Meetings of measurements and verification of ventilation efficiency. What are the regulatory requirements for checking and servicing the supply and exhaust ventilation and air conditioners? Measures of ventilation on efficiency

Ventilation in industrial premises is an extremely important and effective means of protecting the health of working and disease prevention.

In the production premises, many technological processes are accompanied by heat release, moisture, harmful substances in the form of vapors, gases and dust. Along with this, the air of the premises is constantly contaminated with the exhaled man with carbon dioxide, the products of swelling, sebaceous glands, organic substances contained in clothing and shoes, as well as chemicals separated from polymeric materials. To maintain the specified aircraft parameters in the room, a fresh and removal of contaminated air is required.

The air of chemical-pharmaceutical enterprises and pharmacy industrial premises can be contaminated in the process of corrosion and issuing drugs during the chemical analysis of preparations. For example, with suspension, dosage, perspiration, packaging, chemical analysis of drugs in assistant, filling, in the room, the air-analyte room is polluted with dust, pairs and gases of medicinal substances. In the washing, distillation-sterilization air may contain excess heat and moisture. The long stay of a large number of people in the premises of the trading hall causes changes in the physical properties and the chemical composition of the air (

perats, humidity, carbon dioxide content, number of microorganisms, etc.).

Maintaining in the production premises of the parameters of the air environment that satisfies the hygienic requirements is carried out by various ventilation systems, when designing which the amounts of distinguished harm are taken into account.

Industrial ventilation occupies an important place in the complex of preventive measures to improve the air environment of industrial premises aimed at improving the working conditions of workers. Its direct appointment is to combat excess heat and moisture, as well as gases, vapors and dust.

According to the method of moving air distinguish systems of natural, mechanical and mixed ventilation.

Air motion motion in natural ventilation is the wind pressure on the wall of the building (wind pressure),conserving air movement through the room in the horizontal direction, and the difference in temperature indoors and outside (thermal pressure),by moving the convection currents of air vertically and removing heated, contaminated air through holes at the top of the room.

Natural ventilation can be applied in the form through ventilationcarried out by wind pressure, and in the form of controlled ventilation - aeration.Through ventilation is usually used in industrial premises with a large number of working and in the absence of harmful discharge (toxic dust, vapor and gases). Aeration is used only in premises with excessive heat (so-called hot shops) with heat release of more than 23 W / m 3. The outer air at aeration enters the room through open window openings and fraamuga, and the contaminated, carrying out excess heat, moisture, production dust, is removed from the workshop through the top openings or special devices. Local natural exhaust ventilation is organized in the form of exhaust mines (pipes) located above the selection of hot vapors and gases (heating furnaces, blacksmith mines) and bred buildings. To increase the efficiency of natural hood inside the exhaust mines, deflectors of various designs are installed.

The motion motion in terms of mechanical ventilation serve special devices (fans, ejectors).

Mechanical ventilation is divided into the direction of the air flow to the supply and exhaust. They can be in the form of general (generally exchange) and local (local) ventilation. Community ventilation is designed to create optimal and permissible meteorological conditions in the entire room. It is usually applied if jobs are uniformly located around the room, and harmful discharges come into directly in the air of the working area. The incoming air should be distributed evenly throughout the size of the room.

Complete openings of general ventilation,as a rule, air is fed into the lower (working) area of \u200b\u200bthe room. Air supply to the upper zone is possible in two cases: if there is permanent dust sources in the room (in order to avoid lifting dust) and water vapor, which can be condensed in the cool supply air, so air is supplied heated to 30-35? C in the upper room area . Local supply ventilation(In combination with aeration or mechanical supply-exhaust ventilation), it is used, as a rule, in hot shops in the form "Air Soul",feeding cool (18? C) Air directly on a working person, "Air Oasis",representing a watery-fledged place of rest of the workers, inside which is served cool air, as well as in the form of "Air thermal curtain"(flux of warm air is not higher than 50-70? with in the door exterior openings of industrial premises and the outer gate). The air vents of the air from the gaps or holes of the air and air conduction curtains should be at the outer doors not more than 8 m / s and at the gate - 25 m / s.

Exhaust ventilationdesigned to remove contaminated by harmful air selections from the room, for example, from a washing pharmacy, a room of an analytics chemist.

Total exhaust ventilationremoves polluted air from the upper zone of industrial premises. Local exhaust ventilationit is used directly in places of extraction of harmful substances generated under a number of operations (weighing, dosing, loading, etc.), to prevent them all over the room. Local exhaust ventilation is the most efficient way to combat excess heat and volatility, gases, pairs, dust. Since the concentration of harmful discharges at higher education is higher, consumption

the air to remove them requires significantly smaller than when communicating ventilation.

Local complishes must meet the following requirements: high tightness, convenience of service, resistance to aggression media, small air costs, high efficiency of harmful substances. Local Dance Designs can be completely closed, semi-openor open.The most efficient closed suction. They capture harmful substances as fully as possible with the minimum volume of the air removed. These include housings, cameras, hermetically or tightly shelting dusting equipment. In some cases, shelter sealing is impossible to carry out technological reasons. In these cases, suction with partial shelter (pull out drobe)or open: exhaust umbrellas, exhaust panels, onboard suctions and other devices. Exhaust cabinetsalmost completely covers the source of harmful discharge. Only working openings remain unburned, through which the air from the room enters the closet. Exhaust umbrellasused to capture harmful discharges raising up. Umbrellas are installed above the accumulation of sources of heat and moisture executions and other sources of non-toxic harms that are distinguished together with heat. Whiswing panelsused to remove harmful discharge when the zone of harmful discharge is relatively large and more complete shelter is impossible. On-board suctioninstalled around the perimeter of open baths containing technical solutions from the surface of which harmful pairs and gases are distinguished. The principle of operation of these suits is that the trim air captures harmful pairs, gases and takes them into an exhaust air duct.

There are direct and indirect methods for evaluating the efficiency of ventilation systems..

An assessment of the indirect methods is an assessment of the compliance of the air environment of the production facilities by sanitary standards in terms of the concentration of harmful substances in the air of the working area, temperature, relative humidity and air mobility of thermal irradiation, to direct methods - the speed and temperature of air flow, productivity, developed pressure and the number of revolutions Fan, pressure difference or vacuum, noise and vibration of ventilation systems, concentration of harmful substances in flow air.

