The designation of the supports of the BL in the drawings. Installation and operation of air lines. Frequently encountered conditional signs on the top photography

Types of support VL

In the production of metal structures of the LPP The following types of support are distinguished:

intermediate supports LPP,

anchor supports LEP ,

corner supports LPP and special metal products for LPP. The types of types of power lines of power lines, which are the most numerous on all PP, are intermediate supports that are designed to maintain wires on direct portions of the track. All high-voltage wires are attached to LEP traverses through supporting insulators garlands and other structural elements of air lines. In normal mode, the supports of this type are perceived by the weight of the weight of adjacent semi-tracts of wires and cables, the weight of insulators, linear reinforcement and individual elements of the supports, as well as wind load due to wind pressure on wires, cables and metal frames itself. In the emergency mode of design, the intermediate supports of the LAP must withstand the voltages arising when a single wire cliff or cable.

Distance between two adjacent intermediate supports VL called an intermediate span. Angular WL supports can be intermediate and anchor. Intermediate angular elements of the LPP are usually used at small angles of rotation of the track (up to 20 °). Anchor or intermediate corner elements of the power transmission elements are installed on the line of the line route, where its direction changes. Intermediate angular supports VL in normal mode, except for the loads acting on conventional intermediate elements of the LEP, perceive the total forces from the removal of wires and cables in adjacent spans applied at the points of their suspension on the bisector of the angle of rotation of the LAP line. The number of anchor corner supports VL is usually a small percentage of total numbers on the line (10 ... 15%). The use of them is caused by the terms of installation of lines, the requirements for the intersections of lines with various objects, natural obstacles, i.e. they are used, for example, in mountainous areas, as well as when intermediate angular elements do not provide the desired reliability.

Are used anchor corner supports and as a terminal, from which the wires lines go to the distribution device substation or station. On lines passing in locality, the number of anchor angular elements of the LEP also increases. Vl wires are attached through the tension garlands of insulators. In normal mode to these lEP supports In addition to the loads indicated for the intermediate elements of Lep, the difference in the wires and cables in adjacent spans and the automatic forces of the wires and cables is applied. Usually, all the anchor supports are installed so that the resulting forces of the effusion is directed along the axis of the traverses of the support. In emergency mode, the LAP anchor racks must withstand two wires or cables. Distance between two adjacent anchor supports of LPP Call an anchor span. Power supply elements are designed to perform branches from trunk air lines if you need to power consumers that are at some distance from the route. Cross elements are used to perform the crossing of wires of two directions on them. End racks WL are installed at the beginning and end of the air line. They perceive the efforts directed along the line created by the normal one-sided tightness of the wires. For air lines, the anchor supports of the LAP are also used, having a strength and more complex design that are listed above above. For air lines with voltage up to 1 kV, reinforced concrete racks are mainly used.

What are the supports of the LPP? Classification of varieties

By the method of consolidation in the ground classified:

Welcoming supports, installed directly in the soil - LAP supports, installed on the foundations of the variety of support for the structure of the structure of the structure:

Free-standing LPP supports - Poles with trap

By the number of chains, classifies LPP supports:

Disposal - two-chart - Multile

Unified LPP supports

Based on the many years of construction, design and operation of WL, the most appropriate and economical types and structures of the supports for appropriate climatic and geographical areas are determined and their unification is carried out.

Designation of supports LPP

For metal and reinforced concrete supports of VL 10 - 330 kV, the following system of designation is adopted.

P, ps - intermediate supports

PVS - Intermediate supports with internal connections

PU, PUS - Intermediate angular

PP - Intermediate Transition

Y, mustache - anchor-angular

K, ks - end

B - reinforced concrete

M - multifaceted

Supports ll How are marked?

The numbers after letters in the marking indicate the voltage class. The presence of the letter "T" indicates a coast with two cables. The digit through a hyphen in the markings of the BL support indicates the number of chains: odd, for example, the unit in the numbering of the LPP support is a single-chain line, an even number in the numbering - two and multi. The digit through "+" in numbering means the height of the prefix to the base support (applicable to metallic).

For example, the conditional designations of the supports VL: U110-2 + \u200b\u200b14 - Metal anchor-angular two-charted support with a stand 14 meters PM220-1 - Intermediate metal multifaceted single-chain support U220-2T - Metal anchor-angular two-chain support with two cables PB110-4 - Intermediate reinforced concrete two-chain support

Air lines power lines. Support structures.

Supports and foundations for air lines power lines voltage 35-110 kV have a significant proportion of both consideration and value attitude. Suffice it to say that the cost of mounted supporting structures on these airlines is usually 60-70% of the total cost of the facilities of the power lines. For lines located at industrial enterprises and areas directly adjacent to them, this percentage may be even higher.

Airline supports are designed to maintain wire wires at a certain distance from the Earth, ensuring the safety of people and the reliable operation of the line.

Supports of air lines power lines They are divided into anchor and intermediate. Supports of these two groups differ in the method of suspension of wires.

