Classification of excavators and their technological characteristics. Stuput the index of single-line universal excavators. ON OPERATIONAL PURCHASE

Excavator is a specialized mechanism for the development of soil. Scope: Construction Industry, Mining Industry, Irrigation.

Classification of earthmoving technology

The excavator park is characteristic of characteristic features - dimensions, power, purpose and other technical parameters.

Type of chassis

Distinguish several basic groups:

tracked;
walking;
wheels;
rail;
floating;
combined chassis.

By operating regime

Depending on the nature of the work, all earthmoving mechanisms are divided into two large class.

Excavator with continuous work process

It has several buckets in its design, which allows it to simultaneously perform operations on the extraction and movement of the soil.

Good to know! The development of the breed can be carried out in a horizontal, vertical plane, in a circle.

Used on homogeneous soils. Their use is limited to the deepening device, which requires relocation of the left ground to the surface. With their help, a device canvas, trenches, channels. They are divided into rotary and chain. The executive body of the first group is a rotating wheel on which the buckets are placed.

On chain excavators, they are fixed on a moving structure, which is a set of rippers, cutting elements, cesspool scrapers.

The presence of a significant number of buckets ensures the continuity of the process, optimizes the necessary effort, reduces the load, increases the performance of earthworks.

The trenches are rectangular, in the form of a trapezium, stepped and reach in a depth of 4 m with a width of up to 2 m. The dump ground is stored aside from the trench.

Chain multi-lifted trench excavators are used in areas of silent group of groups without large inclusions. Rotary modifications are used for overwhelming work in open careers.

Excavator with a cyclic character of action

Equipped with one bucket. The development and excavation of the soil is performed sequentially. The mechanisms of such a design are used with mixed soils with stone inclusions of solid rocks. Represent a more unified segment of technology compared to a multi-volume option.

ON OPERATIONAL PURCHASE

Exchange technology are divided into groups:

career;
running - for operation in the fields of surface mining of minerals and solid rocks;
mine Combines - for underground work;
construction universal.

Working Body Drive Model

It has several modifications:

the hydraulic system is the most numerous category, and most importantly advantage is possible to actively use attachments in the form of hydraulovers, swabs, specialized seizures, perforators;
diesel electrical machines - weight from several tens to hundreds of tons;
electric motor aggregates - SUPERSKVATORS WITH POWER POLIDAYES.

According to power equipment

The selection of the engine depends on the conditions in which mechanisms will be operated. In career equipment, electric motors are used more often. This is explained by the relative cheap electricity. When building highways, the use of diesel installations is rational.

If the excavator actuators are driven by one engine, such a drive is called single-engine, and in the presence of a separate power plant for each group of equipment - multi-motor.

Features of single-loving excavators

The most common class. Their grouping has its own principles and a number of signs.

Dimensional class index

number 0-8: from particularly easy to particularly severe - mass from 3 to 160 tons;
in power; 10 - 800 hp;
bucket volume: 0.1 - 10 m 3.

The technique is heavier than 8th grade refers to superheavy instances. Designed by individual orders.

By the type of construction, carrying bucket

Swinging mast - hard element. Bucket is mounted for cables. Outblowing the working body is performed using the steel ropes system. Such a scheme was called Drageline. It is used on the models of the walking excavators, which are used in reveal and mining work. The graising floating options and loaders are also suspended on masts.
The telescopic arrow on the device is similar to the arrow of the autocrante installations. It is rarely applied. Used in excavators where there is no need to ensure the increased rigidity of the boom element in the work of work.
The hinge arrow is characterized by an increased coefficient of strength and mobility. It is used on heavy samples of excavators.
Bumping boom - applied in a pair with hydraulic equipment on most universal excavators.

By the type of worker

Simple bucket (option - the presence of a campaign bottom).
Direct shovel - for the soil excavation above the excavator location horizon.
The reverse shovel - the equipment for the development of the soil below the mechanism when the device of boilers, trenches, recesses.
The grab - consists of two half, which are lowered to the ground, and when the lift, they capture the soil and slam. It is used on loose, bulk soil categories.
Draglain (Volokusch) - cuts the ground while stretching along the land plane.

Small mechanisms

A typical representative of this class is a compact single-line excavator on a tracked run with a breaking arrow and a hydraulic drive system. Total weight up to 1500 kg with a bucket up to 0.15 cubic meters. m. Dump is not completed, but have a solid kit extra. equipment.

Helpful information! There are babes, with an engine up to 50 cm 3 .

Thanks to the cost-effectiveness, versatility and ability to work in cramped conditions, are becoming popular in construction. Today, the demand for earthmoving machines with a small bucket at a pneumocole trip, which has increased maneuverability to operational redeployment from one object to another.

Giant excavators

Non-profile tasks for specialized equipment served to create the creation of super power prototypes. This refers to walking excavators. For the chassis, the support plate is used, which moves around the site using hydraulic motors. Excavator equipment placed on it has a unique performance. A bright example is a single-line draglines with a bucket volume up to 100 m 3. The length of the boom ranges up to 130 m. It is worth noting the rotary modifications in which the working body in the form of a wheel with a set of buckets with a diameter of up to 18 m. The depth of the soil development reaches 45 m, and the height is 38 m. The mass is up to 15000 tons. Such Working dimensions allow us to carry out a wide coverage of the treated platform. The average speed of movement is up to 450 m per day.

Technical reference! Such samples were created in the 80-90 years and operate to today. This indicates the reliability of such excavators.

The peculiarity of the walking earth engineering equipment is to combine the properties of cyclic machines and multi-loving models.

RESULTS

A rich set of types of excavators with a specific operating regimen, the type of power unit, the nature of the technological equipment makes it possible to choose a suitable modification for developing the soils of the category 1-6 and a different use algorithm.

The article was prepared by the specialists of the company "Sphere". Information O.

Single excavator - A variety of excavator, a slot machine of cyclic action for the development (digging), movement and loading of the soil. The working body is the movable bucket of a different cubic volume, fixed on arrows, handles or ropes. The bucket is loaded due to the movement relative to the soil developed. In this case, the housing of the excavator relative to the soil remains fixed - the traction force is created by the mechanisms of the excavator. This features an excavator from a staple and loader, where the traction force when loading the bucket is created by moving the machine housing.

Single-sized excavator is the most common type of earthquakes used in the construction and mining of minerals. According to the type of work, there are two main types of excavator in the direction of the teeth of the bucket - a reverse or straight shovel. Excavators with a straight shovel are used only in careers when loading the mountain mass into the dumpcar wagons or for loading with ore or other rock career dump trucks. A distinctive feature of such an excavator is the opening bottom of the bucket.

Single-sized excavators are classified by the type of chassis, the type of drive, the type of working equipment, the possibility of rotation of the working equipment relative to the supporting surface.

By the possibility of rotation of the working equipment relative to the reference surface

· Full-turn

Scheme of full-time excavator

Working equipment, drives, machine driver and engine are installed on a rotary platform, which in turn is installed on the chassis by means of a reflux device (OPU), and can be rotated relative to it in any direction to any angle. Parts of the chassis hydraulic system and the turning platform of full-turn excavators are connected to the use of the collector, which allows the unlimited number of complete revolutions in one direction.