After carrying out the hygienic efficiency of ventilation, after the implementation of all necessary technological, operational and organizational measures to eliminate or reduce excess of excess heat, dust and gases from equipment in the premises.

The representative of Rospotrebnadzor before the control of the ventilation systems should become familiar with the following documents: approved in the prescribed manner of the ventilation project, as well as a list of deviations from the project, acts of inspection and acceptance of hidden works, protocols of technical testing and adjustment of ventilation systems, ventilation passports, schedules of planning and warning repair and the magazine of his registration.

Verification of the effectiveness of the active ventilation is carried out by measuring the velocity and temperature of air flows in the working area, in open openings and working sections of air actuators, as well as in transport, assembly and aeration openings, in the supply jets from air-distributing devices, air shower and Curtain. In addition, the performance of fans and pressures developed in ducts in the ducts of secrets and exhaust systems built into the equipment of local suits and aspiration shelters and is measured by the difference in pressure or vacuum in the industrial premises of relatively adjacent rooms or atmospheric, in boxes, cabins and shelters.

Performance of ventilation systems of local suns, aspiration shelters, etc. Determined by the formula:

To estimate the performance of mechanical ventilation, the speed of the air passing through the closed air duct is determined by the magnitude of the pressure generated by air moving along the air duct, by the formula:

Dynamic pressure (n din) is the pressure difference required to move air through the air duct.

Dynamic pressure in the air ducts is measured by micromanometer MMN-2400- (5) -1.0, thermomemometer (TESTO-435), pressure gauge (differential digital DCM-0.1 / m, liquid U-shaped) complete with a pneumometric tube PITO and DR .

Direct measurement of air flow velocities in channels or air ducts is carried out by thermoenemometers (Testo- 425, LV-110, etc.).

Sanitary and hygienic assessment of ventilation efficiency, indicative base of action.With sanitary and hygienic control of mechanical and natural ventilation, as well as local suits of all types, efficiency is estimated as the ability to maintain the production area of \u200b\u200bthe air environment in the working area, satisfying the requirements of SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96, ace 2.2.5.1313-03, ace 2.2.5.1314 -03.

The sanitary and hygienic assessment of the ventilation of the production premises should be carried out with the participation of representatives of the relevant services of the enterprise: technologists, mechanics, laboratory workers, safety and ventilation service provisions.

The scheme of the mechanical ventilation and air conditioning installations can be represented as follows:

A brief description of the production process and work premises (cubature, number of employees);

The characteristic of the main harm that changes the state of the air environment, the nature of its selection: constant or periodic, localized or scattered;

Ventilation system: Community or localizing, supply-exhaust, recycling;

Mechanical characteristic of the unit: fan number, motor power;

Measures to reduce noise and vibration from the operation of ventilation plants;

The location and sanitary characteristics of the intake air and emission fence places;

Devices for the preparation of the supplied air and their technical characteristics (cleaning, heating, etc.);

The location of the supply and exhaust holes in the room;

Temperature and speed of movement of the supplied air (at the duct screw hole);

Description and characteristics of localizing exhaust devices;

Air movement speed in shelter openings;

Description and characteristics of local airborne devices;

The speed and temperature of the air supplied by local supply devices;

Air exchange indoors (separately on the influx and exhaust), the air cube (the number of cubic meters of air, entering 1 operating) and the multiplicity of volume;

Air balance in the room (the ratio of the amount of supplied and removed air);

Characteristics of harmful factors of premises nearby; the possibility of interpenetration of harm;

The characteristic of the air environment under the action of ventilation and without it:

a) temperature and humidity of air at workplaces (including the characteristic of the uniformity of temperature and humidity at different points of the room, at different distances from the supply and exhaust holes);

b) air movement speed in the workplace, in the aisles at the door, the presence of tangible air currents in the workplace;

c) air dusting (at workplaces);

d) the concentration of harmful gases and vapors (at workplaces). With periodic excavation, it is necessary to specify the maximum amount due to certain points of the production process;

Survey data working on health and, if necessary, the results of physiological monitoring of the heat-regulation process;

Conclusion.

The direct assessment of the effectiveness of the ventilation system of the production premises begins with preliminary measures: checks compliance of the technological process of the regulations, the health of technological equipment and communications (if there are defects, an indication of their elimination), inspection of the ventilation systems and their elements, evaluating the correctness of the fan operation (correct direction of rotation, There are no extraneous noise during rotation), inspection of the network of air drives (for the presence of breaks and damage in it), air-powered and air intake devices (blinds, lattices, valves, etc.) and calorifers.

After elimination of selected defects, measurements of microclimate parameters are carried out and determining the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area.

Ventilation of the surveyed room is recognized effective if the values \u200b\u200bof the specified parameters are within the requirements of sanitary regulations.

When the air parameters deflects from acceptable values, the ventilation instrumental survey should be proceeded.

Mechanical ventilation performance is measured for: determining the conformity of actual ventilation performance of the project value; calculating the multiplicity of air exchange; identifying the volume of inflows and exhaust and their distribution over the area zones; Calculations of the average air movement rates in the working sections of air-actuate devices.

If the actual values \u200b\u200bcoincide with the design, but do not provide regulated aircraft parameters, then the ventilation of this room is estimated as unsatisfactory, and a labor hygiene specialist should indicate the need to revise the ventilation project, taking into account the actual mode of operation of technological equipment (an increase in equipment intensification, intensification of production processes, introducing new harmful substances into technological cycles, etc.).

If the actual values \u200b\u200bof the ventilation parameters do not coincide with the project, then the order is drawn up to bring the ventilation parameters to project values \u200b\u200bwith an indication of the execution time. After executing the enterprise, the prescription is carried out

re-measure the parameters of the ventilation systems and assessment of the condition of the room of the room.

15.2. Examination of ventilation projects

When examining the project, it is necessary to study its technological part, then check the main calculations and evaluate the project according to the following scheme.

