What is a complex sentence in Russian. Examples of complex sentences. Punctuation in a non-union sentence

All sentences are divided into simple and complex.
Simple sentence, as we have already said, contains one grammatical basis. All of the above classifications are designed for simple sentences. For instance: Private traders make up about a third of entrepreneurship.
Difficult sentence contains two or more grammatical bases, that is, it consists of two or more simple sentences. For instance: Politicians, who secured support of a large part of the population, boldly go to the polls.
Complex sentences can include simple sentences that are different in their structure and composition.
Complex sentences, in turn, have a complex classification.

1. Composite sentence
It consists of several simple, equal in meaning, independent of each other sentences, connected by creative unions. For instance: A strong wind blew through the window and documents scattered across the room.
Writing unions:
- connecting: AND, YES (= AND), NOR ... NOR, HOW ... SO AND;
- adversaries: A, BUT, YES (= BUT), HOWEVER, SAME, BUT, AND THAT, NOT THAT;
- separating: EITHER, EITHER, LEE ... LEE, THAT ... THAT, NOT THAT ... NOT THAT;
- connecting: YES, YES AND, ALSO, ALSO;
- explanatory: THAT IS, AND EXACTLY;
- gradational: NOT ONLY ... BUT AND NOT THAT ... BUT.

2. Complex sentence
It consists of several simple sentences, one of which is the main one, and the rest are dependent on the main one, that is, subordinate clauses (you can ask a question from the main one). They are linked by subordinate unions or union words. For instance: Every crooked nail thinks (what?) That a real nail should be crooked(V. Schwebel).
Subordinate unions:
- temporary: WHEN, AS ONLY, BETWEEN WHEN, AS SOON, ONLY, BARELY, etc.;
- causal: BECAUSE, FROM WHAT, SO HOW, THANKS, THAT, etc .;
- target: WHAT, WHAT, FOR WHAT, FOR WHAT TO DO, etc.;
- Consequences: SO WHAT, etc .;
- conditional: IF, IF, WHEN, AS SOON, etc .;
- concessional: AT LEAST, AT LEAST, LET IT, IN SPITE OF WHAT, etc.;
- comparative: HOW, HOW, WOULD, BE, AS WOULD, LIKE, EXACTLY, etc .;
- explanatory: WHAT, WHAT.
Union words differ from unions in that they are interrogative-relative pronouns and are members of a sentence, in contrast to unions that connect, but are not members of a sentence.
Thus, subordinate clauses are divided into temporal, spatial, attributive, explanatory, etc. For example: The greatest influence on humanity was the books that almost no one read; We are not perfect because we cannot resist temptations; Where the road turned, he looked round.
Subordinate clauses can come before the main one, after it, or in the middle. Parts of a complex sentence are always separated by commas and other signs (see the section: "Punctuation").

A complex sentence can contain several subordinate clauses. Then there are three types of subordination:
1. sequential subordination - one in which one subordinate clause is subordinate to another on the principle of links in one chain. For instance: Makar knew (what?) That the bitter frost was not joking with people (what?) Who got lost in the taiga.

2. homogeneous subordination - one in which several subordinate clauses depend on one main one. For instance: We realized (what?), That we were wrong, (understood what?) And that products for sale need to be ordered in bulk.

3. combined submission - one in which both of these methods are present. For instance: I read to such an extent (to what extent?) That I did not immediately understand (what?) Who came, (what?) Who was ringing the doorbell.

3. Unionless proposal
This is such a complex sentence in which its parts are connected only by meaning without the participation of additional words. For instance: The wind swayed the branches, the leaves rained down; Business - time, fun - an hour; In a hurry, you will make people laugh and etc.

4.With different types of communication
In such a complex proposal, it is possible to combine the allied and non-allied communication of units. For instance: Some entrepreneurs have certain superstitions: some, for example, do not make deals when the sun has not yet risen, while others constantly carry a talisman with them.