· Inbolk-speed

Scheme of an incomplete excavator on the wheel tractor chassis 1. The excavator frame, fixed on the tractor; 2. Rotary column; 3. Arrow; 4. Handle; 5. Board drive hydraulic cylinder; 6. Hydraulic cylinder handle drive; 7. Watercolor hydraulic cylinder; 8. The bucket in the position of the reverse shovel; 9. Option of the bucket in the right shovel position; 10. Replaceable cargo hook; 11. Bulldozer dump; 12. Remote supports

Working equipment is fixed on the chassis using a rotary speaker. On many machines of this type of type, the rotary column is mounted on transverse guides, which allows you to move it together with the working hardware to the right, with subsequent rigid fixation for a more convenient position of the working equipment. The turn of the work equipment is carried out at an angle of 45-90 degrees from the initial position. Engine, mechanisms, driver cabin placed on a non-turning chassis. Currently, excavators hanging on tractors are executed incoming

By type of chassis

· Hanging on tractors

As a basic chassis, a tractor is used, most often the wheels. Intretable excavator equipment is installed behind (less often from the side) of the tractor, on a special frame. The most common are excavators hanging on class 1.4 tractors. The characteristic volume of the bucket is 0.2-0.5 MI. Used to perform small earthmoving or loading work, most often when repairing engineering networks. The design of the working equipment allows you to quickly rearrange the bucket for the work of direct or reverse shovel. The bucket can be replaced by grab, trucks or hook. The drive uses the engine base tractor. Hydraulic working equipment drive. Due to the relatively high speed, the turn can promptly arrive at the place of work, located at a distance of 20-30 km from the base of the base. A tractor with hung excavator equipment can also be used to perform transport and bulldozer.

· On car chassis

As a basic chassis, a truck is used, most often increased passability. Have a high movement speed. Apply in cases where high mobility is required: in military affairs (engineering troops, road troops), when performing rescue operations, during the construction of roads, cleaning channels. Work equipment - predominantly reverse shovel. Excavators with a telescopic arrow and a rotary bucket are produced, allowing you to quickly move from direct shovel to the reverse. The drive can be used both the engine of the base car and a separate engine installed on the rotary platform.

· Pneumocoles

Excavators have their own special chassis based on the wheels with pneumatic tires. Most often are fulfilled. To increase the stability and preventing closing when loading the bucket has remote supports. Have speed speeds up to 30 km / h. Can be touched by trucks at a speed of up to 40 km / h. Patency on weak soils limited. Available in a wide range of dimensional groups - from microexcavators with a bucket volume 0.04 mI to heavy wheel excavators - with a bucket volume up to 1.5 mI. Due to the specifics of the work performed: the development of kittlers, trenches, planning work - work equipment - predominantly reverse shovel. Can be used with grab, mining grip, hydraulic hammer for soil loosening. Wound to be widespread when performing various types of construction and repair work.

The wheel drive chassis can be carried out both from the engine of the working equipment through mechanical or hydraulic transmissions (hydraulic motors) and from a single engine.

· Crawler

Excavator Demag Bagger. Execution: Direct shovel. - one of the largest hydraulic excavator in its class

Excavators have their own special chassis with a tracked propulsion. Perfect full-turn. They have high patency and low specific pressure on the ground with a large mass. They can work on weak and overwhelmed soils, including peatpooling. Have speed of 2-15 km / h. The place of work transports tractors on special trailers.

The working range of the bucket volumes is very wide: from the mini-scab with the volume of the bucket 0.04 μ to the career with the volume of the bucket of 10 mI. There are also particularly heavy career tracked excavators with the volume of the bucket of 26 MI produced by Demag (Germany).

Work equipment: Direct shovel, reverse shovel, dragine. It can be used with a grab, a jewish grip, hydraulic hammer for soil loosening. They were widespread in construction and during mining. A number of models of caterpillar and pneumatic excavators have a unified turning platform and work equipment.

· Walking

The swivel platform with the equipment of the walking excavator is installed on the support plate. The paws are associated with the rotary platform, which are raised when the excavator is raised (do not touch the soil). With the movement of the excavator, the paws are based on the ground. At the same time, the support plate is removed from the soil. The excavator moves one step forward (for some models it is possible to move back). After that, the paws rise and returned to its original position. In the walking move, large career excavators with a bucket volume of 15 MI - 40 MI and an arrow departure up to 65 m - 150 m. Working equipment - Dragine. Running excavators are performed with overwhelming work (clearing of mineral deposits from empty breed), as well as mining and moving them into the dump (up to 40m height). Loading minerals by walking excavators cannot be carried out in vehicles.

· Railway

A railway platform is used as the excavator chassis. Used for repair work on the railway. Have a bucket of up to 4 mi. Rotary platform and equipment is often unified with tracked excavators.

· Floating

Work equipment (dragline or graon) is installed on the pontoon. Apply for loading and unloading, sand mining, gravel from water bodies, bottomatic and dredging works. From floating cranes equipped with grabes, floating excavators are characterized by a smaller height and a simplified arrow design.

By type of engine

· Steam excavators

A steam machine is used as an engine. Were distributed at the beginning of the 20th century. Currently not issued. The moment-speed characteristics of the steam machine and the excessive equipment of the excavator are well coorded (the steam machine can develop the torque even with the inverted shaft), which simplifies mechanical transmissions.

· Excavators with internal combustion engines

The most common type. The excavator has its own engine, most often diesel. This ensures the autonomy of work. The power range of motors installed on modern excavators is very wide (see Dimensional groups).

The moment-speed characteristics of the internal combustion engine and the work equipment of the excavator are not agreed. In particular, the internal combustion engine cannot develop the torque at the crankshaft of the shaft. This requires applied on mechanical excavators of matching gear (clutch couplings, gearboxes, hydrotransformers). Hydraulic excavators appreciation is provided by hydraulic gears.

· Electric excavators

Electrical engines that receive energy from the external network or from their own diesel-electric unit are used to drive work equipment. Electric drive with power supply from the external network is used for career excavators. Such excavators are economical and do not contaminate the atmosphere of the career. Electric power drive from its own diesel electrical unit is used in floating excavators. Like a steam machine, the electric motor develops the torque at the inhibited anchor, so the electrical excavator does not need complex mechanical transmissions.

Excavators working in an explosive environment (in mines) of the primary engine do not have. Their hydraulic equipment is powered by a high pressure fluid from an external oil plant.

According to the type of mechanical gear (operating equipment drives)

· With group mechanical cable drive (mechanical)

Traction effort to the working bodies is transmitted by means of ropes (or chains) movable swans. The Lebetok drive is carried out from the excavator engine by means of mechanical gear (gear, chain, friction, worm).

The universal excavator with a mechanical drive is equipped with a three-drum winch. The booster boom drum is used to drive (lifting and lowering) arrows. The lifting drum is used for the lifting of the bucket (or return the handle during the operation of the reverse shovel). The traction drum is used to pull up the bucket to the excavator (when the draglock, reverse shovel). When operating a direct shovel, the traction drum is associated with the pressure head mechanism.

Mechanical cable drive was widely used on excavators in the past. In modern models, its use is reduced by the following reasons:

· Excavators with mechanical cable drive have a complex design and contain a large number of high-speed products (friction lining, brake tapes, ropes).
· Rope drive provides a limited number of independent displacements of the elements of the working equipment;
· Rope drive is technically difficult to make automated;
· Rope drive does not fully fix the elements of the working equipment in the specified position.