1. Assessing the correctness of the choice of ventilation system.

2. Characteristics and evaluation of the supply system:

The method and place of the intake air fence;

Devices for cleaning, heating and humidifier air;

The location and device of the supply openings indoors;

Temperature and flow rate of supply air;

The adequacy of the air exchange on the influx (its verification calculation);

Cabbage room per person, air cube and metabolism;

The presence of recycling, admissibility and its scale.

3. Evaluation of local air supplies:

Direction of air soul flow;

Air temperature;

Air supply rate.

4. Characteristics and evaluation of the exhaust system:

Device and location of the openings of general exhaust ventilation;

Device of localizing shelters;

Initial air velocity in shelter holes;

Device for cleaning the air removed from the room;

Characteristics of the release of the air removed;

Air exchange hood (its verification calculation).

5. Characteristic and evaluation of the ventilation system as a whole:

The ratio of air supply air intake and emissions of the air removed;

The ratio of the location of the supply and exhaust holes in the room;

Balance of the room (i.e., the ratio of the total amount of supply and removed air).

6. General sanitary assessment of the ventilation system. Conclusion for the ventilation project.

Basic hygienic recommendations in the design and construction of ventilation and contingentization systems. Appointment of ventilation and air conditioning systems in industrial premises - maintaining microclumatic conditions in them in accordance with the requirements of sanitary rules and removal of harmful substances from the air of the working area to the PDC levels.

Task of ventilation to combat excessive heat(The difference in the heat generation and heat loss in the room) is to maintain the optimal and permissible temperatures of the air in the room as a whole (with the help of general ventilation) or in a limited space of the workplace (air souls). To do this, aeration, common natural or mechanical ventilation with a local influx, etc. can be applied in the work premises.

For workshops with significant excess of explicit heat under heat change of more than 23 W / m 3, relating to premises with significant heat dissipation (the so-called hot shops), aeration is the cheapest and reliable way of ventilation.

The task of ventilation to combat excess moisture- maintaining the relative humidity of air air levels at the level, depending on other meteorological conditions and the nature of the work, the normal thermal balance of the body. At the same time, ventilation should prevent the formation of the condensation of water vapor (in the air and on the inner surfaces of the fences).

When solving the issue of principles and regimens of ventilating rooms with excessive moisture, first of all, it should be provided for the hermetic local ventilation covers of the voltage-paying units with the removal of excess moisture from them.

In cases where, for some reason, local exhaust devices cannot be used or they cannot provide a sufficiently complete removal of excess moisture, we use secregnate supply and exhaust ventilation at the calculation of the assimilation of excessive moisture to the inlet outer air and removing the moistened air outward.

General principles of combating moisture subject with general ventilation are the supply of heated dry air in

working and upper zones and extraction of wet warm air from the upper room area.

To prevent the condensation of moisture and the formation of drops, it is necessary that the air coolant in external fences has a temperature above the dew point.

To combat harmful couples and gasesthe most effective localizing exhaust ventilation (directly from hermetically covered aggregate highlighting a harmful factor).

In some cases, when according to technological, constructive and other conditions, it is not possible to use local exhaust ventilation, applied generally. With it, clean air is supplied, diluting harmful substances incoming to the PDC. The accumulation of the selected vapors and gases in the upper or lower zones is possible only with relatively large amounts and insignificant air mobility. In the absence of these conditions, diffusion occurs and the active mixing of gases and air in the industrial premises due to the movement of machines, people and the presence of convective thermal currents, and the resulting gas-air mixture almost does not change the specific mass. Under such conditions, the choice of zone to remove the contaminated air will depend mainly from excess in the heat room capable of heat polluted air and raise it up. In general, it is necessary to recommend the extraction of air from the zones, the most close to the venues of the possible excretion of the harm.

Trying air, as a rule, should be submitted to the working area (at an altitude of 1.2-1.5 meters from the floor) to the places of the greatest contamination. In cases where gas divisions are localized by local suction, the air is usually supplied to dispersed in the upper area of \u200b\u200bthe room.

To combat dustthe most efficient local exhaust ventilation removing dust from the zone of its formation. In the ventilation project, measures should be provided for the maximum tooling the source of dust and dusting and the approximation of the suction opening to the dust source.

Fighting dust using general ventilation, as a rule, does not give the necessary hygienic effect. In some cases, when the condensation aerosol is formed (welding) and work is not performed on fixed workplaces, but in different areas

cah shop, removal of dust with the help of local exhaust ventilation is impossible, you have to use secregnate intake ventilation, designed to dilute the complex welding aerosol (iron, manganese, titanium oxides, etc.).

Supply ventilation system.Exterior air receiving devices should be placed at an altitude of more than 1 m on the level of sustainable snow cover, but not lower than 2 m from the ground level and not lower than 3 m from the ground level in the areas of sandy storms.

Common receiving devices for outdoor air should not be designed for equipment of supply systems that are not allowed to be placed in the same room.

Protection of receiving devices from pollution with suspended impurities of plant origin must be provided in the presence of instructions in the design task.

Consumption of the supply air during the warm season for premises with excess heat should be determined by providing direct or indirect evaporative cooling of the outdoor air and air-airing indoors, in which, under the terms of work, high humidity is required.

Padded air from the air distributors is given, as a rule, to the room with a constant stay of people, for permanent jobs and direct so that the air does not flow through the zones with great pollution in the zone with less contamination and did not violate the work of local suns.

The damping air into the working zone is supplied by horizontal jets produced within or above the working area, including in vortex ventilation, inclined (down) jets produced at an altitude of 2 m and more on the floor, and vertical, produced at an altitude of 4 m and more from gender.

With minor excess warmth, the trim air into production rooms can be supplied to the upper zone by jets: vertical directed from top to bottom, horizontal or inclined (down). In rooms with significant moisters with a heat-smear ratio of 4000 kJ / kg and less, as a rule, part of the supply air in the condensation zone of moisture on the enclosing structures of the building is supplied.

In rooms with dust secretions, the trimming air should be supplied with jets directed from top to bottom from the air-screening agents, which are located in the upper zone.

Ventilation with artificial motivation It is necessary to provide for Cainry cabins in rooms with excess heat of more than 23 W / m 3 and when irradiated with a heat wheel with a heat flux with a surface density of more than 140 W / m 2.

