Antioxidants and their role in the body. What is antioxidants. Watch what is "antioxidants" in other dictionaries

GBOU VPO "Volgograd State Medical University"

Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Department of Chemistry

Antioxidants, their role in biology and medicine

Completed: Student 27 groups,

course, therapeutic faculty

Naumenko TS

Checked: Assistant Kaf. chemistry,

Tankabeyan called Arsenovna

Volgograd - 2014

1. Antioxidants influence

Free radicals and their influence

Classification of antioxidants

Mechanisms of action of antioxidants

The effect of antioxidants on the human body

Natural antioxidants, their action and consumption standards

1Vitamin S.

2Vitamin E.

4bte-carotene and other carotes

5Abikhinon

The influence of antioxidants on the aging process

Bibliography

1.The concept of antioxidants

Antioxidants are substances that inhibit lipid peroxidation stabilizing the structure and functions of cell membranes and creating optimal conditions for the homoseostasis of cells and tissues with a wide variety of emergency effects of pathogenic factors on the body. That is why they are widely used in the treatment of many diseases and to protect food and drugs from oxygen oxidation. With any excessive impacts on the body of mental, physical and chemical nature factors, an increase in lipid peroxidation is increased, which is a starting mechanism of membrane pathology.

Antioxidants are mostly vitamins that purify the body from free radicals that are constantly formed in the human body as a result of numerous redox processes aimed at maintaining the normal functioning of all organs and systems. In natural conditions, the number of free radicals is small, and their effect on the cells of the body is fully suppressed by the arrival of antioxidants from outside, when consumed by a person with food containing these substances.

.Free radicals and their influence

Free radicals are incomplete reduction products of oxygen, these are molecules with unpaired electrons located on the outer sheath of the atom. They have a very high reactivity and, as a result, a pronounced damaging effect on cellular macromolecules. The concept of free radicals does not include ions of metals of valence variable, unpaired electrons of which are on the inner shells. Many painful states (chronic diseases, stress, radiation action, aging process, etc.) flow in the body with the formation of free radicals, which are capable of reversible or irreversibly destroy the substances of all biochemical classes, including free amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates and connecting tissue molecules. In addition, the elevated formation of free radicals in the body leads to drugs with prooxidant properties, conducting a number of medical procedures (oxygen therapy, hyperbaric oxygenation, ultraviolet irradiation, laser vision correction, radiation therapy), as well as various environmentally unfavorable environmental factors. In this state, free radicals catch vulnerable proteins, enzymes, lipids and even whole cells. A torn electron at the molecule, they inactivate the cells, thereby disturbing the fragile chemical balance of the body. When the process occurs again and again, the chain response of free radicals begins, while cell membranes are destroyed, important biological processes are undermined, mutant cells are created.

In the case where free radicals oxidize lipids, the formation of a hazardous form of lipid peroxide occurs. Their excess leads to the oxidation of lipids - the bases of cell membranes - and, as a result, to the violation of the functions of the membranes of the cells of our organism, to violation of health and premature aging. Excessive activation of the processes of chain free radical oxidation of lipids can lead to accumulation in tissues of products such as lipoperexi, radicals of fatty acids, ketones, aldehydes, ketokislotes, which, in turn, can damage and increase the permeability of cell membranes, oxidative modification of structural proteins, Enzymes, biologically active substances.

The lipid peroxidation increases with many diseases, therefore it can be considered a universal pathological membrane process to which plasma membranes, mitochondria membranes, microsomatic membranes are most sensitive.

The general signs of membrane pathology caused by an increase in lipid peroxidation are:

The increase in the hydrophilicity of membranes, as a result of which their permeability for calcium ions and other ions increases.

Disagreement of respiratory and phosphorylation processes.

Violation of enzyme functions.

Weakening of phospholipid communication with structural and receptor membranes.

Inactivation of thiol enzymes, SH groups of amino acids, proteins.

DNA damage.

Swelhesia and lysis membranes, in particular lysosomes, and the yield of phospholipases and other hydrolytic enzymes that cause a cell violation.

Thus, a pronounced long-term increase in lipid peroxidation leads to a decrease in detoxification of endogenous substances and xenobiotics, dystrophy, and then to cell death and fabric infarction.

.Classification of antioxidants

antioxidant aging carotine radical

1. Anti-radical funds ("Skevingers" - from English. "Scavengers" - garbers):

1. Endogenous compounds: A-tocopherol (vitamin E), acid ascorbic (vitamin C), retinol (vitamin A), B-carotene (provitamin A), Ubiquinon (Revanone).

2. Synthetic preparations: ionol (Dibunol), Emoxipin, sampler (phenbutol), dimethyl sulfoxide (dimexide), olifen (hypoxen).

Antioxidant enzymes and their activators: superoxiddismutase (ERISOD, orgotein), sodium selenites.

Blockers of formation of free radicals: Allopurinol (Milurite), antihypoxants.

.Mechanisms of action of antioxidants

The mechanism of action of the most common antioxidants (aromatic amines, phenols, naphthols, etc.) consists in the cliff of the reaction chains: antioxidant molecules interact with active radicals with the formation of low-effective radicals. Oxidation is also slowed down in the presence of substances that destroy hydropercycles (dialkylsulfides, etc.). In this case, the rate of formation of free radicals is falling. Even in small quantities (0.01-0.001%), antioxidants reduce the speed of oxidation, therefore, for a certain period of time (braking, induction period), oxidation products are not detected. In the practice of braking oxidative processes, the phenomenon of synergism is of great importance to the mutual increase in the effectiveness of antioxidants in the mixture, or in the presence of other substances. Antioxidants act like traps for free radicals. Giving an electron free radical, antioxidants stop the chain reaction. The correct regulation of this balance helps the body to grow, produce energy.

The following antioxidants' action can be distinguished.

1.The 1st way is associated with the direct effect of antioxidants for free radicals and their role in the immune response. As a rule, this path is associated with the suppression of the synthesis of prostaglandins and activation of antigen-nonspecific immunity cells. The antioxidants, which have such a mechanism of action include fat-soluble vitamin E and β -carotene. These antioxidants are not synthesized in the body, but come with food or in the form of food additives, and, as a rule, act in the plane of lipid membranes, not penetrating the cytoplasm of cells;

2.The 2nd path - depends on more hydrophilic antioxidants that can penetrate the cytoplasm of cells and regulate the expression level of various factors (for example, a nuclear factor) and change the process of expression of pro-inflammatory genes. This group of substances include not only antioxidants (glutathione, melatonin), but also promoters of synthesis and reduction of glutathione, not possessing direct antioxidant properties (ascorbic acid, riboflavin, vitamin B6, zinc, selenium, copper, etc.);

.3rd way - a combination of two above the above mechanisms (coenzyme Q10, carnosine, vegetable bioflavonoids, chlorophylls, catechins);

The effect of antioxidants on the human body

The peroxidation processes of lipids are constantly occurring in the body and are important to update the composition and maintain the functional properties of biomembranes, energy processes, cellular division, synthesis of biologically active substances, intracellular alarm system.

The effect of antioxidants on our body is very multifaceted and interesting. Applying these substances, you can warn yourself from many diseases and impact on the body of free radicals. Over the past few years, it has been shown that antioxidants are extremely useful for the body - they prevent the development of cardiovascular diseases, protect against cancer and premature aging, also increase immunity and much more. The last decade gave many evidence proving that free radicals play a certain role in the development of many diseases.

How do antioxidants work? In the body there is an antioxidant protection system, which is divided into primary (antioxidants-enzymes) and secondary (antioxidants-vitamins). This system works with us from birth, all our lives, weak gradually over the years. Therefore, it is necessary to feed it and support. Antioxidants-enzymes (primary antioxidant protection) are engaged in "cleaning" of active forms of oxygen. They convert the active forms of oxygen into hydrogen peroxide and in less aggressive radicals, and then them are converted into water and ordinary, useful oxygen. Antioxidants-vitamins (secondary antioxidant protection) are called "crawls". They are "extinguishing" aggressive radicals, take present excess energy, inhibit the development of the chain reaction of the formation of new radicals. These include:

· water soluble vitamins - vitamin C, P;

· fat-soluble vitamins - vitamin A, E, K, beta-carotene;

· serio-containing amino acids (cysteine, methionine)

· microelements - zinc.

It is very important to remember that antioxidants work well only when they work in a group, supporting each other. For example: Vitamin E- main interrupter of lipid oxidation reactions is consumed and modified in these reactions. If Vitamin C is next to him, he restores it and puts into operation. Vitamin C is also selenged from oxidation.

When the body is exposed to extreme factors (radiation, poisons), the formation of too much damaging molecules, and in this case the body requires a greater number of antioxidants. It is proved that it is the formation of a large number of free radicals is the initial stage of many diseases from a simple cough to cancer. The main antioxidants coming with food are: vitamins C and E, selenium and carotes. In addition to natural antioxidants, there are synthetic analogues, but it should be noted that in general, synthetic antioxidants are characterized by more frequent undesirable effects compared to endogenous compounds.

