Practical and graphic work on drawing. Practical and graphic work on the drawing "Modeling according to the drawing"

The task

Graphic work is performed on a sheet of millimeter paper or paper into a cell of A4 or A3 format via a tool-based model issued by the teacher. Cipher in the main inscription: D.YIG .-- 05.01.07, where D.IG. - design, engineering graphics; 05 - Opening No., 01-Option No., 07 - Sheet No. (after Titon).

An example of executing a task is given in Figure 41.

2. Determine the number of images (species, cuts, sections, remote elements, given that their number must be minimal, but giving a complete picture of this part).

3. Allocate the corresponding area on the sheet of paper for each image (at the same time remember that the area occupied by images should be at least ¾ of the drawing field).

4. In thin lines to build images.

5. Put out and dimensional lines.

6. Make the item.

7. Slide the necessary dimensions.

8. Fill the main inscription and perform all other inscriptions in the drawing. When filling out the main lettering, you must specify from which material the item is made. Designations of materials according to GOST in Appendix J.

9. Cut the visible contour lines.

Figure 41 - sample performance of operation number 5.

2.4 Graphic work number 6 "Wheel gear"

The task

Graphic work is performed on a sheet of format A4 via a toilet model issued by the teacher. When performing work, comply with the requirements of GOST 2.403-75 "Rules for performing drawings of cylindrical gears". Cipher in the main inscription: D.YIG .-- 06.01.08, where D.IG. - design, engineering graphics; 06 - Opening No., 01-Option No., 08 - Sheet No. (after Titon).

1. Guided by GOST 2.305-68, you need to select the drawing format yourself.

2. Determine the number of images (a complete front-up section and on the site of the view on the left only an image of the hole for the shaft with a key groove).

3. Take the part.

4. Perform the calculation of the parameters of the gear wheel.

5. Select the corresponding area on the sheet of paper for each image (at the same time remember that the area occupied by images should be at least ¾ of the drawing field).

6. In thin lines to build images.

7. Apply remote and dimensional lines.

8. Slide the necessary dimensions.

9. Fill the main inscription in form 1 (ad. B) and perform all other inscriptions in the drawing;

10. Cut the visible contour lines.

In fig. 42 shows an example of performing a working drawing of a cylindrical gear. Table of parameters for training purposes is given abbreviated.

The table introduced the following data:

module M;

the number of teeth Z;

diameter of a dividing circle.

Figure 42- An example of graphic performance "Sketch of gear"

2.5 Graphic work number 7 "Detailing the assembly drawing".

The task

The sample of the performance is shown in Figure 43. Each version of the task consists of an assembly drawing, specifications to it, descriptions of the assembly unit and the name of the part included in the assembly unit to which you want to perform a working drawing. Image of the assembly drawing for its option to take from the D.

In the task it is necessary: \u200b\u200bto perform a working drawing of the specified part (A3 or A4 sheet), put the dimensions, perform the front dimension of the part (A3 or A4). Cipher in the main lettering: D.Yig .-- 07. 01. 09. 005, where D. Mig. - design, engineering graphics; 07 - Opening No., 01- Option No., 09 - Sheet No. (after title), 005 - Part Number Specifications.

Instructions for performance

1. Reading the description of the depicted product and drawing, set the purpose, the device and the principle of the product operation, the types of connections applied, understand the interaction of parts, determine the order of assembly and disassembling the product. Submit the form of the part, the drawing of which is to be performed.

2. Select the number of images (species, cuts, sections) Details. The main image is on the frontal plane of projections - should give the most complete picture of the form and sizes of the image.

3. Tay out of the main inscription scale of the depicted assembly unit. The drawings reproduced for training purposes may have a scale that does not correspond to the nominal.

4. Select the scale for the drawn item. Small details are usually drawn larger on the scale of magnification. At the same time, keep in mind that the dimensional lines need to leave about the same place as image occupies.

5. Determine the required number of images performed by parts, outline the main form and the necessary cuts. The location of the data of these parts on the working drawings should not be necessarily the same as on the assembly drawing. All species, cuts, sections and other images are performed according to GOST 2.305 - 68. Remember that the assembly drawing provides some simplifications, such elements, like chamfer and grooves on it, are not shown. On the working drawing they need to show. Dimensions of the groove take from Appendix E. For very small parts of the details requiring explanation, it is necessary to perform a remote element.

6. Perform the required drawing with thin lines.

7. Apply the sizes.

8. Carefully view the designed drawing and gently cover the line of the visible contour with a thickness of 0.8 to 1.0 mm; The lines of the invisible contour thickness from 0.4 to 0.5 mm; Axial, remote, dimensional - from 0.2 to 0.3 mm (GOST 2.303-68).

9. Fill the main inscription drawing font in form 1 (ad.

Figure 43 - Sample Performance No. 7

1. a) on the instructions of the teacher, build an axonometric projection of one of the details (Fig. 98). On the axonometric projection, apply images of points A, B and C; Mark them. b) Answer the questions:

Fig. 98. Tasks for graphic work number 4

1. What types of details are presented in the drawing?
2. What geometric bodies is formed by each detail?
3. Are there holes in the details? If there is, what geometric shape has a hole?
4. Find on each of the types all the flat surfaces perpendicular to the frontal, and then horizontal projectors of projections.
1. According to a visual image of the details (Fig. 99), follow the drawing in the required quantity of species. Apply on all kinds and designate points A, B and C.

Fig. 99. Tasks for graphic work number 4

§ 13. Procedure for building images in the drawings

13.1. Method for building images based on the analysis of the form of the subject. As you already know, most items can be represented as a combination of geometric bodies. Investigate, for reading and performing drawings you need to know. How these geometric bodies are depicted.

Now, when you know how such geometric bodies are depicted in the drawing, and learned how the peaks, ribs and face are projected, it will be easier for you to read the drawings of objects.