Using unions

When using unions, one must take into account not only their meaning, but also the stylistic coloring.
- Conjunctions used in colloquial speech: YES, YES AND, EITHER, NOT THAT, NOT THAT, ONCE, etc. For example: No, I didn't see him, and you can't see him either.
- Conjunctions used in book speech: THANKS TO WHAT, I SEE WHAT, IN CONNECTION WITH WHAT, WITH WHAT TO DO, etc. For example: He arrived on time thanks to the fact that he took your car.
- Unions that have a vernacular or outdated nature: EZHELI, KABA, KOLI, DOCOLE, etc.
There is a difference in the use of unions YET and NOT YET.
The union is used in the meaning of the union "AT THE TIME AS": As he crawled, the cannons continued to fire at the battery.
The union is used in the meaning of the union "BEFORE THAT": I changed my place of work many times until I found a suitable one.
The conjunction YET is not used to indicate that the effect of the subordinate clause occurs as a result of what is said in the main clause: And they talked until the father brought the samovar(Wed until the father brought the samovar).

Errors in complex sentences

1. Displacement of the structure
Sometimes the main sentence is "interrupted" by the subordinate clause inside it, for example: The main thing that needs to be paid attention to is the ideological side of the issue. Wed: The main thing that needs to be paid attention to is the ideological side of the issue. The essence of the error lies in the fact that the predicate of the main is likened to the predicate of the subordinate clause and ceases to agree with the subject to which it belongs.
It may also be the case that the main clause "interrupts" the subordinate clause if it is inside the latter: But these quotes are not known where the author borrowed them from (instead of: It is not known where the author borrowed these quotes from).

2. Incorrect use of conjunctions and union words
a) Use of a union or union word inappropriate for the given context: It was possible to agree only with those provisions of the report, which did not contain any internal contradictions(need: in which), etc.
b) Formation of a number of unambiguous conjunctions: Conditions for the further growth of animal husbandry exist, however nevertheless the turning point has not yet come.
c) The use of the union after the introductory word: The speaker gave reasons that seem to be what have already been used somewhere.
d) An error may be an unfortunate use of a comparative word: Pick the shortest distance that separates both points.
e) The particle should not be repeated in subordinate clauses in which the predicate is expressed in the form of a conditional mood: If would Western proposals were would accepted, nothing has changed would, except that there was would a commission for inventory of weapons was created.
f) It is a mistake to clutter up a complex sentence with the same unions or union words in the sequential subordination of subordinate clauses: The commission refused to accept the object for construction whom the necessary funds were released, which were largely misused.

3. Wrong word order
In a clause with a relative clause, the wrong ordering generates ambiguity: Students underwent practical training in one of the workshops of the plant, which was recently reconstructed(reconstructed a workshop or a plant as a whole is not clear).

4. Mixing direct and indirect speech
This error lies in the fact that the subordinate clause that forms indirect speech retains the elements of direct speech (forms of personal pronouns and verbs): The author of the project hastily remarked to the reviewer that how can you not notice the new that I put into it.

Lesson 12. Types of complex sentences.

A complex sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more parts, connected into one whole in meaning and intonation.

The parts are simple sentences in structure. When combined in a complex sentence, simple sentences retain their structure, but they cease to be characterized by semantic completeness and lose the intonation of the end of the sentence.

Complex sentences are divided into allied (unions or allied words act as a means of connecting parts) and non-allied (parts are connected intonation and meaning). Union sentences are divided into compound sentences (parts are connected with the help of creative unions) and complex subordinate sentences (subordinate unions and union words become the means of communication between parts).
Compound sentence

In a compound sentence (SSP), the parts are connected by creative unions, are equal, independent from each other.

Basic types of compound sentences

1. SSP with connecting unions (and, yes / = and /, neither - nor, how - and, not only - but, also, also, yes and); unions and, yes, they can be both single and repeated:

The transparent forest alone turns black, and the spruce turns green through the frost, and the river glitters under the ice (A.S. Pushkin) - the described phenomena occur simultaneously, which is emphasized by the use of repeated unions in each part.

