Window openings: Device for GOST. Window size Standard: For houses of different types around window and doorways

If during the replacement of old windows to new plastic windows, the PVC has no problem almost does not occur, then only an experienced builder can insert into the openings of new buildings. In this case, the list of construction works is much increased, and do not fulfill their unprofessional on the shoulder.

We will consider two options for performing work:

The first - window openings have standard sizes.
The second is for some reason you have to change the linear dimensions, to give the original geometry, expand or make narrow window sills and waterproofs.

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How to separate window openings in brick buildings

Standard window opening in the brick wall includes the following operations:

Plaster slopes and plug
Initially, the entire light opening is plastered around the perimeter, then at the top of the opening, the rule (nails or a gypsum test) is attached and the solution is performed on it. It is necessary to remember that the "Corner of the Dawn" should be done: in the depths of the boxes, the distance between the sides of the slopes should be greater than that of the walls of the walls outside. Plugs first need to do the bottom, check the sizes and only then install the side and upper.
Device of sings
Films can be plastic, from galvanized sheet steel, stone or concrete. The slope angle of at least 8 °.
Device of window sills
Mounting technology does not depend on the material of the windowsill. Initially, the windowsill is installed on the wedges and is adjustable in height and vertical position, then the gap is foaming the mounting foam or the windowsill places to the solution and is inserted into the place in the grooves of the box.

This finishing work after installation of the opening boxes. But how to put the box correctly?

Installation of window boxes in brick houses

Large differences between the installation of plastic or wooden boxes does not have, all work must be performed in the same sequence. Only various insulation materials can be used.

Algorithm of actions:

Conduct measurements, check the parallelism and perpendicularity of the planes, if necessary, increase or decrease them.
Prepare a frame of the window - remove the sash, stroke, take out the glass windasters.
Select the connecting profile and insert the frame in the opening, check the gap between the window and the opening. It should be within 2-3.5 cm throughout the perimeter of window and doorways. Using the level to check the correct installation. An example of the gaps are visible in the photo.
Mark from the outside of the frame of a quarter (the border of its location), make tags in the places of attachment of the dowels.
If it is necessary to make the fastening - increase the number of dowels.
Drill holes in the wall and frame, insert and secure dowels. Carefully tighten a dowel, traceing so that the window shape does not break.
To boil the mounting foam clearances, you can use any other insulation. But lately, foam is used in most cases - it is much faster and easier to work with it. At the same time, brickwork must be wet in obligatory. Unfortunately, not everyone turns attention to this factor, and in vain - to dry masonry adhesion foam decreases significantly.
On the sides and on top of GOST 30971-2002, it recommends filling the slots of a boving cord that will compensate for linear extensions, but many builders are missing this operation.
Insert the windowsill and sump in place, secure them with foam and self-drawing, check the angles of inclination and horizontal position.
The finishing wall cladding can only be made after the full of foam.

The correct sizes of window openings make a person's stay in the house comfortable, and work in the production facilities is effective. The optimal location of windows on the facade wall and their size, create an attractive appearance. In order to prevent errors and miscalculations in the construction of architectural structures and glazing of buildings, it is recommended to familiarize yourself with SNiP and GOST.

Features

The window is the most important element of the structure. The space of window openings provides the necessary illumination, combine the inner space of the room with the outside world, contribute to the influx of fresh air. Without the knowledge of the features of the placement and specifics of the windows, it is impossible to create comfortable conditions for staying indoors and ensure efficient use of the construction. For example, the dimensions of the glazed area should be equal to 35-50% of the front area of \u200b\u200bthe wall.

The bright room not only looks caught and cozy, it gives a certain psychological attitude. The optimal level of natural lighting, significantly increases efficiency. Standardization of window openings, provides prepared options for solving such tasks.

The structural features of windows are largely dependent on the material used to build a building and the window itself.

Modern construction of housing complexes is not distinguished by thorough standardization. Often the opening of windows are performed by the owners of buildings on personal preferences. For example, in the case of mansard buildings. Often it can cause the window that the window will be too small or, on the contrary, huge. To minimize the possibility of the appearance of such situations, there are a set of standards and norms regulating the relationship between the location, design and sizes of window openings.

Norms and standards allocate several main points:

the choice of technical characteristics of the window opening is determined by the type of room and the objectives of its use;
the total area should provide the necessary level of illumination (without the use of artificial lighting in the daytime).

Regulatory requirements

The size of the windows are governed by standards, performed according to GOST. Nuances and local cases are considered in building standards and rules (SNiP).

The regulation provides the opportunity to overcome possible errors at the design and construction of residential buildings. GOST determines the size of the door and windows in a private house, as well as doorways in industrial and social facilities. This saves money to save time.

It is recommended to place window frames in the upper part of the walls. This is due to the fact that most of the natural solar lighting of the room space is carried out by the top of the window. Often, local conditions do not allow to withstand the necessary height of the opening, which will lead to the use of additional lighting.

For residential buildings, the ratio of windows to the floor 1: 6-1: 8 is usually used, while for hostels, this standard is 1: 5-1: 8. It should be emphasized that the effectiveness of the recommended standards depends on the geographical latitude , landscape, surrounding development, location relative to the parties of the world. The recommended window area is calculated as the sum of the areas of illuminated rooms, as well as at the rate of 0.03 square meters. m per 1 cubic meter volume. The glass thickness increases in accordance with the increase in the area of \u200b\u200bthe window.

Of great importance is strictly vertical position of the frame. It minimizes the possibility of unauthorized flaps. The quality of sealing directly determines the efficiency and service life of the window. In addition to transmitting light, window openings are part of the building design. After installing wooden frames, their squeezes are decorated with finishing material. This is a distillation, metal corner, platbands.

