the island covered firepoints, underground there was a developed infrastructure.
Beginning of the Kuril Territory
At the Yalta Conference of 1945, the Allies decided to take Korea for joint custody, and recognized the law of the USSR into the Kuril Islands. The United States even offered assistance in mastering the archipelago. Within the framework of the secret project "Hula", the Pacific Fleet received American landing vessels.
On April 12, 1945, Roosevelt died, and the attitude towards the Soviet Union changed, since the new President Harry Truman belonged to the USSR wary. The new American government did not deny potential hostilities in the Far East, and the Kuril Islands would become a convenient bridgehead for military bases. Truman sought to prevent the transfer of the USSR archipelago.

Due to the tense international situation, Alexander Vasilevsky (Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Troops in the Far East) received an order: "Using a favorable situation, which established at the occurrence of Manchuria and on Sakhalin, to take the northern group of the Kuril Islands. Vasilevsky did not know what the decision was made due to the deterioration of relations between the United States and the USSR. It was prescribed for a day to form a marine battalion. The battalion was headed by Timofey Pickling. The time to prepare the operation was a bit - just a day, the key to success is the close interaction of the forces of the army and the fleet. Marshal Vasilevsky decided to appoint the commander of the operation of General Major Alexey Gnchko. According to the memories of Gnechko: "I was given complete freedom of initiative. And this is quite understandable: the command of the front and the fleet was per thousand kilometers, and it was impossible to count on immediate coordination and approval of each order and order. "

Fleet artillery Timofey Pickling The first combat experience was still in Finnish war. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Leningrad defended Leningrad, participated in the battles for Narva. He dreamed of returning Leningrad. But fate and command ordered otherwise. The officer was appointed to Kamchatka, at the headquarters of the Coastal Defense of the Petropavlovsk Naval Base.
The most difficult was the first stage of the operation - mastering the island of Schumay. He was considered the Northern Gate of the Kuril Archipelago, and Japan paid special attention to strengthening Schisha. 58 dollars and dumps could shoot every meter of the coast. In total, there were 100 artillery plants, 30 machine guns, 80 tanks and 8, 5 thousand soldiers. Another 15 thousand were at the neighboring island of Paramushir, and they could be transferred to Schisha for a few hours.

The Kamchatka defensive area had only one small division as part. The divisions were dispersed all over the peninsula. All in one day, August 16, they needed to deliver to the port. In addition, it was impossible to send the whole division through the first Kuril Strait - there was not enough courts. Soviet troops and sailors had to be performed in extremely difficult conditions. First, fall at a well-fortified island, and then fight with superior opponent without military equipment. All hope was a "suddenness factor."

The first stage of the operation

The Soviet landing was decided to land between Cuntai and Kotomari seasons, and then hitting the center of the Isle Defense Center, the naval database of Catoy. To mislead the enemy and dispersed the power, they planned a distracting strike in the Bay of Nanagawa. Denu before the operation began the shelling of the island. The fire could not harm much harm, but General Gnechko put other goals - to force the Japanese to lead their troops from the coastal territory, where landing for the landing troops was planned. Part of the paratroopers under the leadership of the postwill became the core of the squad. By night, loading on the ships was completed. On the morning of August 17, the ships came out of the Avachinsk bay.

Commanders were given an indication - to comply with the mode of infusion and lighting. Weather conditions were complex - fog, because of this, the ships arrived at the place only at 4 o'clock in the morning, although planned at 11 pm. Because of the fog, some ships could not come close to the island, and the remaining meters of the marines were floated, with weapons and equipment.
The advanced detachment reached the island in full, and first did not meet any resistance. Yesterday, the Japanese leadership of the troops deep into the island to protect against the artist. Using the sudden factor, Major Pickling decided to capture the batteries of the enemy at Catamari Cape. He led this attack personally.

The second stage of the operation

The locality was common, so it was imperceptible to approach it. The Japanese opened fire, promotion stopped. It remained to wait for the rest of the paratroopers. With great difficulty and under the fire of the Japanese, the bulk of the battalion was delivered to the shatus, and the offensive began. Japanese troops by this time recovered from panic. Major Pickling ordered to stop the frontal attacks, and in a combat atmosphere formed assault groups.

After a few hours of combat destroyed almost all the dots and Jott Japanese. The outcome of the battle was solved by the personal courage of Major Major. He stood in full growth and led soldiers. Almost immediately got wound, but did not pay attention to it. The Japanese began a retreat. But almost immediately tightened the troops again, and began a counterattack. The Fusaki General ordered at any cost to repeal the dominant heights, then Keep the forces of the landing on the part and discard them to the sea. Under the cover of artillery, 60 tanks went into battle. Ship strikes came to the rescue, and the destruction of tanks began. Those machines that could break through were destroyed by the forces of marine infantrymen. But the ammunition has already shifted, and then horses came to the help of Soviet paratroopers. They were allowed to shore them, loading the ammunition. Despite the strong shelling, most horses survived and delivered ammunition.

