Consonant sounds of the Russian language (hard-soft, voiced-deaf, paired-not paired, hissing, sibilant). Abstract of an open lesson in the Russian language. Topic: "Paired voiced and voiceless consonants"

What is sound? This is the minimum component of human speech. It is represented by letters. In writing, sounds differ from letters by the presence of the first square brackets used in phonetic transcription... The letter is o, the sound is [o]. The transcription shows the differences in spelling and pronunciation. Apostrophe [ ‘ ] indicates a soft pronunciation.

In contact with

Sounds are divided into:

Vowels. They can be pulled easily. When creating them, the language does not take an active part, fixing itself in one position. Sound is created due to changes in the position of the tongue, lips, different vibrations of the vocal cords and the force of air supply. Vowel length - the basis of vocal art(chanting, "satin stitch singing").
The consonants a are pronounced with the participation of the tongue, which, occupying a certain position and shape, creates an obstacle to the movement of air from the lungs. This leads to the appearance of noise in the oral cavity. At the output, they are converted into sound. Also, the free passage of air is impeded by the lips, which close-open during speech.

Consonants are divided into:

deaf and voiced. Deafness and voiced sound depend on the work of the speech apparatus;
hard and soft. The sound is determined by the position of the letter in the word.

Consonant letters

Deaf

Deaf in Russian: [k], [n], [s], [t], [f], [x], [c], [w]. The easiest way to remember is the phrase, and not a set of letters, “Step, want some cheeks? Fi! ”Containing all of them.

An example in which all consonants are deaf: rooster, honeycomb, pin.

Voiced

When they are formed, the form of the tongue is close to the form that produces the deaf, but vibrations are added. Voiced consonants create active vibrations of the ligaments. Vibrations deform the sound wave, and it is not a pure stream of air that enters the oral cavity, but sound. In the future, it is additionally transformed by the tongue and lips.

Voiced consonants include: b, c, d, d, g, h, y, l, m, n, r.

When they are pronounced, tension is clearly felt in the larynx region. In addition, it is almost impossible to pronounce them clearly in a whisper.

A word in which all consonants are voiced: Rome, pride, ash, estuary.

Summary table of consonants (voiceless and voiced).

It is due to the change in sound that Russian speech is enriched in different words close in spelling and pronunciation, but completely different in meaning... For example: house - volume, court - itching, code - year.

Paired consonants

What does pairing mean? Two letters, similar in sound, with the pronunciation of which the language occupies similar positions, are called paired consonants. The pronunciation of consonants can be conditionally divided into one-stage (lips and tongues are involved in their creation) and two-stage - the ligaments are connected first, then the mouth. Those cases when, when pronouncing, the movements of the mouth coincide and create pairs.

Summary table of paired consonants, taking into account hardness and softness

In speech, it is common not to pronounce every letter, but to “eat” it. This is not an exception only to Russian speech. This is found in almost all languages of the world and is especially noticeable in English. In Russian, this effect is subject to the rule: paired consonants replace (by ear) each other during speech. For example: love - [l 'u bo f'].

But not everyone has a mate. There are not similar in pronunciation to any others - this unpaired consonants... The reproduction technique differs from the pronunciation of other sounds and combines them into groups.

Paired consonants

Unpaired consonants

The first group can be pronounced softly. The second has no analogues in pronunciation.

Unpaired consonants are divided into:

sonors - [’], [l], [l’], [m], [m ’], [n], [n’], [p], [p ’]. When they are pronounced, the air stream hits the upper sky, like a dome;
hissing - [x], [x ’], [c], [h’], [u ’].

The Russian language contains letters that are difficult to understand in context. Sounds [h], [y], [c], [n] voiced or deaf? Learn these 4 letters!

Important![h] - deaf! [th] - sonorous! [c] is deaf! [n] - sonorous!

Unpaired consonants

Hard and soft

They are the same spelling, but different in sound. Voiceless and voiced consonants, with the exception of hissing ones, can be pronounced hard or soft. For example: [b] was - [b`] beat; [t] current - [t`] current.

When pronouncing hard, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the palate. Soft are formed by pressing to the upper palate of the middle part of the tongue.

In speech, the sound is determined by the letter following the consonant.

Vowels form pairs: a-z, u-u, e-e, s-i, o-y.