The dimensions of the openings, the windows of the windows, their appearance directly determine the volume and efficiency of the lighting of the room, the functionality of the building and its belonging to a specific architectural style. So, glazing in "Stalinka" with modern packages should be decorated accordingly as not to violate the overall concept.

Existing building standards and rules provide recommended windows designs for certain types of buildings. Depending on the purpose, the window blocks are with a double, triple or a single package.The first type involves humidity from 12%, with sizes from 60 x 180 cm. Typical unit 1.5 m involves 8 mm glass on 1 strapping. Installation of plastic, except for the number of double-glazed windows, involves a strict cry of intertwind, which recommends that the optimal number of opening and deaf parts. Installation of plastic, except for the number of double-glazed windows, involves a strict cry of intertwind, which recommends that the optimal number of opening and deaf parts.

Standards

In order to protect the health and lives of people, the environment, plants and animals, the protection of personal and state property has developed special standards. GOST is the abbreviation of state standards.

Technologies and methods set out in Guest are recommendations for manufacturers and builders, many of which are mandatory for execution. Like any other technology, standards and standards change over time. The trends of this process clearly demonstrates the table.

The standard dimensions of the window openings and the dimensions of the balcony doors regulate GOST 11214-86. The recommended width for windows from 870 to 2670 mm, height from 1160 to 2060 mm.

The values \u200b\u200bof the parameters may vary from the size of the area of \u200b\u200bthe room, its purpose, the architectural features of the building.

Usually, the glazing area is proportional to the size of the rooms and the whole house. The dimensions of the openings determine the glazing scheme and the amount of fraumug. At the same time, the dimensions of the balcony doors are taken into account. Their standard height is 2755 mm, the width varies (870, 1170 and 1778 mm).

The windows are the most important component element of the architectural appearance of the building. Their sizes should organically fit into the geometry of the facade. Dimensions of windows recommended by GOST are optimally communicated to standard solutions. Individual projects can use other dimensions that allow full exercise author's ideas.

GOST 11214-86 and GOST 23166-99 regulates the technical requirements for structures, types, species, labels and standard size of windows and openings for residential buildings.

According to the GOST, the standard value at the window is determined by the dimensions of the opening, the frame material, its type.

Standardization determines the norms of size of openings and windows with a height of 60, 90, 120, 135, 150, 180 cm, and width, 60, 90, 100, 120, 150, 180. For example, according to GOST, there are compliance: 560 x 870 (for opening sizes 610 x 910); 560 x 1170 (for opening with dimensions of 610 x 1210).

Knowledge of guests is necessary when building typical housing arrays, construction of private housing and public buildings, repair and replacing windows. Their observance guarantees security and comfort housing. The size of the windows are different. The configuration of modern window openings with typical buildings depends on the area of \u200b\u200bthe room.

GOST 11214-86 regulates the possible discrepancy between the height and width. Sometimes it makes up a couple of centimeters, sometimes it may exceed 20. It is obvious that the surround room with a high ceiling requires a higher level of illumination than a small bedroom.

The material from which the structure was built largely determines the technology and structure of window openings.

Device in a brick house

The width of the opening from the inside of the house is necessarily done wider than the size of the window frame. At the sight of the side of the side walls, a certain ledge is configured, which wears a quarter name.

The frames are installed from the inside of the room into the expansion of the slope, resting them to the front part in the rear edge of the quarter. The role of the upper jumper uses the beam (reinforced concrete, usually about 300 mm width). It is possible to use for the same purposes of metal chawls or thick-walled steel corners (at least 120 x 120 mm section). The length of the beam should be such that it completely overlap the opening and logged into the side walls, that is, not less than 1 m on the one hand.

Features of the installation in a wooden structure

Features of the glazing of houses from wood are associated with the properties of natural materials and configurations of walls from logs. Wooden builds give shrinkage regardless of age. The use of the "living" material involves a constant change in the geometry of the openings under the action of temperature and humidity.

Such processes can not only limit the functionality of the window, but also to destroy the frame. To avoid this, the outlook of wooden houses are equipped with a special design - an opponent. It ensures the stable functioning of window frames. The windows in the cutters are installed only on the line of contact of the logs.

The best option at which maximum efficiency is achieved is the installation in the middle of the day.

Examples in the design of aerated concrete

Inside the finished window opening from foam blocks, vertical backups (from steel pipes, bars) are installed and rigidly fixed. On top of the plafhmy, the board is fixed on which the hollow U-shaped blocks are placed, the armature is fitted in the frame order, which is welded to vertical backups. After that, the chute is poured with concrete, which after drying gives a rigid monolithic jumper.

Many people like the floor-to-ceiling windows that can perform the door function on the terrace. It is difficult to disagree with this, but only in the case when you have non-ignited heat sources.
The maximum size of a single design cannot be more than six square meters. The opening and the window are not located close to the adjacent wall. Recommended indent - 50 cm.
The width of the window in one meter will be optimal with a width of a room in 2 m, provided its location in the center of the wall, at a distance of 20-30 cm from the ceiling.
Sleeping rooms, bathrooms, storage rooms can have other sizes of windows, indents. Reducing windows in this case is not critical. The functionality of these premises more depends on the ventilation, and not on the illumination.

Many companies that are engaged in the installation of windows and doors themselves offer their services today. But if your home is far from the city or district center, in a word, in a place where it is problematic to cause a measurer without extra cash spending, set the size of windows, as well as window and doorways can be independently.

If the house is new, only built, mounted in an empty opening. You can measure their dimensions as follows:

measure the height of the opening;

take 5 cm and get the height of the window;

measure the width of the opening;

take 3 cm - get width.

What comes from? 3 cm on sides (1.5 cm each of the sides) go on a layer of mounting foam. The same 1.5 cm on top will also go to the gate. The windowsill will rise by 3.5 cm.

Do not forget to make measurements of the width and length of the windowsill and outdoor slope. We add 5 cm to these parameters (this is the standard recommendation, you can more) so that the windowsill and the sump as it were "dug" into the wall.