Figure 100 shows part of the car - counterweight. Let's analyze his shape. What are your known geometric bodies you can share it? To answer this question, recall the characteristic features inherent in the images of these geometric bodies.

Fig. 100. Projections of details

Figure 101, a. One of them is highlighted in a conditional blue. What geometric body has such projections?

Projections in the form of rectangles are characteristic of parallelepiped. Three projections and a visual image of parallelepipeda isolated in Figure 101, and in blue, given in Figure 101, b.

In Figure 101, another geometric body is selected in gray. What geometric body has such projections?

Fig. 101. Detail form analysis

With such projections, you met when considering the images of a triangular prism. Three projections and a visual image of the prism isolated in gray in Figure 101, B, are given in Figure 101, thus, the counterweight consists of a rectangular parallelepiped and a triangular prism.

But the parallelepiped is removed from the parallelepiped, the surface of which in Figure 101, D conditionally highlighted in blue. What geometric body has such projections?

With the projections in the form of a circle and two rectangles you met when considering the images of the cylinder. Consequently, the counterweight comprises a hole having a cylinder form, three projections and a visual image of which are given in Figure 101. e.

Analysis of the form of the subject is necessary not only when reading, but also when performing the drawings. So, by defining, the form of which geometric bodies have a counterweight portion shown in Figure 100, you can establish an expedient sequence of building its drawing.

For example, the drawing of the counterweight is built as:

1. on all types of drawn parallelepiped, which is the basis of a counterweight;
2. a triangular prism is added to the parallelepiped;
3. draw an element in the form of a cylinder. On the views from above and on the left, it is shown by stroke lines, since the hole is invisible.

Draw a detail in description, called a sleeve. It consists of a truncated cone and the correct quadrangular prism. The total length of the part 60 mm. The diameter of one base of the cone is 30 mm, the other-50 mm. Prism is attached to a greater base of the cone, which is located in the middle of its base of 50x50 mm. The height of the prism is 10 mm. Along the sleeve axis drilled through a cylindrical hole with a diameter of 20 mm.

13.2. Sequence of building species in the drawing Details. Consider an example of building species of details - supports (Fig. 102).

Fig. 102. Visual image of support

Before proceeding to building images, it is necessary to clearly present the general initial geometric form of the part (whether it is a cube, cylinder, parallelepiped or other). This form must be borne in mind when building species.

The general form of the subject shown in Figure 102 is rectangular parallelepiped. It has rectangular cuts and cutout in the form of a triangular prism. Picture item to start with its total form - parallelepipeda (Fig. 103, a).

Fig. 103. Sequence of building species

Sprogating parallelepiped on the plane V, N, W, we obtain rectangles on all three planes of projections. On the frontal plane of the projections, the height and length of the details will be praised, i.e. dimensions 30 and 34. On the horizontal plane of the projections - the width and length of the part, i.e. dimensions 26 and 34. On the profile - width and height, i.e. sizes 26 and 30.

Each measurement of parts is shown without distortion twice: height - on frontal and profile planes, length - on the front and horizontal planes, width - on the horizontal and profile planes of projections. However, twice apply the same size in the drawing.

All construction will be performed first with thin lines. Since the main type and top view is symmetrical, they are applied to the axis of symmetry.

Now we show on the projections of parallelepiped cuts (Fig. 103, b). It is more expedient to show first on the main form. To do this, it is necessary to postpone 12 mm left and right from the symmetry axis and spend vertical lines through the obtained points. Then at a distance of 14 mm from the top edge of the part to spend the cuts of horizontal straight lines.

We construct the projections of these cuts on other types. This can be done using communication lines. After that, on tops and left, you need to show segments that limit cutting projections.

In conclusion, the images set as lines set by the standard and cause dimensions (Fig. 103, B).

1. Name the sequence of actions that make up the process of building species of the subject.
2. What purpose are the objects of projection links?

13.3. Building cutouts on geometric bodies. Figure 104 shows images of geometric bodies, the shape of which is complicated by various kinds of cutouts.

Fig. 104. Geometric bodies containing cuts

Details of such a form are widespread in the technique. To draw or read their drawing, it is necessary to submit the shape of the workpiece from which the part is obtained and the shape of the cutout. Consider examples.

Example 1.. Figure 105 is given a drawing of gasket. What form has a remote part? What was the form of the workpiece?

Fig. 105. Analysis of the laying form

After analyzing the drawing of the gasket, it can be concluded that it turned out as a result of removal from a rectangular parallelepiped (billets) of the fourth part of the cylinder.

Example 2.. Figure 106, and a plug drawing is given. What is the form of her workpiece? As a result, the form formed the form?

Fig. 106. Building projections of a cut-out

After analyzing the drawing, it can be concluded that the item is made of a cylindrical billet. It makes a neckline, the form of which is clear from Figure 106, b.

And how to build a cut-out projection on the side of the left?

First depict a rectangle - the type of cylinder on the left, which is the original form of the part. Then build the projection of the cutout. Its dimensions are known, therefore, points a ", b" and a, b, which determine the design of the cut-out, can be considered as specified.

The construction of profile projections A ", B" of these points is shown by the arrow communication lines (Fig. 106, B).

By setting the shape of the cutout, it is easy to decide which lines on the form of the left should be cut into solid thick basic, which dash lines, and which remove at all.

1. Consider the images in Figure 107 and determine which form parts are removed from blanks to get parts. Perform technical drawings of these parts.

Fig. 107. Tasks for exercises

1. Build the missing projection of points, lines and cutouts, asked as a teacher in the drawings that you have completed.

13.4. Building a third type. You will sometimes have to perform the tasks in which you need to build the third one in two available species.

In Figure 108, you see the image of a bar with a neckline. Two types are given: front and top. It is required to build a view of the left. To do this, you must first submit the picture form.