If in the air surrounding the cabin cabin, the concentration of harmful substances exceeds the MPC, then it is necessary to provide a ventilating outer air.

Ceiling fans and fans-faiths (except for applied for scenario of workplaces) should be provided in addition to the supply ventilation systems for a periodic increase in air movement speed in the warm season above the permissible, but not more than 0.3 m / s at workplaces or individual Plots of the room: on permanent workplaces during irradiation with a radiant heat flux with surface density of more than 140 W / m 2.

Local supply installations.Air strokes with outdoor air permanent jobs should be provided:

When irradiated with a radiant heat flux with an intensity of more than 140 W / m 2;

With open technological processes, accompanied by the release of harmful substances, and the impossibility of the shelter device or local exhaust ventilation, providing measures to prevent the proliferation of harmful discharge on permanent jobs. Estimated temperature standards and air velocity at the workplace during air scenario in industrial premises are presented in SNiP 41-01-2003 (Table 15.1).

When evaluating the projects of the air shower, it is necessary to remember the following: thermal irradiation of the head, neck and chest is heavier than the irradiation of the limbs; The more irradiated body surface, the fact of the feeling; Continuous exposure is an intermittent (the state of the worker improves, if during a pause, at least very short-term, it is in conditions favorable for heat transfer).

21.07.2017 15:44

For which work is performed on measurement and ventilation analysis:

Introduction to the operation of new or objects after reconstruction. Article 20 of the FZ dated December 30, 2009 No. 384-FZ: "In the design documents of buildings, it is necessary to provide for the equipment of premises by ventilation systems. It can be envisaged to equip buildings with air conditioning systems. The number of harmful substances in the air supplied to the room through ventilation and air conditioning should not exceed the maximum permissible standards for such structures or for the workspace of production buildings. "
The study of ventilation systems for compliance with the regulatory framework of Rospotrebnadzor and Rostechnadzor, corresponding to the Gostas, Sanpins, RD and other regulatory documentation.
Ventilation research to develop a program to improve working conditions.

Ventilation Efficiency Analysis Equipment:

Foreign anemometers or thermoenemometers are available in any research organization.
Differential pressure gauge and tube Pito unfamiliar to the majority, but easy to operate effective.
Contact thermometer - forgotten device, but there are almost everyone.
Tachometer
Temperature meter, humidity and air pressure.

There are even additional devices, however, their complexity and price are not comparable to the already listed (meteoscope, IR meter, thermohygrometer, aeroeon counter, barometer, pressure gauge).

Ventilation

The main thing is what the living organism needs is clean air. The purpose of the ventilation systems is to ensure the environment corresponding to sanitary and hygienic standards.

Air facilities for air:

Fresh air flow through an open window.
Ventilation with natural and mechanized traction.
Air heating systems, air conditioning systems.

Objects that need ventilation

Ungotable and nonless premises equipped with microclimate systems in which people are continuously located. These are almost all offices, shopping areas of modernity.
Production premises, in the air of which harmful substances are distinguished.
The buildings are particularly demanding of air quality and microclimate (schools, preschool institutions, health facilities).

Ventilation systems are used in almost all buildings and facilities.

Ventilation is the final sanitary and technical instrument of a set of measures to ensure a healthy atmosphere in isolated premises. It helps to fight extra humidity, warmth, gas and dust.

Distinguish direct and indirect ways to analyze the effect of ventilation systems.

Indirect methods Increase the assessment of the air compliance of the production building adopted by the content of harmful substances, temperature, humidity and movement of air masses, thermal radiation.

Direct methods - Air movement speed, its temperature, performance, pressure, frequency of rotation of the blades of the ventilation unit, noise and vibration of the fan parts, the content of hazardous substances in the air jet inflow.

The survey of the efficiency of the ventilation system is performed by determining the speed and temperature of the air in the workspace, openings and sections of devices taking airflow, in transport, assembly openings, in the supply jets of air devices. Calculating the performance of ventilation plants, measurement of pressure in air duct aircraft and exhaust systems, measurement of pressure differences in industrial buildings in comparison with nearby rooms.

According to the results of the studies, the report is drawn up or the passport of the ventilation system, which is the final phase of passport.

That's all the knowledge that is needed to analyze ventilation efficiency: device, appointment, requirements, standards, work with equipment, documentation and accreditation.

Theme 11. Physical and mental physicality. Hygienic assessment of the severity and strength of the labor process

Topic 12. Hygienic assessment of physical factors of the production environment, the principles of their hygienic rationing. Prevention of occupational diseases caused by physical nature factors

Topic 13. Hygienic assessment of chemical and biological factors of the production environment, the principles of their hygienic rationing. Prevention of occupational diseases caused by factors of chemical and biological nature

Topic 14. Hygienic assessment assessment, planning and mode of operation of pharmacy organizations (pharmacies)

Topic 15. Hygienic requirements for the working conditions of pharmacy workers

Topic 16. Hygienic assessment assessment, planning and mode of operation of wholesale pharmaceutical organizations (pharmacy warehouses) and monitoring and analytical laboratories

Topic 10. Hygienic assessment of industrial ventilation

Objective:explore the various types of industrial velocities, hygienic requirements for the organization of ventilation of industrial premises of pharmacies; We will master the methods for determining the necessary air exchange and its multiplicity in various pharmacy premises, hygienic assessment of the effectiveness of ventilation systems.

When preparing for the lesson, it is necessary to work

questions of theory.

1. Sources of air pollution of industrial premises of pharmacies. Appointment and types of ventilation.

2. Natural ventilation, organized and unorganized air exchange, aeration. Factors defining the intensity of ventilation.

3. Artificial ventilation. Ventilation systems. Features of the organization of ventilation in the industrial premises of pharmacies with excretion in the air of excess heat, water vapor, dust, poisonous vapors and gases.

4. Hygienic assessment of the effectiveness of ventilation systems of industrial premises. Determination of the necessary air exchange in various pharmacy premises and its multiplicity.