If the house is not new and you just change the windows, measurements are also made, only for the window opening should take the size of the window frame.

The size of the window opening

If there are no window openings in the house or you are going to transfer the window, you need to calculate the parameters of them themselves and the place of placement. To calculate the size of window openings and the distance to them from the floor and the ceiling, you need to consider several factors. So, the distance from the floor to the windowsill is considered to be optimal in 80-90 cm. However, your growth should also be taken into account. The height of the window sill should be such that you can comfortably rely on it with palms, standing by the window.

Another landmark is furniture. It is usually about 75-85 cm. From the resulting line we will measure the height of the window opening. According to the architectural rules, the height of the window must be equal to two squares plus 1/6 of its width. The same norms say that the windows width must be no more than 1/4 and at least 1/5 width of the room.

To the height of the window add 5 cm, to a width of 3 cm - as a result, we obtain the dimensions of the window openings we need.

Video - How to install a PVC window yourself?

Doorways

The dimensions of door openings must exceed the overall dimensions of the door frames, which will make it easy to install the box in the opening. In addition, mounting clearances will remain between the wall and the box. On the sides of the box, you should leave a standard gap in 2-3 cm, from below - 5-6 cm. The lower gap is designed to set the door threshold bar. As a result, it turns out that the height of the opening is 7-9 cm greater than the height of the box, its width is 4-6 cm exceeds the width of the box.

Check

After the openings under the windows and doors are ready, they should be measured again. To verify the correctness of the form of the opening, you should measure the width, height and distance on both diagonals. This rule does not act in the case of incorrect shape windows - they are executed only to order. If the diagonal is equal to each other, and the width and height are equal to your calculations or project values \u200b\u200b- the openings are made correctly.

The opening in the wall is needed for mounting one or more window blocks. The design of the opening should also provide for installation of seals, slopes, windowsill and plots. General specifications for window blocks are registered in Guest. However, it is a purely professional documentation, which is difficult to understand the simple user.

We will deal in more detail in the features and device of the window block in this article.

Features

The features of window blocks are largely predetermined by the appointment of rooms inside the building. Through the window openings, not only the rays of the sun fall inside, but with them and cold temperatures and humidity. Therefore, the mold and dampness will settle with the wrong installation inside the house.

In the manufacture of window openings is greatly valid for the material manufacturing material.

The window opening in a brick or concrete wall is made according to some parameters, and in the log house must comply with completely different standards.

The established standards and restrictions on window openings are little in demand in housing, especially in private construction. Owners of private housing under construction often choose their shape and sizes for personal preferences.

Oriented on your own taste leads to the fact that the finished windows are too small or too large. Sometimes they are installed in the wrong places. This approach becomes the cause of skewing, a loose fit of the sash, condensate formation. Inside the window sometimes it rains, and the dew appears even on the walls of the apartment.

According to the rules, the window opening should appear in the wall in the construction process. These blocks are very rarely made in whole masonry.

Window opening should provide:

correct installation of frames;
reliability of fastening of the window structure;
sealing;
derivation of humidity;
heat and noise insulation;
the decorativeness of the main part of the exterior and interior of housing.

The window frame should be placed in the window opening. Internal and outer window sills should not be fixed on thick solution. There must be a niche for cladding.

Horizontal and vertical designs should be precisely extinct. The top plank should not bend under the weight of the wall material. Type and location of the windows must be chosen according to standards.

To properly select, it is enough to study the typical parameters for window openings mounted in residential or in utility rooms.

In modern construction, ready-made windows from PVC are mainly used. It turns out that it is initially wiser to choose products of standard sizes. Operactions under standard designs fit easier, cheaper.

Individual production of structures to the existing openings is always expensive. Finished windows and PVCs on production are manufactured according to the state standard, as the builders at a construction site of multi-storey houses perform openings on the same state standard.

Generalized concept for modern guests - mandatory presence of quarters for openings. These are the protrusions from the outer part of the wall, which must be defined.

The presence of quarters will close the gap outside between the window frame and the wall. This will allow you to hide the mounting seal. The windows will receive better protection from purging and getting moisture, looks like the whole design beautiful.

The position of windows in a brick house is calculated taking into account the size of the brick used.

A quarter is a corner of a facing brick, which performs on the fourth part of its own size. It is usually mounted inside the opening. A greater protrusion will interfere with the design of side slopes. The smaller area of \u200b\u200bthe corner will not give warranties for dropping a frame. Construction standards suggest the accuracy of coincidence to one centimeter.

We will analyze more of the parameters of window openings for walls from different materials.

Standards

The renewal of the residential foundation is not as fast as I would like. Standards "Stalinok", "Khrushchev" and "Brezhnev" are generally accepted today. These houses were constructed thoroughly. Many similar objects have thick brick walls, high ceilings and rooms with a large hid.

The standards of window openings with quarters have the following dimensions:

single window: 85 * 115 cm, 115 * 190 cm;
bivalve window: 130 * 220 cm, 115 * 190 cm, 15- * 190 cm;
three-risk window: 240 * 210 cm.

The conceptual style of the project should not be violated by the inappropriate dimensions and incorrect number of window openings. Experts take into account the height of the ceilings, general floors, the area of \u200b\u200beach room, other architectural features.

The appearance of the facade of the building is largely dependent on the outer finish and form of windows. Outdoor decoration can be performed by any materials - remember at least the exquisite facades of panel houses in classical ceramics.

If you remember the stages of construction, then the period from 1930 to 1960 is the time of beautiful houses decorated with red bricks, facades from stucco with monumental sculptures. In the period 1950-1985, a panel structure came to replace the brick construction. The overlap of the walls was often made of the frame. Plasterboard was widely used in the panel house.