Two-sounding vowels (i, e, yu, e) are pronounced in one of two combinations: the sound [y] and a paired vowel from E, O, U, A or a soft sign and a paired vowel. For example, Jung's word. It is pronounced like [y] [y] [n] [r] [a]. Or the word mint. It is pronounced like: [m ’] [a] [t] [a]. The vowels A, O, U, E, Y do not have a double sound, therefore does not affect the pronunciation of the leading consonant.

An example of the difference:

Spoon - hatch, honey - sea, house - woodpecker.

Phonetic transcription:

[Lok a] - [L'u k], [m'o d] - [mo r'e], [dom] - [d'a tel].

Pronunciation rules:

hard ones are pronounced before A, O, U, E, Y. Abscess, side, beech, bentley, past;
soft ones are pronounced before I, Yo, Yu, E, I. Revenge, honey, whale, puree, mint;
solid ones are pronounced if there is another consonant after them: death. The consonant [s] is followed by the consonant [m]. Regardless of whether the M is soft, voiced or hard, C is pronounced firmly;
solid are pronounced if the letter is the last in the word: class, home;
consonants before the vowel [e] in borrowed words are pronounced firmly, as before [e]. For example: muffler - [k] [a] [w] [n] [e];
always soft before b: elk, pulp.
exceptions to the rule:
- always solid F, W, C: life, thorns, cyanide;
- always soft Y, H, U: white, black, pike.

Some voiced and voiceless consonants form pairs.

When forming consonants [p], [l], [m], [n], [j],

Voiceless [x], [x "], [c], [h"], [w "] do not have paired pits of voiced consonants.

Notes.

1. The sound [j] in school practice is designated [th "].

2. The sound [ш "] is denoted in writing by the letter u or some combinations of consonants. The horizontal bar at the top indicates that the sound is long.

Paired voiced consonants at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants, that is, in a weak position, sound like unvoiced consonants paired with them. This phenomenon is called stunning.

Paired voiceless consonants before paired voiced consonants, that is, in a weak position, sound like paired voiced consonants. This phenomenon is called voicing.

Strong positions for voicelessness-voicedness for consonants are positions before vowels, before sonorants and v.

Consonant sounds are divided into hard and soft. When pronouncing hard and soft sounds, the position of the tongue is different. Some consonants form hard-soft pairs.

When writing, the softness of consonants is indicated by:

1) using soft sign: pigeon, dictionary:

2) using the letters e, e, yu, i, and: remote, linden.

Before soft consonants, the softness of consonants is not always indicated: bow - ba [n "t"] ik.

Soft and hard consonants

The phonetics of the Russian language has a significant difference from many other languages. It contains hard and soft consonants.

At the moment of pronunciation soft sound the tongue is pressed closer to the palate than when pronouncing a solid consonant sound, preventing the release of air. This is what distinguishes the hard and soft consonants from each other. In order to determine in writing whether a consonant sound is soft or hard, you should look at the letter immediately after a particular consonant.

Consonant sounds are classified as solid in such cases:

if letters uh, uh, uh, uh follow after them - [poppy], [rum], [hum], [juice], [bull];
after them there is another consonant sound - [pile], [hail], [marriage];
if the sound is at the end of a word - [darkness], [friend], [table].

The softness of the sound is written in the form of an apostrophe: mol - [mol '], chalk - [m'el], wicket - [kal'itka], feast - [p'ir].

It should be noted that the sounds [ш ’], [’], [h ’] are always soft, and hard consonants are only [ш], [c], [ж].

The consonant sound will become soft if after it there is a "b" and vowels: i, e, yu, i, e. For example: gen - [g "en], flax - [l" he], disk - [d "isk] , hatch - [l "uk], elm - [in" yaz], trill - [tr "el"].

Voiced and deaf, paired and unpaired sounds

By voicing, consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. Voiced consonants can be sounds created with the participation of a voice: [v], [h], [g], [b], [g], [y], [m], [d], [l], [p] , [n].

Examples: [bor], [ox], [shower], [call], [heat], [head], [catch], [pestilence], [nose], [genus], [swarm].

Examples: [count], [gender], [volume], [sleep], [noise], [u "uka], [chorus], [tsar"], [h "an].