After mastering the topic the student should know:

Stages of the hygienic examination of production ventilation;

Determination of the necessary air exchange in various pharmacy premises and its multiplicity;

be able to:

Choose the most effective types of ventilation for specific production conditions in the premises of pharmacy organizations;

Estimate the effectiveness of natural and artificial ventilation in the premises of pharmacy organizations on the results of research on compliance with hygienic standards;

Evaluate the effectiveness of the operation of the ventilation systems;

Use major regulatory documents and information sources of reference nature on the use of efficient ventilation systems to ensure optimal and permissible meteorological conditions and purity of pharmacy premises.

Educational material for assignment

Ventilation in industrial premises is an extremely important and effective means of protecting the health of working and disease prevention.

perats, humidity, carbon dioxide content, number of microorganisms, etc.).

According to the method of moving air distinguish systems of natural, mechanical and mixed ventilation.

Natural ventilation can be applied in the form through ventilationcarried out by wind pressure, and in the form of controlled ventilation - aeration.Through ventilation is usually used in industrial premises with a large number of working and in the absence of harmful discharge (toxic dust, vapor and gases). Aeration is used only in premises with excessive heat (so-called hot shops) with heat release of more than 23 W / m 3. The outer air at aeration enters the room through open window openings and fraamuga, and the contaminated, carrying out excess heat, moisture, production dust, is removed from the workshop through the top openings or special devices. Local natural exhaust ventilation is organized in the form of exhaust mines (pipes) located above the selection of hot vapors and gases (heating furnaces, blacksmith mines) and bred buildings. To increase the efficiency of natural hood inside the exhaust mines, deflectors of various designs are installed.

The motion motion in terms of mechanical ventilation serve special devices (fans, ejectors).

Complete openings of general ventilation, as a rule, air is fed into the lower (working) area of \u200b\u200bthe room. Air supply to the upper zone is possible in two cases: if there is permanent dust sources in the room (in order to avoid lifting dust) and water vapor, which can be condensed in the cool supply air, so air is supplied heated to 30-35? C in the upper room area . Local supply ventilation(In combination with aeration or mechanical supply-exhaust ventilation), it is used, as a rule, in hot shops in the form "Air Soul",feeding cool (18? C) Air directly on a working person, "Air Oasis",representing a watery-fledged place of rest of the workers, inside which is served cool air, as well as in the form of "Air thermal curtain"(flux of warm air is not higher than 50-70? with in the door exterior openings of industrial premises and the outer gate). The air vents of the air from the gaps or holes of the air and air conduction curtains should be at the outer doors not more than 8 m / s and at the gate - 25 m / s.

Exhaust ventilation designed to remove contaminated by harmful air selections from the room, for example, from a washing pharmacy, a room of an analytics chemist.

Total exhaust ventilation removes polluted air from the upper zone of industrial premises. Local exhaust ventilationit is used directly in places of extraction of harmful substances generated under a number of operations (weighing, dosing, loading, etc.), to prevent them all over the room. Local exhaust ventilation is the most efficient way to combat excess heat and volatility, gases, pairs, dust. Since the concentration of harmful discharges at higher education is higher, consumption

the air to remove them requires significantly smaller than when communicating ventilation.

Features of the ventilation system in pharmacy institutions

In pharmacy institutions, the ventilation and air conditioning systems are considered effective if they are supported by microclumatic conditions in the premises in accordance with the requirements of sanitary regulations and harmful substances from the air of the working area to the MPC levels are removed.

In premises with redundant warmthmost effective is to maintain optimal and permissible air temperatures as a whole due to the general natural (aeration) or mechanical

ventilation using local air inflows in the form of air evidence for individual jobs. For "hot shops" aeration is the cheapest and reliable way of ventilation.

To ensure the normal thermal balance of the body in premises with redundant moistureventilation should contribute to the removal of the excess moisture and prevent the formation of water vapor condensation in the air and on the inner surfaces of the fences. For this, the most rational hermetic local exhaust devices in the form of suns. If it is impossible to use their use, consistent supply-exhaust ventilation with the supply of heated dry air into the working and upper zones and the extraction of wet warm air from the upper area of \u200b\u200bthe room.

For removing harmful vapors and gasesthe most effective is the local exhaust ventilation with the organization of the supply of the air intake in the upper area of \u200b\u200bthe room. If it is impossible to use its use, considerable supply ventilation is used, which, when applying clean air into the working area (at an altitude of 1.2-1.5 meters from the floor), helps to dilute the harmful substances to the PDC. Removing the contaminated air in these cases is recommended from the zones, the most close to the highlighting places, and during the excess of heat - from the upper zone, even during the isolated heavy gases and vapors.

To combat S. dustthe only effective means of dedusing is local exhaust ventilation, removing dust from the focus of its formation. In cases where the condensation aerosol is formed or work is performed not at fixed workplaces, it is necessary to use common air ventilation, designed to dilute an aerosol.

The speed of suction of polluted air depends on the dispersion of contaminants and the degree of their toxicity (hazard class). The coarse dust is recommended to remove with a speed of at least 4 m / s, fine - 2 m / s. To remove high-tech vapors and gases, it is recommended to observe the rate of suction of at least 1.5 m / s, for low-toxic - 0.7 m / s. Dust suction air ducts should not have sharp corners in places to change their direction and should not be combined with air ducts that remove water vapors or toxic substances, in order to avoid accumulation of dust sediment and blocking air ducts.

The ratio of the total inlet and removed air (air balance)

Balance is considered balancedif the amount of air entering the room is equal to the amount of air, which during this time is removed from the room by exhaust ventilation. If the number of air supplied to the air is larger than the amount of removed, an increased pressure is created indoors; In this case, the air balance positive.Usually, a positive air balance is used in the rooms where it is undesirable to enter the contaminated air from the adjacent rooms ("clean" rooms: aseptic pharmacy unit) or cold air outside. Due to the excess air pressure in the aseptic unit, the movement of air flow will be directed from this unit into the premises adjacent to it. If more air is removed from the room by exhaust ventilation, which is suppressed by the supply ventilation, air balance denied(Premises with harmful discharge).

Also, the aseptic unit is recommended using special equipment to create horizontal or vertical laminar flows of clean air in the entire room or in separate local zones to protect the most responsible sections or operations (clean cameras). Clean chambers or tables with laminar flow of air should have surface and saws from a smooth durable material. The speed of the laminar flow - in the range of 0.3-0.6 m / s with regular control of air sterility at least 1 time per month.