From Paramushir Island, the Japanese greeted forces in 15 thousand people. The weather improved, and Soviet aircraft were able to fly to a combat task. Pilots attacked the berths and poults on which the Japanese was unloaded. While the advanced detachment reflected the Japanese counteroffensions, the main forces went to the flank attack. By August 18, the island defense system was completely broken. Fracture has come in battle. When Soviet ships entered the second Kuril Strait, the Japanese unexpectedly opened crossfire. Then the Japanese Kamikaze went to the assault. The pilot threw his car straight on the ship, leading a continuous fire. But the Soviet anti-aircraft people threw a Japanese feat.

Having learned about this, Gnechko again ordered to go to the attack - the Japanese hung white flags. General Fusaki said that he did not give the order to fill the ships and offered to return to the discussion of the act on disarmament. Fusaki Yulil, but the general agreed to personally sign an act of disarmament. He avoided even to utter the word "capitulation", because for him, like a samurai, it was humiliating.

The garrisons of Urup, Shikotan, Kunashir and Paramushira capitulated, without resistance. For the whole world, it became a surprise that the Soviet troops took the Kuriles in just one month. Truman turned to Stalin with a request to place American military bases, but received a refusal. Stalin understood that the United States would try to consolidate if they receive the territory. And it turned out to be right: the United States immediately after the war Truman put every effort to include Japan in his sphere of influence. On September 8, 1951, a peace treaty was signed in San Francisco between Japan and the countries of the Anti-Hitler Coalition. The Japanese refused all the conquered territories, including Korea. According to the text of the agreement, the UN archipelago was transferred by the UN, in fact, the Americans set their own protectorate. Japan also refused the Kuril Islands, but the text of the contract did not say that the Curiles are transferred to the USSR. Andrei Gromyko, Deputy Foreign Minister (at that time), refused to put his signature under a document with such a wording. Americans refused to make edits into a peace treaty. It turned out to be legal incident: De Yura stopped belonging to Japan, but their status was never fixed.
In 1946, the northern islands of the Kuril archipelago were included in the South Sakhalin region. And it was indisputable.

Sushi question.
Why Russia will never give Japan south chickens

And for Japan, and for Russia, the Kuril Question has become a matter of principle over the past decades. And Russian, and Japanese politicians the slightest concessions are threatened if they do not collapse career, then seriously electoral losses.

Statement Japan Prime Minister Shinzo Abe The intention to resolve the territorial dispute over the Kuril Islands and sign up with Russia a peace treaty again attracted the attention of the general public to the so-called "problem of southern smoked" or "northern territories".

A loud statement of Sinzo Abe, however, does not contain the main one - the original solution that both sides could arrange.

Land Ain.

The dispute around the southern smoked with its roots leaves in the XVII century, when neither the Russians, no Japanese on the Kuril Islands yet.

The indigenous population of the islands can be considered by Ainov - nationality, the origin of which scientists argue to this day. Aina, once inhabited not only chickens, but also all Japanese islands, as well as the lowerland of Amur, Sakhalin and South Kamchatka, today turned into a small nation. In Japan, according to official data, there are about 25 thousand Ainov, and in Russia there are a little more than a hundred people.

The first references to the Islands in Japanese sources are dating 1635, in Russian - 1644.

In 1711, the detachment of Kamchatsky Cossacks under the leadership Danili Antsiferov and Ivan Kozyrevskyfor the first time she landed on the very Northern Island Schisha, smashing the detachment of local Ainov.

The Japanese showed more and more activity on Kurils, but no line of distinction and any agreements between the countries did not exist.

Kuriles - You, Sakhalin - us

In 1855, a Simoian treatise on trade and boundaries between Russia and Japan was signed. This document first determined the border of the possessions of the two countries on Kurilah - it passed between the islands of ITUURUP and VRP.

Thus, the islaver, Kunashir, Shikotan, and a group of Habmioma Islands, are under the rule of the Japanese emperor, that is, the very territories around which the dispute goes.

It was the day of the conclusion of the Simed Treatment, February 7, declared in Japan the so-called "Day of Northern Territories".

Relations between the two countries were good enough, but they were spilling "Sakhalin question". The fact is that the Japanese claimed the southern part of this island.

In 1875, a new treaty was signed in St. Petersburg, according to which Japan refused all claims to Sakhalin in exchange for the Kuril Islands - both southern and northern.