On modern models, the rope mechanical drive is used only for Draghun or Graper.

· With individual electric drive winches (electromechanical)

Traction effort to the working bodies is transmitted by means of ropes (or chains) movable swans. The drive of each winch and auxiliary mechanisms is carried out by an individual electric motor. Such a drive is applied on heavy careers (including walking) and industrial excavators.

· With hydraulic drive

In hydraulic drive excavators ( hydraulic excavators) The effort on elements of the working equipment is created by hydraulic cylinders and hydrodic engines. The excavator engine leads to a rotation a hydraulic pump that creates the pressure of the working fluid in the pressure center of the hydraulic system. Through the system of hydraulic distributors of half-cylinders (hydrodal motigaves), they are connected to the working or drain highways of the hydraulic system, which ensures the movement of the work equipment. In the neutral position (with locked cavities of the hydraulic cylinders), the position of the working equipment is fixed. To transport the excavator with the help of a tug, the possibility of translating the boom hydraulic cylinder and the hydrometer of the rotation mechanism to neutral transport ("floating") mode.

Currently, hydraulic excavators have predominant distribution.

The main types of work equipment, parameters and indexation of building excavators. Performance and ways to increase it. Machines and equipment for frozen soils. Application of machines with traditional organs for the development of frozen soils. Types of special machines.

General classification of single-loving excavators (purpose, device, workflows, technological capabilities, performance, scope). Direct and reverse shovel, dragon, grab

Single-line excavators call the positional excavation machines of the cyclical action equipped with an applying worker. Operating cycle O.E. It consists of consistently performed operations of the soil digging, its movement in the bucket to the place of sucking, unloading the bucket with a soil swelling into a dump or vehicle and return the bucket to the position of the next operating cycle. This is called excavation. After working out the slaughter element, the excavator is moved to a new position. O.E. Classify:

1-Intended: Construction, Construction and Career, Career, Running, Tunnel, Mine;

2-point work equipment: direct and reverse shovel, dragon, grab, scheduler;

3rd performance of work equipment: cable cars, hydraulic

4-in type of running devices: Pneumocoles (automobile and tractor bases), tracked, walking;

5 - if the possibility of rotating the swivel: full-turn and incomplete;

6- by the number of installed engines: single and multi-motor.

O.E. There may have crane, puffy, tamping and other replaceable equipment. With one type of work equipment - special, and equipped with interchangeable types of work equipment - universal.

Building freight forwarders are designed to develop a soil to the IV category without prior dissection, frozen and rock after their breaking. Hydraulic excavators are used in 80% in total production.

The main parameter of OE is its mass. Depending on the mass, they are divided into dimensional groups.

Dimensional groups are characterized by a set of basic parameters:

1) - power of the power plant;

2) - the bucket capacity;

3) - effort on his teeth;

4) - the dimensions of the working area;

5) - the duration of the working cycle;

6) - movement speeds;

7) - the frequency of rotation of the rotary platform;

8) - overcome biases;

9) - Specific pressure on the ground;

11) - Overall dimensions and others.

Dimensional group	Mass Univ-X O.E., t
O. E.	over	before
	- 6,3	6,3

Indices. O. E. - EO-0000:

1 cyfra - dimensional group;

2 Cyfra - type of driving device (1. Crawler, 2. Crawler with an increased support surface, 3. Pneumocoles, 4. Specialty of a car type chassis, 5. Chassis of a truck, 6. On the tractor base);

3Chpra type of suspension of work equipment (1 and 2 - with flexible and rigid suspension, 3 - telescopic work equipment);

4Chifra - the number of the excavator model.

For example, EO-4123:

ONEDOKSHOVOY, CONSTRUCTION, UNIVERSAL, 4-dimensional group with a tracked chassis, with an increased support surface, rigid suspension equipment, a third model. Letters further - the next modernization and climatic execution.

Technical performance O. Eh.:

where q is the container of the bucket;

Filling coefficient;

Coefficient of soil breaking;

Duration of the working cycle;

Duration of one movement to a new position;

The number of working cycles on one position.

Performance:

where - the duration of the period of operation of the excavator;

Time use coefficient (with a single-shifted operation of a sq \u003d 0.2-0.25).

The main working bodies of hydraulic excavators are buckets back and direct shovel, loader and grab.

Replaceable working bodies: bulldozer dumps, single-to-block and multi-faceted rippers, hydraulic windows, crane suspension, different modifications of grabs and grippers, screw storms.

The excavator consists of the base part and the work equipment.

The base portion: consists of a running trolley with a lower frame, a support-rotary device, a rotary platform with a pumping and power unit, a hydraulic drive assembly nodes and a driver cabin.

WORKING EQUIPMENT - The reverse shovel includes a consistently interconnected by hinges arrow, handle and bucket. It is intended for the development of soils mainly below the level of the excavator parking.

The working zone of the full-time excavator is a part of the space bounded by a toroidal surface, the radial cross section of which is called the axial longitudinal profile of the working area.

On it determine the working dimensions:

Hmax is the maximum depth of digging;

RKCMAX - digging radius at the level of the excavator parking;

HBmax is the height of unloading.

Working equipment - Direct shovel - To develop the soil above the level of the excavator parking consists of an arrow, handle and a bucket. The arrow is shorter than reverse shovels. The boom drive is provided by two hydraulic cylinders, and the handles alone. Regarding the knuckles of the buckets can be swivel and non-reflective. Such an excavator develops a soil movement of a bucket from below (from the level of the excavator) up (to the top cutting of the slaughter).

Working equipment - Graim - used for excerpts of workers, cleaning reservoirs and channels, for unloading and loading bulk materials. It consists of a two-week bucket installed at the lower end of the rod suspended to the reverse shovel on two cylindrical hinges, allowing the bucket to take the sheer position. Jaws are revealed by hydraulic cylinders.

To start working, the bucket with open jaws are lowered to the captured material, then they are closed. The bucket is introduced into the material and filled with them. Then it is raised by a handle from the excavation with a turn of the platform for unloading. The buckets unload the opening of the jaws. For loosening of durable and frozen soils, excavators are equipped with equipment: a single-up ripper, a hydraulic hammer (the destruction of rock rocks, hacking asphalt when repairing roads).

Draglinone is called work equipment O. E. with a bucket, suspended to the arrow on the lifting rope and moved when the soil is driving a traction rope.

Building dragings with buckets of 0.3 to 3 cubic meters to unload the soil below the level of the parking lot when passing up the pitchers and trenches, with underwater development of recesses, loading and unloading bulk and crushed materials. They work mainly with unloading in the dump.

Replaceable working bodies (hydraulic windows, hydrotherapops, rippers, fork grips, grabs, ticky seizures, planning dumps, etc.) Excavators - schedulers, non-perverse excavators, mini excavators (qk \u003d 0.03-0.2CUB.m) in cramped and hard to access places, inside buildings, during repair work, micro-excavators (B \u003d 1m, qk \u003d 0.02kub.m)

Classification of continuous excavators (e.D.). Purpose, Application area, Device, workflow, technological capabilities and trench performance and chain excavators

E. N. D. - These are earthmoving machines that are continuously developing the soil with simultaneous loading of it in transport or in the dump. The working body is equipped with several buckets, scrapers, cutters, alternately separating the ground from the massif. They are fixed on a single working body - a rotor or a closed chain.