Air conditioning. Under air conditioning, it is understood as the creation and automatic maintenance of the constancy of the air indicators, such as temperature, humidity, pressure, gas and ion composition, smell, and air movement speed. A device that carries out the required air treatment (cleaning, heating or cooling, etc.) is called installation of air conditioning, or air conditioning. With the help of air conditioners in rooms, the necessary microclimate is ensured to create the comfort conditions and the normal flow of technological processes.

Features of the ventilation air preparation system at the enterprises of the pharmaceutical industry

In connection with the introduction of GMP rules in many enterprises of the pharmaceutical industry ("appropriate production practice"), one of the main issues is the preparation of so-called pure industrial premises (CPP), or "clean zones", in which the most responsible technological operations of drug preparations occur.

Clean rooms are the main consumer and an integral part of the air preparation system. Basic possible sources of air pollution: personnel, equipment, technological process, separated into air particles forming an aerosol of solid particles suspended in the air, or a fog of liquid. To remove particles forming aerosols or fogs, a system of multistage filtering of atmospheric air is intended.

One of the main documents describing the method of multi-stage air filtration is the developed SCC with the participation of the hybrimemide "Typical Ventilation Air Preparation Scheme", upgraded with new requirements

in 2002

The air purification system in the proposed scheme consists of several filters: coarse filter, fine cleaning filter, highly efficient finishing filters. After passing a coarse cleaning filter, the air enters the central air conditioner, where it is consistently exposed to heating, cooling and heating in various sites, then enters the steamotrier and through the fan into the fine cleaning filter, after that - in a highly efficient filter. Further, the air enters clean rooms of various zones A, B, C, D, to which the corresponding requirements for the content of mechanical particles of 0.5 μm and the content of microorganisms are presented (Table 46). In this embodiment, a typical circuit is also a differentiated return of recirculating air, which reduces the cost of air preparation costs. The system works with two air conditioners.

Table 46.Technological parameters of ventilation air in pure industrial premises

Laboratory work "Hygienic assessment of ventilation of industrial premises"

Tasks student

In accordance with the data of the situational problem:

1. Select the optimal version of the ventilation system for specific production conditions.

2. Determine the performance of the exhaust ventilation system.

3. Determine the multiplicity of air exchange indoor.

Work technique

Determination of the necessary air exchange in industrial premises

The calculation of the magnitude of the supplied and removed air is carried out on the basis of the amount of harmful discharges to be diluted to permissible levels. When calculating the air exchange room, the consumption of the supply air required to absorb excess heat, moisture, harmful substances is determined.

The required amount of air supplied to the room during gas division is calculated by the formula:

If there is not one, but several different harmful ingredients (pairs, gases) in the air of the working area (pairs, gases), the calculation of the performance of sociable ventilation has its own characteristics. Thus, while on the simultaneous selection of chemicals that do not possess a unidirectional nature of toxic action into the working area, the volume of secrecy ventilation is calculated separately to dilute each component to the MPC.

With a unidirectional effect of chemicals that simultaneously released into the working area, the calculated air exchange is found by summing the volume of air obtained at the rate of each substance. At the same time, such concentrations (C) are considered to be admissible for design, which satisfy the condition:

The required amount of air supplied to the room during dusting is calculated by the formula:

The calculation of the supply air required to dilute excess heat generations during aeration device is made by the formula:

If the air quality is worsens only as a result of the presence of people, the calculation of the volume of ventilation is carried out by carbon dioxide by the formula:

Definition and evaluation of the effectiveness of ventilation systems

Certification of ventilation systems (in Tyumen, Omsk and Novosibirsk);

Multiplicity of air exchange, including with overpressure 50pa, breathability (airfield);

Checking the efficiency of ventilation systems;

Adjustment of ventilation systems;

Production control over compliance with sanitary rules;

Drawing up a defective vendor of the ventilation system;

Assistance to customers in the acceptance of the installation of the ventsystem after the completion of the work by the assembly organization;

Energy saving, energy efficiency, reasonable reduction in energy consumption.

Work on the expertise of the performance and efficiency of ventilation systems should be made on the basis of the requirements of "Inter-sectoral rules for labor protection when using chemicals" Pot PM - 004 - 97 and "General rules of explosion safety for explosion hazardous chemical, petrochemical and oil refineries" PB 09 - 540- 03 p. 3.43. All ventilation systems should be in good condition and are subject to testing in the process of exploitation in the detection of non-compliance of the content of harmful production impurities in the air of the working area, the requirements of GOST 12.1.005, as well as after the repair of ventilation systems. P. 3.44. Ventilation systems located in indoors with aggressive media should undergo checking the condition and strength of the walls and the elements of the fastening of ducts, ventilation devices and wastewater treatment facilities in the deadlines set by the administration, but at least once a year.

Some regulatory documents

The need to certify and verify the effectiveness of ventilation systems:

1. GOST 12.4.021-75. System of labor safety standards. Ventilation systems. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.

(Excerpts)

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. Ventilation systems for industrial premises in a complex with technological equipment separating harmful substances, excessive heat or moisture should provide meteorological conditions and air purity that meet the requirements of GOST 12.1.005-88, in permanent and temporary workplaces in the working area of \u200b\u200bindustrial premises.

In the serviced area of \u200b\u200badministrative and domestic premises of industrial enterprises, as well as in the premises of public buildings, meteorological conditions should be provided in accordance with the requirements of the construction standards and the rules for the design of heating, ventilation and air conditioning, approved by the USSR State Building.

3. Requirements for ventilation systems

During operation and repair

3.1. Requirements for ventilation systems during operation

3.1.1. Emissioning systems are allowed to operate, fully passing work and having instructions for use according to GOST 2.601-95, passports, repair and operation logs.

The instructions for the operation of ventilation systems should reflect the questions of explosion and fire safety.

3.1.2. Planned inspections and verification of the compliance of ventilation systems with the requirements of this standard should be carried out in accordance with the schedule approved by the Administration of the Object.

3.1.3. Preventive inspections of premises for ventilation equipment, sewage disposals and other elements of ventilation systems serving rooms with rooms of categories A, B and B should be carried out at least once again to shift with the inspection results in the operation log. The faults detected at the same time are subject to immediate elimination.