Fig. 108. Brous drawing with cutout

Species comparing in the drawing, conclude that the bar has the form of a parallelepiped with a size of 10x35x20 mm. The parallelepiped is made a cutout of a rectangular shape, its size is 12x12x10 mm.

The view of the left, as you know, is placed at one height with the main view to the right of it. We carry out one horizontal line at the level of the lower base of the parallelepiped, and the other is at the level of the upper base (Fig. 109, a). These lines limit the height of the view to the left. In any place between them spend a vertical line. It will be a projection of the rear face of Bruck on the profile plane of projections. From it to the right to postpone the segment equal to 20 mm, i.e., limit the width of the bar, and we will carry out another vertical line - the projection of the front face (Fig. 109, b).

Fig. 109. Building a third projection

We will now show on the bottom of the left cutout into the details. To do this, postpone the left of the right vertical line, which is the projection of the front edge of the bar, a segment of 12 mm and will carry out another vertical line (Fig. 109, B). After that, we remove all the auxiliary lines of construction and supply the drawing (Fig. 109, d).

The third projection can be built on the basis of the analysis of the geometric shape of the subject. Consider how it is done. Figure 110, and two projections of the part are given. We must build a third.

Fig. 110. Building a third projection in two data

Judging by these projections, the detail is composed of a hexagonal prism, a parallelepiped and cylinder. Mentally combining them into a one way, present the form of the part (Fig. 110, c).

We carry out on the drawing at an angle of 45 ° auxiliary direct and proceed to building a third projection. What the third projections of a hexagonal prism, a parallelepiped and cylinder look like, you know. Draw a consistently third projection of each of these bodies, using communication lines and axes of symmetry (Fig. 110, b).

Note that in many cases there is no need to build a third projection in the drawing, since the rational implementation of images involves the construction of only the necessary (minimum) quantity of species sufficient to detect the form of the subject. In this case, the construction of the third projection of the subject is only an educational task.

1. You have familiarized yourself with different ways to build a third projection of the subject. What do they differ from each other?
2. What is the purpose of the constant straight line? How is it carried out?

1. On the drawing of the part (Fig. 111, a) is not affected on the left - it does not show images of a semicircular cutout and a rectangular opening. On the instructions of the teacher, turn over or transfer the drawing to the tracker and add it missing lines. What lines (solid basic or bar) do you use for this purpose? Spend the missing lines also in Figures 111, B, B, G.

Fig. 111. Tasks for the missing lines

1. List or transfer data to the traction in Figure 112 of the projection and build profile projections of parts.

Fig. 112. Tasks for exercises

1. List or transfer to the traction of the projections shown in Figure 113 or 114 by the teacher. Build missing projections at the site of question marks. Perform technical drawings of parts.

Fig. 113. Tasks for exercises

Fig. 114. Tasks for exercises

2.1. The concept of ECD standards. If each engineer or draft performed and drawing up the drawings in its own way, without observing uniform rules, then such drawings would not be understood by others. To avoid this, state standards of a unified system of design documentation (ECCD) are accepted in the USSR.

ECCD standards are regulatory documents that establish uniform rules for the implementation and design of design documents in all industries. Design documents include drawings of parts, assembly drawings, schemes, some text documents, etc.

Standards are installed not only on design documents, but also on certain types of products manufactured by our enterprises. Government standards (GOST) are mandatory for all enterprises and individuals.

Each standard is assigned its number with a simultaneous indication of the year of its registration.

Standards from time to time revise. Changes to standards are associated with the development of industry and improving engineering graphics.

For the first time in our country, standards for drawings were introduced in 1928 called "Drawings for all types of mechanical engineering". In the future, they were replaced with new ones.

2.2. Formats. The main inscription drawing. Drawings and other design documents of industry and construction are performed on sheets of certain sizes.

For economical spending paper, ease of storage of drawings and using them, the standard sets certain sheet formats that will be powered by a thin line. In school, you will enjoy the format, the size of the sides of which is 297x210 mm. It is denoted A4.

Each drawing must have a frame that limits its field (Fig. 18). Frame lines - solid thick main. They are carried out on top, on the right and from the bottom at a distance of 5 mm from the outer frame, performed by a solid thin line, which covers the sheets. On the left side - at a distance of 20 mm from it. This strip is left to binder drawings.

Fig. 18. Registration of a sheet of format A4

In the drawings in the lower right corner there are the main inscription (see Fig. 18). The form, sizes and content of it sets the standard. On training school drawings you will perform the main inscription in the form of a rectangle with the parties 22x145 mm (Fig. 19, a). The sample of the completed primary inscription is shown in Figure 19, b.

Fig. 19. Basic learning drawing inscription

Production drawings performed on A4 sheets are only vertically, and the main inscription on them is only along the short side. In the drawings of other formats, the main inscription can be placed along the long, and along the short side.

In the form of an exception on the study drawings of the A4 format, the main inscription is allowed to have both along the long and along the short side of the sheet.

Before starting the drawing, the sheet is applied to the drawing board. To do this, attach it with one button, for example, in the upper left corner. Then they put onto the board and have the top edge of the sheet parallel to its edge, as shown in Figure 20. Press the sheet of paper to the board, attach it to the buttons first in the lower right corner, and then in the rest of the corners.

Fig. 20. Preparation of sheet to work

Frame and graphs of the main inscription are performed by a solid thick line.

What dimensions is the A4 sheet? At what distance from the outer frame should be drawing lines of the drawing? Where do the main inscription in the drawing? Name its size. Consider Figure 19 and list which information indicate it.

2.3. Lines. When performing drawings, lines of different thickness and drawing are used. Each of them has its own purpose.