I shouted, and an echo answered me - the second phenomenon follows the first.

I was unwell, and therefore I did not wait for dinner - the second phenomenon is a consequence of the first, caused by it, as indicated by the concretizer - the adverb because.

Neither the sun can I see the light, nor for my roots there is no space (I.A.Krylov).

The narrator froze in mid-sentence, I also heard a strange sound - conjunctions too and also have the feature that they are not at the beginning of the part.

2. SSP with adversary alliances (but, yes / = but /, however, and, but, on the other hand):

The sentences of this group always consist of two parts and, having a common opposing meaning, can express the following meanings:

She was about thirty, but she seemed a very young girl - the second phenomenon is contrasted with the first.

Some helped in the kitchen, while others laid the tables - the second phenomenon is not opposed to the first, but is compared with it (replacing the union with but is not possible).

The conjunction, like the conjunctions, too, is always not at the beginning of the second part of the sentence, but immediately behind the word, which is opposed to the word of the first part:

All the trees have released sticky leaves, but the oak still stands without leaves.

3. SSP with dividing unions (or / il /, or, not that - not that, or - either, then - that):

Either the gate creaks, or the floorboards crackle - a union or - or indicates a mutual exclusion of phenomena.

It was raining, then large flakes of snow fell - a union that indicates an alternation of phenomena.

Separating conjunctions or and or can be single and repetitive.

With a more detailed description of the types of SSPs, there are three more types of SSPs: SSP with connecting, explanatory and gradational unions.

Unions are connecting and, too, also placed in our classification in the group of connecting unions.

The unions are explanatory, that is, namely:

He was kicked out of the gymnasium, that is, the most unpleasant thing happened for him.

Gradation unions - not only ... but also, not that ... but:

Not that he didn't trust his partner, but he still had some doubts about him.
Complex sentence

A complex sentence (CSP) consists of unequal parts, where one part depends on the other. The independent part is called the main part, and the dependent part is called the subordinate clause.

Parts of the SPP are connected using subordinate unions and union words that are in the subordinate part.

The following groups of subordinate unions are represented in Russian:

1) temporary: when, bye, only, only;

2) causal: because, because, because;

3) conditional: if, if;

4) target: to;

5) concessive: although;

6) consequences: so;

7) comparative: as, as if, as if, than;

8) explanatory: what, how, whether, to.

In the Russian language there are a large number of derivative unions composed of

- simple conjunctions and indicative words: after, despite the fact that, in order to, thanks to the fact that;

- two simple unions: as if, as soon as;

- simple conjunctions in combination with the words time, reason, purpose, condition, etc.

Union words are 1) relative pronouns (who, what, which, who, whose, how many, etc.), which can stand in different forms, 2) pronouns (where, where, from where, when, why, how, etc.). ). Unlike unions, union words not only serve as a means of connecting parts of the SPP, but also are members of the sentence in the subordinate clause.

Some conjunctive words (what, how, when, than - the form of the pronoun what) are homonymous with conjunctions. To differentiate them, it is necessary to try to replace the union word (which is a pronoun) with a significant one (if such a replacement is impossible, this is a union), and also put a phrasal stress on it. For instance:

I know that he will come - union;

I know that (= what thing) he will bring - a union word, an addition.

The criterion for delimitation can often be the type of subordinate clause, since some of them are joined only by unions or only by union words.

The definition of the type of a complex sentence occurs both on a formal basis and on a semantic basis: the means of communication and semantic relations of the main and subordinate parts are taken into account.

In most cases, from the main part to the subordinate clause, a question can be asked that helps to identify the semantic relations between the parts. A special group of proposals is made up of SPP with subordinate clauses, in which the question of the subordinate clause is not raised.

The clause can refer to a specific word in the main part or to the whole main part as a whole.

The subordinate clause can be located behind the main part, in front of the main part or inside the main part, and some types of subordinate clauses can be located only after the main or certain words in the main clause, while the arrangement of other types of subordinate clauses is free.