.Natural antioxians, their effects and consumption standards

Below are the natural antioxidants, which relate to more common and known. Also provided information about their actions, content in food and the norms of their consumption. For quite a long time, disputes are being conducted on the level of normalization of these substances, or rather about their average daily and maximum allowable dose. Supporters of the introduction of a small amount of antioxidants do focus on the fact that high doses will lead to the development of pathological processes that are not related to the action of free radicals, and their opponents suggest a practically complete loss of protection against damaging molecules with the introduction of small doses of antioxidants. Nevertheless, there are established standards that take into account the views of both parties. The paper indicates the latest data obtained as a result of numerous studies conducted at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences (USA). Although the Institute of Medicine is not a governmental organization, official structures use its data in official documents. It is this information that all product producers in the United States are guided, indicating the packaging information about the composition of their products and their nutritional properties.

6.1Vitamin C.

Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin, whose chemical name is ascorbic acid. It is capable of forming an oxidative-reducing pair of ascorbic acid / dehydroasorbinic acid. Very important circumstance is that ascorbic acid exhibits a pronounced antioxidant effect only in the absence of variable valence (iron and copper ions); In the presence of an active form of iron (Fe3 +), it can restore it to bivalent iron (Fe2 +), which can release the hydroxyl radical by the fenton reaction, showing the properties of the prooxidant. Ascorbic acid is a powerful antioxidant that delays the aging process, prevents the occurrence of cancer and heart violations. It is necessary to maintain healthy teeth, gums, bones, cartilage, connective tissue, blood vessels and capillar walls. Vitamin C is needed for the formation of collagen - the main structural material of the body. It protects other antioxidants (such as vitamin E and beta-carotene) from the destruction of free radicals. Researchers note that in the destruction of vitamin E free radicals, vitamin C helps to restore it and start it again to fight free radicals. Prevents the formation of carcinogenic substances in the stomach of carcinogenic substances from nitrates and nitrites falling there with water or canned food. Vitamin C strengthens the immune system. Immune cells accumulate in an amount, a hundred times greater than its blood content. Also, this vitamin helps the absorption of iron, especially from the raisins, green vegetables and beans, but does not contribute to his assimilation from meat. Vitamin C improves the ability to remove toxic metals for the body, such as copper, lead, mercury, etc., protects against heart disease, namely, reduces cholesterol levels, prevents high blood pressure, protects cholesterol from oxidation, which is believed to lead to atherosclerosis.

The recommended dose of vitamin C was raised for the full saturation of the body. Now women are given daily 75 milligms vitamin C, men - 90 milligrams. Due to the fact that smokers are most susceptible to the damaging effect of free radicals, and the consumption of vitamin C goes faster, they need an additional 35 milligram. The former average daily dose for adults was 60 milligrams.

The authors of the study argue that these levels of vitamin C can be easily obtained and without eating any additives, it is enough to have citrus, potatoes, strawberries, greens, etc. in their diet. For example, a two-gram glass of an orange juice gives the body of 100 milligrams of vitamin C. The maximum allowable dose of vitamin C consumption is also revised: it is currently 2000 milligram per day for an adult.

Vitamin E is fat soluble vitamin, the chemical name of which tocopherol. It is a natural natural antioxidant, slowing the aging of human skin, as well as other products in nature. The composition has a phenolic ring with a system of conjugate double bonds that protect various substances from oxidative changes involved in the biosynthesis of the heme and proteins, cell proliferation, tissue respiration and other critical cell metabolic processes. Vitamin E can perform a structural function, interacting with phospholipids of biological membranes. The tocopherol inhibits the floor, warning the damage to the cell membranes, eliminates free radicals, restoring them. The flow of protons from the NAPFN + Foundation and Nadn to the tocopherol is carried out by a chain of anti-radical endogenous compounds (glutathione, ergotionin-ascorbate) with the participation of the corresponding reductases and dehydrogenases. The mechanism of the antioxidant action of the drug lies in the transfer of hydrogen of the phenyl group to the peroxidant radical:

OO - + A-Tokhok _____ R-OOH + A-Toko - OO - + ATCO-_____ R-OH + A-current (inactive)

Phenoxyl is a radical that is formed at the same time, in itself is quite stable and does not participate in the continuation of the chain.

The synergistic effect has an ascorbic acid, which is mentioned above, the restoring tocopherol oxidation product - A-tocoferoxide in A-tocopherol. Like other fat-soluble vitamins, Vitamin E is well absorbed in the upper sections of the small intestine and enters the bloodstream through the lymphatic system. Blood is associated with B-lipoproteis. About 80% of the tocopherol entered into the body after a week is excreted by bile, and the small part is displayed in the form of metabolites with urine.

The total antioxidant effect of A-tocopherol is not too pronounced, since, in the process of neutralizing free radicals, these substances are formed compounds with residual radical activity. Another disadvantage of A-tocopherol is its lipophilicity and waste in water, which makes it difficult to create dosage forms of A-tocopherol for parenteral administration necessary when providing emergency care. The exit here is to create liposomal forms of A-tocopherol, more efficient and potentially suitable for parenteral administration. The main advantage of A-tocopherol is very small toxicity, like an endogenous connection.

Empirically vitamin E is used for a wide variety of diseases, however, the majority of the effectiveness of the tocopherol is based on single clinical observations and experimental data. Controlled studies were practically not conducted. Currently, there are no clear data on the role of vitamin E in the prevention of tumor diseases, although the ability of the drug reduce the formation of nitrosamines (potentially carcinogenic substances formed in the stomach), reduce the formation of free radicals and have antitoxic effects when applying chemotherapeutic agents. The tocopherol in a dose of 450-600 mg per day has a therapeutic effect in patients with the syndrome of intermittent chromium, which may be due to the improvement of the rheological properties of the blood. Therapeutic doses of vitamin E can protect genetically defective erythrocytes under thalassemias, insufficiency of glutationation synthetase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Cambridge research data on the use of antioxidants in cardiology published in 1996, suggest that in patients with reliable (angiographically confirmed) coronary atherosclerosis reception of vitamin E (daily dose 544-1088 mg) reduces the risk of a non-phantal myocardial infarction. The general mortality from cardiovascular diseases in this case is not reduced. A favorable effect manifests itself only after a one-year reception of tocopherol.

At the same time, in Hope's Hope (Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation), in which the effect of vitamin E (400 IU / day) was studied, it was established that the use of this antioxidant for about 4.5 years did not have any influence on Primary (im, strokes and deaths from cardiovascular diseases), nor any other endpoints of research. In another major study on the primary prevention of atherosclerotic diseases in people, at least one risk factor (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, prematurely, the nearest relative or old age) Vitamin E (300 IU / day) was used for 3.6 years and No action has no effect on any endpoints (the frequency of cardiovascular deaths and all cardiovascular events). The effectiveness of vitamin E was not confirmed and in most other cases (hypercholesterolemia, athletes training, sexual potency, slowing down the processes of aging and many others).

The new recommended level of reception of this vitamin is 15 milligrams and for women, and for men. The main sources of vitamin E are nuts, cereals, liver and many vegetables. This antioxidant contains an important component of the alpha tocopherol, the only substance that blood can transport to the cells when necessary. The former level of consumption of vitamin E amounted to 8 milligrams for men and 6.4 - for women. The maximum allowable level of reception of alpha-tocopherol is 1000 milligrams. In people exceeding the maximum possible dose, uncontrolled bleeding can develop, as it acts as an antoslude.

3Selenium

Selenium is an antioxidant that protects cells from the effects of free radicals and react with such heavy metals as cadmium and mercury. As an antioxidant, selenium protects us from heart disease, enhances immunity, increases life expectancy. Acting together with other antioxidants - Vitamins E and C, it helps to improve mental abilities, reduces depression, drives fatigue. It has been proven that its disadvantage in the diet of experimental animals leads to the emergence of cardiac pathology and a number of other disorders. Epidemiological studies have confirmed that in areas with low selenium, there is an increased mortality from a number of diseases, including cardiovascular. However, in recent years, the lack of this particular trace element in the human body is most often revealed. Selenium is part of many enzymes and hormones, providing vital functions of the body. It also maintains the activity of cellular immunity, affects reproductive functions. In combination with beta-carotine selenium contributes to the exchange of fats, prevents hypertension, reduces the risk of heart attacks. Selenium participates in the synthesis of Q-10 coenzyme, which is important for the health of the heart and restoration of the heart attack, strengthens the function of the mitochondria of the heart, protecting against oxygen deficiency. Selenium prevents liver destruction, connecting with heavy metals and withdrawing them from the body. This antioxidant prevents the occurrence of a variety of cancers (lungs, intestines, breast). Selenium protects cells from radiation exposure, causing inflammatory processes due to irradiation. It is shown that in the complex, with a number of natural biologically active substances, the digestibility of the selenium is significantly improved, the framework of its active action is expanded.

Celena consumption rates have been lowered to 55 micrograms per day. Previous indicators were 70 micrograms for men and 55 micrograms for women. The main products containing selenium are seaweed and fish, liver, cereals and sunflower seeds, and other "decoration of a healthy person's diet." New maximum allowable dose for selenium - 400 micrograms. Its exceeding is accompanied by the development of selenium - toxic reaction, characterized by hair loss and nail fragility.