Paired voiced and voiceless consonants include: [b] - [p], [g] - [w], [g] - [x], [z] - [s]. [d] - [t], [c] - [f]. Examples: reality - dust, house - volume, year - code, vase - phase, itching - judgment, live - sew.

Sounds that do not form pairs: [h], [n], [c], [x], [p], [m], [l].

Soft and hard consonants can also have a pair: [p] - [p "], [p] - [p"], [m] - [m "], [v] - [v"], [d] - [ d "], [f] - [f"], [k] - [k "], [h] - [h"], [b] - [b "], [g] - [g"], [ n] - [n "], [s] - [s"], [l] - [l "], [t] - [t"], [x] - [x "]. Examples: true - white, height - a branch, city - cheetah, dacha - business, umbrella - zebra, leather - cedar, moon - summer, monster - place, finger - feather, ore - river, soda - sulfur, pillar - steppe, lantern - farm, mansions - hut.

Table for memorizing consonants

To visually see and compare soft and hard consonants, the table below shows them in pairs.

Table. Consonants: hard and soft

Solid - before the letters A, O, U, Y, E Soft - before the letters I, E, E, Y, Y	Hard and soft consonants
	b	ball	b "	battle
	v	howl	v"	eyelid
	G	garage	G"	hero
	d	hole	d "	tar
	s	ash	h "	yawn
	To	godfather	To"	sneakers
	l	vine	l "	foliage
	m	March	m "	month
	n	leg	n "	tenderness
	NS	Spider	NS"	song
	R	height	R"	rhubarb
	with	salt	with"	hay
	T	cloud	T"	patience
	f	phosphorus	f "	firm
	NS	thinness	NS"	chemistry
Unpaired	f	giraffe	h	miracle
	NS	screen	SCH	hazel
	c	goal	th	felt

Another table will help to remember consonants.

Table. Consonants: voiced and voiceless

Paired	Voiced	Deaf
	B	NS
	V	F
	G	TO
	D	T
	F	NS
	Z	WITH
Unpaired	L, M, N, R, Y	Х, Ц, Ч, Щ

Children's poems for better mastering of the material

There are exactly 33 letters in the Russian alphabet,

To find out how many consonants -

Subtract ten vowels,

Signs - hard, soft -

It will immediately become clear:

It turns out the number is exactly twenty-one.

Soft and hard consonants are very different,

But not dangerous at all.

If we pronounce it noisily, then they are deaf.

The consonant sounds proudly say:

They sound differently.

Hard and soft

In fact, they are very light.

Remember one simple rule forever:

Sh, Ts, Zh - always firm,

But H, Sch, Y - only soft,

Like cat legs.

And we will soften others like this:

If we add a soft sign,

Then we get spruce, moth, salt,

What a sly sign this is!

And if we add the vowels I, I, Yo, E, Yu,

We get a soft consonant.

Brothers signs, soft, hard

We don't speak

But to change the word,

We will ask for their help.

The rider rides a horse,

Kon - we use it in the game.

V primary grades the basis of a person's spelling literacy is formed.

Everyone knows that the difficulty of the Russian language is largely due to the inconsistency of spelling and pronunciation. This is often associated with paired consonants.

What is a paired consonant?

All consonants are with each other in one or another opposition according to their own characteristic features... One of them is the opposition of sounds in terms of deafness and voicedness.

Some consonants, with the coincidence of all other features, such as the place of formation and the way of pronunciation, differ only in the participation of the voice in the sounding process. They are called paired. The rest of the consonants do not have a voice-deafness-voiced pair: l, m, x, q, h, w, d.

Paired consonants		examples of words with paired consonants
		examples of words with paired consonants
		table [b] s - table [n]
		draw [v] a - draw [f]
		dear [g] a - dear [k]
		boro [d] a - boro [t] ka
		bla [w] it - bla [w]
		moro [z] ny - moro [s]

Here are paired consonants. The table also contains examples that illustrate the spelling "Checked consonants at the root of the word".

Spelling rule for paired consonants

In the process of pronunciation, paired sounds can be interchangeable. But this process is not reflected in the letter. That is, the letters do not change, no matter what sounds we hear in their place. This is how the principle of uniformity of morphemes is implemented in the Russian language. The spelling of paired consonants is completely subject to this law.