They are classified by:

appointment or type of work performed:

a) trench;

b) career;

c) construction and career;

by type of working body:

a) rotary;

b) chains (scraper, milling);

by way of digging:

a) longitudinal;

b) transverse.

Rotors are used to develop trenches of limited depths (up to 3 m). Chain depth to 6m or more. They are used to develop homogeneous soils to the IV category. Large stony inclusions reduce the resource of these machines. For frozen soils, the main parameter of trench excavators depth of the tired trench, the mass and power of the engine.

ETR-254 - Excavator Trench rotary fourth model for trench development with a depth of 2.5m.

ETC-165 - Excavator Trench chain-fifth model for the development of trench depth to 1.6 m.

The trench excavator consists of two parts - the tractor and work equipment interconnected by semi-trailers or attached schemes.

Working equipment of the trench excavator provides a separation from the soil massif into the trench of the design depth and widths with the slopes or without them, the total removal of it from the trench and the dumping into the bars (cavalier) next to the trench. The latter operation is performed by a ribbon dump conveyor installed perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the trench in the potor cavity (on rotary excavators) or on the tractor (on chains). For the development of narrow trenches (cracks) use infordant scraper milling trench excavators.

excavator Transport Engine

Excavator is the main type of earthmoving loading machine.

On the principle of operation, excavators can be divided into two major categories:

- Non-line (continuous action);
- Odrug (cyclic action).

As clearly from the name, the working equipment of the continuous excavator includes several buckets that are continuously moving along a closed area. We confine oursently to the consideration of single-loving excavators, as the most typical representatives of this class of construction machines.

The main components of the excavator:

- and power equipment,
-control system,
- Operation platform and transmission.

Working equipment of excavators with direct and reverse shovel consists of a bucket (usually), arrows and handles. Working equipment of excavators with draglin does not have handles, and the buckets suspended to the arrow on the rope using the harness. The work equipment also includes blocks, guide devices and ropes that transmit movements to various elements of the working equipment. In addition to the bucket, another attachment equipment has been developed. This is a grab (digging or loading), a hydraulic hammer (for the destruction of concrete and reinforced concrete structures and loosening of frozen soil), hydronomy (for the destruction and crushing of reinforced concrete structures and cutting of reinforcement), logs, brush cutter, concrete, milling head (for opening underground communications, loosening and soil planning), auger boring.

If at an excavator can be installed at least three types of interchangeable equipment - direct shovel, reverse shovel and dragine, then such excavators are called universal. Usually, grapple and crane also includes their set of replaceable equipment.

By type of drive, excavators are divided into two classes:

-We flexible (cable) suspension;
- With a rigid suspension (hydraulic drive).

Hydraulic suspension allows you to fix the elements of the working equipment in space. Hard suspension excavators have significant technological, constructive and operational advantages compared with excavators with flexible suspension.

By type of movement mechanism, excavators are divided into wheel and tracked). If the construction is carried out in an urban art, it is preferable to use wheeled excavators, caterpillar behave in off-road conditions.

In the Russian market there are two groups of excavators on the car chassis:

-classical (with articulated workshop);
- Salecopic

Constructive features allow telescopic excavators using a bucket rotation, jerk under the pipes and produce stripping not only horizontal, but also vertical surfaces in limited spaces. A set of additional work equipment makes an excavator on the automotive chassis versatile machine.

Excavator with mechanical shovel. In its appointment and capacity, the bucket mechanical shovels are divided into:

-Niversal (0.2-2 m3),
-Camers and mining (2-5 m3),
-bid (8-90 m3).

The wider than others use two design options for mechanical shovels. In one of them, the main nodes are a single-channel double-drum winch, handle and cable head mechanism, fixed on the rotary platform. When lowering the bucket rises against them, and vice versa. In another embodiment, a three-channel winch without a counterweight is used. Arrow, handle and pressure mechanism form a special design with an intermediate hinge than the independence of the suspension is ensured. Pressure mechanism affects a two-born handle that is supported and sent by moving rigid link.

The peculiarity of the stripped mechanical shovel is large radii of evaporation and unloading (more than 100 m) and a large bucket capacity (more than 90 m3). From small universal and career excavators, they differ in the design of the caterpillar stroke - each of the four angles of the base of the excavator with an overwhelming mechanical shovel relies on a two-year-old trolley.

Excavator-Draghin and inverse mechanical shovel, unlike direct shovels, are developing the soil below the machine level. In the Draglain, the bucket is fixed on the lifting rope, and the drawing is carried out by tightening the second, "traction" rope. The bucket of the excavator is crashed into a soil under the weight of its own weight, which allows you to develop even a strong breed, a predetermined explosion.

Big Dragles are installed on a walking go. The mechanism of "walking" consists of a central support plate, side ski and a mechanism leading them in motion (cam or lever). When the excavator relies on the stove, skiing is raised and can move. After their lowering, the excavator together with the central stove is lifted, relies on the ski and moves. Due to the fact that skis are fixed on the platform and its turn can be changed the direction of movement, the machine can move even in the side direction.

Excavator-draglin, the boom of which is replaced with a rope tensioned between two towers carrying a bucket called "tower". Such a dragine may have "arrows departure" (the distance between the towers) to 500 m. The bucket is unloaded through the bottom, for which he often gives a sickle form, otherwise unloading controls the traction rope.

Excavator-stroke. This type of excavator is intended mainly for earthworks on railway tracks and cleaning them from snow. Travel stops produce cutting new and cleaning old cuvettes, mandrels of slopes of recesses, embankments and ballast prism, etc. In the middle of the excavator there are two side wings. They consist of moving parts - the main, cueve and sustainable, which are installed along the outline of the transverse profile of the path. The stroke moves the locomotive from which compressed air is also coming for a pneumatic control system.

Excavators-planners are usually made on the basis of a car chassis. Schedule excavators perform the layout of the slopes of embankments and the removal of the earth canvas. Moreover, the volume of such works is great, since any road, as a rule, goes to the embankment or in the excavation, and the height of the slopes takes up to 12 m. If 2-2.5 m can provide a motor grader, then a large height is only an excavator-planner. In addition to the slopes of land, planning work is carried out at approaches to bridges, overpass and other artificial facilities. Excavators-schedulers will be outlined even with variable slope geometry. The stability of the machine in the process of operation is provided by outriggers (supports).

Trench excavators are classified according to the following basic features:

- by the type of working equipment - on chains (ETC) and rotary (ETR);
-The method of connecting work equipment with basic tractor - with mounted and semi-trailers;
- by the type of undercoming device of the basic tractor - on tracked and pneumocoles;
- by the type of drive - with a mechanical, hydraulic, electrical and combined drive.

Trench excavators are designed to develop trenches for main pipelines in various soils. Also, these excavators can be used in land reclamation, on the rewriting of the bottom of trenche and backfill their loose soil, at ameliorative work, on the construction and repair of roads.

