How to make a distillation column - calculation of system parameters. Such a page does not exist source and heat of heating column

Cooking moonshine and alcohol for personal use
absolutely legally!

After the cessation of the existence of the USSR, the new government stopped fighting moonshine. Criminal liability and fines have been canceled, and an article on the ban on the production of alcohol-containing products at home is seized from the Criminal Code. To this day, there is not a single law prohibiting us with you to engage in your favorite hobby - the preparation of alcohol at home. This is evidenced by Federal Law of 8.07.1999 No. 143-FZ "On the administrative responsibility of legal entities (organizations) and individual entrepreneurs for offenses in the field of production and turnover of ethyl alcohol, alcohol and alcohol-containing products" (Meeting of the legislation of the Russian Federation, 1999, N 28 , Art. 3476).

Excerpt from the Federal Law of the Russian Federation:

"The action of this Federal Law does not apply to the activities of citizens (individuals), which do not produce products containing ethyl alcohol in order to sell."

Moonshine in other countries:

In Kazakhstan In accordance with the Code of RK on administrative offenses of January 30, 2001, N 155 provides the following responsibility. So, according to article 335 "Production and sale of alcoholic beverages of homemade production" illegal manufacturing for the purpose of selling mogon, chaqi, taut vodka, brags and other alcoholic beverages, and equal to the sale of these alcoholic beverages entails a fine of thirty-monthly calculated indicators with confiscation of alcoholic beverages , apparatuses, raw materials and equipment for their manufacture, as well as money and other values \u200b\u200bobtained from their implementation. However, the law does not prohibit the preparation of alcohol for personal purposes.

In Ukraine and Belarus things are different. Articles No. 176 and No. 177 of the Code of Ukraine on administrative offenses are provided for imposing fines in the amount of from three to ten non-taxable minimum wages for the manufacture and storage of moonshine without the goal of sales, for storage without the purpose of the distribution of devices * for its development.

Practically the word for word repeats this information. Article 12.43. "Production or acquisition of strong alcoholic beverages (moonshine), semi-finished products for their manufacture (Braga), storage of apparatus for their manufacture" in the Code of the Republic of Belarus on administrative offenses. Clause number 1 reports: "Production of strong alcoholic beverages (moonshine), semi-finished products for their manufacture (Braga), and the storage of devices * used for their manufacture - entail a warning or imposition of a fine in the amount of up to five basic quantities with confiscation of the specified Drinks, semi-finished products and devices. "

* Create moonshine apparatus for home use is still possible, since the second appointment is to distillation of water and receiving components for natural cosmetics and perfumery.

Description

Dobrovar "Tanta" is a multifunctional deflector-flipper. It can be used both a powerful distiller and as a reflux for the cargo or distillation column with liquid or vapor selection of the product. Thus, by purchasing a "tantham", you can receive a full range of drinks available for production at home - these are noble fragrant distillates, and alcohol-rectic, and the RFDF (inexpix) \u200b\u200b- the most purified product from intermediate impurities, preserving the taste and smell Source raw materials.

The simplicity and reliability of this model make it available even for beginners of the dumbbells. The abundance of additional devices allows you to increase the functionality of the system as needs risks.

The device is made of food stainless steel AISI-304 brand.

The device is a designer that allows you to collect it in three sets: sweat styl (PS), the brave column (BC), distillation column (RK), which allows you to get almost any alcoholic beverages. To obtain the maximum clean alcohol, the distillation will require the CARGs on the SPN with the total active zone of 1-1.5 meters.

The device consists of the following main parts:

Main refrigerator (reflux)
Mini-deflator with a septal selection node
Strengthening Tsargi with fittings for digital thermometers or automation (purchased separately)

The "that very" device is produced in two connecting versions: Clamps (1½ ") and (2")

The deflector "The same" is produced both in Dimrotovsky and in the shell-and-tube execution (8-9 tubes) - KMP (1.5 "- 2"). This execution provides a smaller hydrodynamic resistance to the passage of water, which facilitates the use of autonomous cooling and reduces water consumption by 1-2 l / h. And also reduces the length of the reflux up to 36 cm instead of 48 cm in spiral version.

The mini-deflectman "of that very" is also made by the casing (8-9 tubes).

Inside the refrigerator is built into a casing-tube heat exchanger of 8 mm tubes Ø6 mm, a length of 200 mm (the diameter of the housing 40mm), and 9 tubes Ø8 mm, 200 mm long (body diameter - 50mm), which ensures the most efficient cooling.