Perhaps, after the conclusion of a contract of 1875, the relationship between the two countries developed the most harmoniously.

Excessive appetites of the rising sun

Harmony in international affairs, however, a fragile thing. Japan, published from centuries-old self-insulation, has developed rapidly, and at the same time grew up and ambitions. Territorial claims from the rising sun's country arose hardly to all neighbors, including Russia.

This resulted in the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905, which ended with a humiliating defeat for Russia. And although Russian diplomacy managed to mitigate the consequences of military failure, but, nevertheless, in accordance with the Portsmouth Treaty, Russia has lost control not only over smoke, but also over the southern Sakhalin.

Such a state of affairs did not suit not only the royal Russia, but also the Soviet Union. However, it was impossible to change the situation in the mid-1920s, due to the signing of the Beijing Treaty in 1925 between the USSR and Japan, according to which the Soviet Union recognized the current state of affairs, but refused to recognize "political responsibility" for the Portsmouth Treaty.

In subsequent years, relations between the Soviet Union and Japan ranged on the verge of war. Japan's appetites grew and began to spread to the continental territories of the USSR. True, the defeat of the Japanese on the Hassan Lake in 1938 and at Khalchin-goal in 1939 forced the official Tokyo somewhat slow down the turnover.

However, the "Japanese threat" so kept the Damoclamic Sword over the USSR during the Great Patriotic War.

Revenge for old resentment

By 1945, the tone of Japanese politicians against the USSR has changed. The new territorial acquisitions of speech did not go - the Japanese side would quite arrange to preserve the existing order of things.

But the USSR gave a commitment to Great Britain and the United States, which will enter the war with Japan no later than three months after the end of the war in Europe.

There were no reason to regret Japan at the Soviet leadership - Tokyo in relation to the USSR in the 1920s and 1930s was too aggressive and defiantly. And the resentment of the beginning of the century was not at all forgotten.

On August 8, 1945, the Soviet Union declared the war of Japan. It was the most real blitzkrieg - the Million Japanese Quantong Army in Manchuria was headdown in a matter of days.

On August 18, Soviet troops began a Kuril landing operation, the purpose of which was the mastering of the Kuril Islands. The fierce battles turned over the island of Schoysh - it was the only battle of a stepship war, in which the losses of Soviet troops were higher than that of the enemy. However, on August 23, the commander of Japanese troops on the northern smoke Lieutenant-General Fusaki Tsutumi Capitulized.

The fall of the Schuman became the key event of the Kuril operation - in the future the occupation of the islands, on which the Japanese garrisons were located, turned into their capitulation.

They took the smokers, could take and hockaido

August 22, the head of the Soviet troops in the Far East marshal Andrey Vasilevsky, without waiting for the fall, Schumay, gives the order of the troops to take the southern chickens. The Soviet command operates according to plan - the war continues, the enemy did not capitulate completely, it means that you should move on.

The initial military plans of the USSR were much more widely - the Soviet units were ready for landing on Hokkaido Island, who was supposed to become the Soviet occupation zone. As if developed in this case, the further history of Japan remains, it remains only to guess. But in the end, Vasilevsky received an order from Moscow - a landing operation on Hokkaido cancel.

The bad weather detained the actions of the Soviet troops on the southern smoke, however, by September 1, ITUURUP, Kunashir and Shikotan passed under their control. The Habomai Islands Group was fully taken under control on September 2 - 4, 1945, that is, after the surrender of Japan. The battle during this period was not - the Japanese soldiers were prisonered to be prisoner.

So, at the end of World War II, Japan was fully occupied by allied powers, and the main territories of the country were under the control of the United States.

Kurile Islands. Photo: shutterstock.com

January 29, 1946 by Memorandum No. 677 Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Power general Douglas Makarturfrom the territory of Japan, the Kuril Islands (Tiscim Islands) are excluded, a group of Habmioma Islands (Habadze) and Sycotan Island.

On February 2, 1946, in accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the South Sakhalin region was formed in these territories as part of the Khabarovsk Territory of the RSFSR, which on January 2, 1947 became part of the newly formed Sakhalin region as part of the RSFSR.

Thus, de facto South Sakhalin and Kuril Islands moved to Russia.

Why the USSR did not sign a peace treaty with Japan

However, these territorial changes were not officially enshrined by the Treaty between the two countries. And the political situation in the world has changed, and yesterday's USSR ally, the United States has become the nearest friend and ally of Japan, and therefore was not interested in the settlement of Soviet-Japanese relations or in solving the territorial issue between the two countries.

In 1951, a peace treaty was concluded in San Francisco between Japan and the countries of the Anti-Hitler Coalition, which the USSR did not sign.