Mini excavators. This class of cars appeared in Russia only in recent years. Multi-power excavators are used with minor volumes of earthworks, as well as with auxiliary and preparatory work - rolls and the village of the forest, the pile bob, the sealing of road surfaces, assembly and loading and unloading operations. Modern mini-excavators of this class are executed in the classic layout. They use a caterpillar or pneumocole stone, and in the quality of work equipment, as a rule, an inverse mechanical shovel is used with the possibility of rotating the boom in the horizontal plane. In addition, modern mini-excavators are equipped with a bulldozer dump for clearing the site and increasing stability, and at the request of the customer - replaceable buckets, drilling rods and hydraulic hammers.

Excavators of continuous action - earthmoving machines with chain or rotary working bodies, the digging cycle in which are combined with the soil unloading cycles and moving the machine. They are designed to grow longitudinal recesses (channels, trenches, cuvettes) of a rectangular and trapezoidal profile, profiling of slopes of soil structures, reveal and mining of minerals in an open way.

Continuous excavators are used in developing relatively homogeneous soils to the IV strength category with the size of very strong inclusions of no more than 0.25 width of the working body (bucket or scraper).

Excavators of transverse digging are distinguished by the direction of their own working movement relative to the wall of the disease perpendicularly to the plane in which the velocities of the working bodies and the working resistance are overcome by them. Such machines include chain multi-loving excavators for career and planning works, as well as career multi-loving rotary excavators. Career rotary excavators of the top cutting are located at the sole of the face, and their rotors rotate in such a way that the buckets are moving up from the excavator when filling.

Career rotary and chain excavators of the lower cutting are located above the caution, and their buckets are filled with from bottom to be moving up to the excavator.

In construction for cutting trenches under various kinds of communication, ameliorative ditch when draining construction sites, recesses for tape foundations, etc. Excavators of longitudinal digging are more often used. This group of machines include trenchers with chain and rotary work equipment, equipped with buckets or scrapers. In the longitudinal digging excavators, the speed of the machine and the speed of the working body (chain or rotor) lie in the same plane.

The chain excavator of continuous action is equipped with a chain working body, which consists of one or two, which are parallel to each other, multi-row-roller chains, on which buckets or plows and scrapers are fixed. When the excavator and chains (or circuits) are moving, the buckets are cut off the ground chips and the ground is carried out of the trench.

When working on durable soils, buckets are equipped with loose teeth. To facilitate work equipment, an unequal number of teeth is installed on adjacent buckets. Then the teeth of the back bucket destroy the untouched ground, remaining in the intervals between the teeth of the previous bucket. Overseas upper leading asterisk, buckets tipping over, and the soil is unloaded through their common rear wall.

When working on overwhelmed and sticky soils, part of the soil remains in buckets, reducing their useful capacity and increasing energy consumption for the drive of the working body.

Get rid of these negative phenomena allows the application in the back of the bottom of the bucket of welded circuits instead of a solid leaf and ejectors, which, when tipping the bucket, purify it from the nagworn soil.

The plows of the scraper excavator destroy the soil, and the scrapers, pushing it in front of them along the surface of the slaughter, are putting the ground to the day surface. They are practically not affected by the soil.

The lower (working) branch of the chain moves upwards to the excavator and moves in rigid guides or freely saves, relying only on the surface of the slaughter.

Top (Host) The branch moves from top to bottom from the excavator by supporting rollers. The soil, endowed from the hammering of ladle, when tipping into a short crossbone conveyor, which evacuates it in the side roller or vehicle. The soil, endowed from the scraper slab, shifts on the surface of the earth away from the axis of the cut trench with a screw conveyor.

T IP drivers of the base machine on which the working equipment of the continuous excavator operation equipment depends mainly on its purpose.

Machines intended for laying multi-kilometer trenches at unprepared terrain are equipped with a crawler move.

The type of continuous excavator drive is determined by the base machine drive. Modern machines in the overwhelming majority of cases have a hydromechanical chassis and hydraulic drive of the work equipment and control systems. The quality of the trencher is assessed by the accuracy of the setting course, the smooth of the trench bottom and the verticality of its walls, on the hold of which within the limits of technological tolerances and the operation of automatic control systems installed on continuous excavators are directed.

Rotary continuous excavators are equipped with a rotary working body, which is a metal wheel, on the rim of which buckets are installed at equal intervals. The depth of the trench, cut by a rotary excavator, cannot exceed 0.57 diameters of the rotary wheel, measured by the cutting edges of the bucket. The speed of movement of the rotor excavator is higher than the chain, and its performance is determined by the circumferential speed of the rotor, which is limited by the possibility of gravitational unloading.

Single-line building excavators are universal machines used in the dust of the soils to the VI strength category, disassembling the weak and blown rock. They are used for removing from slaughter and loading into transport or dust of bulk and large-rod materials, the destruction of old structures, clearing the territories during the breakdown of the tracks, clearing the reclamation and drainage channels, excerpts for large pitchers and extended tranches, the construction of soil embankments, construction of tunnels and bridge transitions and in other works.

In construction, machines of up to 50 tons with a hydraulic drive of work equipment, which are usually referred to as a group of building excavators, are most widely used.

Single-sized excavators are usually classified by:

- Mass,
- Four-mindedness,
-Type of the propulsion
-Type of work equipment.

The full-time excavator consists of a swivel platform, a reference device and chassis. In the rotary platform, an engine adjacent to it is part of the chassis, cab, control systems, work equipment and its power drive. The reverse rotary device ensures the rotation of the rotary platform to any side and for any number of revolutions. The excavator chassis consists of a frame, a running equipment, a propulsion and challenge transmission.

Inspected excavators are small-sized excavator equipment, hung on the base machine. Replaceable equipment is hung on the base machine and removed from it as needed, and the unmanned is the main and used constantly. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the base machine for non-remote excavator equipment is the wheel tractor, to the rear of the frame of which is attached an arrow with a handle, bucket, executive hydraulic cylinders and additional mechanisms. In this case, the angle of rotation of the excavator equipment is limited to the design of the base machine and does not exceed 180 °. The rotation of the excavator equipment relative to the vertical axis is usually carried out by the hydraulic cylinder, the heel of which is fixed on the frame of the machine, and the rod - on the rotary speaker bracket. The swivel column can be fixed, and can shift the lobby relative to the longitudinal axis of the machine. At the same time, the axis of the tired trench is carried to a risk of the right or left rear wheel, which is convenient when performing earthworks close to borders, walls, etc.

Inspected excavators are used at relatively small concentrated volumes of earthen and loading work, conjugate with frequent transferring machines between objects and work in cramped conditions. Such conditions are characteristic of the maintenance and repair of thermal, plumbing, gas, electric, drainage and communication networks, as well as landscaping, the beneficial and content of urban areas.

Full-time excavators are mounted on a tracked run or chassis. The number of models of tracked excavators is much larger than pneumocoles, reflecting the relationship between different operating conditions.

The tracked propeller is well adapted to weak soils and provides an excavator better stability, increased permeability, good maneuverability and less cost. But the relocation of tracked machines requires high time spent, attracting special vehicles and compliance with transportation rules, stipulated by transport legislation.

The pneumatic propeller provides an excavator higher transport speeds, less chassis weight, less maintenance work, the preservation of solid and improved road coatings. Lower noise when moving. Therefore, pneumocole machines are more efficient with frequent cargo of machines between objects and their operation on solid surfaces, which is more characteristic of cities. Wheel machines are, as a rule, options for tracked prototypes mounted on a pneumocole chassis. The weight of the pneumocole construction excavators usually does not exceed 22 tons, since the dimensions of heavier machines deprive them of the main advantage of the pneumocole propulsion - mobility. The elasticity of the pneumocolese causes compulsory use on the pneumopole excavator of remote supports, as well as a bulldozer dump used and directly intended, and as a support, and as a counterweight.