4Beta carotene and other carotes

Beta-carotene and other carotes act in the body as antioxidants protecting cellular structures from destruction by free radicals. They support circulation systems in a healthy state. It is possible to prevent cholesterol oxidation and turning it into sclerotic plaques that block blood vessels and cause atherosclerosis. Studies have shown that people with a high content of beta-carotene in the blood are less likely to ill cordial diseases. Carotes prevent the destruction of DNA free radicals and other cellular structures, protecting the body from breast cancer, leather, cervix, lungs, colon, bladder. Carotes are also struggling with violations of photosensitivity: in patients with increased sensitivity to bright light (expressed in rash and uterus) there was an improvement in 80% of cases in the treatment of beta-carotene. These antioxidants support immunity, helping immune cells to destroy free radicals.

5Ubiquinon

Another endogenous antioxidant with an anti-radical action. Ubiquinon - a coenzyme, widespread in the cells of the body. It is a carrier of hydrogen ions, a component of the respiratory chain. In mitochondria, in addition, ubiquinone, in addition to a specific redox function, is able to perform the role of antioxidant. In chemical terms is a derivative of benzochinone. Killon is mainly used in complex therapy of patients with coronary heart disease, with myocardial infarction. When applying the drug, the clinical course of the disease is improved, the frequency of attacks is reduced; Increased tolerance for exercise and threshold is increasing; Increased the content of prostacyclin and reduced thromboxane. However, it is necessary to take into account that the drug itself does not lead to an increase in coronary blood flow and does not contribute to a decrease in the oxygen request of myocardium. In general, ubiquinone is still less studied as an a-tocopherol as an antioxidant. His main dignity, as in all endogenous compounds, is relatively small toxicity.

7. The effect of antioxidants on the aging process

Since regular reception of fresh vegetable food reduces the likelihood of cardiovascular and a number of neurological diseases, the working hypothesis is formulated and widely converted the mass media in the mass hypothesis that antioxidants can prevent the destructive effect of free radicals on the cells of living organisms, and thereby slow down the process of their aging .

Perhaps it is in antioxidants that the secret of longevity is. "The increase in the content of antioxidants in the human body may be crucial to increase life expectancy," say American scientists. According to their data, the mice that have been caused by the increased development of antioxidant enzymes, lived by 20% longer and less sore heart disease and age disease. If this is true for a person, then people could live longer than 100 years. Studies of scientists University of Washington in the United States confirm the hypothesis that highly active molecules with unsaturated valences, otherwise called free radicals, cause aging. The emergence of heart diseases, cancer and other age disease are associated with them. Peter Rabinovich and his colleagues were bred by mice, which caused the increased development of the catalase enzyme. It acts as an antioxidant and derives a dangerous element - hydrogen peroxide, which is a product of metabolism and a source of free radicals. "The effect of free radicals leads to the failures of chemical processes inside the cells and, as a result, the production of additional free radicals. A vicious circle is created. The research results convincingly testify in favor of the theory of influence of free radicals on aging "- Rabinovich notes.

To date, a large number of epidemiological studies have been completed in different countries, which convincingly proved to exist for the close relationship between the presence of major diseases adopted with aging (atherosclerosis, cancer, immunodeficiency) and the level of antioxidants (vitamins E and C, provitamin A) or the content of the antioxidant selenium element In the blood plasma of the examined patients. In particular, it was shown that there is a reliable negative correlation between the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis and the low content of antioxidants in the blood plasma. The reverse correlation was also discovered between the level of consumption of antioxidants with food and the risk of detecting the pathology of the cardiovascular system. It is important to note that the low consumption of the selenium - the element included in the active center of the antioxidant enzyme glutathioneer peroxidase increases the risk of ischemic heart disease, while high consumption of selenium reduces the risk of atherosclerosis. In the erythrocytes of patients with atherosclerosis, glutathioneer peroxidase activity is significantly reduced compared to patients without signs of ischemia and hypercholesterolemia.

The above results convincingly prove that major aging diseases are formed and progressed with greater speed against the background of a decrease in the level of natural low and high molecular weight antioxidants in the tissues, i.e. In aging, the syndrome of the deficit of antioxidants is clearly manifested. At the same time, it is possible that the reduced content of natural antioxidants in the blood is another unaccounted risk factor for the development of major aging diseases.

From the point of view of a practical approach to the development of aging prevention programs, it is necessary to consider the role of free radical oxidation at:

damage to lipids of cell membranes, the aging of cells, tissues, organs and the body as a whole;

genotoxic processes leading to the cumulation of somatic mutations and increasing the risk of tumors and early aging;

pathogenetic role in the modification of blood lipoproteins, induction of degenerative changes in atherosclerosis, increase the risk of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases;

modifications of endogenous proteins, nucleic acids and entire cells.

Free radical oxidation, immune response, proliferation, aging, apoptosis, synthesis and metabolism of proteins are closely interrelated. Currently, the essence of endogenous and exogenous antioxidants in preventing carcinogenesis and the extension of active longevity is proved. Therefore, the use of antioxidants is an integral part of the pathogenetic therapy and the prevention of aging. In the framework of the main directions of aging correction, the impact on the state of antioxidant status is the impact, aimed at slowing the cell aging.

8. List of literature

1.Clinical Pharmacology: Selected Lectures / S.V. Volochet, V.V. Gaivoronskaya, A.N. Kulikov, S.N. Slalenin. - M.: Goeotar Media, 2009. - 608 p.: Ill.

2.Pharmacology: studies. For students of institutions environments. prof. education students in the specialties 060108.51 and 060108.52 "Pharmacy" on the discipline "Pharmacology" / R.N.Alutdin, N.G.Preferansky, N.G.Preferanskaya; Ed. R. N. Alautina. - M.: Goeotar-Media, 2010. - 704 p.: Il.

3.Biological age and aging: the possibilities of determining and path of correction: manual for doctors. - M.: Gootar Media, 2008. - 976 p. : IL.

.Science and life. №2, 2006.

.Biology. Directory of applicant. Moscow 1997.

Antioxidants are substances that help prevent the destruction of cells due to the oxidation process. Daily, the human body consumes oxygen, as a result of which the chemical elements are oxidized and the transformation into free radicals. There is a strengthening of their negative impact due to sunlight, bad habits, poor ecology. Antioxidants in kind or synthetic form are used to restore cells and prevent the development of many diseases.

In the human body every second occurs a huge number of physiological processes. One of their main sources is oxygen involved in oxidative processes in tissues. The resulting energy is responsible for biological burning. Oxydans neutralize bad toxins, maintain the health of the internal organs and help the body to cope with stress. The situation worsens when this element approached the critical mark.

Free radicals penetrate the cells destroying them. The process leads to premature aging, problems with cardiovascular and digestive systems, development. Antioxidants impeding the formation of harmful molecules will help restore the natural balance. Internal reserves may not be enough, so you have to additionally take preparations or products with a high content of antioxidants.

Antioxidants are synthetic or natural substances that protect body cells from the negative effect of free radicals, they are also called antioxidants. Normalization of organs of organs contributes to a decrease in active oxygen. Such compounds (antioxidants) are associated with hydraulic and useful atoms block catalysts.

Antioxidant action:

• increasing overall stress resistance;
• acceleration of cell recovery after injuries;
• reduction of the likelihood of cancer, cardiovascular and other diseases;
• strengthening protective functions;
• protection of the body from harmful radiation.

Antioxidants are necessary for a person for the full work of all organs and body systems and to protect against free radicals.

Functions of antioxidants in the body

The main function of antioxidants is to protect the human body from excess free radicals.

Free radicals are molecules and atoms that form themselves at the expense of "donors", turning other atoms and molecules into new free radicals. Such a chain reaction leads to the destruction of cells, as a result of which chronic diseases are developing and the aging process is accelerated. For the full work of the body, free radicals are needed, only their imbalance is harmful. Antioxidants protrude with "donors" without further transformation into free radicals. There are two types of free radicals - the reactive form of nitrogen and the reactive form of oxygen.

The reasons for the occurrence of free radicals in the body:

• bad habits;
• bad ecology;
• radioactive radiation;
• receiving medicines;
• excess ultraviolet.

According to the statistics, which was conducted by the Research Institute of Hygiene, Half of people suffers from a lack of vitamin A and 85% of the population, does not have a sufficient amount of minerals and ascorbic acid in the body. The reason for this becomes physical and moral exhaustion, increasing the incineration of nutrients. Negative factors for humans are also unbalanced nutrition, stress, worsening ecology.

The benefits and harm of antioxidants

Antioxidants are in kind of donors, stopping the formation of free radicals by sacrificing with their electrons. As a result, the oxidative process is reduced or completely suppressed. The first scientists who have proven to extend the life of antioxidants, became Denham Harman.