The reason for this was the revision of the United States of the previous agreements from the USSR, achieved in the 1945 Yalta Agreement, now the official Washington believed that the Soviet Union was not right not only for smoke, but also to South Sakhalin. In any case, it was this resolution that was adopted by the US Senate during the discussion of the contract.

Nevertheless, in the final version of the San Francis, Japan refuses the rights to South Sakhalin and Kuril Islands. But here the quarrel - official Tokyo and then, and now declares that it does not believe that Habomai, Kunashir, Itupur and Shikotan are part of smoke.

That is, the Japanese are sure - they really renounced from southern Sakhalin, but they never refused from the Northern Territories.

The Soviet Union refused to sign a peace treaty not only due to the unresolvedness of its territorial disputes with Japan, but also due to the fact that he did not allow similar disputes between Japan and the then ally of the USSR - China.

Compromise ruined Washington

Only after another five years, in 1956, the Soviet-Japanese declaration on the cessation of the state of the war was signed, which was supposed to become a prologue to the conclusion of a peace treaty.

A compromise solution was voiced - Japan's Islands and Shikotan are returned to Japan in exchange for unconditional recognition of the sovereignty of the USSR over all other controversial territories. But it could only happen after the conclusion of a peace treaty.

In fact, the Japan suited these conditions quite, but here the "third force" intervened. The United States at all rejoiced the prospect of establishing relations between the USSR and Japan. The territorial problem performed an excellent wedge, driven between Moscow and Tokyo, and its permission of Washington considered it is extremely undesirable.

The Japanese authorities were announced - in the event of a compromise from the USSR on the "Curil problem" on the conditions of delegation of the US islands, Okinawa island and the entire archipelago of Ryuku will leave under their sovereignty.

The threat was truly terrible for the Japanese - it was about the territory with more than a million population that has the most important historical importance for Japan.

As a result, the possible compromise on the southern smoked smoking was melted as smoke, and with him the prospect of the conclusion of a full-fledged peace treaty.

By the way, control over Okinawa finally moved to Japan only in 1972. At the same time, 18 percent of the territory of the island and to this day are American military bases.

Full dead

In fact, no progress in the territorial dispute has not happened since 1956. In the Soviet period, without reaching a compromise, the USSR came to the tactic of the complete denial of any dispute in principle.

In the post-Soviet period, Japan was shown hope that generous for gifts president of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin Given the "Northern Territories". Moreover, such a decision was considered fairly noticeable figures in Russia - for example, nobel laureate Alexander Solzhenitsyn.

Perhaps at that moment the Japanese side made a mistake, instead of compromise options, it seems that he was discussed in 1956, becoming insist on the transfer of all the controversial islands.

But in Russia, the pendulum has already followed the other side, and those who consider it impossible to transmit even one island today is significantly louder.

Therefore, an extended aspiration Sindiso Abe Solve the problem is undoubtedly commendable, but completely unrealistic.

"These territories are not part of the Kuril Islands, from which Japan refused to San Francisian peace treaty 1951."
Pars Pro Toto. A whole cannot be equal to parts. "... create a danger that we mistakenly take part for the whole. ... Encourage US - Dangerously - to Mistake Parts for the Whole." Japan has not renewed. Smoked, and from smoked. Table of San Francisco 1951. 8 septembeer. Chapter II. Territory. Article 2. (C) "Japan Renounces All Right, Title and Claim to the Kurile Islands, ... Japan refuses rights, Rights and Claims at Kurile Islands, ..." 16/02/11 World Nowadays: Russian anti-aircraft missiles on Kurilla ("COMMENTARY MAGAZINE", USA) J. Dyer (Je Dyer) PJ Crowley Made It Equally Clear That The Treaty Does Not Apply to Defense of the Kuril Islands, Because The Islands Are "Not Under Japanese Administration." J. Crowley as clearly indicated that the contract does not relate to the defense of the Kuril Islands, as they are � are under Japan.
If Yap. The tops look at the San Francisco treaty and see after the words "Yap-I donate from" instead of the real 4-re hieroglyphs "Chishima Retto" (Kurile Archipelago, Curils) 4 virtual "Hoppo-keyshima" (Northern Chickens), then what can Be a clinical diagnosis?
All the Kuril Islands were called and called Japanese in one name, it sounds approximately as "Chishima", which is translated as "1000 islands." The southern chickens are called "Mines of Chichima" or "South Chisham". In the description of the modern revisionist map of the subpropecture Nemuro, where they painstakingly contributed the southern chickens. The combination of the hieroglyphs "Minami Chishima" is used. Moreover, in international documents, in particular in the Memorandum of 677 (by a separate paragraph, among others, the English transcription of Chishima was used, that is, all chickens were used by the sovereignty of Japan).
It is funny and sad at the same time! Yap-I look like a hunted husband. I discovered after a divorce, which is deprived of access to the body.
If you said in the game intelligent pass, you will not be able to get into the game! Japan herself renounced San Francisco in 1951. If the mother gives the child to the shelter and sign a notarized rejection of the child, then what is the case who wants to adopt to the fact that he was not a witness to sign the refusal? The same in case of divorce. How many husbands married to ex-divorced wives have witnessed the design of that divorce?
Here we have that in Japan, that in the Russian Federation, forgive the Lord, lawyers. The right clearly distinguishes the property of the �teric (and newly acquired) � and �apyuyu. When the property is lost, the law sees that the loss occurred randomly and against the will owner. Found Alone Property cannot be assigned and must be returned to the owner at the appropriate time. On the contrary, when the owner voluntarily part with his property, the right argues that the property becomes not belonging to anyone, a draw, and, therefore, to the first person who has entered into possession of them, not only the above-mentioned property, but also all rights on its maintenance and use them. Claims to the San Francisco Treaty are unfounded, as the USSR rights were self-evident for the Anglo-Saxons. Japan renounced Kurile (not North-Ern Kurile, Yap. Chishima (not Hoppo-but Chiyshima) on the mature reflection, 6 years after the war. Which you still need a renunciation formula?