The rule can be stated in the following paragraphs:

the root of the word is always spelled the same, since the semantics depend on it;
spelling must be checked by selecting or changing word forms;
choose as a test one that has either a vowel sound or a sonorous sound after a dubious consonant (p, l, m, n, d).

This can be seen in the examples from the table: consonant spells stand either at the end of words, or in front of other paired sounds. In test words, they are in front of vowels or phonemes that are unpaired in voicing.

Application of the rule

Spelling of paired consonants needs to be worked out. You need to start with the formation of the ability to see the studied spelling. This will be the end of a word or a confluence of consonants, at which sounds begin to affect the sound of each other - the next one changes the pronunciation of the previous one.

When we know what a paired consonant is, it will not be difficult to conclude which option to choose:

bo [n] - beans - bean;
bro [t] - ford - ford;
bro [f "] - eyebrows - eyebrow;
nail [t "] - nails - nail;
ogoro [t] - vegetable gardens - vegetable garden;
dro [w] - trembling - trembling;
polo [s] ka - strip - strip;
ko [z "] ba - to mow - to mow;
re [z "] ba - cut - thread;
goro [d "] ba - to fence - to fence;
kro [in "] - blood - blood;
fear [w] - guard - guard.

Paired consonants. Examples of word discrimination

Deafness and sonority are able to distinguish words by meaning. For example:

(soup) thick - (over the river) bush;
(telegraph) pillar - (Alexandrian) pillar;
bark (oak) - (high) mountain;
(unbearable) heat - (surface) of the ball;
(bouquet) roses - (boy) grew up;
(new) house - (thick) volume.

V weak positions, at the end of words, for example, as in the example of "roses" and "rose", it is imperative to check in order to avoid semantic confusion. Paired consonants in Russian require careful attention to themselves.

Test on the studied topic

herbs [..] ka, ry [..] ka, zu [..] ki, arbu [..], lo [..] ka, short [..] ka, ko [..] ty.

Fabulous - fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - groove, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, jump - jumping

6. F or W?

Sapo ... ki, doro ... ki, boom ... ki, cro ... ki, ro ... ki, poro ... ki, bar ... ki, lo ... ki, game ... ki, cha ... ki, I'll lie down ... ki.

gu ... ki (__________);
flag ... ki (__________);
gri ... (__________);
chapter ... (__________);
pry ... ki (____________);
lo ... ka (____________);
losha ... b (______________);
zu .. (_______).

Sha (p / b) ka, wire (d / t), kru (g / t), povya (s / z) ka, me (d / t), su (d / t), sla (d / t) cue, oshi (b / p) ka, doba (w / f) ka, uka (s / s) ka.

9. Insert letters in the text:

Lebe ... b is the king of all waterfowl. He, like a dream ..., white, graceful, he has shiny eyes ... ki, black hands ... ki and a long gi ... kaya neck. How beautifully he floats on the glacier water of the pond!

10. Correct the errors:

I love to read scribbles.
How fragrant are strawberry yagots!
Carrot is sown on the bed.
Gummy birch tree flutters with petals in the wind.
Tray floated on the lake.
Berek is gradually approaching.
Storosh does not sleep.
The mongrel is tying loudly in the yard.
Yosh rustles in the bushes.

Answers

1. What is a paired consonant? A consonant that has a deaf or voiced pair.

2. Add the sentence:

To check for paired consonants, you need pick up a test word.

3. Highlight the words you need to check:

dive ..., basement .., gla ..., handsome, losha ..., sharp..y, ready..it, doo..ki, l oh ... ki, other..niy.

4. Write sounds in square brackets:

herbs [V] ka, lo [D] ka, zu [B] ki, arbu [Z], lo [D] ka, short [B] ka, ko [G] ty.

5. Underline the test word:

Fabulous - a fairy tale, a head - a head, a pie - pies, a ditch - a groove, a birch - a birch, eyes - eyes, a strip - stripes, a notebook - a notebook, a spikelet - spikelets, bounce- jumping

6. F or W?

Boots, tracks, pieces of paper, crumbs, horns, powders, lambs, spoons, toys, cups, frogs.