Anchor supportsfully perceive the removal of wires and cables in adjacent flaps, i.e. Serve to tension wires. On these supports, the wires are suspended using suspended garlands. Anchor type supports can be a normal and lightweight design. Anchor supports are much more complicated and more precious than intermediate and therefore their number on each line should be minimal.

Intermediate supports do not perceive the wiring or perceive it partially. On intermediate supports, the wires are suspended using supporting insulators garlands, fig. one.

Fig. one. The diagram of an anchor span of the airline and the crossing of the crossing with the railway

Based on anchor supports can be performed end and transpositive Supports. Intermediate and anchor supports can be straight and corner.

End anchor Supports installed at the exit of the line from the power plant or at approaches to the substation are in the worst conditions. These supports experience unilaterally all wires from the side of the line, as the tension from the substation portal is slightly.

Intermediate straight Supports are installed on direct sections of air lines for maintaining wires. The intermediate support is cheaper and easier to manufacture than anchor, as in normal mode does not have an effort along the line. Intermediate supports constitute at least 80-90% of the total number of air lines.

Corner supports Installed at the turning points of the line. At the angles of rotation of the line up to 20 o, angle supports of anchor type are used. With the corners of the power line turn more than 20 o - intermediate corner supports.

In air lines are used special supports Next Types: transpositive - to change the order of the location of the wires on the supports; assistant - to perform branches from the main line; transitional - for the intersection of rivers, gorges, etc.

The transposition is used on the lines of 110 kV voltage and above the length of more than 100 km in order to make the capacity and the inductance of all three phases of the power lines circuit of the power lines are the same. At the same time, the mutual location of the wires in relation to each other is consistently changed on the supports. However, such a triple movement of the wires is called the transposition cycle. The line is divided into three sections (step), on which each of the three wires takes all three possible positions, fig. 2.

Fig. 2. Disposure Cycle Disposal Line

Depending on the number of supports suspended on the supports of the chains can be disposal and dual-chart. Wires are located on the monotathe lines horizontally or a triangle, on two-charts - return Yelka or hexagon. The most common location of the wires on the supports is schematically shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. The most common location of wires and cables on supports:

a - location on the vertices of the triangle; b - horizontal location; B - the location of the reverse tank

There is also a possible arrangement of lightning cables. The location of the wires along the vertices of the triangle (Fig. 3, a) is widespread on the lines up to 20-35 kV and on the lines with metal and reinforced concrete supports with a voltage of 35-330 kV.

The horizontal location of the wires are used on lines of 35 kV and 110 kV on wooden supports and on higher voltage lines on other supports. For dual-chain supports, more convenient from the point of view of installation, the location of the wires by the type "Reverse Christmas Tree", but increases the mass of the supports and requires the suspension of two protective cables.

Wooden supports Widely used on the air lines of power supply to 110 kV inclusive. Pine supports are most common and somewhat less support from larch. The advantages of these supports are low cost (with local wood) and simplicity of manufacture. The main disadvantage is the rotting of wood, especially intense in the place of contact of the support with the soil.

Metal supports Special brands are performed from steel for 35 kV lines and higher, require a large amount of metal. Separate elements are connected by welding or bolts. To prevent oxidation and corrosion, the surface of the metal supports is galvanized or periodically stained with special paints. However, they have high mechanical strength and a long service life. Metal supports are installed on reinforced concrete foundations. These supports on the constructive solution of the body support can be attributed to two main schemes - tower or sonometon, Fig. 4, I. portal, Fig. 5.A, according to the method of fastening on foundations - to free standing Supports, rice. 4 and 6, and opportments on delay, Fig. 5.A, b, c.

On metal supports with a height of 50 m and there must be ladders with fences that reach the top of the support should be installed. At the same time, platforms with fences should be performed on each section of the supports.

Fig. four. Intermediate Metal Support Line Support:

1 - wires; 2 - insulators; 3 - a grondered cable; 4 - cable-bearing; 5 - traverse supports; 6 - support rack; 7 - Foundation Support

Fig. five. Metal supports:

a) - intermediate one-chart on 500 kV trapping; b) - intermediate V-shaped 1150 kV; c) - intermediate support VL of DC 1500 kV; d) - elements of spatial lattice structures

Fig. 6. Metal freestanding two-charts:

a) - intermediate 220 kV; b) - anchor angular 110 kV

Reinforced concrete supports Performed for lines of all stresses up to 500 square meters. To ensure the required density of concrete, vibration absorption and centrifugation is used. Vibration absorption is made by various vibrators. Centrifugation provides a very good seal of concrete and requires special machines - cintriffug. On the air lines of 110 kV power lines and the above supports and traverses of portal supports are centrifuged pipes, conical or cylindrical. Reinforced concrete supports are more durable wooden, there is no corrosion of parts, easy to use and therefore gained widespread. They have a smaller cost, but have a greater mass and relative fragility of the concrete surface, rice. 7.

Fig. 7. Intermediate reinforced concrete free monitoring

support: a) - with 6-10 kV tide insulators; b) - 35 kV;

c) - 110 kV; d) - 220 kV

Truvers of alternative reinforced concrete supports - metal galvanized.