The other day, Shinzo Abe announced that he would connect to Japan the controversial islands of South Kuril ridge. "I will solve the problem of the northern territories and conclude a peace treaty. As a politician, as the Prime Minister, I want to achieve this by anything, "he promised to compatriots.

On the Japanese traditionSinzo Abe will have to do Harakiri if he does not hold down the word. It is possible that Vladimir Putin will help the Japanese premiere to live to a deep old age and die with his death. Photo by alexander VILF (Getty Images).

In my opinion, everything goes to the fact that the long-time conflict will be settled. Time to establish a decent relationship with Japan is chosen very successful - for empty hard-to-reach land, to which the previous home and it is nostalgically, you can get a lot of material benefits from one of the most powerful economies in the world. And the removal of sanctions as the condition of transferring the islands is far from the only and not the main concession, which is now sure, is achieved by our Foreign Ministry.

So a completely expected surge of quasipatriotism of our liberals, directed to the Russian president, should be presented.

I was already in detail to disassemble the history of the islands of Tarabarov and a large Ussuriyansky on Amur, with the loss of which Moscow Snobs could not accept anything. The post was discussed and about the dispute with Norway about marine areas, which was also settled.

I concerned the secret negotiations of the human rights activist Lion Ponomarev with a Japanese diplomat about the "Northern Territories", filmed on the video and laid out on the network. Generally speaking, of this roller It is enough for our inequance citizens shamefully swallowed by the Return of Japan Islands if it takes place. But since there are definitely non-indifferent citizens, we should not be silent, we must understand the essence of the problem.

Prehistory

February 7, 1855 - Simoian tract about trade and borders. Nowadays, the controversial islands of ITUURUP, Kunashir, Shikotan and the Khabomai Islands group have departed Japan (therefore, on February 7 in Japan, the day of the northern territories) is celebrated annually. The question of the status of Sakhalin remained unresolved.

May 7, 1875 - Petersburg Treaty. Japan transferred rights to all 18 Kuril Islands in exchange for all Sakhalin.

August 23, 1905 - Portsmouth peace treaty ResultsRussian-Japanese war. Russia lost to the southern part of Sakhalin.

February 11, 1945 — Yalta conference. THE USSR,United States and United Kingdom i reached a written agreement on the accession of the Soviet Union in the war with Japan, subject to him after the end of the war of southern Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

February 2, 1946 On the basis of Yalta agreements in the USSR South-Sakhalin region was created - on the southern part of the island Sakhalin I. Kuril Islands. January 2, 1947 she was merged with the Sakhalin region Khabarovsk Territory, which expanded to the borders of the modern Sakhalin region.

Japan enters a cold war

September 8, 1951 A peace treaty was signed in San Francisco between allied powers and Japan. Regarding the now controversial territories, the following is said: "Japan refuses all right, law upon and claims to the Kuril Islands and that part of Sakhalin Islands and the islands adjacent to it, the sovereignty on which Japan acquired on the Portsmouth Treaty of September 5, 1905."

The USSR sent a delegation to San Francisco led by A.A. Gromyko Deputy Minister. But not in order to sign the document, but to voice your position. The mentioned point of the contract we formulated like this:"Japan recognizes the full sovereignty of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the southern part of Sakhalin Island with all the islands adjacent to it and the Kuril Islands and refuses all rights, law upon and claims for these territories."