The rooms in such a house did small, and the ceilings are low. Standard window opening also changed its sizes that depended on which wall (from brick or panels) this opening will be mounted.

A slightly improved layout was "Brezhnevka". At home, mostly there were nine-storey, with warm apartments, elevator and garbage chute. The dimensions of the windows in the houses were determined by the gtales of the series. The biggest window openings were made in houses of 600 series.

Standard windows dimensions in modern new buildings are gilts, but the width and height of the openings differ significantly. Modern Gosstandarts take into account the area of \u200b\u200bpremises. That is, the required level of illumination is obtained due to the difference in the openings.

Window openings of apartments in high-rise buildings - part of the bearing walls of the building. Change the design in such a house is categorically prohibited.

At the same time, manufacturers of plastic windows are not limited to standard dimensions and forms, since non-standard window openings may be present in frame housing, in houses from aerated concrete. The nuances are associated with the constructive features of the profile, as well as the weight of the glass package.

The arrangement of plastic windows is a large-scale phenomenon that is observed everywhere. The standard plastic block is only approximately suitable for available openings in the house, so the design replacement usually begins with the check-out of the measurer. The dimensions of the window openings of private houses are not different from state standards adopted for residential buildings.

The requirements of GOST still need to know, they will serve as a security deposit in the apartment. In addition, any deviation from standards leads to the inevitable rise in the cost of the product. Model models may not make an apartment warmer, but it will cost cheaper.

Device

The opening device begins with the creation of a design project for the whole house. In the architectural office will help calculate the correct position of the openings. According to the rules, the base under the opening should include 10 rows of conventional brickwork. This approach will provide the best rigidity and strength of the opening.

In the completion of the device, a kind of plane must be made. Bricks for her laid out perpendicular to the axis of the wall with a protrusion out.

The sidewalls of the opening are completed with whole bricks, which is stacked around the perimeter. At the same time, thermal insulation is mounted, which should block the gap in the wall and planks.

As the overlap for the opening, the corner is often used, which is placed at the distance of the dimensions of the masonry material. Outdoor corner need a slightly drown in the wall. When placing the facade, it should be hidden under the layer of facing material.

Before facing around the edge of the opening, you must first make a pillow of concrete. A reinforcing grid is installed on this pillow.

In addition to a metal corner, builders use such types of overlaps as:

boutique;
concrete block;
brick jumpers.

The overlap in the wall should be half the height of the plus of about 15 cm. Under the design of the opening in the wall should be understood. Details of the opening in the wall are supplied with a frame. Window design must be executed after installing frames.

The rules for design opening for a wooden or metal-plastic window, in general, the same.

The width of the opening in the house can be made somewhat wider size of the window frame. In the process of installation and plastic, and the wooden design should be installed from the inside of the house. It should be restarted in front of the front.

The frame must reflect the back of the quarter, thus ensures the quality of heat and waterproofing of the structure. Rain and cold winds will not be able to get into the clearance of the outdoor slope and the window frame.

After laying the sidewall on the top row stacked overlap. This is a horizontal jumper that will assume the load from all other brick series, as well as from the ceiling beams. The role of the jumper is the beam of concrete, the width of which is 25-30 cm. It can also be a metal channel or steel corner with dimensions 12 * 12 cm. Sometimes this jumper is replaced with a monolithic reinforced concrete unit.

Steel jumpers have one drawback - increased thermal conductivity. As a result, cold bridges appear over the windows. This increases the likelihood of penetration into the house of low temperatures. Therefore, the decorative finish of the house should be carried out with thermal insulation materials.

Note that the jumper length should accurately coincide with the window opening parameters. It can even come on the side parts of the opening of about 10 cm on each side.

After laying the jumper, you can check the compliance of the dimension of the opening. Next, proceed to laying the following rows. Window blocks are usually mounted at the very end of construction.- After mounting the roof and seal all the gaps in all openings.

Operactions in the walls of log materials require the installation of an additional element called the plane. The obosyachka is done because the wood materials are prone to changes in their sizes.

The strength of the opening in the wooden wall is small, because a certain pressure is created on the window, as a result of which the glass can simply get used, and the frame is brought.

For the clusade, dry wood is chosen, which must be correctly assembled. A special compound of the cluster with a wall provides a special groove performed on the outer perimeter of the frame. It is sisted on the protrusion, which is prepared inside the wall.

The casing can be made of:

array;
several rivers, which are connected or glued according to special technology;
combined materials.

For example, a combination is popular when the windowsill is made of a set of wood, and the sidewalls and the upper crossbar are from the array.

Special spikes are more often used to connect the frames of the frame by the frame, less than adhesive. The expansion of the frame unit is performed depending on the window design. Under cash, the extension is not required. On the contrary, there is a constant over the entire perimeter, which will ensure dense sealing.

The window design is performed only after shrinkage. It is usually selected in accordance with the dimensions of the house and the style of design.

For example, the windowsill may be galvanized or plastic. If necessary, carved platforms and Kokoshnik are installed. Plastic frames can be edged with wood overlays. The lining will play the role of additional sealing.

The cash of the windows of the house with log walls is performed from the inside and is usually attached to the library. Thus also provides additional sealing of joints.

Note that the expansion of slopes is possible only if the walls will be converted to plaster and be covered with additional decorative materials.

If plastic windows are installed in a wooden house, you can apply the finished cash from the same plastic.

Plastic ticket will play a role:

functional sealing;
noise absorber;
protection against mold formations;
decorative interior design.

To fulfill the last item, it is important to pick up the color of cash. Most often options for wood. In addition, the planks should be such a width that will block all existing gaps. But at the same time it is worth considering that massive platbands will be appropriate as design only in a large room. They can also play the role of a certain stylistic design of the housing.

Separately, it is worth mentioning the steps of the unit of the opening in a house of aerated concrete. Inside the window opening in such a house, it is recommended to install special backups.. It can be trimming thick bars or steel pipes. A smooth board is attached on top, and then additional blocks are laid out, which form the top of the window opening.