2. SP 73.13330.2012. Actualized Edition Snip 3.05.01-85 Domestic Sanitary-Technical Systems of Buildings(excerpts)

8.1.3 Ventilation and air conditioning

8.1.3.1 When adjusting systems for air project costs, accomplish:

check the actual execution of ventilation and air conditioning systems of project documentation and the requirements of this section;

testing of fans when working on a network, checking the compliance of actual technical characteristics by passport data, including: air flow and full pressure, rotation frequency, power consumption, etc.;

checking the uniformity of heating (cooling) of heat exchangers and checking the absence of moisture takeaway through damasters of irrigation chambers or air coolers;

determination of flow and resistance of dust collecting devices;

checking the actions of exhaust devices of natural ventilation;

testing and adjusting the ventilation network of systems in order to achieve project indicators on air flow rate in air ducts, local suction, by air exchange indoors and definitions in systems of subcometations or air loss.

Deviations of air flow indicators from the design documentation provided by project documentation after adjustment and testing of ventilation systems and air conditioning are allowed:

within ± 8% - by air consumption passing through air distribution and air-actuate devices of general ventilation and air conditioning facilities under the condition of the required submissions (pouring) air conditioning;

up to +8% - by air flow, removed through local suction and served through fragrant nozzles.

8.1.3.2 On each ventilation and air conditioning system, a passport is drawn up in two copies in the form of the application

3. MU 4425-87 Sanitary and hygienic control of industrial ventilation systems

(Excerpts)

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.7. Existing ventilation systems should be regularly inspected by ventilation by ventilation or sanitary laboratories in the following dates:

a) indoors where it is possible to release harmful substances 1 and 2 hazard class - 1 time per month.

b) local exhaust systems and local ventilation-1 time per year

c) Community ventilation systems of mechanical ventilation-1 sow at 3 years

Control over compliance with the frequency of verification must be carried out by SanEpidemstations.

In the event of the reconstruction of the ventilation systems, after changing the technological process, equipment and rebuilding, the check should be carried out immediately after reconstruction, regardless of the control time.

4. SanPine 2.2.3.757-99 enterprises of individual industries, agriculture, communications, transport. Working with asbestos and asbestos-containing materials

(Excerpts)

4.6. Ventilation and heating

4.6.22. All ventilation installations both newly mounted and commissioned after reconstruction or overhaul must be tested in order to determine their effectiveness. According to the tests and adjustment, a passport must be drawn up for each ventilation system.

4.6.23. Ventilation settings must be equipped with fixtures (shells, fittings, etc.) for controlling and measuring speed, temperature, etc. in air ducts, regulation of air volumes.

4.6.24. Testing, adjustment and adjustment of ventilation systems should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP "Sanitary and technical equipment of buildings and structures" and the GOST "Ventilation systems. Aerodynamic test methods."

4.6.25. Control of the operation of ventilation systems and dust equipment should be carried out regularly In accordance with the requirements of "Instructions for sanitary and hygienic control of systems for ventilation of industrial premises", methodical indications "Sanitary and hygienic control systems for ventilation of industrial premises" and GOST "Protection of nature. Atmosphere. Methods for determining the speed and consumption of gas-pepped flows that depart from stationary sources of pollution ".

4.7.1. Air working area

4.7.1.4. The multiplicity and frequency of planned sanitary control is established depending on the hazard class of hazardous substances. When entering the air of the working zone of harmful substances of grade 2 - at least once a month, 3 hazard classes - at least 1 time per quarter.

Note: Asbestos-containing materials are used everywhere, for example, slate, asbestos cement pipes I.T.D.

5. RD 153-39.4-056-00 Rules for the technical operation of trunk oil pipelines.

(Excerpts)

Ventilation of industrial premises

4.2.94 Checking the efficiency of ventilation systems should be carried out in the prescribed manner and not less than 1st time per year.

6.D-12-253-98

Methodical guidelines for oversight in gas facilities

4.1. Supervision of the operation of gas farms industrial, utilities and agricultural enterprises and objects

4.3.13. Control I. compliance project ventilation performance in explosive rooms; The presence of local suns, the use of exhaust fans only in explosion-proof execution, the presence of check valves on aircraft aircraft systems, equipment of the pumping and compressor separation of emergency ventilation in addition to the supply - exhaust; The presence of blocking of fans of exhaust systems with electrical drives of pumps of compressors and other equipment installed in explosive rooms in accordance with the safety rules in the gas economy; The presence in explosive premises of the GSF, GNP and AGNS of the alarms of the gas base. Availability annual checksum check Efficiency of ventilation systems by a specialized organization.

Note: in Omsk and Omsk region. Many gas boiler houses were commissioned.

7. SanPine 2.1.3.1375-03 Hygienic requirements for accommodation, device, equipment and operation of hospitals, maternity hospitals and other healing hospitals

6.38. Preventive inspection and repair of ventilation systems and air conditioning air ducts should be carried out according to

approved schedule at least 2 times a year. Eliminating current faults, defects should be carried out without delay.

6.39. The administration of the medical institution is organized control over the parameters of the microclimate and pollution of the chemicals of the air environment, the operation of the ventilation systems and the multiplicity of air exchange in the following rooms - in the main functional premises of the operating, postoperative, generic, chambers of intensive care, oncohematological, ironing offices, FTO, premises for storing potent and poisonous substances, pharmacy warehouses, premises for the preparation of drugs, laboratories, the separation of therapeutic dentistry, special premises of radiological offices and other premises, in the cabinets, using chemical and other substances and compounds that can adversely affect human health - 1 time in 3 months; - infectious, incl. tuberculosis hospitals (departments), bacteriological, viral laboratories, radicals - 1 time in 6 months;

- in the rest of the premises - 1 time in 12 months.

8. FZ No. 52-F3 on the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population

1. The atmospheric air in urban and rural settlements in the territories of the industrial organization, as well as air in the work areas of industrial premises, residential and other premises should not be adversely affected by a person. Etc.

Note: There is a practice, a state sanitary doctor issues an order to verify the effectiveness of ventilation systems. The test is conducted by SanEpidemstation or another attracted organization. The validity period of the test results is taken. Systems 1 year. (according to SanEpidemadzor).