The supply and removal of cooling water is carried out using PVC hoses with a diameter of 8 mm, which using universal adapters connect to the ½ thread fittings. It is also possible to use plumbing storage standards, which will ensure the reliability and tightness of the compounds. Water flow divider is used to divide water flow. Between the mini deflectman and the main refrigerator using the clamp of the corrugation.

The selection rate and the number of reflapped phlegm when strengthening or rectified is regulated by the clamp of the Hoffman. If necessary, the selection node can be upgraded with a high-precision needle crane.

The temperature control fitting has an inner diameter of 6 mm - you can use both a regular digital thermometer and connect high-precision measuring instruments.

Specifications

Diameter of the case of the device - 40 mm
Length of the main reflux - 36 cm
Connecting Elements - Clemp-1½ "
Recommended heating power - 3 kW
Maximum heating power - 5 kW
Performance in distillation mode when distilcing Brah - up to 5 l / h
Performance with distillation of raw alcohol - up to 8 l / h
Rectification of raw alcohol - up to 0.8 l / h with a height of the Tsarg 1.5 m;
Product temperature: not higher than cooling water temperature;
Diameters of fittings: 8 mm;
Apparatus: Stainless Steel AISI 304, wall thickness 1 mm;
Height of the set assembly: 177 cm;
Weight: 8.3 kg;
Warranty: 5 years.

Equipment

Deflegmator that same is 1 pc.
Tsarga-40-1000 SPN (stainless) -1 pcs.
Digital thermometer-2 pcs.
PVC hose (blue) -3 m.
PVC hose (red) - 3 m.
Silicone hose - 1 m.
Clamp of Gofman - 1 pc.
CU- 23 l.
Cube-closer cover-1.5 inches.
Clamping clamp with gaskets - 3 pcs.
Adapters for water- 4 pcs.
Adapter for crane - 1 pc.
Fixing springs-4 pcs.
Plastic plugs - 5 pcs.
Water flow divider - 1 pc.

In order to understand the essence of the processes occur in the distillation column, we recommend that you contact about alcohol columns. It discloses the theory of ethanol, the quality of which is approximate to the maximum.

Today we will talk about the design of the home rectifier and how this device can be made with your own hands.

Before proceeding with the creation of a distillation (nozzle) column (RK), it is necessary to purchase suitable material. Immediately it should be noted that all sorts of non-ferrous metals should be deliberately excluded from the design of the device: no alloys from copper, no food aluminum and the like materials. Only stainless steel - chemically inert alloy, not subject to corrosion and non-poisonous impurities in the process of rectification.

On the pages of Forumhouse, you can find a lot of tips regarding the use of copper in the design of rectifiers and distillers. But if you read, you can even find people who disagree with such opinions. Explains everything is quite simple: hot alcohol is a very strong solvent. Therefore, the contact of hot alcohol-containing liquids with any non-ferrous metals is extremely undesirable and even dangerous to health.

beutiflet. User forumhouse.

Only glass, silicone and stainless steel.

Working scheme RK.

The figure shows a diagram of the standard RK, sobering with which you can independently assemble a home rectifier.

Consider the main elements of the design in more detail.

Distillation

As a distillation cube, any metal container made of stainless steel and with a suitable volume can be used.

As for the volume: Someone uses a conventional pressure cooker (with already built-in heated), and someone has a slightly higher demand. In general, everyone is focused on their needs.

viktor50. User forumhouse.

The pressure cooker is too small, you need a capacity at least 15-20 liters. The rectification process takes quite a long time and get a liter for half a day - not kosher.

As for the heating of the column: the simplest (but not very practical) option is to install a distillation cube on an electrical or gas stove. The fact is that the column has a relatively large height, so it will be better if the distillation cube will stand on the floor (and not on the stove).

Install the cube directly to the floor allows electrical heating, which makes the design of the Republic of Kazakhstan less cumbersome, and the entire installation is the most convenient in operation.

timofey1

It is necessary to get away from gas to electricity - it is easier to regulate, and the height is added! Cut the fan in the flask, the voltage regulator from the TV connected and forward.

Anyway, when heating the source raw materials, smooth adjustment of the power of the heating element should be ensured. Otherwise, the whole undertaking will be doomed to failure.