The main part may contain index words that indicate that there is a subordinate clause with the main part. These are demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs that, that, such, there, there, then, there are so many others that are paired with certain unions and allied words: that - what, where - where, as much - how many, etc. For certain types of subordinate clauses, the presence of an index word is mandatory, in this case the subordinate clause refers specifically to it.
Unionless compound sentence

The Unionless Complicated Proposition (BSP) is opposed to the Union proposals for the lack of allied funds. Parts of the BSP are related in meaning and intonation.

The following types of non-union sentences are presented in Russian:

1. Between the parts, semantic equality is observed, the parts are connected by enumerative intonation, the order of the parts is free:

Cannonballs roll, bullets whistle, cold bayonets hang (A.S. Pushkin).

To my right was a ravine, bending like a snake; to the left a narrow but deep river twisted.

2. Parts of the BSP are unequal: the second part explains the first (or individual words in it) in some respect, the parts are connected by explanatory intonation, the order of the parts is fixed:

A) the second part reveals the content of the first (= namely):

Everything was unusual and scary: some rustles were heard in the room.

B) the second part complements the meaning of the first (= what):

I looked out the window (and saw): dawn was breaking over the forest.

C) the second part reveals the reason for what is said in the first (= because):

I was surprised: there was a note in the door.

As a rule, in sentences of this type, the first part contains the main part of the statement, and the second part explains, supplements the content of the first (it is the functional equivalent of a subordinate clause).

3. Parts of the BSP are unequal and connected by a special contrasting intonation (the first part of the sentence is characterized by a high tone, the second - by a sharp decrease in tone), the order of the parts is fixed:

A) the first part contains an indication of the condition or time of the action:

I come to the well - no one is there anymore (M. Yu. Lermontov).

In this case, the first part of the BSP is the functional equivalent of a clause or time, and the second part is an analogue of the main part.

B) the second part contains an indication of an unexpected result of an action or a quick change of events:

Before I could blink, the ball was already in the goal.

C) the second part contains a comparison with what is said in the first part:

Speaks the word - the nightingale sings.

D) the second part contains the opposition:

Try on seven times - cut once.

Simple and complex sentences

Sentences containing one grammatical basis (subject and predicate or only subject and only predicate) are called a simple sentence (see. Simple sentence ) ... Two or more simple sentences can be combined into difficult sentence... Accordingly, in a complex sentence, several grammatical foundations can be distinguished (see Sentence Basis).

Examples of a simple sentence: I went outside. The door slammed shut.

Examples of a complex sentence: I went outside and the door slammed shut. When I went outside, the door slammed shut.

Types of communication of simple sentences in a complex

Possible types of connection of proposals are reflected in the diagram:

An example of a non-allied relationship: I left the house, the door slammed behind me.

An example of a compositional connection : I left the house, and the door slammed shut behind me.

An example of a subordinate relationship (the subordinate clause is in bold): When I left home, the door slammed shut behind me.

An example of different types of communication in one sentence : When I left the house, the door slammed behind me and I could no longer return to the apartment; at this time the street was filled with people.

Types of complex sentences

Accordingly, sentences are divided into non-union complex , complex and complex. Sentences in which there are three or more simple ones, connected by different types of communication, are called so: offers with different types of communication.

A complex sentence, parts of which are connected by constructive unions, is called compound.

The compositional connection presupposes the equality of simple sentences that are part of the complex; this equality is manifested at the syntactic level. Within the meaning of the proposal, they can be equal or depend on each other.

There are three types of complex sentences in Russian:

• 1) compound (SSP),
• 2) complex subordinate (SPP),
• 3) non-union complex sentence (BSP).

It is possible to determine the belonging of a sentence to one type or another if you determine the type of union (compositional, subordinate), which are associated with parts of a complex sentence.

1) In the SSP, the parts are connected with the help of creative conjunctions (and, a, but, however, or, etc.).

For example: I went to visit a friend, but Ivan has not yet returned home from work.