The resulting opening is strengthened by the reinforcement grid. Then the whole design is poured with liquid concrete.

Installation of PVC windows in aerated concrete houses can begin only after the concrete mix. This period is sometimes stretched to a month, as it is associated with the brand of concrete, as well as external weather conditions.

How to increase and reduce?

Sometimes there is a need to install windows in a solid wall.

In this paper, you must also comply with certain requirements:

First cut a hole in the wall under the overlap. Next launch a block or design of the jumper. Also allowed to lay fittings and filling with concrete. This prepares the strengthening of the structure.
If the opening needs to be inspired, choose materials only with quality certificates.
The hole in the wall under the windows needs to be equipped with the mandatory presence of lower support and side quarters.
Filling the opening is made from the bottom next to the transverse bricks. Then the sidewalls are laid out.
The frame in the opening can only be installed after complete drying of the solution, as well as the primary shrinkage of the structure.
Expansion, decrease, increasing openings is possible, because even standard sizes in GOST range vary widely.

Guest is allowed to 17 different variants of dimensions only for two-dimensional windows. In the designs there may be windows with one sash, with three sash. Modern developers are available guests for more than 40 series. The dimensions are more often regulated by the areas of the room.

The glazed area, in particular, the standardization of window openings of private houses is regulated by SNIPA P-A862. The standard requires the presence of a total area of \u200b\u200bthe light opening of at least 1/8 of the total area of \u200b\u200beach individual apartment.

For household premises, total areas can be reduced or increased to 4 times. The area of \u200b\u200bthe window in the bathroom, the storeroom, the boiler room can be about 3 percent of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe room.

When choosing technical indicators for the window opening, follow the purpose of the room in which it will be located. The purpose of the use of premises has an important meaning.
The overall performance of one or more opening in the room should provide a sufficient amount of natural light. The sun rays should be enough to do not turn on the lamp during the day.

For the country house, an aesthetic side of the question has an important meaning. It is important not only to choose the right place to install the windows, but also to think through the outdoor finishing style of window openings. They have a significant impact on the appearance of the facade.
If your region is distinguished by cold weather conditions, and the duration of the light day is small, it is best to make windows on the southern or south-west side.
If the climatic conditions are warm in the region, the amount of sun is sufficient, the windows are placed from the north or east.

Ease of use and functionality of windows under different conditions is often associated with the height of the window sill on the level of the first floor. Specialists are recommended to focus on the following values:
1. If the room is a living room, bedroom, or children's, the optimal height of the windowsill will be the level of 70-90 cm. If the window is placed at such a distance from the floor, it will provide a good overview, as well as maximum transmission of sun rays.
2. If it is a kitchen or dining room, it is better to increase the distance from 80 to 120 cm. The dimensions must be primarily due to the dimensions of the countertops, which is usually taken to position on the same level with sink and other kitchen furniture.
3. If the room is a bathroom, the height of the window sill need to be increased to 160 cm. The window in the toilet and the bathroom is needed to ensure ventilation, but at the same time the room should not be accessible to unauthorized persons who can observe hygienic procedures.
4. From 160 cm and the height of the windows of the windows in household premises can be more. Here the window is often a small former.
5. If windows are mounted on a warmed veranda, a balcony or summer terrace, the windows board can be located at 70, up to 100 cm.

About how the installation of windows under GOST is made, see the following video.

The replacement of old wooden doors and windows on plastic is still quite expensive. This very necessary and useful event can be significantly reduced, because a considerable part of the cost is the remuneration of installers. Having some job skills with ordinary home instruments, the owner of the dwelling will be able to install independently, you should only read the material outlined below.

Types of plastic windows

First you need to pick a suitable window that it is not so simple, because these products are produced in a very diverse performance.

Number of sash

The windows of up to 1.5x1 m are usually made by single-holder, larger - bivalves, and the widest and high - three-tier. In some cases, when the sizes of the windows go beyond the limits of standards, the sash can be more. "Multipleness" can be avoided if possible, since the partition between the sash is the so-called impost - by virtue of the singularities of the frame profile is wide enough, especially if the sash opens.

Basic plastic window assemblies assembly

For example, in a three-dimensional window, they reduce the glazing area by about 10%, and also significantly increase the mass of the product. In the apartment it is advisable to install windows with the number of flaps not more than 2.

Type of sash

The following options are available:

Deaf. The simplest and easy design, but the deaf windows are extremely rare, as they are difficult to wash the outside.
Rotary (swing). Such flaps open the same way as the sash of the usual wooden window.
Folded. The sash turns relative to the lower horizontal edge, with its upper part extends from the frame. Such an opening mechanism is easier to rotate, but it is suitable only for venting. To conveniently wash the window outside, there must be at least one swivel sash next to the folding.
Combined (swivel-folding). Today are the most common. Thanks to the use of a complex mechanism, the shutter by turning the handle in a particular position can be turned into a folding (in use it is called the "ventilation mode") and in the rotary.

Different types of sash may be present in one window block.

If the sash in the window are several, they can relate to different types. For example, in a three-tier, extreme flaps can be swivel or combined, and the average is deaf.

The number of cameras in the frame

In the process of manufacturing the profile, it is formed from 3 to 7 longitudinal cavities - they increase the thermal resistance of the product. If the structure is located in the region with a warm climate or it is unheated (hozpostroy or garage, warehouse), you can install a 3-chamber window in it.

In residential buildings in the regions with a cold climate, you must install windows from a 5-chamber profile or at least 4-chamber.

Profiles with the 6th and 7th chambers significantly exceed 5-chamber costs and are more severe, but at the same time they have almost the same thermal resistance, so they do not recommend it. Rational will install double-glazed windows with a greater width.