The service life of reinforced concrete and metal galvanized or periodically painted supports is large and reaches 50 years or more.

All objects on the ground, the situation and characteristic form of relief are displayed on topographic plans with conventional signs.

Legend on top photography

The main four types that are subdivided by conditional signs:

1. Explanatory signatures.
2. Linear conditional signs.
3. Area (contour).
4. Maintenance.

Explanatory signatures are used to indicate the additional characteristics of the depicted objects: the river sign the flow rate and its direction, at the bridge - the width, length and its carrying capacity, the road is the nature of the coating and the width of the carriageway itself, etc.

Linear conditional signs (designations) serve to display linear objects: LPP, roads, product pipelines (oil, gas), communication lines, etc. The width is shown on the topoplane of linear objects - boring.

Contour or area symbols depict those objects that can be displayed in accordance with the map scale and occupy the specific area. The contour is drawn by a thin solid line, intermittent or depicted as a point dotted. Educated contour fill with symbols (meadow vegetation, wood, garden, garden, shrub thickets, etc.).

To display objects that cannot be expressed on the map scale, use the bore-based conditional signs, while the location of such a bump object is determined by its characteristic point. For example: the center of the geodesic point, the base of the kilometer pillar, the centers of radio, TVs, pipes of factories and plants.

In the topography, the displayed objects are customary to be divided into eight main segments (classes):

1. Relief
2. Mathematical foundation
3. Soils and vegetation
4. Hydrography
5. Road network
6. Industrial enterprises
7. Settlements,
8. Signatures and borders.

Collectons of conditional signs for maps and topographic plans of various scales are created in accordance with such division on objects. Approved state. By organs, they are united for all topographic plans and are required when drawing any top-to-top shooting (top photography).

Frequently encountered conditional signs on the top photography:

Points of state. Geodesic network and thickening points

- Land use borders and taps with land signs at turn points

- Buildings. Figures indicate the number. Explanatory signatures are given to indicate the fire resistance of the building (W - residential neo-heating (Wooden), N - non-residential neudesome, KN - Stone non-residential, KZh - Stone residential (usually brick), SMZH and CMN - Mixed residential and mixed non-residential - Wooden buildings with fine facing Brick or with floors built from different materials (the first floor is brick, second wooden)). The dotted line displays the building.

- Sucks. Used to display ravines, highlights of roads and other artificial and natural shapes of relief with sharp height differences

- Poles of LPP and communication lines. The conventions repeat the shape of the pillary cross section. Round or square. Reinforced concrete pillars in the center of the conventional sign point. One arrow in the direction of electrical conductors - low-voltage, two - high-voltage (6kv and above)

- Underground and overhead communications. Underground - dotted line, overhead - solid. Letters indicate the type of communications. K - sewage, G - GAZ, N - oil pipeline, in - water pipe, T - Heat industry. Additional explanations are also given: the number of wires for cables, the pressure of the gas pipeline, the material of the pipes, their thickness, etc.

- various square objects with explanatory signatures. Desert, Pashnya, construction site, etc.

- Railways

- Car roads. Letters indicate the coating material. A - asphalt, sh - rubble, C - cement or concrete slabs. On ground roads, the material is not indicated, and one of the sides is depicted by dotted line.

- Wells and wells

- Bridges across rivers and streams

- horizontal. Serve to display the terrain. They are lines formed during the cross section of the earth's surface with parallel planes through the same height change intervals.

- Heights of characteristic points of terrain. As a rule, in the Baltic height system.

- Various wood vegetation. The prevailing breed of wood vegetation is indicated, the average height of trees, their thickness and the distance between the trees (density)

- detached trees

- Shrubs

- Various meadow vegetation

- Writing with reed vegetation

- Fences. Fences Stone and reinforced concrete, wooden, stakenat, Rabitz Mesh, etc.

Frequently used cuts on the top cover:

Buildings:

N is a non-residential structure.

Well - residential.

KN - Stone non-residential

Kzh - stone residential

P. - Building

Found. - Fundam

CMN - mixed non-residential

SMG - mixed residential

M. - Metallic

elaborate. - Destroyed (or collapsed)

gar. - Garage

T. - toilet

Communication lines:

3p. - Three Wires on LEP Post

1KAB. - one cable on the post

b / PR - without wires

tr. - Transformer

To - sewage

CL. - Sewelation of Livnevaya

T - Heatwork

N - oil pipeline

cab. - Cable

V - communication lines. Number of cables, such as 4V - four cables

n.D. - Low pressure

s.D. - average pressure

v.D. - High pressure

art. - Steel

chug. - cast iron

beth. - Concrete

Area conditional signs:

p. pl. - Construction site

og. - Obrica

empty - Dust

Roads:

A - asphalt

Shch - rubble

C - cement, concrete slabs

D - Wooden coating. Practically does not occur.

dor. zn. - Road sign

dor. decree. - Road sign

Water objects:

K - Kojmovets

sC. - Squabina

aRT.SKV. - artesian well

inquish. - Vodkachka

bass. - Pool

vDH. - reservoir

clay. - Clay

The symbols may differ on the plans of various scales, so it is necessary to use conditional signs to read the topoplane for the appropriate scale.