Of course, in our editorial office, Correten Agreement and more in the spirit and letter of Yalta agreements. However, the Anglo-American version was adopted. The USSR did not sign him, Japan - signed.

Today, some historians believe that San Francis Mirny Treaty of the USSR was supposed to sign in the form in which he was offered by the Americans- It would strengthen our negotiation position. "We should sign the contract. I don't know why we didn't do this - perhaps because of the vanity or pride, but first of all, because Stalin overestimated its capabilities and the degree of its influence on the United States, "N.S. wrote in his memoirs . Khrushchev But soon, as we will see further, and made a mistake.

From today's position, the lack of signature under the notorious contract is sometimes considered almost a diplomatic failure. However, the international situation of that time was much more difficult and was not limited to the Far East. Perhaps the fact that someone seems to be losing, in those conditions become a forced measure.

Japan and sanctions

Sometimes it is mistakenly believed that since we have no peace treaty with Japan, then we are in a state of war. However, this is not so.

December 12, 1956 In Tokyo, the exchange ceremony was held, marked the entry into force of the joint declaration. According to the document, the USSR agreed to the "Transfer of Japan of the Habomai Islands and the Islands of Shikotan in order to, however, that the actual transfer of these Japan Islands will be made after the conclusion of a peace treaty between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Japan."

For such a wording, the parties came after several rounds of long negotiations. The initial proposal of Japan was simple: refund to Potsdam - that is, the transfer of all the smoked and southern Sakhalin. Of course, such a proposal of the loser War face looked somewhat frivolous.

The USSR was not going to give up to no inches, but unexpectedly for the Japanese suddenly suddenly suggested Habomai and Shikotan. It was a spare position approved by the Politburo, but the stated prematurely - the head of the Soviet delegation Ya. Malik was sharply experienced by N.S. Khrushchev's discontent due to the prolonged negotiations. On August 9, 1956, during a conversation with his visa in the garden of the Japanese embassy in London, a spare position was voiced. It was she who entered the text of the joint declaration.

It is necessary to clarify that the influence on the Japan of the United States at the time was huge (however, as now). They carefully tracked all its contacts from the USSR and, undoubtedly, were the third participant of the negotiations, albeit invisible.

At the end of August 1956, Washington threatened Tokyo that if on a peaceful agreement with the USSR, Japan refuses the claims to Kunashir and ITUURUP, the United States will forever retain the occupied Okinawa Island and the entire archipelago of Ryuku. The note was the wording, which clearly played on the National Sensings of the Japanese: "The US government has concluded that the islands of ITUURUP and Kunashir (along with the Islands of Habomaia and Shikotan, who are part of Hokkaido) have always been part of Japan and should be considered as belonging to Japan " That is, Yalta agreements were publicly disavowed.

The belonging of the "Northern Territories" Hokkaido, of course, a lie - on all military and pre-war Japanese maps of the islands have always been part of the Kuril ridge and were never denoted separately. However, the idea fell to taste. It was on this geographical absurd that whole generations of the politicians of the country of the rising sun have made their own careers.

The peace treaty is still not signed - in its relationship we are guided by the joint declaration of 1956.

Question price

I think, in the first term of his presidency, Vladimir Putin decided to resolve all controversial territorial issues with neighbors. Including Japan. In any case, in 2004, Sergey Lavrov formulated the position of the Russian leadership: "We have always been fulfilled and we will fulfill our obligations, the more ratified documents, but, of course, in the volume, in which our partners are ready to perform the same agreements . In the meantime, as we know, we were not able to go out to understand these volumes as we see it and seemed in 1956. "

"As long as it is clearly defined by Japan's ownership of all four islands, the peace treaty will not conclude," the then Prime Minister Junitiro Koizumi responded. The negotiation process came again in a dead end.

However, this year about a peaceful agreement with Japan, we again remembered.

In May, at the St. Petersburg Economic Forum, Vladimir Putin said that Russia is ready to negotiate with Japan on controversial islands, and the decision must be compromised. That is, none of the parties should feel the losers "are ready to negotiate? Yes, ready. But with surprise, they recently heard that Japan joined some sanctions there - where Japan, I do not really understand - and suspends the negotiation process on this topic. So we are ready, whether Japan is ready, I did not care for myself, "said the President of the Russian Federation.

It seems that the painful point is spubble right. And the negotiation process (I hope, this time in tightly closed from the American ears of the cabinets) is in full swing at least six months. Otherwise, Sindzy Abe would not give such promises.