Type of profile wall thickness

For use in residential premises, a "a" type profile is intended, in which the outer wall has a thickness of 2.8 mm, and internal - 2.5 mm. In rooms where microclimate is not so important, for example, in production, you can use windows from the profile of type "B" and "C" with a smaller wall thickness.

The number of cameras in a double-glazed

The glass can be assembled from 2, 3 or 4-sheets of glass, respectively, it can be one, two or three cameras. The more cameras - the higher the thermal resistance and sound insulation. In residential buildings today, in most cases, 2-chamber windows are installed.

The most common are two- and three-chamber double glazing

3-chamber superior them in thermal resistance and noise insulation slightly, and stand and weigh much more, so they do not recommend them. The 1-chamber of the same double-glazed windows are used only on balconies, in various unheated buildings, stores, etc.

Speaking about the "camera" windows, you can mean the number of cameras both in a double-glazed and frame. Therefore, if we are talking about a 3-chamber window, you need to clarify, in which item there are three cameras.

We recommend paying attention to glass windas with increased sound insulation, in which the windows are installed at different distances from each other. It is selected so that the sound waves fuse with their own reflection.

Glass type

Today, along with conventional windows in metal-plastic windows, energy-saving are applied. They have an absolutely transparent metal spraying, reflecting infrared radiation. Energy-saving windows are called I-stalks. The glass-base compound instead of air is filled with an inert gas - argon, xenon or any other.

In aggregate with spraying, this gives an increase in thermal resistance by 10-15%.

Some unscrupulous manufacturers offer buyers of double-glazed windows with filling argon or xenon, but from ordinary glass. Such double-glazed windows are presented as energy efficient and sold more expensive. In fact, the difference in thermal resistance with the usual "air" double-glazed glass is a maximum of 2%. Therefore, when buying, specify whether there is a deposition on the glass.

Also, the double-glazed windows are made of tinted, hardened (when damaged is scattered into small safe fragments) of the glass, as well as triplex.

The form

Along with rectangular, triangular, trapezoid, hexagonal, arched, round and oval windows are made.

Plastic windows can have the most unexpected configuration - from simple geometric shapes to their bizarre combinations

Appearance Rama

The frame can be not only white, but also colored, as well as a laminated polymer film with a pattern that imitates the texture of the tree.

Types of plastic doors

Doors, like windows, may also differ in a variety of parameters: assignment, types of canvas and threshold, etc.

Purpose

By destination, the doors are divided into:

entrance;
balcony;
interroom.

Outdoor doors are insulated (made of 5-chamber profiles), often reinforced with steel sheet or lattice. The profile wall has a thickness of at least 3 mm.

Outdoor plastic doors are manufactured with insulation and enhancement with a metal lattice or sheet

By heat and sound insulation characteristics, the balcony door is not different from the input, but it is less protected from hacking and has a mechanism that allows it to keep it in a rotary state in order to air.

Balcony doors differ from the input presence of the mechanism holding them in the ventilation mode

The interroom door is easier and is the most cheap. It does not have insulation and protection against hacking.

Interior plastic door is different from the chapped and balcony simplicity of construction

Type of web

The canvas happens two types:

Double-glazed windows are used in the doorway:

single-chamber: for interroom doors;
two-chamber: for outdoor doors.

Type of threshold

Metal-plastic doors can be equipped with thresholds of three species:

Method of opening

Many options are available:

Swing: The sash turns relative to the vertical axis in one direction.
Pendulum: The door opens in both directions.
Carousel: rotates in a circle.
Retractable: the canvas moves to the side, as if hiding in the wall or moving along it.
Folding: the canvas consists of several sections and can be folded like a harmonicker.

The canvas of the sliding door can hide in the design of the wall or move along its surface.

Strength class

Distinguish three classes:

class "A": the most durable doors;
class "B": average strength;
class "B": the least durable.

How to do measurements

Before measuring the window, it is desirable to knock off the slopes to clearly see its borders. The faster of all the driving is performed by a perforator equipped with a special tool - "shovel".

Turning the main material of the walls, measured the height and width of the day. Measurements should be performed at several points along the loyalty, after which the smallests are chosen from the obtained values. In the outdresses with a quarter, the measurement is carried out along the outside of the side, that is, they remove the distances between the edges of the quarters.

The size of the windows will depend on the type of proof:

For openings with a quarter: the width of the window is determined by adding the width of the outlet from the outside 3 cm. The height of the window takes an equal height of the outlet from the outside (that is, between the fourth protrosions).
For openings without a quarter: the width of the window is determined, the two widths of the mounting gap from the width of the width. The latter is 1.5-2 cm, therefore, it is necessary to take 3-4 cm.

From the measurement of the width of the window opening should be subtracted by two mounting gaps (in sum, this value will be 3-4 cm)

The height of the windows is calculated by subtracting from the height of the opening of two mounting gaps and the height of the undergraduate profile.

The height of the plastic window is determined by the measurement of the opening, followed by deduction from the result of the height of the undergraduate profy and two mounting gaps

The width of the face and the windowsill is selected on the basis of how deep in the opening it is decided to have a window. Usually, 1/3 of the wall thickness retreat from the outer surface of the wall. Then the hoist width will be 1/3 of the wall thickness + 5 cm.

The windowsill is calculated as follows: 2 cm is added to the distance from the inner surface of the window to the inner surface of the wall (the windowsill will be started under the window) and even the width of the protruding part, which should be such that the windowsill overlap the heating radiator on half it under it (radiator) width.

The optimal stock in length for the windowsill is 15 cm. The reserve value can be reduced, but not more than 8 cm. It should be borne in mind that the window will look less attractive.

The scheme is an illustration of the concepts of the values \u200b\u200binvolved in the determination of the size of the plastic window, slopes and the windowsill

To determine the dimensions of the door frame, you need to take two mounting gap from the width of the width (they have the same width of 1.5-2 cm), and from the height of the move - only one.