Many users, in an attempt to improve the design of the Republic of Kazakhstan, equip the device with automatic control systems, as well as complex regulators. But if you are used to controlling the process yourself (and in the case of a homemade distillation column at first, you will not work differently), then the installation of an automatic control system is not an extreme necessity. As long as you do not have sufficient experience in the field of home rectification, a simple power regulator included in the chain of one of the existing electric heaters will be quite enough.

timofey1

I have three Tan from the Soviet kettle - 1.25 square meters. LATER, shown in the photo, perfectly adjusts one TEN.

The process of rectification in this case is performed using one (adjustable) Tan. The remaining 2 are needed, exclusively for heating.

If you have already managed to enjoy the visual perception of the process, and the lack of time does not allow you to constantly be located near the operating RK, the automation system embedded in the device design will allow you to control the process, demanding the minimal human participation. The automation allows you to select the content of the distillation cube, not allowing the ingress of the tail fractions into the "body" of the product. There are already ready-made technical solutions that can be bought in specialized stores. Such systems, reacting to temperature change, overlap the distillate selection unit at the right moment, or, on the contrary, discover the access of cold water to the deflegmator.

Distillation tar

The distillation kard includes several components at once:

Pipe with insulation and nozzle.
Deflegmator with a distillate selection unit, a water jacket and a thermometer.
Fitting for communication with the atmosphere.

Considering that the alcohol pairs are very easily flammorated, a hole for communication with the atmosphere (which is necessarily created at the top of the distillation column) it is necessary to equip the fitting and the rubber tube. The end of the tube should be omitted into the container with water. This will help prevent the spread of vapors indoors and their ignition.

Consider the design of the listed nodes.

Pipe (pump column)

In the lower pipe of the distillation column, the process of heat passenger exchange. A special filler is placed in its inner space, an increase in the area of \u200b\u200bcontact between the hot steam and cooled phlegm. With independent manufacture of the column as a filler (nozzles), the easiest way to use washcloth washing washes made of stainless steel. Sometimes a special twisted wire is used (also from stainless steel).

If you use metal washcloths as a filler, then the quality of their manufacture should be checked. To do this, cut off a piece of washcloth and boil it in a salt salt solution. If instead of stainless steel in the composition of the washcloth included another alloy, then the products will not be able to withstand such a test and quickly convene. Cut the washcloth should be necessary. After all, if it has a protective coating, then only in this way can be exposed to its internal structure.

Density of packing must correspond to the indicator - 250-280 g of the nozzle on one liter of the internal volume of the nozzle column.

The quality of the separation of boiling fractions directly depends on the size of the nozzle pipe. Having considered the practical developments of the Forumhouse users, it can be concluded that the minimum diameter of the pipe should be 32 mm. In general, the higher the pipe, the better the separation of fractions will be to go. The optimal height of the pipe should correspond to 40-60 it in diameters (minimum 20). Outside the pipe should be insulated with a layer of protective material.

belor44. User forumhouse.

A metal grid for holding the filler is installed in the inner cavity of the pipe (on top and bottom).

belor44.

In my column for the RFDF filler - washcloths. At the same time, there are mesh from a tea cider. Pressure stable. The meter column with a diameter of 35 mm gives an imperfect with a strength of 96% at a speed of 950 ml per hour. There are no worshis.

The bottom and the top of the distillation pipe, as a rule, is equipped with a thread, which allows you to connect the unit to the distillation cube and to the deflegmator.

Deflegmator

The main purpose of the reflux is a condensation and separation of light fractions with a lower (relative to phlegm) boiling point. In practice, a reflux can have a different design execution. The simplest in the manufacture of the direct-flow (shirt) type or, as it is also called, the condenser refrigerator. It consists of two pipes of various diameters, between which the cooling shirt with running water is located.

In fact, the straight-flow reflux is a pipe from a stainless steel, which is welded into another pipe from the same material (only greater diameter). Externally, the device looks like in the image.

The photo shows that the deflements has two fittings (for supplying and removing the coolant) and a tube for communication with the atmosphere (at the top). At the same time at the bottom of the defleurator there is a fitting for the selection of distillate.

In order to avoid the appearance of extraneous impurities and odors in the composition of the final product, only silicone tubes are recommended for selecting distillates.

Make a deflectman body can be made of stainless pipes or from an ordinary food thermos and an additional inner tube. The diameter of the inner pipe, as a rule, is equal to the diameter of the nozzle column. If you do not have access to argon welding, it is possible to fasten the design elements using an ordinary soldering iron.

The distillate selection unit, located at the bottom of the reflux, is a curly washer welded into the internal tube of the device.