If we fulfill the conditions for the joint declaration of 1956 and refund Japan two islands, 2100 people will have to move. All of them live on Shikotan, only the border shop is located on the hubomai. Most likely, the problem of finding the islands of our armed forces is discussed. However, for complete control over the region, there are enough troops deployed on Sakhalin, Kunashir and Itupe.

Another question, what reply concessions we are waiting for from Japan. It is clear that sanctions should be removed - it is not even discussed. Maybe access to loans and technologies, expanding participation in joint projects? It is not excluded.

Be that as it may, before Sindiso Abe is a difficult choice. The conclusion of a long-awaited peace treaty with Russia, seasoned by the "Northern Territories", would certainly make it in the homeland of the politician of the century. It will inevitably lead to the tension of Japan's relations with the United States. Interestingly, the Prime Minister would prefer.

And the internal voltage that our liberals will inflate, we will somehow survive.

A group of hubomai islands on this map is indicated as "Other Islands". These are some white spots between Shikotan and Hokkaido.
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A series of Far Eastern Island territories shows the Kuril Islands, they have one side, it is the Kamchatka Peninsula, and the other about. Hokkaido in. The Kuril Islands of Russia are represented by the Sakhalin region, stretching in length about 1,200 km with an existing area of \u200b\u200b15,600 square kilometers.

The islands of Kuril Ridge are represented by two groups that are against each other - the large and small. A large group staying in the south, owned Kunashir, ITUURUP and others, in the center - Simushir, Keta and in the north are the remaining island territories.

Small smokers are shacking, haboma and a number of others. Mostly all the island territories of the mountains and go high by 2,339 meters. The Kuril Islands on their lands have about 40 volcanic sobs that have been operating so far. Also here is the location of sources with hot mineral water. South Kuril is covered with forest plantings, and the north attracts unique tundra vegetation.

The problem of the Kuril Islands was concluded in a unresolved controversial issue between the Japanese and Russian parties about who they belong. And it remains open since the time of the Second World War.

The Kuril Islands after the war began to belong to the USSR. But Japan considers the territories of southern smoked, and this is ITUURUP, Kunashir, Shikotan with a group of Habmioma Islands, its territory, without having a legal foundation. Russia does not recognize the fact of the dispute with the Japanese side about these territories, since their affiliation is legal.

The problem of the Kuril Islands is the main obstacle to the peaceful settlement of relations between Japan and Russia.

The essence of the dispute of Japan and Russia

The Japanese demand to return them the Kuril Islands. There, almost the entire population is convinced that these lands are angular Japanese. This dispute between the two states has long been long ago, exacerbated after the Second World War.
Russia is not inclined to give up to the Japanese leaders of the state. The peace agreement to this day is not signed, and it is due to four controversial South Kuril Islands. On the legality of the claims of Japan into the Kuril Islands in this video.

Values \u200b\u200bof southern smoking

Southern chickens have several values \u200b\u200bfor both countries:

Military. The southern chickens have military importance, thanks to the only way out in the Pacific Ocean for the Fleet of the country. And all because of the scarce of geographical formations. At the moment, the ships go into the ocean waters through the Sangar Strait, because through the strait of the lapere not pass due to icing. Therefore, submarines are located on Kamchatka - Avachinskaya bay. Military bases currently operating in Soviet times were plundered and left.
Economic. Economic importance - in the Sakhalin region a rather serious hydrocarbon potential. And the access to Russia of the entire territory is smoked, allows the use of water there at their discretion. Although its central part belongs to the Japanese side. In addition to water resources, there is such a rare metal as rhenium. His mining, the Russian Federation is in third place for mining minerals and sulfur. For the Japanese, this territory is important for fishing and agricultural needs. This catchy fish is used by the Japanese to grow rice - they simply pour it into the fields with rice for fertilizer.
Social. By and large, there is no special social interest for ordinary people on southern smoke. All because there are no modern megalopolises, people mainly work there and their life takes place in the cabins. The supply is delivered by air, and less often water due to constant storms. Therefore, the Kuril Islands are more a military-industrial facility than social.
Tourist. In this regard, it is better in the southern smokers. These places will be interested in many people who attract all the present, natural and extreme. It is unlikely that someone will remain indifferent at the sight of a thermal source driving out of the ground, or from lifting to the Calder of the Volcano, and crossing the fumarol field on foot. And about the look-up types and say nothing.

For this reason, the dispute on the belonging of the Kuril Islands does not move from the dead point.

Dispute about Kuril territory

Who owns these four island territories - Shikotan, ITUURUP, Kunashir and the Islands of Habmioma, the question is not from the lungs.

Information of written sources indicates the discoverers of Kuril - Dutch. The Russian first was settled by the territory of Tisima. Shikotan Island and the remaining three are marked for the first time by the Japanese. But after all, the discovery does not give the basis for the possession of this territory.