2) In the SPP, parts (main and subordinate) are connected using subordinate unions or union words (pronouns and adverbs).

For example: Everyone looked with delight at how beautifully he danced.

Unions: so that, as if, as if, for now, for, as if, in connection with the fact that, etc.

Allied words (pronouns): who, what, which, whose, what, how much, which, etc.

Allied words (adverbs): how, why, where, how much, why, why, how much, when, etc.

Unlike subordinate unions, union words are members of a sentence, since these are independent parts of speech (pronouns and adverbs): In the very room where Peter was once born, there was silence.

NB! Instead of the union word, you can substitute another significant word, which is often found in the main part: "where Peter was once born" - "Peter was once born in the room."

There are three words in Russian - WHAT, HOW, WHEN - can act both as unions and as a union word ..

1) WHAT - union word:

in relative clauses ("what" = "which")

For example: I remember all the springs and the happiness that once was.

in subordinate explanatory clauses (in this case, "what" has a logical stress on itself // indicates the subject // is a subject or object.

For example: We know what now lies on the scales and what is happening now (A. Akhmatova).

In other cases, "what" - union.

For example: It seemed to me that the young man laughed.

WHEN - union word:

- in the relative clauses.

For instance: The moments when a person is truly carried away are the happiest.

in relative clauses, if they do not have the connotation of a condition.

For instance: We don't have to wait for the older generation to do everything for us!

WHEN - union:

in the subordinate adverbial time and conditions.

For example: I became sad when you left for another city. It's good to write when life makes you happy every day.

in relative clauses, if they have a connotation of a condition ("when" = "if").

For example: It's great when a person has skillful hands.

HOW - union word:

« how "=" how much. "

For example: I was amazed at how (= how much) she was waiting for him.

"How" = "how".

For example: Manners, gait and even the way (= how) he spoke showed his character.

In other cases, "how" is a union.

For example: Life has changed its course, as a river changes its course (N. Nekrasov).

Types of subordinate clauses in SPP:

subordinate clause (which? which? whose?)

For example: The fatal moment came when I found out everything.

explanatory clause (answers questions of indirect cases)

For example: Father asked me to bring him a book.

3) subordinate clauses (subspecies of subordinate clauses correspond to the types of circumstances (measures and degree, mode of action, etc.)).

For example: I finished reading the book in the evening, when everyone in the house was already asleep (SPP with subordinate time).

Polynomials SPP

In the WBS, there can be several subordinate clauses that are linked to the main part in parallel or sequentially.

For instance:

I saw you when you left the gallery, when you walked down the street and when you entered a multi-storey building (parallel submission).

We drove up to the bank of the same river where we had a rest last year, when relatives from Moscow came to visit us (consistent subordination).

In the Russian language there is an SPP with homogeneous and heterogeneous subordination, i.e. subordinate clauses can answer the same questions and equally depend on the main clause, or they can depend on the main clause, but at the same time answer different questions.

For instance:

The frigates were approaching a terrible promontory, where hurricanes raged all year round, where it always rains and where huge waves crash against the foothills of the gloomy mountains (SPP with homogeneous parallel subordination).

In BSP, parts of a sentence are interconnected in meaning, intonationally, without the help of conjunctions.

For example: For a while there was complete silence, only the water quietly hit the shore.

TYPES OF BSP:

BSP with the enumeration value (I jumped into the carriage, it pushed and moved).

BSP with match / contrast value (Two plow - seven hands are waving. Our spun - your asleep (Proverbs)).

BSP with the meaning of cause-and-effect relationships (the young man was an experienced sailor - he couldn't be wrong.

BSP with the value of the result, quick change of events (Enter - we will be glad. Alice lifted the oars - the boat slowed down).

BSP with the meaning of an explanation, an addition to the content of the first part (The other beauties were silent: modesty was considered a necessary belonging to a young woman).

In the Russian language, complex sentences with different types of communication (compositional, subordinate, non-union) are often found.