Here are the main useful properties of antioxidants:

• detoxification of the body;
• preservation;
• decrease in the risk of developing oncological diseases;
• support for focus with Alzheimer's diseases, Parkinson;
• prevent cardiac insufficiency, stroke.

Slowness aging occurs by the method of protecting cells of all organs and systems from the harmful effects of free radicals.

With uncontrolled application, antioxidants can harm the human body. Excess substances caused such conditions:

• hypervitaminosis;
• nausea;
• headache;
• skin irritation;
• decrease in immunity;
• muscle and articular pain;
• impairment of the menstrual cycle;
• vision problems;
• an increase in intracranial pressure;
• metastases in the presence of a tumor.

Excess, as well as the lack of useful components in the body, including antioxidants, leads to serious consequences.

Antioxidants against aging

Cosmetology is developing quickly, releasing annually new products for the extension of youth. At the moment there is no universal antioxidant, but to improve the effect it is worth selecting agents with several antioxidants. For example, a combination of vitamins E and C acts better than separately. Substances in cosmetics slow down the skin fading and help other active ingredients save their properties. A positive result from the use of antioxidants in the fight against aging is proved, but it is not necessary to rely on them. The age-related product requires products, which includes collagen and antioxidants.

Useful properties of antioxidants for athletes

The impact on the human body has the impact of negative factors. In the destruction of tissues with free radicals, many toxins are formed, only antioxidants are struggling with them. These substances can reduce muscle fatigue, allowing you to quickly recover after physical exertion. Antioxidants are indispensable for athletes, they protect the body from stress due to enhanced training. Additionally, antioxidants retain health and youth.

Antioxidants for children

The lack of nutrients that have an antioxidant action reduces the stability of the child's body to different infections and viruses. Many diseases arise against the background of violation of the functionality of biological membranes, destroyed by free radicals as a consequence of the absence of antiques.

Important! In children, antioxidant protection mechanisms are unstable, therefore, vitamins A and E are needed for the full development of the child, which are antioxidants.

The diet should include all the necessary substances, especially with an unfavorable ecological situation, unbalanced nutrition, frequent colds.

Varieties of antioxidants

Conditionally antioxidants are separated into two types - synthetic and natural. Natural antioxidants include:

• low molecular weight compounds (micro, macroelements, vitamins);
• enzyme antioxidants (enzymes);
• hormones produced by the human body of internal secretion.

Synthetic antioxidants are derivatives of phenols. These include gallic acid esters. These are vitamins that are designed and synthesized in the laboratory. Chemical origin helps to make the most active form of a component with a maximum concentration.

The most effective antioxidants fighting free radicals:

• vitamins A, B, C and E;
• resveratrol;
• unsaturated fatty acids omega 3 and 6;
• superoxidismutase;
• milk serum;
• coenzyme Q10.

Herbal extracts can also be attributed to useful antioxidants, including ginkgo biloba, pine bark and green tea.

The primary and secondary type of antioxidants differ on the basis of their antioxidant protection. The primary form turns free radicals into passive and secure for the human body. Secondary antioxidants consist of vitamins that eliminate the harmful components and prevent the formation of new ones.

There are a huge number of different multivitamine complexes containing anti-squydants. These include:

Vitamin C. The most powerful and necessary antioxidant for the human body. It is part of almost all vegetables and fruits. The substance helps strengthen protective functions, struggling with colds, cleans the vessels, reduces the level of harmful cholesterol. Ascorbic acid activates the production of collagen and improves the work of the cardiovascular system. This is a real record holder for neutralizing free radicals, so vitamin C must be taken daily.

Selenium. When entering the body, this substance reacts with heavy metals, withdrawing them later from the body. Selena complex with vitamins E and C strengthens the nervous system, displays from a depressive state and increases stress resistance. The substance is necessary for the full functioning of the entire organism, especially the heart, brain and the digestive tract. Additionally, selenium reduces the negative effect of radioactive radiation.

Vitamin E. Another strong antioxidant that improves the overall health care, preserving youth and firming nervous system. The best result is observed in a beautiful floor, because the substance has a positive effect on the reproductive function of women. These studies confirm that regular intake of vitamin E in the individual dosage reduces the likelihood of cancer development by 3 times.

Carotene. Antioxidant shows good results, restoring the body from the negative effects of free radicals. The component strengthens the immunity, protects DNA from different pathologies, reduces the harmful effects of the environment. Regular reception of carotene reduces the risk of developing skin cancer, bladder, intestines and uterus.

Zinc. Antioxidant is part of the enzyme superoxide dismutase. The substance improves the digestibility of vitamin A and stabilizes the level of vitamin E in the body. Mineral enhances immunity and normalizes the functions of the glands, including sex.

Melatonin. The hormone is produced by the prycoid gland, which is in the brain. This antioxidant is valuable, because it is capable of penetrating any part of the body. The substance helps to recover DNA during damage. The production of melatonin contributes vitamins B6 and B12, protein and acetyl carnitine. Prevent the development of the nonility to the component of the lack of sleep, the dysfrection of alcoholic beverages, permanent stay in the light.

Natural antioxidants are much more effective compared to substances of chemical origin. But it is very difficult to get the required dosage in winter, so multivitamin complexes help support health and a young look.

How many antioxidants need to be organism

After eating food, antioxidant protection is dramatically reduced, because during the absorption of food, the oxygen reactive forms are formed. Therefore, antioxidants should be carried out into the body constantly, and their number depends on the total diet and the number of calorie consumed. Professor Ronald Prior presented a scheme on which its daily rate of antioxidants is selected:

• 500 kcal - 2.5 mmol;
• 1000 kcal - 4.5 mmol;
• 1500 kcal - 6.5 mmol;
• 2000 kcal - 9 mmol;
• 2500 kcal - 11 mmol.

It is necessary to navigate in its own calorie rate. Women consume about 1800 kcal per day, and men are 2500 kcal. Therefore, the strong half requires about 11 mmol of antioxidants, while representatives of weak gender - 8 mmol.

The body needs higher doses of antioxidants during exercise, bad habits, poor ecology. But the uncontrolled reception of additives can lead to a stroke and provoke prostate cancer, lungs. It is impossible to take only one type of an actiosidant, only the combination of substances will bring benefits.

Products that are rich in antioxidants

To prevent cell destruction, it is necessary to use products with a large content of antioxidants.

First, it is worth considering fruits and berries:

And here are some healthy vegetables for the human body and its cells with a large number of antioxidants:

calaise cabbage consists of such flavonoids as cabspopherol and cversalon, uneminishable during cancer;

spinach is an excellent source of beta carotene and lutein, which help maintain healthy eyesight and protect against heart diseases;

broccoli is an indole-3-carbidol, which improves the liver condition and preventing cervical cancer, chest and prostate;

brussels cabbage contains vitamin A, C, isothiocyanates, protecting genes from damage;

beets in a complex with other antioxidants prevents the development of cancer and preserves eye health.

The list of vegetables, in which antioxidants are contained in large quantities:

• bulgarian pepper;
• alfalfa seedlings;
• corn;
• eggplant.

It is also worth considering which nuts and dried fruits contain a large number of antioxidants:

Raisins. The product additionally includes anthocyans that help keep the health of the bone system.

Prune. Dried plums are a source of antioxidants and fiber, they should be used as the prevention of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, breast cancer.

Date. The product contains B-carotene, Zeaxanthin, Lutein, Vitamin A, Tanina. It has anti-infectious, anti-hymorgic and anti-inflammatory property.

Almond. Nuts reduce the risk of cataracting and other eye diseases. The composition includes vitamin E, gamma-tocopherol, isoramnectin, Caeferol, Quercetin, these components are struggling with skin cancer.

Cashew. The useful product contains zeaxanthine, lutein, eliminates free radicals and improves bone condition. In addition, the Kuragu, figs, pistachios, walnuts, peanuts can be attributed to this list. It is necessary to use nuts regularly, but in small quantities due to their high calorie content.

How cooking affects the presence of antioxidants in it

Products by 30% lose their useful components when stored in the refrigerator and by 50% at room temperature. Also vitamins are destroyed during sunlight. Especially sensitive to the light greens, green onions, spinach.

Some products can not be left for a long time in air, because they begin to deteriorate when interacting with oxygen. This category includes vegetable oil.

Meat, fruits and vegetables must be washed with running water. It is allowed to patch a maximum of 10 minutes with severe contamination in a small amount of liquid. If this rule fails, sugar, minerals and vitamins remain in water. The at most nutrients are under the skin, so it is necessary to cut it very thin. Products are cut before lowering them in the pan in order to avoid the occurrence of the oxidative process. For this reason, salads are refilled with oil in front of the feed in the table.

The frying is the most traumatic method of processing food, because the high temperature destroys the vitamins and leads to oxidation of fat. Optimal methods of preparation - baking in the oven and a couple. Cooking takes less time due to the absence of oxygen and high pressure. Cooking products should not long. Vegetables should be lowered in boiling water to eliminate enzymes that destroy Vitamin C. Ascorbic acid can be saved if adding refueling, salt, acids in food.

Try to keep antioxidants in food to get the maximum benefit from it.