In the selection node in advance, it is necessary to do the holes for the thermometer (if it is planned to be used) and for the selection tube.

The need to introduce thermometers into the design of the Republic of Kazakhstan - the question is controversial. People "experienced" often cost at all without thermometers. At the same time there are such distillations, which, on the contrary, measure the temperature where necessary, and where there is no need for this. For example, the installation of a thermometer into the distilted cube allows you to just control the heating process. That is, watching him, you can approximately navigate - how long it remains until the column boils.

But there are two structural nodes in the Republic of Kazakhstan, where control over the temperature brings tangible practical benefits. It is the output nozzle of the deflectman and the deflector selection node (instead of the selection node for installing the thermometer, the space between the plane column and the reflux) can be used.

If at the outlet of the reflux for the fall of the flow water temperature below 45 ° C, the separation of fractions will occur not very efficiently (due to the supercooling of phlegm). If the temperature is above 55 ° C, then in the selection of "body" in the selection tube will break through "Tails".

Temperature control in the selection node allows you to determine the temperature of the steam at the outlet from the planting column, and at the same time it gives an understanding of the separation of which fraction is currently time. For example, if the pair temperature in the selection node is within - 77.5-81.5 ° C (depending on the atmospheric pressure), then the "body" of the product will be solely in the distillate tube.

SiberiaFish User forumhouse.

The temperature in the process of the run was kept in the range of 78.8-81.3. Before the end began to ride.

The inner end of the thermometer tube, soaked in the column, must be drowning.

In order for the deflements to be evenly cooled from all sides, a screw helix can be soldered into the cooling shirt, which will set the correct coolant direction.

But what kind of design of the deflems offers one of the users of our portal.

timofey1 User forumhouse.

Two meters of corrugations wrapped in DEF - 3 liters per hour takes off!

The design of this device is as follows.

In most cases, the corrugation that passes through itself a flow water is wrapped around the inner pipe of the deflectman (in the figure it is not shown). But this approach does not always allow to achieve an effective heat exchange. The expediency of implementing such a design can be defined only practically.

In practice, you can find deflectors of the most diverse performance (including horizontal devices). We described only the most common.

Dimensions of a deflectman

The primary value determining the dimensions of the device is the area of \u200b\u200bcontact with the cooled surface. This value is often determined by the experimental way. It depends on the power supply and the temperature of the coolant.

timofey1

The distillation column made by me two weeks ago produces 1200 ml of alcohol per hour. You can more, but the cooling is missing! The resulting power on acceleration is 3.5 kW, on the distance - 1.25 kW.

The product output is always proportional to the power supply. For example, if the power supply (in the rectification process) is 700 W, then the maximum capacity of the column will be 700 ml / hour (in practice, with such power we have 300-500 ml / hour). The reflux area with such performance should be equal to 200-300 cm². Such an area has an inner pipe of a reflux, having a length of 300 mm and a thickness of 32 mm.

Doobik. User forumhouse.

The speed of distillation, first of all, depends on the heating force. If the stove can throw out 1 l from the braga per hour, then whatever the device, 2 l per hour you will not receive anything. The cleaner and stronger product, the slower distillation. The device itself can inhibit the process only in one case - the small power of the reflux, i.e. when you have to reduce the heating for the normal operation of the device. The larger the diameter, the larger the heat transfer area, and the better the heat supply.

Of all the above, we can conclude that it is better to have a deflegemator with dimensions exceeding the calculated one. After all, the excessive cooling area will never lead to the termination of the formation of condensate, and, consequently, to the termination of rectification.

By the way, on the Internet you can find a calculator for calculating a reflux, which will help you navigate relative to the size of the device being manufactured.

Refrigerator

A laboratory cooler, which is usually purchased in the laboratory dish, can be used as a refrigerator for a distilly selected distillate.

In this case, the device can be made independently - on the principle of a shirt-type defleterator (only the refrigerator will be much smaller in size). To do this, again, the stainless tubes of a small diameter should be used. The length of the refrigerator should approximately be equal to the length of the reflux.

In order to adjust the speed of the distillate selection or timely stop (start) selection, the distillate selection tube should be equipped with a crane or clamp (for example, from a dropper). The location of the clamp is indicated on the general scheme of the RK.

The cooling cavity of the refrigerator and the reflux is connected to each other in the following sequence: the bottom of the refrigerator - the refrigerator - the top of the refrigerator - the top of the reflux - a reflux - the bottom of the reflux - sewage. Simply put, a sequential connection of nozzles is used, while the water to the deflegram is already fed slightly warmed.