For example: My modest county train was waiting for me on the far side platform, and I was already glad of the solitude and rest that lay ahead of me in it (I. Bunin) - compositional and submissive relationship.

A sentence is one of the basic concepts of the Russian language; syntax is engaged in its study. It is no secret that people communicate with each other with these units. Logically complete sentences are the basis of speaking and writing. There are a lot of varieties of this syntactic unit, a special dynamism and at the same time richness of the narrative is given by expanded constructions. A multi-part assignment is not uncommon in oral and written exams. The main thing in this question is to know the types of complex sentences and the punctuation marks in them.

Complex sentence: definition and types

A sentence - as the main structural unit of human speech - has a number of specific features by which you can distinguish it from a phrase or just a set of words. Any sentence contains a statement. It could be a factual message, a question, or a call to action. The sentence must have a grammatical basis. These lexical units are always intonationally complete.

Sentences are divided into two large groups: simple and complex. is built on the basis of the number of predicative stems. For instance:

1. Snow fell in the morning. The sentence is simple with one grammatical basis: snow (subject) has fallen (predicate).
2. In the morning it snowed, and the whole earth seemed to be covered with a fluffy blanket. In this example, we observe a complex sentence. The first grammatical basis is snow (subject), fell (predicate); the second is the earth (subject), covered (predicate).

The types of a complex sentence are distinguished depending on how the constituents are connected. They can be compound, subordinate, or non-union. Let's look at these types of complex sentences with examples.

Compound sentence

Used to connect parts of a compound sentence. It is worth noting that the parts in such a sentence are equal: from one to the other, the question is not asked.

Examples of

The clock struck three nights, but the household did not sleep. This is a complex sentence, its parts are connected by the compositional union "no" and with the help of intonation. Grammar basics: the clock (subject) struck (predicate); the second - the household (subject) did not sleep (predicate).

The night was approaching and the stars were getting brighter. There are two grammatical foundations here: night (subject) was advancing (predicate); the second - the stars (subject), became brighter (predicate). Simple sentences are connected with the help of the compositional union and, as well as intonationally.

Conjunctions in a compound sentence

Since constructive conjunctions are used to connect sentences within a compound, these syntactic units will be divided into:

1. Sentences with conjunctive unions (and, yes, yes and, a (and), too, also). Typically, these conjunctions are used to denote events in time (simultaneity or sequence). Often they have circumstances that indicate the time. For instance:

The cloud grew the size of the sky, and after a few minutes it started pouring rain. A connecting union and is strengthened by the circumstance of time (after a few minutes).

2. Sentences with (a, but, yes, but, etc.). In them, two events are opposed to one another. For instance:

This year we were not at sea, but the parents were pleased with the help in the garden.

In addition, in such sentences, the particle can take on the function of the adversarial union.

For instance: We managed to jump into the last carriage, while Andrei remained on the platform.

3. Sentences with dividing alliances (either, or, that, etc.) Show that one of the listed events or phenomena is possible. For instance:

Either the magpie chirps, or the grasshoppers clatter.

Punctuation marks in compound sentences

The punctuation rule in a complex sentence is as follows: a comma is placed between simple sentences. For instance:

The leaves are barely holding on to the trees, and the gusts of wind carry them away, laying them with a carpet. The grammatical foundations of a complex sentence are as follows: leaves (subject) are held (predicate); impulses (subject) carry away (predicate).

This rule has one nuance: when both parts refer to a common term (addition or circumstance), a comma is not needed. For instance:

In the summertime, people need movement and do not need blues. The circumstance at the time applies both to the first part with a grammatical basis (predicate) movement (subject), and to the second, the basis of which is blues (subject) is not needed (predicate).

Snow enveloped the earth in a snow-white blanket and dried the frost. Here, both parts have a common complement - the ground. The grammatical foundations are as follows: first - snow (subject) enveloped (predicate); the second - the frost (subject) has dried (predicate).