Without any antioxidants it is impossible to do

The optimal result of the human body will bring a wide variety of antioxidant substances. One of these is glutathione, which is a peptide. It enhances the influence of other antioxidants entering the body with products or vitamin complexes. Glutathione protects cells from mitochondria.

Other antioxidants necessary for a full-fledged existence:

Alpha lipoic acid. The substance enhances the effect of some cells in the presence of an inflammatory process in the body. Effectively and quickly displays toxins and heavy metal from the body. The only antioxidant who can penetrate the brain.

Resveratrol. Sets the hemoencephalic barrier. The substance protects the nervous system and the brain. Additionally reduces blood pressure and prevents the propagation of cancer cells.

Ubiquinon. The component stimulates energy generation by cells, strengthens the imune, cardiovascular system, prevents rapid aging.

Carotenoids. This type of antioxidants has many varieties, ten of which has each person.

These are the main antioxidants that help all organs and systems work in intensive mode.

Antioxidants in medicine

Anticosidants are used as a supplement to the main treatment. Antioxidant biochemistry allows them to be used in the patterns of therapy of various diseases. Tocopherols and carotes protect cells from the negative effect of free radicals. Mexidol improves metabolism in the tissues of the nervous system, improves blood circulation. It helps to cope with diseases on the background of age-related changes.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) retains nervous and muscle tissue from harmful connections. Refrigerate muscle mass helps Ubiquinon. Functions of antioxidants and the effect of active oxygen forms allows scientists to assume that the mechanism in the future can be used to extend lives. Currently there are no methods for a radical increase of the term assigned to man.

Antioxidants in cosmetology

In cosmetics, antioxidants are added in the complex. The greater the composition, the faster he cope with free radicals. All components help each other synthesize and recover. In cosmetics, such antioxidants are most often added:

Vitamin C increases the production of collagen, relieves inflammation, protects against the sun, strengthens the natural barrier of the skin.

Raises the tone and immunity of the dermis, participates in restoration processes.

It is used in anti-aging preparations, improves cellular metabolism, relieves peeling and redness, occurs under the names as retinol and retinic acid.

Selenium. It is included in glutathioneer peroxidase, improves the digestibility of vitamin E, moisturizes the skin.

Coenzyme Q10. The fat-soluble compound is dissolved under the influence of ultraviolet rays, reduces skin damage from the Sun and activates the production of collagen.

Vitamin F. Improves the state of fading and dry dermis, restores the hydrolyphid balance.

Vitamin K. eliminates pigmentation, extended blood vessels on the skin surface.

Additionally, such components with antioxidant effect are used in the production of cosmetics:

the grape bone extract contains polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyans with anti-aging properties and reduce the destructive influence of the Sun;

carotenoids accelerate wound healing, eliminate the peeling and dryness of the skin, protect against ultraviolet;

gamamelis consists of concentrated tannins that have an anti-inflammatory and astringent action;

bioflavonoids are vegetable polyphenols, which, according to the structure resemble human estrogen;

green tea reduces the risk of skin damage at the DNA level from the active forms of oxygen radicals and prevents the destruction of collagen;

superoxiddismutase neutralizes free radicals, in cosmetic products, the enzyme is used vegetable, microbial and animal origin;

ginkgo Biloba strengthens the vessels, reduces the inflammatory process, enhances the synthesis of collagen and protects against the destruction of elastin.

Glutathione protein is sometimes added to cosmetics, these are antioxidants, which is effectively fighting with free radicals and retains cell health after staying in the sun.

Antioxidants in industry

Antioxidants are widespread in the food industry. Intracellular processes lead to damage to products, changes in the color of polymers, reduce their strength, acid formation, etc. To increase the durability of food, in which vitamins and fats are used, natural (vitamin E) and synthetic (dodecyl, propyl esters) antioxidants are used.

There are several antioxidants in the form of food additives used in industry:

Pectin. Substances are part of some algae and all land plants. They increase the stability of berries, fruits and vegetables during storage, prefer the premature drought of plants. Pectin is a purified polysaccharide, which facilitates the filtering process and is a thickener, a stabilizer.
Pectin is used in the production of jelly products, candies, ice cream, desserts, dairy products, fruit filling. The substance is also important in the manufacture of jam, marshmallow, ketchup, mayonnaise, marmalade and jam. Pectin is used in the pharmaceutical and food industry. Registered as an E440 additive.

Lemon acid. This is a white crystalline substance, low-soluble in essential alcohol and well soluble in water. Propantrikarboxylic acid takes fate in biochemical reactions of different organisms. It is part of the Chinese lemongrass, stem mackets, needles, citrus, berries, unripe lemons. Sodium citrate and acid are widespread in the production of beverages in the form of a substance for adding taste. Registered as an E330 additive.

Digidrocivercetin. Flavonoid is extracted from wood. The substance is represented as a yellow small-crystalline powder. Used as an antioxidant for fat-containing products, increasing its shelf life several times.

Antioxidants are used in industry to increase the durability of food products, which include vitamins and fats. This is citric acid, vitamin E, etc. Some of the substances are very useful for the human body, possessing a pronounced restoring property.

Preparations with antioxidants

Medications, which include antioxidants, are very common and enjoy greatly popular. Among the huge list of such drugs it is worth highlighting the most popular:

Vitrum Superstrass Plus. The tool is a biologically active additive, manufactured by the Japanese company of Takeda. Contains all the necessary components for the body.

Active antistress Doppelgersz. The drug allows you to fill the lack of vitamins, improves metabolism, strengthens the nervous system and increases the body's resistance during stress.

Glow complivitis. Women prefer to receive antioxidants of youth, which improves the condition of the skin, fight with signs and consequences of aging.

Antioxidant NSP. The agent has the characteristic properties of this type of drugs, but its composition includes more natural components.

Medicines and dietial supplies, which include antioxidants, are selected only by the attending physician, which will establish an individual dosage.

Strong antioxidants include Astaxanthin, it is part of most vitamin complexes. The substance is capable of penetrating through the hematorecephalic barrier, providing a pronounced effect on the whole organism. Astaxanthin action:

improvement of a state of view, reducing the severity of age-related changes, increased visual acuity;

protection of nervous and cardiovascular systems, normalization of metabolism, strengthening tissues of organs, reducing the impact of negative factors;

improving the condition of the skin from ultraviolet rays, preventing dryness and elasticity loss.

Astaxanthine is part of biologically active additives both in pure form and in a complex with other substances.

Why antioxidants do not always work?

Natural antioxidants, which are contained in vegetables and fruits, always have a positive effect on the human body. But biologically active additives do not always cope with their task. Antioxidants in preparations and food products can act differently due to a different chemical structure. For example, tocopherol (vitamin E) is contained in 8 different forms in products and in one in addition. Badics do not act instantly, so for a long and strong result will have to take capsules for a long time.

Why are free radicals are dangerous?

Free radical molecules need one or more electrons. To replenish such losses, they aggressively destroy healthy molecules, which causes a chain reaction. This oxidative process or as it is also called - biological "rust". Basically, free radicals accumulate in cell membranes, which become leshed and fragile. As a result, the human body cells are destroyed and dying. Next occurs tissue damage, premature and accelerated aging, reducing protective functions. Against the background of the negative impact of free radicals, the risk of developing diseases of the heart, eye, disease and, atherosclerosis, etc.

Antioxidants: How to achieve maximum effect?

It is worth remembering that additives will not be able to completely replace natural antioxidants, especially with unbalanced nutrition and unhealthy lifestyle. Smoking and alcohol use only exacerbate the situation and activate the formation of free radicals. To improve the condition of the cell cells and prevent premature old age, it is recommended to follow some rules:

To remain a healthy longer period, it is worth breathing with clean air to minimize chemical agents, not to abuse medicines.

Antioxidants: Scientific Research

To date, there is no complete confirmation of the effectiveness of antioxidants in the fight against heart disease and malignant tumors. Some data indicate positive changes when taking drugs, while the second approve the danger of substances.

As a result, it is proved that large dosages of antioxidants are capable of protecting cancer cells from free radicals. Here are confirming research:

experiments on rodents showed that antioxidants increase the risk of spreading malignant melanoma in different parts of the body;

the tests conducted in 1994 confirmed that the daily use of beta-carotene increases the likelihood of lung cancer by 18% in smokers;

in 1996, research had to stop earlier when the high risk of the development of lung cancer when taking retinol and beta-carotene. The probability was increased to 28%, the changes were noticed in people who worked with asbestos and smokers;

in 2011, studies were conducted among 35 thousand men of older. According to the results, it was found that large dosages of vitamin E increase by 17% the risk of the appearance of prostate tumors.

Based on the data provided, antioxidants are able to prevent damage to cells and prevent the development of oncological diseases. But in the presence of a tumor process, the substance can activate the reproduction of cancer cells. Therefore, thinking about protecting free radicals, remember the risks of the use of antioxidants.

Myths about antioxidants

There are several common fudges accompanying substances that are struggling with free radicals. Consider some myths about antioxidants.