The temperature of the cooling water in the deflegmator, as we already know, must correspond to certain values \u200b\u200b(approximately 45-55 ° C). And the additional taps of water flow adjustment will be helped to achieve the required indicators. The most subtle regulates the flow of the crane from the gas welding burner.

Distilly distillation sequence

Consider the sequence of working with our distillation column. The first thing is to dilute the raw alcohol (obtained after the preliminary distillation of the braga) with tap water to the fortress - 30% ... 40% (there is no uniform opinion about this indicator, but the lower, the smaller the probability of accidental fire). Then pour it into a distillation cube, we collect a distillation column and adjust it to a distillation capacity.

The column, under any circumstances, should not deviate from the vertical level. Otherwise, the quality of the final product will noticeably suffer.

After the Republic of Kazakhstan is installed, you can begin warming up the contents of the cube. The dystellate selection crane should be closed. At a time when the pair temperature in the reflux will begin to rise sharply, it is necessary to reduce power supplied to the column to the column (the temperature at this moment can quickly reach the indicators of 70-78 ° C, which is associated with a sharp lift of the vapors through the walls of the column). In this position, the device should be left for 30 minutes. This is necessary in order for the Republic of Kazakhstan to warmer and inside it the process of heat and mass exchange. The temperature in the upper part of the Republic of Kazakhstan may fall.

After the specified time, we turn on the water supply to the refrigerator (and in the reflux) and begin the selection of "heads". We repeat once again that the "heads" can not drink!

The end of the selection of "heads" can be determined by several features: temperature stabilization - in the region of 78 ° C and the change in the organoleptic characteristics of the distillate selected (distillate begins to smell alcohol).

After selecting "goals", you can begin the selection of "body": we increase the power of the column and adjust the temperature of the water in the deflegmator (45 ° C - 55 ° C).

Enjoy the process until the cutting off the "tailings". The beginning of the condensation of the tail fractions can be judged by increasing the temperature in a reflux (approximately 85 ° C) and the appearance of Sivuhi smell in the selected distillate. On this process of rectification, we will be considered finished. Tail fractions can be selected for use in the process of subsequent constraints, and you can simply dispose. This is to solve you.

If you are in practice familiar with, we invite you to take part in the discussion of issues relating to this fascinating theme. If in a set with exquisite drinks, you used to consume no less sophisticated snacks, then the article on will teach you to the endlessly surprise guests with an unusual taste of cooked dishes.

Sooner or later, almost every amateur of homemade alcohol thinks about the acquisition or manufacture of a distillation column (RK) - devices for obtaining pure alcohol. It is necessary to start with the integrated calculation of the basic parameters: power, height, diameter of the Tsargi, cube volume, etc. This information will be useful as those who wish to do all the elements with their own hands and assembled to buy a finished distillation column (help you decide on the choice and check the seller). Without affecting the design features of individual nodes, we will consider the general principles for constructing a balanced system for rectification at home.

Column work scheme

Pipe characteristics (Tsargi) and nozzles

Material. The pipe largely determines the parameters of the distillation column and the requirements for all nodes of the device. The material for the manufacture of the Tsargi is chromonichel stainless steel - "Food" stainless steel.

Thanks to the chemical neutrality, food stainless steel does not affect the product composition, which is required. The alcohol distils the raw from sugar braga or distillation waste ("heads" and "tails"), therefore the main goal of rectification is the maximum cleaning of the exit from impurities, and not a change in the organoleptic properties of alcohol in one direction or another. Use copper in classical distillation columns is inappropriate, since this material slightly changes the chemical composition of the beverage and is suitable for the production of a distiller (conventional moonshine) or the browstone column (a special case of rectification).

Disassembled pipe columns with an installed nozzle in one of the Tsarg

Thickness. The king is made from a stainless pipe with a wall thickness of 1-1.5 mm. The thicker wall is not needed, as this will lead to the rise in price and weighting of the design without receiving any advantages.

Nozzle parameters. Talk about the characteristics of the column without binding to the nozzle is not correct. During the rectification at home, use nozzles with an area of \u200b\u200bcontact surface from 1.5 to 4 square meters. m / liter. With an increase in the area of \u200b\u200bthe contact surface, the separating ability increases, but performance drops. Reducing the area leads to a decrease in separating and strengthening ability.