Wheel-rail, combined and floating propulsions are applied in situations when neither a caterpillar nor a pneumatic propulsion is suitable under the operating conditions.

Sometimes single-line full-time excavators are conditionally divided into the following groups:

mini-Squators - weighing up to 5 tons,

middExcavators - weighing up to 8 tons,

full-size construction excavators weighing up to 40 tons,

special purpose excavators weighing more than 40 tons.

Field-turn excavators belonging to different dimensional groups differ not only in mass, but also other features. Thus, mini-speakers are usually mounted on a tracked chassis, equipped with a bulldozer blade, and their work equipment can rotate in terms of a turning platform to an angle, slightly smaller ± 90 °.

Single-sized excavators

Excavator(from Lat. . excavato. - Dolblya) - an agricultural machine intended for digging of the soil followed by its unloading to the dump or in any vehicles.

Singochy excavator - Cyclic action machine for development (digging), movement and loading of the soil.

The working body is the movable bucket, fixed on arrows, handles or ropes. The bucket is loaded due to moving relative to the soil developed. In this case, the excavator body relative to the soil remains still - the traction force is created by the mechanisms of the excavator. This features an excavator from a staple and loader, where the traction force when loading the bucket is created by moving the machine housing.

Single-sized excavator is the most common type of earthquakes used in the construction and mining of minerals.

Excavators came to replace farmers, mechanized their labor-intensive manual labor and significantly increased the performance of earthworks. Capacity of buckets of modern building excavators can reach 2-4 m.

Excavators intended :

For the development of recesses and embankments;

For digging pots, canals, trenches;

When building dams and clearing territories,

In overnight work and careers,

When overloading bulk building materials

When planning work and in many other cases.

Each type of work requires the use of equipment adapted for this excavator and intended for each specific case.

Application . The area of \u200b\u200btheir use in construction is practically not limited. Where there is access for this machine, earthworks will be made with a high pace and quality.

What exactly are the work designed excavators? They can be used when digging kittylovanov, channels, trenches, the development of recesses and embankments, the design of dams and clearing areas, at overlooking work and in careers, when overloading bulk building materials and planning work and in many other cases.

Excavators can develop soil as above the site level on which they stand and below this level. They can act in cramped conditions and develop ground under the layer of water, unload the dug in vehicles into vehicles and pour it into a significant distance from the digging site into the blade, can finally separate the bias and surface of the walls of tranches and pita, as well as with sufficient accuracy to plan a horizontal surface. construction site or bottom of tranches and pita.

Obviously, each type of work requires the use of adapted excavators and intended for each specific case of work equipment.

However, excavators were more distributed in construction than multi-loving, due to the fact that they have greater versatility.

Universality is the ability of the excavator to perform a variety of earthworks, ranging from the construction of trenches, kittlers, canals and ending with mounds and dams, as well as lead loading and unloading operations. Of course, all this excavator can only be performed using various interchangeable work equipment.

Classification. Single-sized excavators are classified by the type of chassis, the type of drive, the type of working equipment, the possibility of rotation of the working equipment relative to the supporting surface.

- By the possibility of rotation of the working equipment relative to the reference surface

but). Full-turn

Fig. Schuham of a full-turn excavator

b). Inbolk-speed

Fig. Diagram of the non-fast excavator

on the chassis of the wheel tractor:

1. Frame of the excavator, fixed on the tractor;

2. Rotary column;

3. Arrow;

4. Handle;

5. Board drive hydraulic cylinder;

6. Hydraulic cylinder handle drive;

7. Watercolor hydraulic cylinder;

9. Options for installing a bucket to the position of the reverse shovel;

10. Replaceable cargo hook;

11. Bulldozer dump;

12. Remote supports.

Working equipment is fixed on the chassis using a rotary speaker. On many machines of this type, the rotary column is mounted on transverse guides, which allows you to move it together with the working equipment to the right-left, followed by rigid fixation for a more convenient position of the working equipment. The turn of the work equipment is carried out at an angle of 45-90 degrees from the initial position. Engine, mechanisms, driver cabin placed on a non-turning chassis. Currently, excavators hanging on tractors are performed.

- By type of chassis

but). Hanging on tractors

Fig. Excavator hung at the Belarus tractor.

Fig. Tractor excavator of foreign production.

As a basic chassis, a tractor is used, most often the wheels. Intretable excavator equipment is installed behind (less often from the side) of the tractor, on a special frame. The most common are excavators hanging on class 1.4 tractors. The characteristic volume of the bucket is 0.2-0.5 m³. Used to perform small earthmoving or loading work, most often when repairing engineering networks. The design of the working equipment allows you to quickly rearrange the bucket for the work of direct or reverse shovel. The bucket can be replaced by grab, trucks or hook. The drive uses the engine base tractor. Hydraulic working equipment drive. Due to the relatively high speed, the turn can promptly arrive at the place of work, located at a distance of 20-30 km from the base of the base. A tractor with hung excavator equipment can also be used to perform transport and bulldozer.

b). On car chassis

Fig. EO-4421 excavator (kirassir) on Kraz-255 chassis.

Fig. UDS excavator on Tatra-141 chassis

in). Pneumocoles

Fig. Modern pneumatic excavator

with hydraulic drive.

Fig. Pneumocole excavator of the 50s - 60s with cable drive

Excavators have their own special chassis based on the wheels with pneumatic tires. Most often are fulfilled. To increase the stability and preventing closing when loading the bucket has remote supports. Have speed speeds up to 30 km / h. Can be touched by trucks at a speed of up to 40 km / h. Patency on weak soils limited. Available in a wide range of dimensional groups - from microexcavators with a bucket volume 0.04 m³ to heavy wheel excavators - with the volume of the bucket 1,5 m³.. Due to the specifics of the work performed: the development of kittlers, trenches, planning work - work equipment - predominantly reverse shovel. Can be used with grab, mining grip, hydraulic hammer for soil loosening. Wound to be widespread when performing various types of construction and repair work.

The wheel drive chassis can be carried out both from the engine of the working equipment through mechanical or hydraulic transmissions (hydraulic motors) and from a single engine.

d). Crawler

Fig. Modern tracked excavator

Fig. Excavator Demag Bagger - one of the largest in its class

The working range of the volume of the bucket is very wide: from the mini-scab with the volume of the bucket 0,04 m³. to career with the volume of the bucket 10 m³.. There are also particularly heavy career caterpillar excavators with a bucket 26 m³. Production of Demag (Germany).

E). Walking. The walking excavator is an excavator on a walking go, usually with Draghun equipment. The use of hydraulic walking (unlike tracked) propulsion allows to reduce the load on the ground (the mass of the machines can reach hundreds and even thousands of tons) and increase the reliability.

Fig. Walking excavator:

but- general form; b. - type of chassis.