There is no sufficient amount of antioxidants in food. The best source of this component are nuts, fresh vegetables and fruits. They contain the optimal number of antioxidants for the human body. This only applies to full nutrition, and not a snack banana once a week.

Bada - the best alternative to natural antioxidants. With a lack of vitamins, a person begins to run into the pharmacy and buy unnecessary drugs. Biologically active additives are prescribed to those who urgently need to solve the problem, and the body can cope with it independently. Such a means is ineffective with regular use of harmful food and the absence of physical activity.

Natural antioxidants are better replaced by synthetic. It is better to give preference to natural components located in food. Often, in the manufacture of drugs, manufacturers save on beneficial substances. But as nuts or fresh carrots do not doubt.

Antioxidants are only contained in fruits and vegetables. This is one of the main myths. The main source of substances are really fresh vegetables and fruits. A large amount of antioxidants contains other products. This cocoa, red wine, green tea, etc.

Oxidants - an enemy for the human body. Not a substance causes harm, namely their excess. In the normal volume, they help the body fight bacteria and viruses.

The label indicates the enrichment of antioxidants. Such an inscription does not always indicate the enrichment of products useful to the substances. The composition should include ascorbic acid, vitamin E, selenium or beta-carotene.

There is another myth that all antioxidants have the same action. Any molecule protecting cells from the oxidizing agent is this useful substance. Today, more than 8 thousand different compounds are registered. Each of them performs its function under certain conditions.

Antioxidants are substances that help organism cells remain healthy. Free radicals have the property of destroying the organism molecules, becoming the cause of many diseases. Today, it is possible to find antioxidants in food, biologically active additives, cosmetics. Refusal of bad habits, an active lifestyle and daily use of fresh fruit, vegetables will allow to maintain health and beauty for a long time.

Kruzheva Anna Vasilyevna

student 2 courses, Department of Medical Chemistry NGMU, RF, Novosibirsk

Terats Elena Igorevna

scientific leader, Cand. Chem. Sciences, Associate Professor NGMU, RF, Novosibirsk

E.- mail: tEI.- nSK.@ ngs.. ru

In modern conditions, it is extremely difficult to find a person who would not hear the word "antioxidant", because the world is now experiencing a real "antioxidant boom". Enough interest in antioxidants arose after their destructive impact on free radicals have been proven, which have a detrimental effect on the body, causing aging processes and damaging the cells of the body. With the task of neutralization of free radicals, antioxidants are coping with.

Under antioxidants, it is customary to understand a group of various chemical substances with the ability to bind free radicals, reduce the intensity of oxidation processes in the body and, thus, neutralize their negative impact. The specifics of antioxidants are their closest relationship with the free radical oxidation of lipids in general and free radical pathology in particular. This property combines the antioxidants of various buildings, each of which has its own features of action.

Depending on the antioxidant mechanism, three types of antioxidants differ: inhibitors interacting directly with free radicals; inhibitors interacting with hydroperoxides and capable of destroying them (such a mechanism is developed on the example of dialkylsulfides); Substances blocking catalysts of free radical oxidation, primarily metal ions of valence variable, due to the formation of complexes with metals.

Currently, more than 3,000 antioxidants of only plant origin are known, and their number is growing rapidly. These include vitamins (A, E, C), bioflavonoids, minerals (selenium, calcium, zinc and manganese), enzymes (superoxiddismutase, catalase, glutathioneer peroxidase). Also, so-called structural antioxidants can also be isolated, the antioxidant action of which is due to the change in the membrane structure (androgens, glucocorticoids, progesterone can be attributed to such antioxidants. Antioxidants, apparently, include substances that increase the activity or the content of antioxidant enzymes.

Based on the reaction rates, any inhibitor of free radical processes can be characterized by two parameters: antioxidant activity and anti-radical activity. The latter is determined by the rate at which the inhibitor reacts with free radicals, and the first characterizes the total ability of the inhibitor to slow down the oxidative process. It is these indicators that are the main characteristics of the mechanism of action and the activity of one or another antioxidant, however, not for all cases, these parameters are sufficiently studied.

The properties of any substance acting as an antioxidant (in contrast to their other effects) are nonspecific, and one antioxidant can be replaced by another natural or synthetic antioxidant. It is known that the replacement of effective natural antioxidants (primarily vitamin E) in the body can be carried out by administering only such inhibitors that have high anti-radical activity.

The introduction of synthetic inhibitors to the body has a significant impact not only on the processes of lipid peroxidation, but also on the metabolism of natural antioxidants. The effect of natural and synthetic inhibitors can be added, the result of which is to increase the effectiveness of the impact on the processes of lipid peroxidation processes. In addition, the introduction of synthetic antioxidants may influence the synthesis reactions and the disposal of natural inhibitors of peroxidant oxidation, as well as cause changes in the antioxidative activity of lipids. Thus, synthetic antioxidants can be used in biology and medicine as drugs that affect not only free radical oxidation processes, but also on a natural antioxidant system, affecting the change in antioxidant activity.

Considering the antioxidants, it is also necessary to note another class of substances that enhance the effectiveness of inhibitors. These are synergist substances that speaking as proton donors for phenolic antioxidants, contribute to their recovery. The effect of the combination of antioxidants with synergists significantly exceeds the effect of one antioxidant. To synergist substances that can enhance the inhibitory effect of phenolic antioxidants include, for example, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), citric acid, sodium ascorbinat, etc.

Antioxidants are of great practical importance. Thus, in the food industry, natural and synthetic antioxidants - α-tocopherol (vitamin E), propyl, octyl and dodecyl esters of gallic acid, ionol (2,6-di- are used to increase the storage time tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) and others also to antioxidants used as nutritional supplements include pectin, ascorbic acid, citric acid, butylhydroxitoluluole, anthocyanines, dihydroquercetin.

Antioxidants are used in clinical practice. The most studied currently antioxidants include vitamin E, so this substance is very often considered as a kind of standard. It is shown that Vitamin E has a positive effect on radiation damage, malignant growth, coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, in the treatment of dermatosis patients, with burns and stresses.

An important direction of the use of vitamin E is its use with different types of stressful states. So, it was established that vitamin E reduces the intensity of lipid peroxidation processes, which is usually observed in immobilization, acoustic and emotional stresses. It also warns disorders in the liver in hypocinezia, which causes an increase in the free radical oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids of lipids, especially in the first 4-7 days, i.e. in the period of a pronounced stress reaction.

From synthetic antioxidants, a high efficiency exhibits ionol, known in the clinic called Dibunol. Ionol is shown for the prevention of acute ischemic damage to organs and postiemic disorders. It is used in the treatment of occasional diseases, radiation and trophic lesions of the skin and mucous membranes, in the treatment of patients with dermatoses, contributes to the rapid healing of ulcerative lesions of the stomach and duodenum. The ionol also has some properties of antihypoxants, it increases the lifespan during acute hypoxia and accelerates recovery after hypoxic disorders.

Ionol increases the duration of the operation of athletes at large physical exertion, i.e. increases the endurance of the body at intensive work. It prevents the activation of lipid peroxidation and violation of the highest departments of the central nervous system, which is observed against the background of intensive loads, and also improves the efficiency of the left ventricular heart.

Given the participation of free radical mechanisms in the process of aging the body, it can be considered to increase the life expectancy with the help of antioxidants. Such experiments on mice, rats, guinea pigs, Neurospora Crassa and Drosophila were carried out, but their results were not entirely unequivocal, which is associated with the inadequacy of the methods for evaluating the final results. In the case of experiments on Drosophila, it was possible to fix a reliable increase in life expectancy.

From the point of view of some scientists, the use of antioxidants does not prolong the term of human life, and even, on the contrary, leads to its reduction. The studies have shown an increase in mortality by 4% in antioxidants consisting compared to placebo patients. This connection was traced, both in healthy and in suffering from various diseases of patients. Experiments were carried out with antioxidant mixtures, as well as using one antioxidant. This made it possible to draw the following conclusions: the abuse of vitamins E, A and β-carotine increases patient mortality, and selenium and vitamin C do not affect the life expectancy.

Thus, antioxidants help the body to resist oxidative stress and prevent the development of a number of diseases, but their use, as well as the use of any chemicals, requires measure, since the opposite effect may arise due to changes in the molecular cell level after the destruction of free radicals.

Bibliography:

1. Basov A.A. Modern methods for standardizing antioxidant drugs and biologically active additives // Modern problems of science and education. - 2006. - № 4. - P. 149-152.
2. Burlakova E.B. Gloss and poverty of antioxidants // Science and Life. - 2013. - № 3. - P. 27-34.
3. Vladimirov Yu.A. Free radicals and AO // Bulletin Ramna. - 2002. - № 7. - P. 43-51.
4. All about vitamins / Translation from English S.I. Nellular. M.: Kron-Press, 2001. - 201 p.
5. Ivanov V.G., Gorlenko V.A. Antioxidants. M.: Academy, 2009. - 320 p.
6. Reutov O.A., Kurtz A.L. Organic chemistry. M.: Enlightenment, 2004. - 320 p.