The performance of the column is beginning at the beginning, but then to maintain the output fortress, the operator is forced to lower the selection rate. This means that there is a certain optimal nozzle size, which depends on the diameter of the column and will achieve the best combination of parameters.

The dimensions of the spiral prismatic nozzle (SPN) must be less than the internal diameter of the column by about 12-15 times. For pipe diameter 50 mm - 3.5x3.5x0.25 mm, for 40 - 3x3x0.25 mm, and for 32 and 28 - 2x2x0.25 mm.

Depending on the tasks set, it is advisable to use different nozzles. For example, when obtaining fortified distillates, copper rings with a diameter and a height of 10 mm are often used. It is clear that in this case the goal is not separating and strengthening the possibility of the system, but a completely different criterion - the catalytic ability of copper to eliminate sulfur compounds from alcohol.

Variants of spiral prismatic nozzles

You should not limit the arsenal one, even if the best nozzle, there are simply no such. There are most suitable for solving each specific task.

Even a small change in the diameter of the column seriously affects the parameters. It is enough to remember that the rated power (W) and the performance (ml / hour) are numerically equal to the cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe column (sq. Mm), and therefore are proportional to the square of the diameter. Pay attention to this when choosing a king, always consider the internal diameter and compare options on it.

Power dependence on pipe diameter

Height pipe. To ensure good retention and separation ability, regardless of the diameter, the height of the distillation column should be from 1 to 1.5 m. If less - there is no place for those accumulated during the operation of the sevoyed oils, as a result, Sivuch will begin to break into the selection. Another disadvantage - the heads will be unclean to fractions. If the height of the pipe is greater - this will not lead to a significant improvement in the separating and deterrent ability of the system, but will increase the time of the distillation, as well as the number of "heads" and "head restraints". Forward words, with an increase in the height of the pipe increase to the separating ability of the distillation column for each additional centimeter Reduced. The effect of increasing the pipe with 50 cm to 60 cm is an order of magnitude higher than from 140 cm to 150 cm.

Cube volume for a distillation column

To increase the yield of high-quality alcohol, but to prevent the overflow of the column, the dump (filling) of the raw alcohol in Cuba is limited in the range of 10-20 nozzles. For a column height of 1.5 m and a diameter of 50 mm - 30-60 L, 40 mm - 17-34 l, 32 mm - 10-20 l, 28 mm - 7-14 liters.

Taking into account the filling of the cube on 2/3 of the volume, 40-80 liter containers are suitable for the column internal diameter of the Tsargi, for 40 mm - 30-50 liter, for 32 mm - 20-30 liter cube, and for 28 mm - pressure cookers.

When using a cube, the volume closer to the lower boundary of the recommended range can be safely removed from one king and reduce the height of up to 1-1.2 meters. As a result, Sivuhi will be relatively small for breaking into selection, but the volume of "head restraints" will significantly decrease.

Source and heat heating column

Type of plate. The moonshine past does not give rest to many beginners who believe that if used earlier to heat the moonshine gas, induction or conventional electric stove, then you can leave this source for the column.

The rectification process differs significantly from distillation, everything is much more complicated and the fire will not fit. It is necessary to provide smooth adjustment and stability of the feed power of the heating.

Electric strokes working on the thermostator in start-stop mode are not used, because as soon as a short-term power failure occurs, steam will cease to go to the column, and phlegm will collapse into the cube. In this case, you will have to start rectification again - from the work of the column on itself and the selection of "goals".

Induction cooker is an extremely coarse apparatus with a stepped power change of 100 -200 W, and during the rectification you need to change the power smoothly, literally 5-10 W. Yes, and stabilize heating regardless of the voltage fluctuations at the entrance is unlikely to succeed.

A gas stove when filled with 40 percent-raw-raw alcohol and a 96-siege product at the exit is a deadly danger, not to mention the heating temperature fluctuations.

The optimal solution is to cut into the cube TEN column of the desired power, and to adjust the relay with the stabilization of the output voltage, for example, PM-2 16A. You can take analogs. The main thing to obtain a stabilized voltage at the output and the ability to smoothly change the heating temperature of 5-10 W.

Power supply. To heat the cube for an acceptable time, you need to proceed from the power of 1 kW per 10 liters of the raw alcohol. It means that for 50 liters of cube filled with 40 liters, at least 4 kW is required, 40 liters - 3 kW, 30 liters - 2-2.5 kW, 20 l - 1.5 kW.