The swivel platform with the equipment of the walking excavator is installed on the support plate. The paws are associated with the rotary platform, which are raised when the excavator is raised (do not touch the soil). With the movement of the excavator, the paws are based on the ground. At the same time, the support plate is removed from the soil. The excavator moves one step forward (for some models it is possible to move back). After that, the paws rise and returned to its original position. On the walking goes produce large career excavators with the volume of the bucket 15 m³. - 40 m³. and departure arrows up 65 m. - 150 m.. Working equipment - Dlagine. Overwhelming excavators are performed with overwhelming work (clearing of mineral deposits from empty breed), as well as mining and moving them into the dump (height to 40 m.). Loading minerals by walking excavators cannot be carried out in vehicles.

e). Railway.

A railway platform is used as the excavator chassis. Used for repair work on the railway. Have a bucket of up to 4 m³. Rotary platform and equipment is often unified with tracked excavators.

g). Floating.

Fig. Floating single-line excavator - dredger.

By engine type.

but). Steam excavators - a steam machine is used as a motor. Were distributed at the beginning of the 20th century. Currently not issued. The moment-speed characteristics of the steam machine and the excess equipment of the excavator are well coordinated, which simplifies mechanical transmissions.

Fig. Steam shovel.

b). Excavators with internal combustion engines are the most common type. The excavator has its own engine, most often diesel. This ensures the autonomy of work. The power range of motors installed on modern excavators is very wide (see Dimensional groups).

The moment-high speed characteristics of the internal combustion engine and the work equipment of the excavator are inconsistent. This requires applying on mechanical excavators of matching gear (gearboxes, hydrotransformers). Hydraulic excavators appreciation is provided by hydraulic gears.

in). Electric excavators - Electrical engines that receive energy from the external network or from their own diesel-electric unit are used to drive work equipment. Electric drive with power supply from the external network is used for career excavators. Such excavators are economical and do not contaminate the atmosphere of the career. Electric power drive from its own diesel electrical unit is used in floating excavators.

d). Excavators working in an explosive environment (in mines) of the primary engine do not have. Their hydraulic equipment is powered by a high pressure fluid from an external oil plant.

By type of mechanical gear (operating equipment drives):

but). With group mechanical cable drive (mechanical);

Swanks of a mechanical excavator.

Mechanical cable drive was widely used on excavators in the past. In modern models, its use is reduced by the following reasons:

Excavators with mechanical cable drive have a complex design and contain a large number of high-speed products (friction lining, brake tapes, ropes).

Rope drive provides a limited number of independent displacements of work equipment elements;

Rope drive is technically difficult to make automated;

The rope drive does not fully fix the elements of the working equipment in the specified position.

On modern models, the rope mechanical drive applies only for draglaunor grafe.

Fig. Swanks of mechanical excavator

b). With individual electrical drive winches (electromechanical);

Traction effort to the working bodies is transmitted by means of ropes (or chains) movable swans. The drive of each winch and auxiliary mechanisms is carried out by an individual electric motor. Such a drive is applied to heavy careers (including walking) and industrial excavators.

in). With hydraulic drive;

In hydraulic drive excavators (hydraulic excavators), the force on the elements of the working equipment is created by hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic engines. The excavator engine leads to a rotation a hydraulic pump that creates the pressure of the working fluid in the pressure center of the hydraulic system. Through the system of hydraulic distributors of the cavity of the hydraulic cylinders (hydrodal engines), they are connected to the working or drain highways of the hydraulic system, which ensures the movement of the working equipment. In the neutral position (with locked cavities of the hydraulic cylinders), the position of the working equipment is fixed. For the transportation of the excavator using a tug, the possibility of translating the boom hydraulic cylinder and the rotation of the rotation mechanism to neutral transport ("floating") mode.

Indexing.

Stuput the index of single-line universal excavators.

The numerator indicates Mas excavators attached to the tractor.

Specifications.

Table 1

The main characteristics of single-line universal excavators of the 2-4th dimensional groups

Device. The excavator may be different design, depending on the purpose.

Work equipment - These are the nodes of the machine, with which the excavator directly digs the soil (bucket, arrow, handle with the system of their drive). In these cases, the type of transportation of machines also plays a certain role: whether the excavator is supplied with a crawler stroke or it has a pneumatic chassis, which allows you to quickly move the machine from an object to the object. It is also important to turn the work equipment or, in other words, the presence of a swivel platform, which creates ample opportunities for unloading soil and other works. Accordingly, the features of the specific types of earthworks that must be excavator, the use of excavators with certain working equipment, chassis and the type of its drive.

Fig.A. Excavator work equipment - reverse shovel:

1 - swivel frame; 2 - machine driver; 3 and 4 - lower main and upper extension parts of the boom; 5 and 6 - Hydraulic cylinders of the handle and bucket; 7 - handle ; 8 - lever bucket; 9 - bucket; 10 - traction; 11 - boom hydraulic cylinder; 12 - Arrow;

Fig.B. Excavator work equipment - Direct shovel:

1 - Arrow; 2 - handle; 3 - traction; 4 - tooth bucket; 5 - bucket; 6 - loop the bottom of the bucket; 7 -10 - hydraulic cylinders; I.- II. - The position of the bucket is aware.

D o p o l n and t e l

Working equipment of the single-circuit excavator.

Working equipment of single-loving excavators - a set of working equipment of a single-sized excavator.

The base machine of the single-circuit excavator ensures the functioning of various working equipment. The latter can be replaceable. Working equipment for the digging of the soil is called basic, and work equipment for performing other operations is optional.

Basic work equipment.

BUT). Direct shovel

Fig. The scheme of the working cycle of the hydraulic excavator with a straight shovel.

Fig. Career excavator with straight shovel and cable drive.

Direct shovel - Basic work equipment for the development (digging) of the soil is above the level of the excavator parking. Lamps direct shovels are fixed on handles. The handle in turn is fixed on arrows. The arrow is hingedly fixed on the rotary platform of the car. The hydraulic excavators of the ladle on the handle are molded - the bucket unloading is ensured by tipping using a hydraulic cylinder. In mechanical excavators, the position of the bucket on the handle in the process does not change - the bucket unloading is performed when its bottom is opened. Dog soil in the direction from the excavator. Direct shovel provides the greatest digging effort and the greatest performance (due to the minimum number of operations in one digging cycle). It is used for mining and loading work.

The working cycle of the excavator with a straight shovel consists of the following operations:

Rotate the platform - at the end of the loading bucket, the platform is rotated with the operating equipment of the excavator. The bucket moves to the discharge place. His position relative to the rotary platform of the machine does not change.

Rock up the arrows - before unloading the bucket, the arrows of the excavator to increase the loading height.

The discharge of the bucket - on hydraulic excavators is carried out by turning the bucket with respect to the handling (tipping). In mechanical excavators, the bottom of the bucket is opened.

B). Reverse shovel

Fig. Scheme of the hydraulic excavator with a reverse shovel

Reverse shovel - Basic work equipment for the development (digging) of the soil below the level of the excavator parking. It is used in the digging of kittlers, trenches, when planning slopes and sinking in bulk. Can be applied to loading work. When working inverse shovel, the soil is digging towards the excavator. Hydraulic reverse shovel excavators can develop soil and above the level of their parking, though with less efficiency than direct shovel.

Depending on the type of drives used, the operating cycle of the reverse shovel varies.

For hydraulic excavators with independent boom drive, bucket and handle:

but). Blooming the arrows in the boobs with simultaneous positioning of the handle;

in). Scroll through the boom with simultaneous handle and turning the bucket to prevent soil rash.

e). Unloading a bucket with its turn relative to the handle.