Peroxidant (RO 2 *), alkoxyl (RO *), alkyl (R *), as well as active forms of oxygen (anion superoxide, singlet oxygen). For chain branched oxidation reactions, an increase in speed during the transformation (autocatalysis) is characteristic. This is due to the formation of free radicals during the decay of intermediate products - hydroperosis, etc.

The mechanism of action of the most common antioxidants (aromatic amines, phenols, naphthols, etc.) consists in the cliff of the reaction chains: antioxidant molecules interact with active radicals with the formation of low-effective radicals. Oxidation is also slowed down in the presence of substances that destroy hydropercycles (dialkylsulfides, etc.). In this case, the rate of formation of free radicals is falling. Even in small quantities (0.01-0.001%), antioxidants reduce the speed of oxidation, therefore, for a certain period of time (braking, induction period), oxidation products are not detected. In the practice of braking oxidative processes, the phenomenon of synergism is of great importance to the mutual increase in the effectiveness of antioxidants in the mixture, or in the presence of other substances.

Health

The view is widespread that antioxidants can prevent the destructive effect of free radicals on cells of living organisms, and thereby slow down the process of their aging. Nevertheless, the results of numerous studies do not confirm this hypothesis. Moreover, nutritional supplements with antioxidants increase mortality.

Antioxidant rich foods

The most famous antioxidants: ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherol (vitamin E), ß-carotene (Provitamin A) and Licopene (in tomatoes). These also include polyphenols: flavonoids (often found in vegetables), Tanins (in cocoa, coffee, tea), anthocyanins (in red berries).

Antioxidants in large quantities are contained in prunes, fresh berries and fruits, as well as products made of them (fresh juices, Morse, etc.). The rich antioxidants of berries and fruits include sea buckthorn, blueberries, grapes, cranberries, rowan, black-flow rowan, currants, grenades, mangostein, asai. Among other products containing antioxidants are highlighted with cocoa, red wine, green tea and to lesserly black tea.

Application

Antioxidants are widely used in practice. Oxidative processes lead to a damage of valuable foods (birching, the destruction of vitamins), the loss of mechanical strength and the change in the color of polymers (rubber, plastic, fiber), rigging fuel, the formation of acids and sludge in turbine and transformer oils, etc.

In the food industry

To increase the resistance of foods containing fats and vitamins, natural antioxidants are used - tocopherols (vitamins E), nordyhydrogeneous acid, etc. - and synthetic antioxidants - gallic acid propyl and dodecyl ethers, butyloxyololol (ionol), etc.

Antioxidants used as nutritional supplements:

• Butylhydroxyanisole (BHA), butylhydroxytoluluole (BHT)
• Anthocyanins

Additional components for binding transition metal ions:

To stabilize fuel

Opening fuel slows down sharply with the addition of insignificant amounts of antioxidants (0.1% or less); Such antioxidants include paraoxidiphenylamine, alpha-naphthol, various fractions of wood resin, etc. The following antioxidants (1-3%) are added to the consistent lubricants: para oxidifenylamine, ionol, tributyl phosphate, zinc dialkyldi phosphate (or barium), dialkylphenyldi phosphate zinc, etc. .

In medicine

Classification of antioxidants

(Okovytov S.V., 2009):

• 1. Anti-radical means
• 1.1. Endogenous compounds α-tocopherol (vitamin E), β-carotene (provitamin a), retinol (vitamin A), acid ascorbic (vitamin C), glutathione reduced (tationyl), acid α-lipoe (thiocutacid), carnosine, ubiquinone (Kudesan)
• 1.2. Synthetic preparations Ionol (dibunol), thiophan, acetylcysteine \u200b\u200b(ADC), sample (fenbutol), succinobukol (AGI-1067), dimethyl sulfoxide (dimexide), thyrylazade mesylate (froxy), emoxipin, olifen (hypoxen), echinochroma-A (Histochra), Cerms (NXY-059))
• 2. Antioxidant enzymes and their activators
• 2.1. Superoxiddismutase preparations (Erisod, Organine (Peroxinorm)
• 2.2. Preparations of ferroxidase Ceruloplasmin(Ceruloplasmin)
• 2.3. Activators of antioxidant enzymes Sodium Selenite (Selenaza)
• 3. Blockers of formation of free radicals [(Allopurinol (Milurite), Oxyparinol, Antihypoxants)

The main indications of the use of antioxidants are redundantly activated processes of free radical oxidation, accompanying various pathology, however, evidence of the effectiveness of antioxidants under these processes based on the results of well-planned clinical studies are not enough. The choice of specific drugs, accurate readings and contraindications to their application is not yet sufficiently developed and require further experimental and clinical studies.

see also

Notes

Literature

• Emanuel N. M., Lyascovskaya Yu. N., Inhibition of the processes of oxidation of fats, M., 1961.
• Emanuel N. M., Denisov E. T., Maizus 3. K., chain reactions of hydrocarbon oxidation in the liquid phase, M., 1965.
• Ingold K., inhibition of auto-oxidation of organic compounds in the liquid phase, per. From English, "Chemistry's successes", 1964, T, 33, c. nine.
• Halliwell B. 1999. Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms: From the Beginning to the End (of the beginning). FREE RADICAL RESERCH 31: 261-72.
• Rhodes C.J. Book: Toxicology of the Human Environment - The Critical Role of Free Radicals, Taylor and Francis, London (2000).

Links

• All about antioxidants. Food Table Containing Antioxidants
• Damage-Based Theories of Aging Includes a Description of the Free Radical Theory of Aging and A Discussion of the Role of Antioxidants in Aging.

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Watch what is "antioxidants" in other dictionaries:

- (antioxidants) Natural or synthetic substances that slow down or prevent organic compounds preventing organic compounds. Antioxidants are used, for example, to stabilize fuels, polymers, preventing damage to food ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

antioxidants - (antioxidants) - substances that slow down or prevent oxidative processes. The mechanism of action is based on the ability to overturn the chain oxidation reaction as a result of interaction with active radicals or / and intermediates. Antioxidants ... Chemical terms

In drilling (a. Antioxidantes; N. AntioxyDationsMittel, AntioXydanzien, OxyDationsVerzoger; F. AntioXyDANTS, Antioxygenes; and. AntioXidantes) Synthetic and natural substances that increase the stability of the chemical. Drilling Solid Reagents to ... ... Geological Encyclopedia

Antioxidants - substances that delay the oxidation of organic substances; Widely used in microbiol. promo, in research work to prevent the oxidation of oxygen-sensitive compounds in the process of their selection, cleaning and ... ... Dictionary of microbiology

Antioxidants - Chemicals (tocopherols, ionol, etc.), which slow down or prevent oxidation, processes leading to the aging of the body. See also human ecology. Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. Chisinau: Home Editorial Moldavian ... ... Ecological Dictionary

antioxidants - - natural or synthetic compounds, slowing or preventing oxidation of organic substances ... Brief dictionary of biochemical terms

The popularity of antioxidants is increasing every year. This is due to their unique properties, which only a couple of dozen years ago, first paid attention to biologists and doctors.

Antioxidants are a group of substances that slow down the oxidation and neutralizing the effect of free radicals.

Thanks to this, they are widely used in the following areas:

1. Food industry. Oxidative processes related to the effect of sunlight and oxygen, destructive effect on the valuable qualities of food, and also give them a turn around. Natural and chemical antioxidants are an important group of preservatives, as they allow preserving products with fresh and useful for a long time.
2. Fuel industry. When making a small amount of antioxidants, a sharp slowdown of fuel oscillation occurs.
3. Medicine and cosmetic industry. The existing working hypothesis suggests that antioxidants are able to inhibit aging processes. Due to this, they are often included in the addition of additives to food and cosmetic drugs.

Antioxidant action mechanism

Due to the effects of antioxidants, the formation of free radicals, the oxidation of cell membranes lipids.

This is achieved due to the cliff of the reaction chains: the antioxidant molecules, interacting with active radicals, lead to the formation of low-effective radicals. The rate of oxidative processes is significantly reduced even with a small amount of antioxidant substances.

Causes of increased oxidation and its impact on the body

Normally, oxidation is one of the natural mechanisms in the vital cells of the cells, but as a result of certain health problems, an increased activation of free radical oxidation occurs.

For example, in the muscle dystrophy, the oxidation of proteins may be observed, and in Parkinson's disease - the destruction of the cells of the nervous system. This can be a particularly serious problem with age, since all natural mechanisms in the body slow down.

Among the main causes of high oxidation can be allocated:

• lack of trace elements in the diet;
• disproportionate use of proteins and fats;
• violation of the liver or kidney;
• failures in the production of thyroid hormones;
• diabetes;
• adverse ecological situation.

Any of these factors, like their aggregate, adversely affects the antioxidant protection of the body.

Why do not need antioxidants to man

Antioxidants are some of the substances without which it is impossible to do. With elevated oxidation, it is recommended to eat products that contain them in significant quantities.

With age, free radicals are capable of damageing cell structure, reduce their functional abilities and even increase the risk of developing cancer. The situation is aggravated by such factors as exhausting sports, elevated loads, large doses of solar radiation and environmental pollution.