With the same volume of Cuba can be low and wide, narrow and high. Choosing a suitable container, it should be borne in mind that often the cube is used not only for rectification, but also during distillation, so they proceed from the toughest conditions so that the input power does not lead to a rapid foaming with splashing emissions from the cube.

The experimental way is established that with the depth of the placement of the Tan about 40-50 cm, normal boiling occurs in case of 1 square meters. Cre Mirrors Navalka accounts for no more than 4-5 W power. When decreasing depth, permissible power increases, and with an increase - decreases.

There are other factors affecting the nature of the boiling: density, viscosity and surface tension of the fluid. It happens that emissions occur at the end of the distillation of the Braga, when the density increases. Therefore, the process of rectification on the border of the pervolted range is always fraught with trouble.

Common cylindrical cubes have a diameter 26, 32, 40 cm. Based on the permissible power on the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe cube mirror mirror 26 cc, it will work normally with the heating power to 2.5 kW, for 30 cm - 3.5 kW, 40 cm - 5 kW .

The third factor determining the heating power is to use one of the Tsarg of the column without nozzle as an armhire for combating splashing. To do this, it is necessary that the steam speed in the pipe does not exceed 1 m / s, at 2-3 m / s, the protective effect weakens, and at large values \u200b\u200bof the steam it will chant phlegm up the pipe and throw it into the selection.

Formula for calculating the speed of steam:

V \u003d n * 750 / s (m / s),

N - power, kW;
750 - vaporization (cubic. Cm / sec kW);
S is the cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe column (sq. Mm).

The pipe with a diameter of 50 mm can cope with splashes when heated to 4 kW, 40-42 mm - up to 3 kW, 38 - to 2 kW, 32 - up to 1.5 kW.

Based on the above considerations, choose the volume, the size of the cube, the power of heating and distillation. All these parameters are consistent with the diameter and the height of the column.

Calculation of the deflective column deflector parameters

The power of the reflux is determined depending on the type of distillation column. If we build a column with liquid selection or steam below the reflux, then the required power should be at least the rated power of the column. Usually in these cases, a refrigerator is used as a condenser with a recycling power of 4-5 watts per 1 kV. See surface.

If a column with a selection of a pair is above a reflux, then the calculated power is 2/3 from the nominal. In this case, you can apply a dimerot or "shirt". The recycling power of the shirt is lower than that of the dimroid and is about 2 watts per square centimeter.

Example of the refrigerator Dimrot for the column

Next, everything is simple: the rated power is divided into recycling. For example, for a column with an inner diameter of 50 mm: 1950/5 \u003d 390 kV. See Dimrot Square or 975 square meters. See "Shirts". So, the refrigerator Dymrot can be made from the tube 6x1 mm long 487 / (0.6 * 3.14) \u003d 2.58 cm for the first variant, taking into account the reserve coefficient of 3 meters. For a second variant, we multiply two-thirds: 258 * 2/3 \u003d 172 cm, taking into account the reserve coefficient of 2 meters.

Shirt for a column 52 x 1 - 975 / 5.2 / 3.14 \u003d 59 cm * 2/3 \u003d 39 cm. But it is for rooms with high ceilings.

"Shirt"

Calculation of the direct-flow refrigerator

If the forwarder is applied as a doochlacel in a distillation column with liquid selection, then choose the smallest and compact option. It is enough power in 30-40% of the rated power of the column.

We make direct-flow refrigerator without spirals in the gap between the shirt and the inner pipe, then they start the selection in the shirt, and the cooling water is fed along the center tube. In this case, the shirt is welded to the pipe supply pipe into a reflux. This petty "pencil" is about 30 cm long.

But if the same forwarder is used both during distillation and during distillation, being a universal node, it does not proceed from the need of the RK, but from the maximum heating power during distillation.

To create a turbulent flux of steam in the refrigerator, allowing to ensure the intensity of heat transfer at least 10 watts / sq. cm, it is necessary to provide a steam speed of about 10-20 m / s.

The range of possible diameters is quite wide. The minimum diameter is determined from the conditions not to create a large overpressure in Cuba (not more than 50 mm of water column), and the maximum calculation of the Reynolds number, based on the minimum speed and the maximum coefficient of the kinematic viscosity of vapors.

Possible line design refrigerator

In order not to go into unnecessary details, we give the most common definition: "To ensure that the turbulent mode of the steam movement is maintained, it is enough that the inner diameter (in millimeters) is not more than 6-fold heating power (in kilowatts).