Fig. 21. Drawing lines

Figure 21 shows the image of a detail called roller. As you can see, the drawing of the part contains different lines. In order for the image to be all clear, the state standard sets the lines in and indicates their main purpose for all industry drawings and construction. In the lessons of technical and maintenance work, you have already used different lines. Recall them.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the thickness of the lines of the same type should be the same for all images on this drawing.

Information about the drawing lines are given on the first driver.

1. What is the purpose of a solid thick main line?
2. What line is called a barcode? Where is it used? What is the thickness of this line?
3. Where is used in the drawing barccotted thin line? What is its thickness?
4. In what cases in the drawing use a solid thin line? What thickness should she be?
5. What line is shown on the scan of the fold line?

Figure 23 You see the image of the part. On it figures 1.2, etc. Different lines are marked. Make a table on this sample in the working notebook and fill it out.

Fig. 23. Task for exercises

Graphic work number 1

Prepare a sheet of drawing paper A4 format. Draw the framework and graphs of the main inscription in the dimensions indicated in Figure 19. Spend various lines as shown in Figure 24. You can choose another location of lines on the sheet.

Fig. 24. Task for graphic work number 1

The main inscription can be placed both along the short and along the long side of the sheet.

2.4. Drawing fonts. Dimensions of letters and figures of the drawing font. All inscriptions in the drawings must be made of drawing font (Fig. 25). Inscription letters and figures of the drawing font is set by the standard. The standard determines the height and width of the letters and numbers, the thickness of the stroke lines, the distance between the letters, words and lines.

Fig. 25. Inscriptions in the drawings

An example of constructing one of the letters in the auxiliary grid is shown in Figure 26.

Fig. 26. An example of building a letter

The font can be both tilted (about 75 °) and without inclination.

The standard establishes the following font dimensions: 1.8 (not recommended, but allowed); 2.5; 3.5; five; 7; 10; fourteen; twenty; 28; 40. For the size (h) of the font, the value is made determined by the height of the capital (title) letters in millimeters. The height of the letter is measured perpendicular to the base of the string. The lower elements of the letters d, c, u and the upper element of the letter is performed due to the gaps between the rows.

The thickness (d) of the font line is determined depending on the height of the font. It is 0.1h;. The width (g) letters are chosen equal to 0.6h or 6d. Width of the letters a, d, g, m, f, x, c, etc., sh, b, s, yu more than this value of 1 or 2d (including lower and upper elements), and the width of the letters g, 3, with less on d.

The height of the lowercase letters approximately corresponds to the height of the next smaller font size. Thus, the height of the lowercase letters of size 10 is 7, size 7 is 5, etc. The upper and lower elements of the lowercase letters are performed due to the distances between the rows and go beyond the row on 3D. The width of most lowercase letters is 5D. The width of the letters a, m, c, b is equal to 6D, letters w, t, f, sh, etc., y, y - 7d, and letters s, s - 4d.

The distance between letters and numbers in words is taken equal to 0.2h or 2d, between words and numbers of -0,6h or 6d. The distance between the lower rows rules take 1.7H or 17D.

The standard establishes another type of font - type A, narrower than just considered.

The height of letters and numbers in the drawings made in the pencil must be at least 3.5 mm.

The drawing of the Latin alphabet in GOST is shown in Figure 27.

Fig. 27. Latin font

How to write drawing font. It is necessary to draw up drawings with inscriptions. Inflexible inscriptions or casually applied numbers of different numbers may be incorrectly understood when reading the drawing.

To learn to write beautifully drawing fonts, first for each letter draw the grid (Fig. 28). After mastering the skills of writing letters and numbers, you can only carry out the top and bottom line lines.

Fig. 28. Examples of inscriptions drawing font

The contours of letters are planned with thin lines. Making sure that the letters are written correctly, drive them down with a soft pencil.

For letters G, D, and, I, L, M, P, T, X, C, W, you can only spend two auxiliary lines at a distance equal to their height of A.

For letters B, V, E, N. P, U, h, b, s, b. I should add another one between the two horizontal lines in the middle, which is performed by the average elements. And for the letters 3, O, F, YU spend four lines, where the middle lines indicate the boundaries of the rounds.

To quickly perform inscriptions, drawing fonts sometimes use various stencils. The main inscription you will fill in the font 3.5, the name of the drawing is font 7 or 5.

1. What does the font size fit?
2. What is the width of the capital letters?
3. What is the height of the lower case letters of size 14? What is their width?

1. Perform in the working notebook but the task of the teacher several inscriptions. You can, for example, write your surname, name, home address.
2. Fill out the main inscription on the graphic sheet No. 1 with the following text: Dwelle (surname), checked (surname Teacher), School, Class, Drawing No. 1, Title of work "Lines".

2.5. How to apply dimensions. To determine the value of the drawn product or any part of it, but the drawing is applied to it. Dimensions are separated on linear and angular. Linear dimensions characterize the length, width, thickness, height, diameter, or radius of the measured part of the product. The angular size characterizes the magnitude of the angle.

Linear dimensions in drawings indicate in millimeters, but the designation unit is not applied. The angular dimensions indicate degrees, minutes and seconds with the measurement unit designation.

The total number of sizes in the drawing should be the smallest, but sufficient for the manufacture and control of the product.

Dimensional rules are set by the standard. Some of them you already know. Recall them.

1. Dimensions in drawings indicate dimensional numbers and dimensional lines. For this, the remote lines are first carried out perpendicular to the segment whose size indicates (Fig. 29, a). Then, at a distance of at least 10 mm from the contour, the parts are carried out parallel to it dimension line. The dimensional line is limited from both sides by arrows. What an arrow should be, shown in Figure 29, b. The remote lines go out of the ends of the arrow of the dimensional line by 1 ... 5 mm. Remote and dimensional lines are carried out with a solid thin line. Above the dimension line, closer to its middle, is caused a dimensional number.