Properties of antioxidants

There are a large amount of substances related to the group of antioxidants, but each of them has its own characteristics:

Vitamin A and beta carotene	Delivered from free radicals, support immunity and normal state of mucous membranes. Reduce the likelihood of strokes and heart attacks.
Vitamin C.	One of the most powerful antioxidants, neutralizing many toxic substances and protecting against viral diseases.
Vitamin E.	Slows down the oxidation of lipids, which has a pronounced antioxidant effect. In the best way works in a pair with selenium.
Zinc	It is the component of the antioxidant enzyme superoxiddismutase. Affects free radicals, supports the optimal content of vitamin E in the blood and contributes to the absorption of vitamin A.
Superoxiddismutaza	Antioxidant enzyme protecting the organism from oxygen radicals. Plays a significant role in the health of almost all cells, which are in contact with oxygen.
Alpha Lipoic Acid	Protects red blood cells and fatty acids from oxidative damage and destructive effects of ultraviolet.
Cysteine	Neutralizes some toxic substances, protects against radiation.
Glutathione	Not only protects the cells of the body from free radicals, but also is responsible for the oxidation and reduction characteristics of the intracellular medium.
Melatonin	An antioxidant activity is manifested everywhere, has the ability to associate free radicals. Basically, its impact is aimed at protecting the DNA structure, to a lesser extent - to protect proteins and lipids.
Selenium	It is part of the enzyme system of glutathioneer peroxidase, which ensures the protection of cell membranes from the harmful effects of free radicals. Enhances the effects of vitamin E.

Classification

Antioxidants can be divided into enzyme and peemer. Among the most famous antioxidant enzymes, proteins are distinguished by catalysts: catalase, superoxiddismutase and peroxidase.

Normally, they are produced by the body in sufficient quantities, due to which each cell can destroy excessive amounts of free radicals. But, when an increased oxidation occurs, antioxidants obtained with food have an important role in the protection of the body.

Among the most famous neopenmen antioxidants, vitamins A, E, C, Licopene, Tanins, Polyphenols and Anthocyans can be distinguished. These substances are also divided into two large categories, depending on what they dissolve: in water or lipids.

Antioxidants can be produced in the body and come from food. Many of them are present in the tissues and cells of the body at various concentrations.

Antioxidant preparations

It is not always possible to provide the body with a sufficient amount of antioxidants using an ordinary diet. In this case, pharmacy preparations come to the rescue, which are usually sold in free access.

Their choice is very large, but several popular and efficient preparations can be distinguished:

The best vitamin complexes with antioxidants

Since some vitamins are natural antioxidants, many pharmaceutical complexes help restore the protective functions of the body and neutralize free radicals.

Among the best preparations can be allocated:

How to choose the best preparation with antioxidants?

Medicinal preparations and vitamin complexes with antioxidants can differ significantly not only at a price, but also in composition.

• women planning pregnancy;
• to old people;
• patients with violation of malabsorption;
• pregnant and nursing women;
• people on a vegetarian diet;
• patients with alcohol and narcotic dependence;
• people who have suffered stress connected with a long diet.

When choosing a particular preparation with antioxidants, it is recommended to rely on the following factors:

• the presence of diseases of cardiovascular, digestive and endocrine systems;
• fullness of the diet and transferred diets;
• age;
• exposure to the environment.

People who do not have serious health testimony, better limit to the reception of vitamin and mineral complexes with antioxidants. Despite the fact that they are usually sold without a recipe, before their acquisition, it is recommended to consult with a specialist.

Antioxidants in products

Antioxidants are substances that have natural origins, therefore their best sources are ordinary products.

Balanced nutrition provides the body with a maximum number of trace elements and vitamins, but products containing the largest amount of antioxidants. By adding them to your diet, you can save yourself from the need to receive pharmaceutical additives and complexes.

Vitamin A / Beta Carotene	Blueberries, blueberries, sea buckthorn, carrots, parsley, sorrel, rosehip, celery, garlic, mango, melon, apricots, pumpkin, broccoli, spinach, green onions
Vitamin C.	Rosehip, Sweet Pepper, Black Currant, Guava, Parsley, Kiwi, Broccoli, Dill, Lychee, Strawberry, Kohlrabi, Papaya, Beijing Cabbage, Orange, Lemon, Pineapple, Blueberry, Landberry, Gooseberry
Vitamin E.	Corn oil, cotton oil, hazelnut, almonds, linseed oil, sunflower seeds, peanuts, walnut, buckwheat, peas, beans, butter, asparagus, green peas
Zinc	Liver calf, oysters, beef, beef tongue, yolk, anchovies, salmon, milk
Selenium	Chicken egg, rice, corn, bird liver, beef and pork liver, beans, barley cereals, pistachios, lentils, wheat, peanuts, peas, walnut, almond

Slimming and antioxidants

Antioxidants of natural origin is a great option not only to improve the body, but also get rid of several unnecessary kilograms.
Most products containing antioxidants have a positive effect on digestive and metabolic processes, due to which the process of weight loss becomes more efficient.

Antioxidants at oncology

The connection of the reception of antioxidants with oncological diseases to this day causes serious disputes in the scientific community. At the moment, scientists converge only that the use of antioxidants of natural origin is able to provide preventive impact, reducing the risk of cancer.

If we talk about patients already faced with the disease, then research is not enough to form recommendations for increasing or decreasing these substances in the diet.

Antioxidants in cosmetology

The effect of free radicals adversely affects the production of collagen and violates the normal functioning of skin cells. As part of cosmetics, antioxidants are solved by two serious tasks at once.

First, they prevent the destruction of the valuable active substances contained in the product. Secondly, when applied to the skin, antioxidants are able to protect cells and slow down the aging processes.

Antioxidants are substances, many of which work better together. Therefore, in cosmetic drugs, they usually include entire groups. Moreover, many large brands patented their own antioxidant formulas used in their cosmetics.

The most common sustainable forms of vitamin C that can be seen in component list called TetraHeXylDecyl Ascorbate, Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate, Ascorbyl Palmitate, Ascorbyl Glucoside and Ascorbyl Glucosamine.

Antioxidants are included in the composition of cosmetics that improve the condition of the skin and minimize photodembrances, fight pigmentation and reduce the severity of wrinkles.

An important feature of cosmetics with antioxidants is an opaque hermetic packaging, as oxygen and sunlight are able to quickly deprive its efficiency.

Despite the fact that the external use of antioxidants is capable of providing a positive effect, should not be expected from the use of such cosmetics of significant results. To achieve visible improvements, time is required and an integrated approach to skin care.

Consumption rates of antioxidants

The content of antioxidants in food products is considered to express in units. Daily food is recommended to use 8000-11000 antioxidant units.

Since each product contains different amounts of their amount, one should prefer the concentration of antioxidants in which above all. For example, one cup of fresh blueberries or blueberries contains 9000-13000 antioxidant units, and in one black plum - 4000-8000.

The minimum does not take into account the negative impact of such factors as bad habits, the presence of diseases, incorrect power and redundant stress.

Among the symptoms of the lack of antioxidants allocate:

• increased dry skin;
• decrease in immunity;
• muscle weakness;
• dry skin;
• fast fatigue;
• low performance;
• the appearance of premature signs of aging of the skin;
• reduction of visual acuity;
• depressive condition.

Despite the fact that the sufficient level of antioxidants is necessary for the normal functioning of all organism systems, in certain cases, their excess is also possible.

It occurs with long-term reception of pharmacy preparations with an elevated content of these substances, abuse of products with high antioxidant activity, as well as individual intolerance to certain compounds.

The following symptoms of excess antioxidants are distinguished:

Excessive use of antioxidants leads to allergic reactions, damage to white blood cells, the formation of stones in the bustling bubble and kidneys, adrenal atrophy, impaired heart and vessels, spleen and liver growth. Therefore, approaching these substances should be careful.

Possible harm when taking antioxidants

Regular use of antioxidants is a reliable way to support the health of the body. But despite this, in some cases they can harm. For example, elevated doses of single-component antioxidants have a reverse expected effect: accelerate aging processes and, according to some data, even increase the risk of developing oncological diseases.

In addition, the following negative features of these substances should be taken into account:

• reception of pharmacy antioxidants can reduce the effectiveness of exercises aimed at building muscle mass;
• reception of fat-soluble antioxidants in the absence of their deficiency in the body can make their concentration toxic;
• increased doses of water-soluble antioxidants cause nausea, convulsions, fatigue, digestion disorders, improving the normal level of iron;
• in large doses, they begin to act as prooxidants, as a result of which the body begins to produce even more free radicals;
• some studies show that the reception of drugs based on vitamins A and E can cause an increased risk of early death;
• in smokers, the excess of biologically active additives with vitamin E and beta-carotine is able to increase the risk of lung cancer.

Basically, the harm of antioxidants applies to pharmacy drugs, and very rarely we are talking about the substances contained in natural products. Therefore, the most optimal is considered to choose a balanced diet, and only with serious indications the reception of additional drugs and vitamin complexes is recommended.

Article clearance: Vladimir Great

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