For mechanical excavators with a two-channel handle drive, the dependent position of the boom and the fixed position of the bucket:

but). The boost of the boom and the handle in the pit (performed by discharging the lifting rope);

in). The swift of the boom and the handle from the pit (performed by tensioning the lifting rope when tensioned and the inhibited traction rope);

d). Turning the platform with work equipment;

e). Discharge of the ladle with turning of the handle relative to the arrow in the direction from the excavator (performed by tensioning the lifting rope while unwinding the traction rope).

The reverse shovel is the most versatile work equipment. Provides high accuracy of the bucket positioning, both relative to soil and a vehicle in which the soil is loaded.

IN). Excavators with a rotator bucket.

A number of excavators models, such as the UDS-114 (Czechoslovakia production), is equipped with a bucket coup device (rotator), allowing you to quickly switch from direct shovel mode into the reverse shovel mode.

D). Schedule planner.

A variety of reverse shovels intended for the planning of slopes in road, ameliorative and landscape construction. The sloping planns ensures the movement of the cutting edge of the bucket relative to the soil in a straight line directed at a given angle to the horizon. To do this, the automated control system (hydraulic or electronic) is installed on the hydraulic excavator, which provides a coherent movement of the arrows, handle and bucket. As a planner of slopes, excavators with a telescopic arrow have found.

The stroke is also used for planning work. Installed on mechanical excavators. Contributes an arrow in which the rope moves the trolley, with a bucket attached on it. The angle of planning is determined by the angle of inclination of the boom. Popping the chopping stroke can be changed by the launch of the bucket relative to the trolley.

E). Dragline.

Draglain - Working equipment with a bucket, flexible on the ropes. It is used to develop the soil below the level of the excavator parking. The soil is digging towards the excavator. It is used in the development of kittlers, mocking of embankments, mining, dredging work on reservoirs.

Dlagine has the highest radius and depth of digging, as well as the largest loading height compared to other types of working equipment.

To work with the Draghogo hydraulic excavator, a two-drum main winch with a hydraulic system is installed on it.

Re-equipment of the base machine of the mechanical excavator during the work of the draglin is not required.

G). Grab.

The grab is used to develop narrow deep calels (wells), performing loading and unloading. Grafts can be equipped with both hydraulic and mechanical excavators.

In hydraulic excavators, the grab is fixed on the handle instead of the bucket and has a hydraulic drive of the jaws. The graon can be fixed on the pressure rod that ensures its shock in the pit for 6 meters (for excavators manufactured in the CIS) and more. The pressure rod is a telescopic arrow mounted on an excavator instead of handling.

Mechanical excavators graising hangs on the ropes.

Fig. Two-eyed grapple

Fig. Excavator with grapple

H). Additional work equipment:

Ripper;

Fig. Komatsu Excavator with Ripper

Replaceable work equipment designed for loosening solid (murzed) soil, destruction of building structures, asphalt concrete coating.

The ripper for mechanical excavators is a monolithic steel cargo, the lower part of which is made with a wedge-shaped or peak-shaped. It hangs on the rope. When working, the ripper rises due to the tension of the rope to the height of about 3-6 meters and freely falls on the soil (with deficer canate). The mass of the wedge ripper, depending on the size of the excavator group, is 0.5 - 6 tons.

Hydraulic excavators are installed hammer-ripper with hydraulic drive. The principle of its action is similar to the jackhammer. Mounted on the bucket instead.

A diesel-hammer mounted on an excavator arrows can be used as a ripper.

Pile copper;

Fig. Squator with a pileoper

Lifting crane;

Due to the fact that the base machine of the excavator and the lifting crane have a similar design - a number of excavators models can be equipped with crane equipment. Since the speed of vertical movement of the cargo in the crane must be several times less than the speed of the rash of the excavator, the lifting rope is used through the polyspaster.

Manipulator;

Fig. Caterpilar excavator with a manipulator exercises dismantling with reinforced concrete scissors

The manipulator is a grip mounted instead of a bucket used in assembly and dismantling. Currently, a number of firms in Russia and abroad produces special machine-manipulators based on single-loving excavators. Such machines are larger than the excavators of the arrows and a more complex hydraulic system that ensures the positioning of the capture in three planes.

Pnenetpool;

Excavator with hydraulic crusher;

Fig. Excavator with hydraulic crusher

Single-sized excavators can be used to cortify the stumps. On the hydraulic excavators for this purpose, a jaw capture is installed instead of a bucket (see the grab article). For the cortex, the capture is fed to the pni, dilute the jaws, plunge them into the ground, under the root system of the stump. Next, reduce the jaws of the capture and, lifting the arrows, pull the stump. One driver is managed to all this process.

When the stumps of mechanical excavators to the traction and lifting ropes, a special anchor adarces to traction and lifting ropes. The excavator driver sums up an anchor to the pni, and manually helper plunges the lape of anchor under the root of the stump. After that, the traction rope is tensioned with a weakened lifting, while the anchor joins the stump. The simultaneous tension of two ropes is pulled out stumps.

Work. Single excavators (they are sometimes called cyclic action excavators) All operations on the soil digging, its movement and unloading are performed sequentially and cyclically: first fill the bucket ground, then rotate the loaded bucket, at the end of the rotation unloaded the ground from the bucket (in dump or vehicles) Finally, return the empty bucket to the initial position for loading. Next, this cycle of operations is repeated.

Multifungal excavators (they are also called continuous excavators) perform all operating operations on digging, moving and unloading the soil at the same time. While the part of the bucket or knives cuts the soil, others move it, and the third is unloaded. When working these machines there is no pronounced repeating cycle of working operations.

However, excavators got more distribution in

flying than many-loving, due to the fact that they have greater versatility. Universality is the ability of the excavator to perform a variety of earthworks, ranging from the construction of trenches, kittlers, canals and ending with mounds and dams, as well as lead loading and unloading operations. Of course, all this excavator can only be performed using various interchangeable work equipment.

The operating area of \u200b\u200bthe excavator, including the place of vehicle parking, is called zam , move the excavator when developing soil - penetration . Forcing are:

Frontal (with the use of reverse shovel - end),

And side.

Pouch are:

Longitudinal

And transverse.

Depending on the number of penetrations, the height of the excavation distinguishes one - two - and three-tiered soil.

The operating cycle of the excavator has five main operations:

1. Near the soil;

2. Listing bucket;

3. Time for a bucket into a dump or vehicle;

4. Mixed rotation for a dialing;

5. Lowering the bucket for the subsequent set of soil.

To reduce the time of the excavator cycle during the load of the soil into the vehicle, combine the fourth and fifth operation, when the soil is added to the dump - the second and third.

The performance of the excavator and other earthmoving and earthmoving machinery can be enhanced as a result of the following events:

Reduction of the excavation cycle;

Combining operating operations;

Reducing the angle of rotation of the arrow during unloading;

Breaking soil during breaks in transportation, etc.;

An increase in the volume of soil developed in one cycle;

In the case of applying increased capacity, more complete filling ("with cap"), etc.;

Increased QB coefficient in the process of abbreviations of downtime (timely conduct of preventive work, presentation of the front of work, delivery of fuel and lubricants, etc.).

Production of work of excavators.