Fig. 29. Drawing linear dimensions

2. If there are several dimensional lines in the drawing parallel to each other, then smaller size is applied closer to the image. So, in Figure 29, in first the size 5 is applied, and then 26 so that the remote and dimensional lines in the drawing are not intersected. The distance between the parallel size lines must be at least 7 mm.

3. For the designation of the diameter before the dimensional number, a special sign is applied - a circle crossed by the line (Fig. 30). If the dimensional number inside the circle is not placed, it is carried out beyond the limits of the circle, as shown in Figure 30, B and the city are similarly incurred by applying the size of the straight line segment (see Fig. 29, B).

Fig. 30. Drawing of circles

4. To designate the radius in front of the dimensional number, the capital Latin letter R is written (Fig. 31, a). The dimensional line to indicate the radius is carried out, as a rule, from the center of the arc and end the arrow on one side, resting to the arc point of the circle.

Fig. 31. Drawing arcs and angle

5. When specifying the size of the angle, the dimensional line is carried out as an arc of the circle with a center at the top of the angle (Fig. 31, b).

6. Before the dimensional number indicating the side of the square element, the sign "Square" (Fig. 32) is applied. At the same time, the height of the sign is equal to the height of the numbers.

Fig. 32. Square size

7. If the dimensional line is located vertically or obliquely, the dimensional numbers have, as shown in Figures 29, B; thirty; 31.

8. If the item has several identical elements, then the drawing is recommended to apply the size of only one of them with an indication of the number. For example, writing on the drawing "3 resp. 0 10 "means that there are three identical holes with a diameter of 10 mm in the details.

9. When depicting flat parts in one projection, the thickness of the part is indicated as shown in Figure 29, B. Please note that in front of the dimensional number indicating the thickness of the part is the Latin lowercase letter 5.

10. It is allowed to specify the detail in a similar way (Fig. 33), but in addition to the dimensional number in this case, the Latin letter is written l..

Fig. 33. Drawing size size

1. In which units are linear dimensions on machine-building drawings express?
2. What thickness should be remote and dimensional lines?
3. What distance leave between the contour of the image and the dimensional lines? Between dimensional lines?
4. How do the dimensional numbers on the inclined dimensional lines?
5. What signs and letters are applied before the dimensional number when specifying the size of diameters and radii?

Fig. 34. Task for exercises

1. List in the workbook, retaining the proportion, the image of the part given in Figure 34 by increasing it 2 times. Apply the required dimensions, specify the thickness of the part (it is 4 mm).
2. Draw in the working notebook of the circle, the diameters of which are equal to 40, 30, 20 and 10 mm. Apply their size. Draw an arc of a circle with radii 40, 30, 20 and 10 mm and apply dimensions.

2.6. Scale. In practice, it is necessary to perform images of very large parts, such as the parts of the aircraft, the ship, cars, and very small - parts of the hourly mechanism, some devices, etc. images of large parts may not fit on sheets of standard format. Small details that can be barely noticeable with the naked eye, it is impossible to draw in the natural value of existing drawing tools. Therefore, when drawing large parts, their image is reduced, and the small increases compared with the actual dimensions.

Scale is the ratio of linear dimensions of the image of the subject to valid. The scales of the images and their designation in the drawings sets the standard.

Scale Reduction-1: 2; 1: 2.5; 1: 4; 1: 5; 1:10, etc.
Natural value-1: 1.
Scale zoom-2: 1; 2.5: 1; 4: 1; 5: 1; 10: 1, etc.

The scale is most desirable 1: 1. In this case, when performing an image, you do not need to recalculate the dimensions.

Scale is recorded as follows: M1: 1; M1: 2; M5: 1, etc. If the scale is indicated in the drawing in a graph specifically designed for this, the scope of the main inscription is not written before designation.

It should be remembered that, in whatever scale, the image is carried out, the dimensions in the drawing are valid valid, i.e. those that should have the part in nature (Fig. 35).

Corner sizes when decreasing or increasing the image do not change.

1. What is the scale for?
2. What is called scale?
3. What are you known to the magnification scale set by the standard? What are you known for a decrease scale?
4. What are the records: M1: 5; M1: 1; M10: 1?

Fig. 35. Drawing of the gasket made at various scales

Graphic work number 2
Drawing "Flat Details"

Perform drawings of the "laying" details on the available half images separated by the axis of symmetry (Fig. 36). Apply the dimensions, specify the thickness of the part (5 mm).

Perform work on A4 sheet sheet. Scale image 2: 1.

Guidelines for work. Figure 36 is given only half an image of the part. You need to imagine how the item will look completely, remembering the symmetry, sketching its image on a separate sheet. Then go to the performance of the drawing.

On the sheet of A4 format, the frame is drawn and highlight the place for the main inscription (22x145 mm). Determine the center of the working field of the drawing and the image is based on it.

Initially, the axis of symmetry is carried out, build a rectangle with thin lines, corresponding to the general form of the part. After that, images of rectangular items details are placed.

Fig. 36. Tasks for graphic work number 2

Having determined the situation of the centers of the circle and semicircle, conduct them. Dimensions of elements and dimensional, i.e., the largest in length and height, the size of the part, indicate its thickness.

Drop the drawing with lines set by the standard: first - circles, then horizontal and vertical straight. Fill the main inscription and check the drawing.

Workbook

Insertion

History of the occurrence of graphic ways of images and drawing

Drawings in Russia were manufactured by the "drawers", the mention of which can be found in the "Pushkar order" of Ivan Iv.

Other images - drawings - drawings, were a view of the construction "From a bird's eye view"

At the end of the 12th century In Russia, large-scale images are introduced and dimensions are affixed. In the 18th century, Russian drawers and the King Peter і itself performed drawings by the method of rectangular projections (the founder of the method is French mathematician and engineer Gaspar Monzh). By order of Peter I, the teaching of the drawing was introduced in all technical educational institutions.