How to read conditional signs on topographic shooting

Consider how to correctly understand what we see on topographic shooting on a specific example and what will help us .

Below is a topographic closure of 1: 500 private house with a land plot and adjacent territory.

In the upper left corner, we see the arrow with which it is clear how the topographic is oriented towards the north. On topographic shooting, this direction may not be specified, since by default the plan should be oriented to the top to the north.

The nature of the relief on the territory of the shooting: the plot is smooth with a slight decrease in the south side. The difference between heights from the north to the south is approximately 1 meter. The height of the southern point of 155.71 meters, and the northernmost 156.88 meters. To display the relief, the heights covering the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe top photography and two horizontals are used. Top thin with a 186.5 meter marker (not signed on the top photography) and the south-thickened south of 156 meters. Any point lying on the 156th horizontal mark will be exactly 156 meters above sea level.

Four identical crosses located through the same distance in the shape of a square are visible on the top selection. This is a coordinate grid. They serve to graphically determine the coordinates of any point on the top cover.

Next, we describe what we see from the north to south. In the upper part of the topoplane, two parallel dotted lines with the inscription between them "Valentinovskaya st." And two letters "A". This means that we see the street with the name Valentinovskaya, the driving part of which is covered with asphalt, without a border (as it is dotted lines. With a curler, a solid, indicating the height of the border or two marks: top and bottom of curb stone).

We describe the space between the expensive and fence of the plot:

1. It passes the horizontal. The relief decreases towards the site.
2. In the center of this part of the top segment there is a concrete pillar of the power line, which departs cables with wires in the directions specified by the arrows. Cable voltage 0.4kV. Also on the post hanging the lamp of street lighting.
3. To the left of the pillar we see four wood of broadcast rocks (it can be oak, maple, linden, ash, etc.)
4. Below the post, parallel to the road with a branch towards the house, an underground gas pipeline was laid (yellow dotted line with the letter d). Pressure, material and diameter of the pipe on the top cover is not specified. These characteristics are specified after agreement with gas economy.
5. Two short parallel segments encountered in this section of the top segment are a conventional sign of herbal vegetation (discharge)

Go to the site itself.

The facade of the site is fenced with a metal fence with a height of more than 1 meter with a gate and a gate. The facade of the left (or right, if you look from the side of the street to the site) exactly the same. The facade of the right area is fenced with a wooden fence on a stone, concrete or brick foundation.

Vegetation on the plot: lawn grass with separate pines (4pcs) and fruit trees (also 4 pcs.).

On the site there is a concrete pillar with a power cable from the post on the street to the house on the plot. From the route of the gas pipeline, there is a subterranean gas to the house. The underground water supply is connected to the house from the side of the neighboring site. The fencing of the Western and southern part of the site is made of chain grid, oriental - from a metal fence with a height of more than 1 meter. In the southwestern part of the site, part of the fences of the neighboring sites from the chain grid and a solid wooden fence are visible.

Buildings on the plot: in the upper (northern) part of the site is located a residential one-storey wooden house. 8 This is the house number on Valentinovskaya Street. The floor mark in the house is 156.55 meters. In the eastern part to the house, a terrace with a wooden closed porch is attached. In the western part, there is a destroyed extension to the house. Next to the northeastern corner of the house there is a well. In the southern part of the site there are three wooden non-residential buildings. One of them is attached canopy on the pillars.

Vegetation in neighboring areas: on the site, located east - Wood vegetation, west - herbal.

On the plot of south of the residential one-storey wooden house is visible.

So this way Help to get a fairly large amount of information about the territory on which topographic survey was conducted.

And finally, here's what this topography, applied to aerial photographs:

People who do not have special education in the field of geodesy or cartography can be incomprehensible with crosses on maps and topographic plans. What is this conditional sign?

This is the so-called coordinate grid, the intersection of integer or accurate coordinate values. The coordinates used on the maps and topoplas may be geographical and rectangular. Geographic coordinates are latitude and longitude, rectangular - these are distances from the conditional origin of the coordinates in meters. For example, state cadastral records are conducted in rectangular coordinates and for each region used its own system of rectangular coordinates, characterized by the conditional principle in different areas of Russia (the Moscow region coordinate system is adopted). For cards to large areas, geographical coordinates are usually used (latitude and longitude that you could also see in GPS navigators).

Topographic shooting or topography is performed in a rectangular coordinate system and crosses that we see on such a topoplane are places of intersection of round coordinate values. If there are two top photographs of the neighboring sites in one coordinate system, they can be combined on these crosses and get topographic surveys at once to two sections at which you can get more complete information about the adjacent territory.