It is also difficult to distinguish complex sentences from simple ones with homogeneous predicates. To determine which sentences are complex, it is enough to highlight the predicative basis (or bases). Let's look at two examples:

1. It was a sunny winter day with red rowan berries in places in the forest. This sentence is complex. Let's prove this: two grammatical foundations are traced: the day (subject) stood (predicate), the second - the (predicate) berries (subject) were seen.
2. Red rowan berries were visible in the forest and shone in the sun in bright clusters. This sentence is simple, it is only complicated by homogeneous predicates. Let's analyze the grammatical basis. Subject - berries, homogeneous predicates - could be seen, glittered; no comma required.

Complex sentence: definition and structure

Another complex sentence with an alliance connection is a complex one. Such sentences consist of unequal parts: the main simple sentence and one or more subordinate clauses attached to it. The latter answer questions from the main and secondary members of the main proposal, they include a subordinate union. Parts are connected to each other using subordinate unions. Structurally, subordinate clauses are possible at the beginning, middle or end of the main one. Let's look at examples:

We'll go for a walk when the rain stops falling. This sentence is complex. The main part has a grammatical basis: we (subject) will go for a walk (predicate); the grammatical basis of the subordinate clause - the rain (subject) will stop falling. Here the subordinate clause comes after the main one.

For you to be able to express yourself eloquently, you need to read a lot of literature. This complex sentence has a main and a subordinate part. The basis of the main - you need to read (predicate); the basis of the subordinate clause - you (subject) could be expressed (predicate). In this complex sentence, the subordinate clause comes before the main clause.

We were surprised when the exam results were announced and alarmed by the upcoming tests. In this example, the subordinate clause "breaks" the main one. Grammatical basics: we (subject) were surprised, alarmed (predicate) - in the main part; declared (predicate) - in the subordinate clause.

Submissive unions and allied words: how to distinguish?

Unions are not always used to combine simple sentences in a complex subordinate, sometimes their role is played by the so-called union words - their homonymous pronouns. The main difference is that conjunctions are used solely to join parts of a sentence to each other, they are not members of a sentence.

Union words are another matter.

Their role is played by relative pronouns, respectively, such lexical units will be members of the sentence.

Here are the signs by which you can distinguish subordinate unions from union words:

1. Most often, the union in a sentence can be omitted without losing its meaning. Mom said it was time to go to bed. Let's change the sentence, omitting the union: Mom said: "It's time to go to bed."
2. The union can always be replaced by another union. For instance: When (If) you read a lot, your memory gets better. is replaced only by another union word, or by a word from the main sentence, from which we ask a question to the subordinate clause. Let us recall the years that (what) we spent in Naples. Union word which can be replaced by an addition the years from the main sentence ( Remember the years: those years we spent in Naples).

Subordinate clause

Subordinate clauses can be attached to the main clause in different ways, it depends on which part of the main clause they explain. They can refer to a single word, to a phrase, or to the entire main sentence.

To understand what type of connection in a particular case, it is necessary to ask a question and analyze from which part of the main sentence it is delivered.

There are several types of subordinate clauses: their distinction depends on the meaning and the question that we ask from the main part to the secondary one. Subject, predicate, attributive, additional or adverbial - there are such subordinate clauses.

In addition, lexically a subordinate clause can have several meanings (be polysemantic). For instance: It's great when you can just walk down the street without thinking about anything. The meaning of the clause is both the condition and the time.

A complex clause with several subordinate clauses

The following types of complex sentences with a subordinate link and several subordinate clauses are distinguished: with homogeneous, heterogeneous and sequential subordination. The distinction between this depends on how the question is asked.

• With homogeneous subordination, all subordinate clauses refer to the same word from the main one. For instance: I want to tell you that good triumphs over evil, that there are princes and princesses, that magic surrounds us everywhere. All three subordinate clauses explain one word of the main thing - to tell.
• Heterogeneous (parallel) subordination occurs when the clauses answer different questions. For instance: When we go on a hike, friends will help each other, although it will not be easy for them themselves. Here, two subordinate clauses answer the questions when?(first), and no matter what?(second).
• Consistent submission. The question in such sentences is asked in a chain, from one sentence to another. For instance: Only he will see the beauty of the soul, who does not look at the appearance, knows that the price of words and deeds is very high. Subordinate clauses are added to the main sentence: we ask the first question who?, to the second - what?