The entire history of the drawing development is inextricably linked with technical progress. Currently, the drawing has become a major document of business communication in science, technology, production, design, construction.

Create and check the machine drawing is impossible, not knowing the foundations of the graphic language. With whom you will meet by studying the subject "Drawing"

Varieties of graphic images

The task:sign image names.

The concept of GOSTs. Formats. Frame. Drawing lines.

Exercise 1

Graphic work number 1

"Formats. Frame. Drawing lines »

Examples of performance

Test tasks for graphic work number 1

Option number 1.

1. What designation according to GOST has a size format 210x297:

a) a1; b) a2; c) A4?

2. What is the thickness of the barchpuncting line, if in the drawing the solid main thick line is 0.8 mm:

a) 1mm: b) 0.8 mm: c) 0.3 mm?

______________________________________________________________

Option number 2.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

1. At what place the drawing is the main inscription:

a) in the lower left corner; b) in the lower right corner; c) in the upper right corner?

2. What size should the axial and center lines and center lines be performed for the contour:

a) 3 ... 5 mm; b) 5 ... 10 mm4 c) 10 ... 15 mm?

Option number 3.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

1. What location of A4 format is allowed by GOST:

A) vertical; b) horizontal; c) Vertical and horizontal?

2.. What is the thickness of a solid thin line, if a solid basic thick line is 1 mm in the drawing:

a) 0.3 mm: b) 0.8 mm: c) 0.5 mm?

Option number 4.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

1. At what distance from the edges of the sheet, the drawing frame is carried out:

a) on the left, on top, on the right and below - 5 mm; b) left, top and bottom - 10 mm, right - 25 mm; c) left - 20 mm, top, right and bottom - 5 mm?

2. What type of line axial and centered lines are performed on the drawings:

a) solid thin line; b) a barchpunctive line; C) Strike line?

Option number 5.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

1. What sizes in GOST has A4 format:

a) 297x210 mm; b) 297x420 mm; c) 594x841 mm?

2. Depending on which line, the thickness of the drawing lines are selected:

a) barchpunctive line; b) a solid thin line; c) solid main thick line?

Fonts (GOST 2304-81)

Types of fonts:

Font dimensions:

Practical tasks:

Calculations of drawing font parameters

Test tasks

Option number 1.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

What a magnitude is taken for font size:

a) the height of the lowercase letter; b) the height of the capital letter; c) the height of the intervals between the lines?

Option number 2.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

What is the height of the capital letter of the rift number 5:

a) 10 mm; b) 7 mm; c) 5 mm; d) 3.5 mm?

Option number 3.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

What is the height of the lowercase letters having the protruding elements in, d, b, r, f:

a) height of the capital letter; b) height of the lowercase letter; c) more height of the capital letter?

Option number 4.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

Whether in writing uppercase and lowercase letters A, E, T, G, and:

a) differ; b) do not differ; B) differ in writing individual elements?

Option number 5.

Select and emphasize the right answers to questions.

What corresponds to the height of the figures of the drawing font:

a) height of the lowercase letter; b) height of the capital letter; c) half the height of the capital letter?

Graphic work number 2

"Flat Drawing"

Cards - Tasks

1 option

Option 2

3 option

4 option

Geometric constructions

Dividing circle on 5 and 10 parts

Dividing circle on 4 and 8 parts

Dividing circle on 3, 6 and 12 parts

Segment dividing on 9 parts

Fastening material

Practical work:

According to these types, build the third. Scale 1: 1

Option number 1

Option number 2.

Option number 3.

Option number 4.

Fastening material

Write the answers to the working notebook:

Option number 1

Option number 2.

Practical work number 3.

"Modeling according to the drawing."

Guidelines for work

For the manufacture of a model from a cardboard, first cut its workpiece. The size of the workpiece is determined by the image of the part (Fig. 58). Next (outline) cutouts. Cut them by outlined contour. Remove the cut parts and curb the model drawing. In order for the cardboard after the bending, it is not straightened, in the bend place to read from the outside of the line some sharp object.

Wire for modeling it is necessary to use a soft, arbitrary length (10 - 20 mm).

Fastening material

Option number 1 Option number 2

Fastening material

In the working notebook, perform the drawing of the part in the 3 types. Apply.

Option number 3 Option number 4

Fastening material

Work on cards

Fastening material

Using color pencils, check the card.

Amount (extension)

Continue

Task for fixing

Oval -

Algorithm for constructing ovala

1. Build an isometric square of the square - ABCD rhombus

2. Denote the intersection points of the circle with a square 1 2 3 4

3. From the summit of the rhombus (D) spend direct to point 4 (3). We obtain a segment D4, which will be equal to the radius of the arc R.

4. Cut the arc that connects points 3 and 4.

5. When crossing the segment B2 and the speakers, we obtain the O1 point.

When crossing the segment D4 and the speakers, we obtain the O2 point.

6. From the obtained centers of O1 and O2, we will carry out arcs R1, which connect points 2 and 3, 4 and 1.

Fastening material

Perform the technical pattern of the details, two species of which are given in Fig. 62.

Graphic work number 9.

Sketch details and technical drawing

1. What is called sketch?

Fastening material

Tasks for exercise

Practical work number 7.

"Reading drawings"

Graphic dictation

"Drawing and technical drawing details on verbal description"

Option number 1

Housing It is a combination of two parallelepipeds, of which the smaller delivered by a large base at the center of the top base of another parallelepiped. Through the centers of parallelepipeds, a through stepped hole is vertically.

Total height of 30 mm details.

The height of the lower parallelepiped is 10 mm, length 70 mm, width 50 mm.

The second parallelepiped has a length of 50 mm, a width of 40 mm.