The edge of the world is the island of Shikotan because of the Cape Malokurilian village nearby. He is impressive with his 40-meter cliff into ocean waters. It is called this place the edge of the world due to the opening stunning view of the Pacific vastness.
Shikotan Island is translated as a big city. It stretches by 27 kilometers, in width, it has 13 km, which occupied area is 225 square meters. km. The highest point of the island is the Mountain of the same name, towering at 412 meters. Partially its territory belongs to the State Natural Reserve.

Shikotan Island has a very rugged coastline with multiple bays, capes and rocks.

Previously, they thought that the mountains on the island, these were no longer erupting volcanoes, which the Kuril Islands are replete. But they turned out to be rocks, displaced lithospheric slabs shifts.

A bit of history

Long before the Russians and the Japanese, the Kuril Islands inhabited Aina. The first information from Russians and the Japanese about Kurilah appeared only in the 17th century. The Russian expedition was directed in the 18th century, after which about 9,000 Ainov became citizens of Russia.

A treatise (1855) was signed between Russia and Japan, called Simodist, where the boundaries were established, allowing Japanese citizens to trade on 2/3 of this land. A draw of the territory remained Sakhalin. After 20 years, Russia began to hold this land unprisoned, then losing the south in the Russian-Japanese war. But during the WWI, the Soviet troops were still able to return to themselves the south of Sakhalin Earth and the Kuril Islands in general.
There was still a signing of a peace agreement between states who won the victory and Japan and it happened in San Francisco in 1951. And on him, Japan has absolutely no right to the Kuril Islands.

But then the Soviet side of the signing did not occur that many researchers were considered a mistake. But there were serious reasons for:

In the document was not designated specifically, which was included in Kuriles. The Americans stated that they need to go to a special international court. Plus, a member of the Japanese state delegation announced that the southern controversial islands were not the territory of Kuril.
The document also did not point exactly who will belong to Kuriles. That is, so the question at the same time remained controversial.

Between the USSR and the Japanese side in 1956, the declaration was signed by the platform before the main peace agreement. In it, the country of tips goes towards the Japanese and agrees to convey to them only two disputed Islands of Habomai and Shikotan. But with the condition - only after signing a peace agreement.

The declaration contains several subtleties:

The word "convey" means that they belong to the USSR.
This transmission will be actually made after the signature will be raised in the world contract.
This applies only to the two islands smoked.

It was a positive shift between the Soviet Union and the Japanese side, but thereby caused the alarm from Americans. Thanks to Washington pressure, in the Japanese government, ministerial chairs have completely changed and new officials have become preparing for high positions began to prepare the Military Agreement of America and Japan, which began to act in 1960.

After that, from Japan, a call came to give no two offered to the USSR of the island, but four. America presses that all contracts between the country and Japan are not necessary, they allegedly declarative. And the existing and existing military agreement between the Japanese and Americans implies the placement on the Japanese territory of its troops. Accordingly, now they approached Russian territory even closer.

Based on all this, Russian diplomats stated that until all foreign troops were displayed from its territory, it is impossible to even talk about a peaceful agreement. But in any case, we are talking only about the two islands of the territory of Kuril.

As a result, the strengths of America are still located in Japan. The Japanese insist on the transfer of the 4th Kuril Islands, as written in the declaration.

The second half of the 80s of the 20th century is marked by the weakening of the Soviet Union and under these conditions the Japanese side raises this topic again. But the dispute about who will belong to the South Kuril Islands, and remained open countries. In the Tokyo Declaration of 1993, it was said that the Russian Federation is the successor of the Soviet Union, respectively, and previously signed papers should be recognized by both parties. It also indicated the direction to move towards the solution of the territorial affiliation of the controversial four islands of Kuril.

The coming 21st century, and specifically 2004, was marked by a raising this topic again at the meeting of President of the Russian Federation Putin with the Prime Minister of Japan. And again everything happened - the Russian side offers its conditions for signing the peace agreement, and Japanese officials insist that all four South Kuril Islands are submitted to their disposal.

2005 was marked by the readiness of the Russian president to finish the dispute, guided by the 1956 Agreement and transfer two island territories Japan, but the Japanese managers did not agree with this proposal.

In order to somehow reduce the tension between the two states, the Japanese side was invited to help in the development of nuclear energy, the development of infrastructure and tourism, still improving the environmental and situation, as well as safety. The Russian side adopted this proposal.

At the moment, there is no question for Russia - who own the Kuril Islands. Without any doubt, it is the territory of the Russian Federation, based on real facts - according to the results of the Second World War and the generally accepted UN Charter.