Punctuation in a complex sentence

Parts of a complex sentence are separated from each other by a comma. She is put before the union. Multiple complex sentences with a subordinate link may not have a comma. This happens if homogeneous subordinate clauses are used, connected by non-repeating unions and, or. For instance:

I said that it was a beautiful day and that the sun had already risen a long time ago. Here are homogeneous subordinate clauses with stems day (subject) beautiful (predicate), the sun (subject) has risen (predicate). A comma is not required between them.

Unionless proposal

In Russian, there are sentences where the connection between the parts occurs only with the help of intonation and semantic connections. Such proposals are called non-union. The rain has passed, and the last leaves have fallen from the trees. In this complex non-union sentence, there are two parts with grammatical bases: in the first - the rain (subject) has passed (predicate); the second has fallen (predicate) leaves (subject).

In addition to intonation and meaning, the connection between the parts is carried out by their order and the temporal characteristics of predicate verbs and their mood. Here, two subordinate clauses answer the questions when?(first), and no matter what?(second).

Types of non-union proposals

Unionless proposals are of two types: homogeneous and heterogeneous.

The first are those where the predicates have, as a rule, the same form; their meaning is comparison, opposition, or a sequence of actions. In structure, they resemble compound ones, it is just that the union is omitted for non-union homogeneous ones. For instance:

Autumn began, the sky was covered with leaden clouds. Compare: Autumn began, and the sky was covered with leaden clouds.

Unionless with a heterogeneous composition tend to be more complex subordinates. As a rule, such polynomial complex sentences have one part, which contains the main meaning of the statement. For instance:

I love winter: nature dresses up beautifully, magical holidays are coming, it's time to get skis and skates. In the presence of a non-union connection and equality of parts, the main meaning is still contained in the first, and the subsequent ones reveal it.

Punctuation in a non-union sentence

A unionless connection assumes that signs in a complex sentence of this kind will be variable. The placement of a comma, colon, semicolon, or dash will depend on the meaning. For clarity, we give a table:

Punctuation mark	Checking method	Examples of
	Indicate actions that occur simultaneously or sequentially	Within the meaning of	Grandma lays the table, mom prepares dinner, and dad and the kids tidy up the apartment.
	Contrast	Adversary unions (a, but)	I endure - she is indignant.
	The first sentence indicates a condition or time period	Alliances when or if
	The second sentence contains a corollary from the first	Union so	The doors were opened - fresh air filled the whole room.
Colon	The second sentence contains the reason	Union because	I love white nights: you can walk until you drop.
	Second sentence - clarification of the first	Union namely	Everyone was ready for the parent's day: the children learned poems, the counselors made reports, the staff did a general cleaning.
	The second sentence is an addition to the first	Union what	I'm sure you will never betray me.

When one of the parts is complicated by any constructions, we use a semicolon. For instance:

Singing a song, Marat walked through the puddles; children ran alongside, joyful and merry. Here the first part is complicated and the second - by a separate definition.

Making a proposal with a non-union connection is simple: the main thing is to focus on meaning.

Complex sentences with different types of communication and punctuation in them

Often, the types of a complex sentence are concentrated in one syntactic structure, that is, there is both a union and a non-union connection between different parts. These are complex sentences with different types of connections.

Let's look at some examples.

Although he was still dozing, there was a stormy activity of the household around him: they darted from room to room, talking, cursing. The first part is a subordinate relationship, the second is compositional, the third is non-union.

I know a simple truth: you will stop quarreling when everyone learns to listen and understand. The connection between the first and second parts is non-union, then subordinate.

As a rule, such proposals represent two blocks, which are connected by compositional unions or not at all. Each block can contain several simple sentences with a subordinate or compositional link.