The diameter of the lower level of the opening of 35 mm, the height is 10 mm; The diameter of the second stage is 20 mm.

Note:

Option 2.

Support It is a rectangular parallelepiped, to the left (smallest) face of which is attached a semi-cylinder with a total lower base with a parallelepiped. In the center of the upper (largest) face of parallelepiped, along its long side, the grooves of the prismatic form passes. Based on the part there is a through hole of the prismatic form. Its axis coincides on top view with the axis of the groove.

The height of the parallelepipeda is 30 mm, length is 65 mm, width 40 mm.

Height half cylinder 15 mm, base R. 20 mm.

The width of the groove of the prismal form 20 mm, the depth of 15 mm.

Hole width 10 mm, length 60 mm. There is a hole at a distance of 15 mm on the right side of the support.

Note: When drawing sizes, the part is considered solid.

Option 3.

Housing It is a combination of a square prism and a truncated cone, which is a big base in the center of the top base of the prism. Along the cone axis passes through a stepped hole.

Total part height 65 mm.

The height of the prism is 15 mm, the size of the base of the base is 70x70 mm.

The height of the cone is 50 mm, the lower base is 50 mm, the upper - ǿ 30 mm.

The diameter of the lower part of the opening is 25 mm, the height is 40 mm.

The diameter of the upper part of the opening is 15 mm.

Note: When drawing sizes, the part is considered solid.

Option 4.

Sleeve It is a combination of two cylinders with a stepped through hole, which passes along the axis of the part.

Total height of 60 mm details.

The height of the lower cylinder is 15 mm, the base is 70 mm.

The base of the second cylinder ǿ 45 mm.

Hole below ǿ 50 mm, height 8 mm.

The upper part of the hole is 30 mm.

Note: When drawing sizes, the part is considered solid.

Option number 5.

Base It is a parallelepiped. In the center of the upper (largest) face of parallelepiped, along its long side, the grooves of the prismatic form passes. There are two cross-cutting cylindrical holes. The centers of the holes will be removed from the ends of the part at a distance of 25 mm.

The height of the parallelepipeda is 30 mm, the length is 100 mm, the width is 50 mm.

PAZ depth 15 mm, width 30 mm.

Hole diameters 20 mm.

Note: When drawing sizes, the part is considered solid.

Option 6.

Housing It is a cube, along the vertical axis of which pass through a hole: on top of a decayonic one, and then turning into a step-cylindrical.

Cube of 60 mm cube.

The depth of the hole of the 12 mold hole is 35 mm, the upper base is 40 mm, the lower - ǿ 20 mm.

The height of the lower stage of the opening of 20 mm, the base is 50 mm. The diameter of the middle part of the hole is 20 mm.

Note: When drawing sizes, the part is considered solid.

Option number 7.

Support It is a combination of a parallelepiped and a truncated cone. The cone is a large base in the center of the top base of the parallelepiped. In the center of the smaller side faces of the parallelepiped pass two cuts of the prismatic form. Along the axis of the cone drilled through a hole of the cylindrical shape ǿ 15 mm.

Total height of 60 mm details.

The height of the parallelepiped is 15 mm, the length is 90 mm, the width is 55 mm.

The diameters of the base of the cone 40 mm (lower) and 30 mm (top).

The length of the seal of the prismatic form is 20 mm, width is 10 mm.

Note: When drawing sizes, the part is considered solid.

Option number 8.

Housing It is a hollow rectangular parallelepiped. In the center of the upper and lower base of the case there are two tides of conical shape. Through the centers of tides passes through the cylindrical shape ǿ 10 mm.

The total height of the detail is 59 mm.

The height of the parallelepiped 45 mm, length 90 mm, width 40 mm. The wall thickness of the parallelepiped is 10 mm.

The height of the cones is 7 mm, the base is 30 mm and ǿ 20 mm.

Note: When drawing sizes, the part is considered solid.

Option number 9.

Support It is a combination of two cylinders with one common axis. Through the axis passes through a hole: on top of a prismatic shape with a square base, and then a cylindrical shape.

The overall height of the part 50 mm.

The height of the lower cylinder is 10 mm, the base is 70 mm. The diameter of the base of the second cylinder is 30 mm.

The height of the cylindrical opening is 25 mm, the base is 24 mm.

The base side of the prismoid hole is 10 mm.

Note: When drawing sizes, the part is considered solid.

Test

Graphic work number 11.

"Drawing and visual image of details"

According to axonometric projection, build the drawing of the detail in the required amount of 1: 1 species. Apply the sizes.

Graphic work number 10.

"Sketch of details with design elements"

Perform the drawing of the part that has been removed parts of the applied markup. The direction of projection to build the main type is indicated by the arrow.

Graphic work number 8.

"Drawing of details with transformation of its shape"

General concept on form conversion. Drawing connection with markup

Graphic work

Perform the drawing of the subject in three types with the conversion of its shape (by removing the part of the subject)

Perform the technical picture of the part by making it instead of the protrusions marked with arrows, the recesses of the same shape and sizes in the same place.

Logical Task

Theme "Design of Drawings"

Crossword "Projecting"

1.Tochka, from which projection rays proceed with central projection.