It is necessary to maintain a linear velocity of water at least 11 cm / s, but an excessive increase in speed will require a large pressure in the plumbing. Therefore, the optimal is the range from 12 to 20 cm / s.

To condense steam and cool condensate to an acceptable temperature, it is necessary to supply water at 20 ° C in a volume of about 4.8 cm / s (17 liters per hour) for each kilowatt of the input power. In this case, the water is heated by 50 degrees - up to 70 ° C. Naturally, in winter, water will need less, and when using autonomous cooling systems, approximately one and a half times more.

Based on previous data, it is possible to calculate the cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe annular gap and the inner diameter of the shirt. It is necessary to take into account the affordable sorting of pipes. Calculations and practice have shown that the gap of 1-1.5 mm is quite sufficient to comply with all the necessary conditions. This corresponds to pairs of pipes: 10x1 - 14x1, 12x1 - 16x1, 14x1 - 18x1, 16x1 - 20x1 and 20x1 - 25x1.5, which overlap the entire range of capacity used at home.

There is another important detail of the direct erode - the spiral, poured on the steam tube. Such a helix of wire with a diameter that provides a gap of 0.2-0.3 mm to the inner surface of the shirt. Move with a step equal to 2-3 diameters of the steam tube. The main purpose is the centering of the steam pipe, in which the temperature is higher than in the shirt tube. This means that, in consequence of thermal expansion, the steam tube is lengthened and bends, leaning toward the shirt, dead zones are arising that are not washed cooling water, as a result, the efficiency of the refrigerator drops sharply. Additional pluses of the spiral navigation are the elongation of the path and the creation of the turbulence of the cooling flow of water.

Competently made directback can dispose of up to 15 watts / sq. See heat exchange area, which is confirmed by experienced. To determine the length of the cooled part of the direct errate, we use the rated power of 10 W / sq. cm (100 square meters cm / kW).

The required heat exchange area is equal to the heating power in kilowatts multiplied by 100:

S \u003d P * 100 (sq. Cm).

The length of the outer circumference of the steam tube:

LOK \u003d 3.14 * D.

Height of the cooling shirt:

H \u003d S / LOC.

General calculation formula:

H \u003d 3183 * P / D (power in kW, height and outer diameter of steam tube in millimeters).

Example of calculating direct erodist

Heating power - 2 kW.

It is possible to use pipes 12x1 and 14x1.

Squeezing area - 78.5 and 113 square meters. mm.

Couple volume - 750 * 2 \u003d 1500 cubic meters. cm / s.

Steam velocities in the pipes: 19.1 and 13.2 m / s.

Pipe 14x1 looks preferable, as it allows to have a power supply, remaining in the recommended range of steam speed.

A pair tube for shirt - 18x1, a ring gap will be 1 mm.

Water supply rate: 4.8 * 2 \u003d 9.6 cm3 / s.

The area of \u200b\u200bthe ring gap - 3.14 / 4 * (16 * 16 - 14 * 14) \u003d 47.1 square meters. mm \u003d 0.471 square meters. cm.

Linear speed - 9.6 / 0.471 \u003d 20 cm / s - the value remains in the recommended limits.

If an annular gap was 1.5 mm - 13 cm / s. If 2 mm, then the linear speed would drop to 9.6 cm / s and would have to supply water above the nominal volume, exclusively in order not to be recent refrigerator, meaningless waste of money.

The height of the shirt is 3183 * 2/14 \u003d 454 mm or 45 cm. The stock ratio is not needed, everything is taken into account.

Outcome: 14x1-18x1 with a height of a cooled part of 45 cm, the nominal water consumption is 9.6 cubic meters. cm / s or 34.5 liters per hour.

At rated power of 2 kW of heating, the refrigerator will produce 4 liters of alcohol per hour with a good stock.

An efficient and balanced returner during distillation should have the ratio of the selection rate to the power of heating and water flow to cooling 1 liter / hour - 0.5 kW - 10 liters / hour. If the power is higher, there will be large heat loss, small - the useful heating capacity will decrease. If the water consumption is higher, the forwarder has an inefficient design.

The distillation column can be used as a marriage. Equipment for the brigade columns has its own characteristics, but the second distillation is different in the main technology. For the first distillation features, more and individual nodes may not be applicable, but this is a topic for a separate conversation.

Based on the real home needs and an existing pipe asienting, we calculate according to the method of the model variants of the distillation column.

P.S. We express gratitude to the systematization of material and assistance in the preparation of the article by the user of our forum.