Distance between crosses on the top photography

In accordance with the norms and rules, are always located at a distance of 10 cm from each other and form the right squares. Having measured this distance on a paper version of the top segment, it is possible to determine whether the zoom of the top segment is met when printing or photocopying the source material. This distance should always be equal to 10 centimeters between adjacent crosses. If it is significantly different, but not by a number of times, it is impossible to use such material, as it does not correspond to the stated top segment.

If the distance between the crosses differs at times from 10 cm. Most likely, such a top cover was printed for some kind of tasks that do not comply with the initial scale. For example: if the distance between crosses on the top photography 1: 500 Scale - 5cm, which means it was printed on a scale of 1: 1000, distorting all the conditional signs, but at the same time having reduced the size of the printed material that can be used as a review plan.

Knowing the top segment, you can determine how much the distance in meters on the ground corresponds to the distance between the adjacent crosses on the top selection. So for the most frequently used scale of the top segment 1: 500, the distance between the crosses corresponds to 50 meters, for a scale of 1: 1000 - 100 meters, 1: 2000 - 200 meters, etc. This can be calculated, knowing that between crosses on the top photography 10 cm, and the location in one centimeter of the top photography in meters is obtained by the division of the valve valve to 100.

Calculate the scale of the top segment in the crosses (coordinate grid) in the event that the rectangular coordinates of the adjacent crosses are indicated. For calculation, the coordinate difference is necessary for one of the axes of the neighboring crosses to multiply by 10. On the example of topographic survey, we in this case, we will, in this case, we obtain: (2246600 - 2246550) * 10 \u003d 500 ---\u003e The scale of this shooting 1: 500 or in one Santimeter 5 meters. Also calculate the scale, if it is not specified on the top selection, you can at a well-known area on the ground. For example, at a well-known length of the fence or length of one of the sides of the house. For this, a well-known length on the ground in meters is divided by the measured distance of this length on the top selection in centimeters and multiply by 100. Example: the length of the house wall is 9 meters, this distance measured by the line on the top selection is 1.8 cm. (9 / 1.8) * 100 \u003d 500. Top segment - 1: 500. If the distance measured on the top selection will be 0.9 cm, then the scale is 1: 1000 ((9 / 0.9) * 100 \u003d 1000)

Application of crosses on the top photography

The size crosses on the top photography Must be 1cm x 1cm. If the crosses do not correspond to these sizes, then most likely the distance between them is not respected and the scale of the top segment is distorted. As it was already written, in the crosses, in the case of topographicing in one coordinate system, you can combine topographic surveys of neighboring territories. Use crosses on top photography designers to bind objects under construction. For example, for the removal of the buildings of the buildings, the exact distances on the coordinate axes to the nearest cross, which makes it possible to calculate the future of the exact location of the projected object on the ground.

Below is a trap fragment with the specified values \u200b\u200bof rectangular coordinates on the crosses.

Scale of topographic shooting

Scale called linear dimensions. This word came to us from German, and translated as a "dimensional stick".

What is the scale of topographic shooting

In geodesy and cartography, the term is understood as the attitude of the real value of any object to the image of it on the map or plan. The value of the scale is recorded as a fraction having a unit in a numerator, and in the denominator - the number indicating how many times the decrease was made.

Using the scale, you can determine which segment on the map will correspond to the distance measured on the ground. For example, moving around the map, scale 1: 1000, one centimeter will be equivalent to ten meters traveled on the ground. And on the contrary, every ten meters of the terrain is a centimeter of the card or plan. The larger the scale, the more details the card, the more fuller it displays the objects of the area, applied to it.

Scale - one of the key concepts topographic shooting. The variety of scales is explained by the fact that each type of it, focused on solving specific tasks, makes it possible to obtain plans for certain size and generalization. For example, large-scale land survey is able to provide a detailed display of relief and objects located on the ground. It is done in the production of land management works, as well as in engineering and geodetic surveys. But she will not be able to show objects on the same large area as small-scale aerial photography.

The choice of scale, first of all, depends on the degree of detailing the map or the plan required in each case. The larger the scale used, the higher the requirements for the accuracy of the measurements produced. And the more experience should have performers and specialized enterprises that perform this shooting.

Speed \u200b\u200bspecies

There are 3 types of scale:

Named;

Graphic;

Numerical.

Scale of topographic shooting 1:1000 It is used in the design of low-rise construction, with engineering surveys. It is used to compile workers' drawings of various industrial facilities.

Smaller scale 1:2000 Suitable, for example, for detailing individual sections of settlements - cities, towns, countryside. It is used for projects enough large industrial structures.

On scale 1:5000 Make up cadastral plans, general plan of cities. It is indispensable when designing railways and highways, laying communication networks. It is taken as the basis in the preparation of small-scale topographic plans. The scale is smaller, starting with 1: 10,000, apply for plans of the largest settlements - cities and towns.

But the highest demand is used by topographic survey on scale 1:500 . The spectrum of its use is quite wide: from the master plan for construction, to ground and underground engineering communications. Large-scale work is required only in landscape design, where 1:50, 1: 100 and 1: 200 ratios are necessary for a detailed description of the area - separate trees, shrubs and other similar objects.