Video: how to measure the opening under the plastic window

Preparation of Piece

Immediately before installing the product, dismantling the old fill.

Dismantling of old windows

Performed in the following sequence:

Removable platbands if they are. There may be difficulties with the removal of fasteners. If nails were used in this capacity, you need to pose the pen with a nail or a thin china and a little pulled to yourself to slightly pull the nails from the frame. If, after that, the hammer kick return the platband to the place, the nails hats will hang out of it, so that they can be seized with a nail or pliers. When screwing out screws, the sting of a turnover should be pressed into the grooves on a hat as much as possible so that they do not "slip".
The remains of plaster on the slopes are knocked down by a perforator with the already mentioned "shovel".
Next filmed sash.
The insulation and fragments of the plaster mortar are removed from the gap between the frame and the wall.
A window sill is dismantled. The cement mortar under it is hampered by a chisel.
Moving the fastening of the frame, after which it is pulled out of the goat. Preferring the old window should not, since it is usually thrown away. Therefore, it is possible to cut the frame if necessary.

Video: Dismantling of the old window

Dismantling of old doors

Old doors are removed from the progress in the same way as the windows.

Next, the discovery needs to be cleaned of garbage, paints and dust. In the doorway, the floor is exposed and the floor is exposed, since the threshold is an integral part of the metal-plastic door. Flooring should be firmly attached to the base.

After that, the wall is processed by primer deep penetration.

Video: how to dismantle the interroom door

Tools and materials

To install the window and doors, you need to have such tools:

drill with a shock mechanism or a perforator, as well as dried along concrete and metal;
screwdriver;
level: The bubble is suitable only when installing the door, for the window you need to use water (Waterpas);
plumb;
rubber hammer;
pliers;
knife or spatula.

Materials will need such:

dowels or anchor bolts;
cylinder with mounting foam (if the installation is carried out during the frost, you will need a special nozzle);
special corners for folding the window (can be replaced by wooden bars).

Independent installation of plastic windows

Before installing on the place of the sash and double-glazed windows, must necessarily stand in a vertical position, for which they are attached to the wall, setting on the floor cardboard. It is possible to put elements only on a flat surface.

Mounting window

Installation work is made in such a sequence:

From the upper loops of the leafs with dumping or pliers, they take pins (they need to be taken from below), after which the sash movement is removed from the loops. From the deaf window you need to remove the glass, pushing the stroke with a knife or spatula.
If the PVC window is equipped with opening flaps, they must be removed before installing the frame in the opening
Marking is applied on the frame, denoting the position of the fasteners. The optimal step is 40 cm, 15 cm should be retreat from the corners and imposte.
Equipping the drill of the metal drill, according to the markup is drilled in the hole frame. You need to fly from the outside.
The frame is installed in the opening, while there are plastic spacer wedges between it and ends in the form of a corner (can be replaced by wooden bars). Wedges preferably located opposite the holes for fasteners.
The verticality of the installation of the frame is controlled by the level
Adjusting the position of the wedges, set the frame so that the mounting clearances from all sides have equal width.
With the help of the level and the plumb, the frame is put in a strictly vertical position.
Through the holes in the frame apply markup on the wall.
After removing the frame, drilled in the wall using a perforator, equipped with a drill along concrete, holes for anchors or dowels with a depth of 6-10 cm. In the holes are installed valves of fasteners.
Rama is again installed and fastened. At this stage it only needs to be out.
Marking of walls under fasteners is performed through already drilled holes in the frame
Regulate the position of the frame with a plumb and a water level, after which the fastener is finally screwed. Screw the dowels or anchors with force it is impossible, as they will depub off the profile. It is necessary to stop as soon as the hat hits in the profile or even when it will perform from it for 1 mm.
Flats or double-glazed windows are installed in place. It should be checked if the flaps are easily open, the loops and other fittings work well.
The opening and frame is sprayed with water. After that, moving from the bottom upwards, the gap between the frame and the discovery of rotary-circular movements is filled with mounting foam. Filling should be performed in several techniques, each time we treat a plot of 25-30 cm long. With this approach, the sealant is excluded (mounting foam during drying is greatly increased in the volume).
The gaps between the wall and the window frame are filled with mounting foam
From the inside and from the outside of the seams are closed first with a vapor insulating ribbon (it should be fooled below), then with special nicknames.
The mounting foam layer is protected from both sides by insulating material.

Video: Installation of a plastic window in a panel house

Installation of the window sill

The windowsill is screwed to the coaching profile after installing the window.

Standing profile is necessary for mounting imaging and protection windows from freezing

It is impossible to neglect the installation of the undercut profile, as some unscrupulous installers do. In this case, the windowsill and the sump will have to be screwed to the window frame, as a result of which its tightness will be broken. In addition, without a coaching profile will freeze the window.

Details The process of attaching the windowsill is highlighted in this article:

Installation of slopes

The window without slopes will look like an unfinished design, through which, regardless of the number of cameras, it will come cold from the outside and getting warm from the inside of the room.

Upon completion of all works from a metal-plastic profile, a protective film is removed. It should not be delayed with this, because over time, the film diffusion in the PVC-shell of the profile occurs, as a result of which its removal becomes rather difficult. After installation, the metalplastic window cannot be opened for at least 16 hours, and better than a day.

Installation of sings

From the side of the street, you need to fasten to the coaching profile with the help of sanity screws. The connection site should be absolutely waterproof, for which it is carefully treated with a sealant.

The edges of the waterproof should be started into the holes in a depth of several centimeters, specially carved in the wall using a perforator.

The procedure for installing waterfront

In order for waterproof, I did not publish an "drum" sound during the rain, it should be covered with a mounting foam on the bottom or caught with a tape "linoterm" or other noise insulating material.