9. Sanpin 2.2.4.548-96 Hygienic requirements for microclimate of industrial premises

6.4. When providing permissible magnitles of microclimate at workplaces:

air temperature difference in height should be no more than 3 ° C;
the air temperature drop horizontally, as well as its changes during the shift should not exceed:

In this case, the absolute air temperature values \u200b\u200bshould not go beyond the limits specified in Table. 2 for individual categories of work.

6.5. At air temperature at workplaces 25 ° C and above the maximum permissible values \u200b\u200bof the relative humidity of the air should not go beyond:

70% at air temperature 25 ° C;

65% - at air temperature 26 ° C;

60% at air temperature 27 ° C;

55% - at air temperature 28 ° C.

6.6. At air temperature of 26-28 ° C air speed indicated in Table. 2 for the warm season, must correspond to the range:

6.7. The permissible magnitudes of the intensity of thermal irradiation of working on workplaces from production sources heated to the dark luminescence (materials, products, etc.) should correspond to the values \u200b\u200bshown in Table. 3.

table 2

Permissible values \u200b\u200bof microclimate indicators

n.and workplace of industrial premises

		Air temperature, ° С		Temperature	Relative	Air speed, m / s
	work on the level of energy consumption, W	range below optimal values	range above optimal values	surfaces, ° С	air humidity,	for the range of air temperature below optimal values, no more	for the air temperature range above the optimal values, not more than **
Cold



	III (more than 290)




	III (more than 290)

* At air temperatures 25° C and more than the maximum values \u200b\u200bof relative humidity should be taken in accordance with the requirements of clause 6.5.

** At air temperatures 26-28° With the speed of air in the warm period of the year, must be taken in accordance with the requirements of paragraph 6.6.

10. SP 1.1.1058-01. Sanitary rules. Organization and conduct of production control over compliance with sanitary rules and the implementation of sanitary-anti-epidemic (preventive) events.

II. The procedure for organizing and conducting production control

2.3. Objects of production control are industrial, public premises, buildings, structures, sanitary protection zones, sanitary protection areas, equipment, transport, technological equipment, technological processes, jobs used to perform work, service, and raw materials, semi-finished products, ready Products, production and consumption waste.

2.4. Production control includes:

d) control over the presence of certificates, sanitary and epidemiological conclusions, personal medical records, sanitary passports for transport, other documents confirming the quality, safety of raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products and technologies of their production, storage, transportation, implementation and disposal in cases provided for in cases current legislation;

III. Requirements for the program (plan) of production control

3.3. The list of chemicals, biological, physical and other factors, as well as production control facilities representing the potential hazard for humans and the environment of its habitat (test critical points) in respect of which the organization of laboratory research and tests are necessary indicating the points in which samples are selected. (Laboratory studies and tests are conducted), and sampling periodicity (laboratory research and testing).

During operation, engineering systems are repaired, transferring, replacing nodes and equipment and other different works. All this can affect the proper operation of the system, including errors of calculation, design or installation are possible, or a changed load on the system, or on the contrary, an increase in efficiency is needed in this case, an expert assessment of the system's work is necessary. An expert assessment includes a report on the operation of the system, which includes all the results of the assessment and recommendations for improvement.

Research of ventilation systems

In order to draw up an opinion on the operation of the system, it is necessary to understand in which state it is, which is installed equipment and automation, and many other parameters, for this you need access to all parts of the system.

What is included in the study of the ventilation system:

Visual inspection of the system and equipment for the presence of defects
Checking the mode of operation of the equipment
Estimation of equipment status
Checking the system regulation
Survey of customer employees about system problems in their room
Tool check air cost
Evaluation of the project project
Checking the Compliance of the Project System and Analysis of the Influence of Possible Deviations
Checking design calculations
Calculation of air expenditures and other system parameters at the time of inspection
Evaluation of the efficiency of the system and possible upgrades or repair

The full range of examination will allow you to very accurately determine the current state of the system, and will also give an understanding of what is better to change, in some cases you can do the overbalance and reconfiguration of the automation system, other may be replaced by ventilation equipment, in third, it is possible to replace air ducts or air distribution devices. If the customer has no operational service, with a very large share of probability, there is practically no understanding that is happening with the ventilation system. Therefore, we offer service work not only ventilation systems, but also maintenance of refrigeration equipment and other engineering systems of buildings, the advantage of this approach is a complete and absolutely clear understanding of the state of the system.

Instrumental measurements of ventilation

It is necessary to stay in more detail on measurements of ventilation systems, the sensations of people are individual, and therefore it is impossible to judge them, right or not, the system works, that is why instrumental measurements can show a real picture. Measurements are carried out using a special device - an anemometer that shows the air flow speed, it is also necessary to check the air temperature, it will help to properly configure automation, and also will show how well the system is isolated. Knowing air velocity and cross-sectional area, our specialists and ventilation systems can calculate air flow. After measuring on internal lattices, it is advisable to carry out measurements and on the outer grill, thus you can find out how much a system is.

Checking the effectiveness of the ventilation system

Another important point that needs to be stopped in more detail is the effectiveness of the system. In fact, effectiveness answers the question whether the system with the load assigned to it is coping with whether air parameters are normalized, which is very relevant in production. The answers to these questions lie in measurements and theoretical calculation, because it is the calculation of this issue that is crucial, and the error in it affects the operation of the system. The weak ventilation system will not provide the normalized air purity, and too redirected will consume too many resources, it is in this way that the effectiveness of the ventilation system can be understood. In the absence of the Customer's project, the required system, the OVK-Group specialists can perform work on the restoration of the ventilation system, heating, air conditioning and other engineering systems of buildings. On commercial sites where tenants are often changed, it is a very relevant problem, projects are lost or reconstructed in such cases audit and examination of systems is very necessary.

After studying the system and analyzing the results, you can understand how well the system is working or poorly and where it is desirable to improve it. Equipment, albeit, is the most important part of the equipment and is responsible for the proper operation of the system, but since almost all the supply and exhaust installations are recruited from sections, if necessary, you can add these sections or modify, improving the system. Recommendations for improving work pay attention to the problems identified during the examination, and show methods for solving these problems.