For topographic survey on 1: 500, the average errors of the contours and objects should not exceed 0.7 millimeters, no matter how difficult the nature of the area and relief. These requirements are determined by the features of the application area in which include:

engineering communications plans;

drawing up very detailed plans for industrial and economic structures;

improvement of territory adjacent to buildings;

breakdown of gardens and parks;

gardening of small sites.

Plans are depicted not only relief and vegetation, but also water objects, geological wells, orientation points and other similar buildings. One of the main features of this large-scale topographic survey is the application of communications that are necessarily agreed with the operating services.

Top photography with your own hands

Is it possible to perform topographical shooting of your own sector with your own hands without attracting a specialist in the field of geodesy? How difficult to perform the top photography on your own forces.

In case the topography is necessary for obtaining any official documents, such as building permit, providing property or lease of a land plot or obtaining technical conditions for connecting to gas, electricity or other communications, you will not be able to provide top photography made by hand. In this case, the topographic shooting is an official document, the basis for further design and to fulfill it have the right to carry out only specialists who have a license to carry out geodesic and cartographic works or consisting in relevant these types of work of a self-regulating organization (SRO).

Perform top photography with your own hands Having special education and experience is almost impossible. Topographic shooting is a rather complicated product in the technical plan, requiring knowledge in the field of geodesy, cartography and the presence of special expensive equipment. Possible errors in the resulting topoplane can lead to serious problems. For example, the incorrect definition of the location of the future structure due to poor-quality top photography can lead to a violation of fire and construction norms and as a result of a possible court decision on the demolition of the structure. Top photographing with rude errors can lead to an incorrect location of the fence that violates the rights of the neighbors of your land and as a result of its dismantling and significant additional costs for the construction of it in a new place.

In what cases and how can I pull the top photography with your own hands?

The result of topographic shooting is a detailed area of \u200b\u200bthe area, which displays the relief and detailed situation. Special geodesic equipment is used to apply to the plan of objects and terrain.
Devices and tools that can be used to perform the top cover:

theodolite

tacheometer

• high-precision geodesic GPS / GLONASS receiver

  three-dimensional laser scanner

Theodolite is the cheapest version of the equipment. The cheapest theodolite costs about 25,000 rubles. The most expensive of these devices is a laser scanner. Its price is measured in millions of rubles. Based on this and topographic surveillance prices, it makes no sense to acquire your own equipment to perform the top photography with your own hands. The rental option remains. The cost of renting an electronic tacheometer begins with 1000 rubles. in a day. If you have experience performing the top photography and working with this equipment, that is, it makes sense to rent an electronic tachometer and make the top photography with your own hands. Otherwise, not having experience, you spend quite considerable time to study complex equipment and work technology, which will lead to significant lease costs exceeding the cost of this type of work by an organization with a special license.

For the design of underground communications on the site, the nature of the relief is important. Incorrect definition of the slope can lead to undesirable consequences when laying sewage. Based on the foregoing only possible option. top photography with your own hands This is a compilation of a simple plan on a plot with existing buildings for simple landscaping of the territory. In this case, if the site stands on the cadastral register, a cadastral passport with a form B6 can help. There are accurate dimensions, coordinates and angles of rotation of the boundaries of the site. The most complicated measurement without special equipment is the definition of angles. Available information about the boundaries of the site can be used as a basis for building a simple plan of its site. The tool for further measurements can serve as a roulette. It is desirable that its lengths were enough to measure the diagonals of the site, otherwise, when measuring the lengths of the lines in several methods, errors will accumulate. Mounting measurements To compile the plan of the site can be carried out if there are already installed boundaries of your site and they are fixed with integrated signs or coincide with the fencing of the site. In this case, for application to the plan of any objects, several measurements of the lengths of the lines from the landmarks or corners of the site are performed. The plan is electronically or on paper. For the paper option, it is better to use millimeter paper. The boundaries of the site are applied to the plan and use them as a basis for further constructions. The distance measured by tape measure is laid off from the corners of the site and in places of crossing the radii of circles corresponding to the measured distances, the location of the required object is locked. The plan thus obtained can be used for simple calculations. For example, the calculation of the garden occupied by the garden, the preliminary calculation of the required building materials for additional decorative fences or gaskets of garden tracks.

Taking into account the foregoing, we can conclude:

If the topography is required to obtain any official documents (building permit, cadastral record, urban planning plan, planning organization scheme) or residential design, its implementation should be entrusted with an organization that has a relevant license or consisting in a self-regulatory organization (SRO). In this case, performed do it yourself top photography It does not have legal force and possible errors when conducting it, unprofessional can lead to disastrous consequences. The only possible option top photography with your own hands This is a compilation of a simple plan for solving simple tasks on a personal site.

Depending on the method of suspension of wires of the support of air lines (VL) are divided into two main groups:

but) intermediate supportson which the wires are fixed in supporting clamps,

b) opports of anchor typeserving wire tension. On these supports, the wires are fixed in stretch clamps.