2. What is obtained as a result of modeling.

3. Grand Cuba.

4. The image obtained in projection.

5. In this axonometric projection, the axis is located at an angle of 120 ° to each other.

6. In Greek, this word means "double dimension".

7. Side view of the face, subject.

8. Curve, isometric circumference.

9. The image on the profile plane of projections is the view ...

Rebus on the topic "View"

Rebus

Crossword "Axonometry"

Vertically:

1. Translated from French "Front View".

2. The concept in drawing on what the projection of the point or subject is obtained.

3. The border between the halves of the symmetric part in the drawing.

4. Geometric body.

5. Drawing tool.

6. Translated from the Latin language to "throw, cast forward".

7. Geometric body.

8. Science of graphic images.

9. Unit of measurement.

10. Translated from the Greek "Double Measure".

11. Translated from the French Side view.

12. The drawing "She" happens to thick, thin, wavy, etc.

Technical dictionary of drawing

Term	Definition of the term or concept
Axonometry
Algorithm
Analysis of the geometric form of the subject
Boss
Burture
Shaft
Vertex
View
Type of chief
Ode added
View of local
Screw
Sleeve
Gabritis
Nut
Fillet
Geometric body
Horizontal
Graduated
Face
Division of circumference
Segment division
Diameter
ESKD
Treatment tools
Calca
Pencil
Layout drawing
Design
Circuit
Cone
Curves lectal
Circular curves
Leaf
Rulers
Line - Folding
Remote line
Transition line
Line dimensional
Line solid
Strode line
Barchpunctry line
Lysk
Scale
Method Monta
Polyhedron
Polygon
Modeling
The inscription is the main
Application
Stroke drawing
Break
Oval
Ovoid
Circle
Circle in Aksonometric Projection
Ornament
Axonometric axes
Axis of rotation
The axis of projections
Axis of symmetry
Hole
Groove
Shponchny's groove
Parallelepiped
Pyramid
Plane of projections
Prism
Axonometric projections
Projection
Projection isometric rectangular
Projection Frontal Dimetric Koshogol
Projections
Pier
Scan
The size
Dimensions of dimensions
Dimensions constructive
Sizes coordinating
Dimensions of element of the part
Break
Frame of drawing
Edge
Technical drawing
Symmetry
Conjugation
Standard
Standardization
Arrows
Scheme
TOR
Point of conjugation
Protractor
Corolbles
Simplifications and conventions
Chamfer
Formats drawings
Frontal
Proceeding Center
Conmark Center
Cylinder
Compass
Drawing
Work drawing
Drawing
Number dimensional
Reading drawing
Washer
Ball
Slot
Shraffing
Font
Sharchka hatching in axonometry
Ellipse
Sketch

Workbook

Practical and graphic work on drawing

The notebook has developed a teacher of the highest category of drawing and from Nesterova Anna Alexandrovna Teacher MBOU "SOSH№1 G. LENSK"

Insertion
Materials, accessories, drawing tools.

The task "Cuts are complex"

Special purpose

1. The study of the rules for performing cuts in orthogonal projections established according to GOST 2.305-68 (clause 3, p. 4).

2. Fastening the skills for constructing sections of the surface of the plane.

The task is performed on A3 format.

On the sheet, perform complex cuts provided by the task. When performing a stepped section, it is necessary to cut two types, replacing one of them with a stepped cut. Apply. When the broken section is performed, it is also necessary to cut two types with a subsequent replacement of one of them with a broken cut and apply the dimensions. Recommended scale of constructions 1: 1.

Instructions for the task

1. The surface cross section of the plane.

2. Sections and sections, GOST 2.305-68 (p. 3, p. 4).

3. Rules for drawing size in the drawings, GOST 2. 307-68.

In accordance with examples of the execution of the task shown in Fig.2.2, and the source data is performed in thin lines its version of the task. For each variant of the task (C 1 to 30), the number of which is specified in the upper left corner of the page, the source data is given: for the step of step, to cut the broken. After checking each drawing, the teacher must complete the drawings, applying standard lines. Fill out the main inscription, the name of the task and scale.

Order procedure

• on A3 format to build two types of details Housing (from the task);
• build a view of the left;
• according to the specified position of the secant planes, to build a stepped cut on the front view;
• according to the specified position of the sequential planes, to construct a stepped cut on the site left;
• fill the main inscription.

Consider performing this task on the example shown in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.2. For clarity, a three-dimensional model details are presented.

Figure 2.1 - An example of a task

Figure 2.2 - An example of a task. Three-dimensional model

1. Examine the design details:

• the base of the part is part of the cylinder with a diameter of 140 mm with cutouts;
• in the central part - a hexagonal prism with a pass-through hole.

1. The main image is a complex incision, the sequential planes of which pass through the internal structural elements of the part.

As the incision stage, To construct it, it is necessary to mentally cut the part two of the specified planes (A-A section of the tasks, Figure 2.1 and 2.3) and combine them with parallel transfer to one.

After that, to proper on the plane of projections parallel to the secing planes (Figure 2.4).

Figure 2.3 - section A-A model details

Figure 2.4 - A-A section on Drawing Details

1. In place of the view on the left, perform a stepped section B-B (Figure 2.5, 2.6). Since the position of the secant planes is designated on top, then the result of the section B-B will be rotated 90 °. When the cut is arranged at the site of the view on the left, above the image you must specify the "rotated" sign - .

Figure 2.5 - section B-B model details

Figure 2.6 - B-b section on the drawing details

1. Build axial lines. Apply dimensions according to GOST 2.307-68.

Do not forget about the rule of sizes!

An example of this task is shown in Figure 2.7.

2.3 Example of execution

Figure 2.7 - Example of performing test work No. 3 "Building a stepped section"

Broken section

• a3 format Build two types of details Housing (from the task);
• according to the specified position of the sequential planes, construct a broken cut on the front view;
• construct, if necessary, the view of the left;
• apply according to the size rules (GOST 2.307-2011);
• fill the main inscription.

Consider performing this task on the example shown in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.2. For clarity, a three-dimensional model details are presented.

Figure 3.1 - An example of a task

Figure 3.2 - An example of a task. Three-dimensional model

1. Examine the design details:

• the base of the part is the 95 mm radius cylinder segment with cutouts;
• in the central part - a cylinder with a diameter of 44 mm with a pass-through hole.

1. The main image is a complex incision, the sequential planes of which pass through all the internal structural elements of the part.