Video: Errors when installing plastic windows and what happens to foam

Installation of plastic doors

Installation of a metal-plastic door is made almost in the same manner as the windows.

So schematically, you can represent the typograph design plastic door

Installation of doors

With loops removed the canvas.
A holes for anchor bolts are drilled in the frame. They should be three on each side.
Determine with the depth of the location of the door in the opening and screwed into the walls of 4 dowels - two at the top and two below. They will serve as a box limiters, which will greatly facilitate the installation of this heavy element in the desired position. Dowels must be in one vertical plane, so the markup under the holes for them should be applied using a plumb.
Install the box in the opening, resting it into the limiters, and with the help of wedges give it the right position: the mounting gaps on the right and the left should have an equal width, the racks should be strictly vertically (controlling the plumb or level).
Through the holes in the box are marking on the walls, after which the box is removed and the holes under the anchors or dowels are drilled in the walls. They need to score the sleeve for fasteners.
Install the box in place and screw it to the walls. First, fasteners are only bent, and finally screwed after aligning the box in terms of level or plumb.
Install the door leaf.
Fill the mounted clearance of polyurethane foam.
If the width of the assembly gap exceeds 4 cm, then in order to reduce the flow rate (mounting foam - expensive material) it is recommended to partially fill in a foam, wooden slats, plasterboard or plywood.

Video: Installation of plastic door

Installation of slopes

Then the slopes are set. The installation process looks like this:

Cutting speaking mounting foam.
Clean the discovery from plaster, paint, wallpaper, etc.
Cracks and cracks are sealed with cement-sandy solution.
Remove with a metal-plastic profile protective film.
From wooden rails with a cross section of 20x40 mm form a frame, screwing it with a dowel of 6x60 mm to the wall.
Cut from plastic panels Details with form and dimensions corresponding to the slopes.
Finish the panels with self-drawing to the frame.
Welcome seams with sealant, screws of self-tapping screws are smeared with the composition of the panel.

Now we need to remove the remnants of the protective film from the profile.

Instead of anchors for fastening windows and doors, you can use special mounting plates, which are embedded with one side in the PVC-shell of the profile, and the other - rest in the walls. With this method of attachment, it is not necessary to drill holes in the profile, however, in its strength, it is significantly inferior to the fastening with anchors.

FEATURES OF INSTALLATION IN WORK STRANCE

Due to the shrinkage characteristic of wooden buildings, the installation of metal-plastic windows in them is recommended to produce at least one year after construction, and better after two. If the house is erected from the glue bar, the exposure time can be reduced, because this building material is made of well-dried wood and therefore the shrinkage gives very small.

The window is first fixed in a wooden frame, shot down from the bars impregnated with an antiseptic, and then installed in this form in the opening. The frame serves as a protective frame that prevents the deformation of the window in the event of a building shrinkage. To minimize the effect of this phenomenon, between the wooden frame and the upper edge of the openness, the lumen of 3-7 cm wide (depends on the moisture of wood and, accordingly, the expected shrinkage value). The lumen is filled with a joy of jute insulation.

The wooden frame is attached to the outlet with self-draws.

Since the tree has some vapor permeability used to seal the plated foam sealing foams need to be protected from moisture. For this purpose, the wooden frame and the ends of the wall in the opening are covered with a tape from thin polyethylene foam coated with foil.

The doorway before installing the metal plastic doors should be equipped with the so-called sophisticated. It is also a frame from a bar and is designed to protect the door from exposure to the wall shrinkage. In addition, the stacks of the stacks fasten a brica or bar, the relationship between which is somewhat weaken after the device after the device.

The obosyachka protects the windows and door blocks from deformations arising during the shrink shrinkage

To mount the souls in the side walls, the loop is cut with a milling groove with a milling groove with a cross section of 50x50 mm. In these grooves insert racks. Next to them nourish the boards of 50 mm thick and width equal to the wall thickness along parallel to them.

The threshold is neglected from the bottom, made of a timing of T-shaped profile with a thickness of 100 mm, and from above - a horizontal jumper (sorting). The heap must break the racks, while between it and the upper wall of the opening should leave the gap of 15 cm. The gap is filled with a jute insulation and is covered from two sides by a vaporizolation tape from two sides.

Video: What is the chamber: two types of casing boxes

Rules of care and operation

To do the doors and windows for a long time, follow the following recommendations:

Metal-plastic profile and accessories should be protected from dirt and dust during construction and repair work.
Also, the profile must be protected from contact with hot metal particles during welding or cutting metal products with a grinder.
The washing of the metal-plastic profile and glass package should be carried out using a soap solution or non-abrasive detergents, which contains acids and solvents.
Special attention should be paid to the door threshold, which is most susceptible to pollution. During cleaning in the room it is necessary to vacuum.
At the beginning of a warm season, the clamp of the metalplastic door should be relaxed, and at the beginning of the cold - to strengthen. The clamp is adjustable by rotating one of the screws on the door canopies. In total, each loop has three screws, each of which, when rotating, moves the web for one of the mutually perpendicular axes.

Twice a year it is necessary to maintain maintenance that is as follows:

all moving mechanisms are lubricated;
cleaning from dirt located at the bottom of the drain holes (except for interior doors);
the state of rubber seals is checked, when the contamination is detected, they are cleaned;
rubber seals are rubbed with silicone lubricants (prevent the polymer rapid aging).

For lubrication of mechanisms, use oils without acids and resins. Such are, for example, machine oil and technical vaseline. For external fittings, frost-resistant compounds should be applied.

Thanks to hermetic, high thermal resistance and immunity to fluctuations in the temperature and humidity regime, metal-plastic doors and windows have so far proved to be very popular. But the installation of such structures is not much different from the installation of ordinary wooden analogues. The instruction given in this article will help the user independently cope with this task, as well as create conditions at which windows and doors will serve as long as possible.