The distance between the supports (LPP) is called the span, and the distance between the supports of the anchor type - anchored plot (Fig. 1).

In accordance with the intersection of some engineering structures, such as shared railways, it is necessary to perform on anchor type supports. At the corners of the rotation of the line, angular supports are installed, on which the wires can be suspended in supporting or tensioning clamps. Thus, two main groups of supports are intermediate and anchor - divide on types that have a special purpose.

Fig. 1. Scheme of the anchoring section of the airline

Intermediate straight supports Installed in direct areas of the line. On intermediate supports with suspended insulators, the wires are fixed in the supporting garlands hanging vertically, on intermediate supports with pin insulators, the wiring is made with a wire viscous. In both cases, intermediate supports perceive horizontal loads from the wind pressure on the wires and on the support and vertical - on the weight of the wires, insulators and their own weight support.

With non-vocabulary and cables, intermediate supports, as a rule, do not perceive the horizontal load on the removal of wires and cables in the line direction and therefore can be made easier design than supports of other types, for example, the terminal, which perceive the waste of wires and cables. However, to ensure reliable operation of the line, intermediate supports must withstand some loads in the direction of the line.

Intermediate angular supports Mounted at the corners of the rotation of the line with the suspension of wires in supporting garlands. In addition to the loads acting on intermediate straight supports, intermediate and anchor angular supports are also perceived by the loads from the transverse components of the wiring and cables.

At the angles of rotation of the power line of more than 20 °, the weight of the intermediate corner supports significantly increases. Therefore, intermediate angular supports are used for angles up to 10 - 20 °. At large angles, turns are installed anchor corner supports.

Fig. 2. Intermediate supports Vl

Anchor supports. On lines with suspended insulators, the wires are fixed in the clamps of tensioning garlands. These garlands are a continuation of the wire and transmit it to the tension on the support. On lines with pin insulators, the wires are fixed on the anchor supports of enhanced viscous or special clamps that ensure the transfer of full coverage of the wire on the support through the pins insulators.

When installing anchor supports on direct sections of the route and suspension of wires on both sides of the support with the same injury, horizontal longitudinal loads from the wires are balanced and the anchor support works in the same way as intermediate, i.e. perceives only horizontal transverse and vertical loads.

Fig. 3. Supports of an anchor type

If there is no need for wires from one and on the other side of the anchor support, you can tighten with various tales, then the anchor support will perceive the difference in wires. In this case, besides horizontal transverse and vertical loads, the horizontal longitudinal load will also be affected on the support. When installing anchor supports on the corners (at the line of rotation of the line), anchor angular supports perceive the load also from the transverse components of the drainage of wires and cables.

End supports are installed at the ends of the line. From these supports, wires are driven, suspended on the portals of substations. When suspension of wires on the line until the end of the constructions of the substation, end supports perceive complete one-sided tament.

In addition to the listed types of supports, special supports also apply on the lines: transpositiveserving to change the order of wire location on supports, branching - to perform branches from the main line, supports of large transitions through rivers and water spaces, etc.

The main type of support on air lines is intermediate, the number of which is usually 85-90% of the total number of supports.

According to constructive execution, the support can be divided into free standards and supports on delay. Takes are usually performed from steel cables. Wooden, steel and reinforced concrete supports are used on the air lines. Aluminum alloy structures are also developed.
Design supports VL

1. Wooden support LOP 6 kV (Fig. 4) - Single-coal, intermediate. Perched from pine, sometimes larch. Steying is performed from soaked pine. For 35-110 kV lines, wooden P-shaped two-cooled supports are used. Additional elements of the design of the support: suspended garland with a hanging clip, traverse, discoloration.
2. Reinforced concrete supports are performed by single-suitable free-standing, without delay or with deficule to the ground. The support consists of a rack (barrel) made of centrifuged reinforced concrete, traverse, outfacious cable with a grounding on each support (for lightning protection of the line). With the help of the ground pin, the cable is associated with the grounding agent (the conductor in the form of a pipe scored next to the support). The cable is used to protect lines from straight lightning strikes. Other elements: Stand (trunk), traction, traverse, cable.
3. Metal (steel) supports (Fig. 5) are used at 220 kV voltages or more.

Reinforced concrete supports of power lines Used in the installation of electric power lines (VL and VLI) in settlements and non-locality. Reinforced concrete supports are made based on standard concrete pillars: SV 95-2B, SV 95-3B, SV110-1A, SV 110-3,5A, SV110-5A.

Reinforced concrete supports LEP - Classification for intended

The classification of reinforced concrete supports on purpose, does not go beyond the types of supports standardized in GOST and SNiP. Read more: types of supports in purpose, and here I will remind you.

Intermediate concrete supports Need to maintain cables and wires. They do not turn out the load of the longitudinal or angular tension. (marking P10-3, P10-4)

Anchor concrete supports Provide wire hold when they are longitudinal. Anchor supports are necessarily put in places intersection of LPP with railways and other natural and engineering obstacles.