7. Write down the test words and insert letters instead of dots:

beeps (beep);
Flags (checkbox);
mushroom (mushrooms);
EYE (eyes);
JUMPING (jump);
BOAT (boat);
HORSE (horses);
tooth teeth).

8. Choose the correct option:

CAP, WIRE, CIRCLE, BANDAGE, HONEY, COURT, SWEET, ERROR, ADDITION, POINT.

9. Insert letters in the text:

Swan is the king of all waterfowl. He is like a snow, white, graceful, he has shiny eyes, black legs and a long flexible neck. How beautifully it floats on the smooth water of the pond!

10. Correct the errors:

I love to read fairy tales.
How fragrant are strawberries!
CARROT SOWED IN THE BEDS.
The flexible birch trembles with its petals in the wind.
The boat was sailing on the lake.
The coast is gradually approaching.
The StoroZh does not sleep.
The mongrel pushes loudly in the yard.
The hedgehog rustles in the bushes.

Voiceless consonants

consonants pronounced without the participation of a voice, that is, when the vocal cords are extended and not tense, for example, the Russian "p", "t", "k", "f", "s". See Consonants.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Voiceless consonants" are in other dictionaries:

DEAF AGREED. Sounds consisting acoustically of one noise produced by the organs of speech (see Noisy consonants), without the participation of the voice; vocal cords at the same time, either they are opened or, although they are close, they are not taut, which is why the exhaled air, passing ... Literary encyclopedia

Voiceless consonants- DEAF CONSENT. Sounds consisting acoustically of one noise produced by the organs of speech (see Noisy consonants), without the participation of the voice; the vocal cords are either open or, although close, but not taut, which is why the exhaled air, ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

Main article: Consonants Voiceless consonants are a type of consonant pronounced without the vibration of the larynx. Deafness is a type of phonation, along with voicing and larynx conditions. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, there are different letters for voiced and deaf ... ... Wikipedia

Consonants formed with the help of one noise, without the participation of a voice: (k), (k '), (n), (n'), (s), (s '), (t), (t'), ( f), (f'1, (x), (x '), (q), (h), (w), (w') (w) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

voiceless consonants- Sounds consisting acoustically of one noise produced by the organs of speech (see noisy consonants), without the participation of the voice; the vocal cords are either open or, although close, but not taut, which is why the exhaled air passing through them ... ... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and Linguistic Terms

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Voiced and voiceless consonants- 1. To check the spelling of a dubious consonant, you need to change the form of the word or choose a related word so that the checked consonant is followed by a vowel sound or one of the consonants l, m, n, p. For example: grease - grease, thresh - ... ... Spelling and Styling Reference

Consonants- Consonants are a class of speech sounds that are opposite in their properties to vowels. Articulation properties of consonants: the obligatory presence of an obstacle in the vocal tract; from an acoustic point of view, consonants are characterized as sounds, in the formation of which ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

The "Consent" request is redirected here; see also other meanings. Consonant sounds of speech, combined in a syllable with vowels and, in contrast, do not form the tops of a syllable. Acoustically, consonants are relatively smaller than vowels, ... ... Wikipedia

Speech sounds that are combined in a syllable with vowels and, in contrast, do not form the tops of a syllable. Acoustically, S. have relatively less total energy than vowels, and may not have a clear formant (see Formant) structure. ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Books

Voiceless consonants, Varlamov Igor Valerievich. Moscow and Magnitogorsk are two cities that determined the creative destiny of Igor Varlamov. About the literary and artistic environment of two cities, each of which had its own officialdom and its own counterculture, ...

Consonant sounds of the Russian language (hard-soft, voiced-deaf, paired-not paired, hissing, sibilant). Abstract of an open lesson in the Russian language. Topic: "Paired voiced and voiceless consonants"

Deaf

Voiced

Paired consonants

Unpaired consonants

Hard and soft

More on the topic CALLING AND DEAF, SOLID AND SOFT CONSISTENT SOUNDS:

Soft and hard consonants

Voiced and deaf, paired and unpaired sounds

Table for memorizing consonants

Children's poems for better mastering of the material

What is a paired consonant?

Spelling rule for paired consonants

Application of the rule

Paired consonants. Examples of word discrimination

Test on the studied topic

Answers

See what "Voiceless consonants" are in other dictionaries:

Books