Corner supports put on the turns of the LPG route. At small angles (up to 30 °), where the load from the tension is not large and if there is no change in the cross section of the wires, the angular intermediate supports (UE) are put. At large angles of rotation (more than 30 °), angular anchor supports (UA) are put. At the end of the LAP, they are the same terminal supports (a). For branches to subscribers, reserved anchor supports (OA) are put.

Marking of concrete support

It is worth staying on the labeling of the supports. In the previous paragraph, I used the label for support 10-2. I will explain how to read the labeling of the supports. Reinforced concrete supports are labeled as follows.

• The first two letters indicate the assignment of the support: P (intermediate) UP (angular intermediate), UA (angular anchor), and (anchor-terminal), OA (branch support), WOA (angular releasing anchor).
• The second digit means for which power line, the support is designed: the number "10" is a power line 10 square meters.
• The third digit, after dash, is a support sizer. The figure "1" is a support of 10.5 meters, based on the ST-105 pillar. Figure "2" - support based on the ST-110 post. Detailed sizes in tables at the bottom of the article.

Constructions of reinforced concrete supports

Constructions of supports from reinforced concrete, also do not go beyond standard support structures.

• Portal supports with delay - two parallel supports are held on the cables of the delay;
• Free standing portal supports with crossings;
• Free-standing supports;
• Supports with trapping.

The use of supports must comply with project calculations. For calculations, various regulatory tables are used, the volume of which occupies several volumes.

Concrete supports by the number of chains held

If the rigls of the supports allow you to cling only one line of EP, it is called a single-chain (brigal on one side). If the rigle from both sides, then the two-chart support. If you can hang a lot of wire lines, then this is a multi support.

class \u003d "Eliadunit"\u003e

Installation of concrete supports

The calculation of the supports is made SNIP 2.02.01-83 and "Guidelines for the Design of LPP and LAP Foundations ...". The calculation is based on deformation and on the bearing capacity.

To secure intermediate support Type P10-3 (4) You need to drill a cylindrical boiler with a diameter of 35-40 cm, at a depth of 2,000 -25000 mm. Installation rigle in such support is not needed.

Anchor corner and anchor branch supportsare usually mounted with installation rigels. I will pay attention to that the riglels can be put on the lower edge of the support and the pan, pressed into the ground and / or on the top edge of the support, at the top of the pit. Rigel provides additional support for the support. The depth of injection of support depends on the fruit of the soil. Usually 2000-2500 mm.

Grounding concrete supports

Thanks to the design of the stands of support, grounding is very convenient grounding. In the racks of svpot, in the factory conditions, metal reinforcement 10 mm in diameter is displayed, on top and bottom of the rack. This armature is inextricably coming along the entire length of the rack. It is this fittings that serves to ground the reinforced concrete supports.

Opportion of supports of air lines

Designation of supports.

For Support 35 kV and above, as a rule, the following system of designations is used. The digit that stands in front of the letter designation indicates the number of racks from which the support is. If the letter b is present in the designation of the support - this indicates that the support is reinforced concrete, d - wooden, M is a multifaceted metal, the absence of these letters means that the lattice metal support. In addition, the letter designation includes the letters indicating the type of support (see table below). Figures 35, 110, 150, 220, etc., following after letters, indicate the voltage of the VL, and the figure that stands behind them after a hyphen - the support sizes (odd - for monoton and even - for two-charts). If, after the sizer, the support is the letter T - this means that the support has a crooked. The numbers behind the sizes of the support after a hyphen or the "+" sign indicate the size of the additional section-stand.

Table - Designation of supports

Designation	Decoding
P	Intermediate support.
TO	End support.
BUT	Anchor support.
ABOUT	Answering support.
FROM	Special support. For example, US110-3 is decoded as follows: Metal anchor-angular monolayer special (with horizontal location of wires) Support for 110 kV VL; Wing110-5 is deciphered as follows: Metal anchor-angular single-chart special (for urban development - with a reduced base and increased suspension height) Support for 110 kV VL.
W.	Corner support. For example, U110-2 + \u200b\u200b14 decrypts as follows: Metal anchor-angular two-charted support with a stand 14 m height for 110 kV VL.
P	Transitional support. For example, PPM110-2 decrypts as follows: Intermediate metal multifaceted transitional two-chart support for 110 kV VL.
B.	Reinforced concrete support. For example, PB110-1T is decrypted as follows: intermediate single-chain alternative reinforced concrete support with a rope for 110 kV.
M.	Multifaceted support. For example, PM220-1 decrypts as follows: Intermediate metallic multifaceted single-chain support for 220 kV VL.
D.	Wooden support. For example, UD220-1 decrypts as follows: Wooden anchor-angular monolayer support for 220 kV VL.
T.	Support with a crooked. For example, U35-2T + 5 is decoded as follows: Metal anchor-angular two-charted support with a cooping and a stand of 5 m high for 35 sq. 35 sq.
IN	Support with internal connections. For example, 2PM500-1B is deciphered as follows: Intermediate metal multifaceted single-chain support with internal connections for 500 kV VL consisting of two racks.