Scientific discovery: learned to turn brown eyes into blue. History of medical discoveries

Opening is not born suddenly. Each development, before the media learned about it, precedes a long and painstaking work. And before the tests and tablets appear in the pharmacy, and in laboratories - new diagnostic methods should pass the time. Over the past 30 years, the number of medical research has increased almost 4 times, and they are included in medical practice.

Biochemical blood test you have at home
Soon a biochemical blood test, as well as a pregnancy test, will take a couple of minutes. Nanobiotechnologists of the IFTI followed a high-precision blood test in the usual test strip.

The biosensory system based on the use of magnetic nanoparticles makes it possible to accurately measure the concentration of protein molecules (markers indicating the development of various diseases) and simplify the procedure for biochemical analysis as much as possible.

"Traditionally tests that can be carried out not only in the laboratory, but also in field conditions are based on the use of fluorescent or painted labels, and the results are determined by the" eye ", or using the camcorder. We use magnetic particles that have an advantage: With their help, it is possible to carry out an analysis, even dipping the test strip in a completely opaque liquid, say, to determine the substances right in solid blood, "explains, Alexey Orlov, Researcher, IOF RAS and the lead author of the research.

If the usual pregnancy test reports either "yes" or "no", then this development allows you to accurately determine the concentration of protein (that is, at what stage of development it is).

"Numerical dimension is performed only by electronic method using a portable device. Situations" either yes, or not "excluded", "says Alexey Orlov. According to a study published in the magazine Biosensors and Bioelectronics, the system has successfully established itself in the diagnosis of prostate cancer, and according to some indicators even surpassed the "Golden Standard" to determine the PSA - an immunoferment analysis.

When the test appears in pharmacies, the developers are still silent. It is planned that the biosensor, among other things, will be able to conduct environmental monitoring, analysis of products and medicines, and all this is right in place, without unnecessary devices and costs.

Trained bionic limbs
Today's bionic hands on the functionality differ little from the real - they can move their fingers and take items, but still up to the "original" far away. To "synchronize" a person with a car, scientists enlist the electrodes into the brain, remove electrical signals from the muscles and nerves, but the process of time consuming and takes several months.

The Galvanibionix team, consisting of students and graduate students of MFTI, has found a way to facilitate training and make that not a person adjusted to the robot, and the limb has adapted under man. The program written by scientists with the help of special algorithms recognizes "muscle commands" of each patient.

"Most of my classmates who have very steep knowledge go to the solution of financial problems - go to work in the corporation, create mobile applications. It is not bad and not good, it's just differently. I personally wanted to do something global, in the end So that the children were, what to tell about. And on Fiztech I found like-minded people: they are all of various areas - physiologists, mathematics, programmers, engineers - and we have found such a task for ourselves, "Aleksey Tsyganov, a member of the Galvanibionix team, shared the personal motive.

DNA cancer diagnosis
Novosibirsk has developed a ultra-composite test system for early diagnosis of cancer. According to the scientific officer of the center of virology and biotechnology "Vector" Vitaly Kuznetsova, his team managed to create a certain oncomarker - an enzyme, which is capable of detecting cancer at the initial stage, was able to detect cancer (blood or urine).

Now a similar test is carried out by analyzing specific proteins that forms a tumor. The Novosibirsk approach offers to watch the modified cancer cell DNA, which appear long before the proteins. Accordingly, the diagnosis allows you to detect the disease in the initial stage.

A similar system is already applied abroad, but in Russia it is not certified. Scientists managed to "reduce the existing technology (1.5 rubles against 150 euros - 12 million rubles). Employees of the "Vector" expect that their analysis will soon be included in the mandatory list during dispensarization.

Electronic nose
In the Siberian Physico-Technical Institute created an "electronic nose". The gas analyzer assesses the quality of food, cosmetic and medical products, as well as to diagnose a number of diseases by exhaled air.

"We investigated apples: the control part was put in the refrigerator, and the rest left at room temperature," says the creator of the Timur Muksunov instrument, the Lab Engineer "Methods, Systems and Technology Systems" of the Siberian Physico-Technical Institute.

"After 12 hours, using the installation, it was possible to identify that the second part highlights the gases intensively than the control. Now on vegetable bases, the reception of products is performed on organoleptic indicators, and with the help of the device being created, it will be possible to more accurately determine the expiration date of the product, which will affect its quality. , - he said. Muksunov places hopes for the startup support program - "Nose" is fully prepared for mass production and is waiting for funding.

Tablet from depression
Scientists from jointly with colleagues from them. N.N. Vorozhti has developed a new drug for treating depression. The tablet increases the concentration of serotonin in the blood, thereby helping to cope with Handrea.

Now the antidepressant under the working title of TS-2153 is the preclinical tests. Researchers hope that "he will successfully pass all the others and will help to achieve progress towards the treatment of a number of serious psychopathologies," Interfax writes.

Innovations are born in scientific laboratories

Over the years, employees of the Epigenetics Laboratory of the Development of the FIC "Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS" are working to create a biobank of cellular patterns of human diseases, which will then be used in creating preparations for the treatment of hereditary neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases.

Nanoparticles: Invisible and influential

The device designed at the Institute of Chemical Kinetics and burning them. V.V. Voevodsky SB RAS, helps to discover nanoparticles in a few minutes. - There are works of Russian, Ukrainian, English and American researchers who show that in cities with a high content of nanoparticles there is an increased incidence of cardiac, oncological and pulmonary diseases, - emphasizes Senior Researcher IFAKG SB RAS Candidate of Chemical Sciences Sergey Nikolaevich Dubtsov.

Novosibirsk scientists have developed a compound that will help in the fight against tumors

Researchers of the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS Create Connectors based on albumin protein, capable of effectively reaching cancer patients - in the future these substances can be the basis for drugs.

Siberian scientists developed valve prosthesis for children's hearts

Employees of the National Medical Research Center named after Academician E. N. Meshalkina created a new type of valve biopraposis for children's cardiac surgery. It is less than others subject to calcification, which will reduce the number of repeated operational interventions.

Siberian Inhibitors of Cancer Preparations Pass Preclinical Tests

Scientists of the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, the Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry. N. N. Vorozhtsova SB RAS and FIC "Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS" found effective protein targets for the development of drugs against rectal cancer, lungs and intestines.

Institutes of the SB RAS will help SIBUR LLC Develop biodegradable plastics

At the VI International Forum of Technological Development and Exhibition "Technoprome-2018", the signing of cooperation agreements between the petrochemical company SIBUR LLC and two Novosibirsk research organizations were signed by the Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry.

The solutions of various states of the human body were sought for long and painfully. Not all attempts of physicians to get to the truth were perceived by society enthusiastically and greet. Indeed, often doctors had to go to the actions that seemed to people wild. But at the same time, without them, it was impossible to further promote therapeutic case. AiF.Ru collected the history of the most vivid medical discoveries, for which some of their authors were hardly persecuted.

Anatomical features

The structure of the body of a person as the basis of medical science was puzzled by the legari of the ancient world. For example, in ancient Greece, the relationship of the relationship of various physiological states of man and the peculiarities of its physical structure has already paid attention to the relationship. At the same time, according to experts, the observation was rather philosophical: about what is happening inside the body itself, no one suspected, and surgical interventions were rare.

Anatomy as science originated only in the Renaissance Epoch. And for those surrounding it was shock. For example, belgian doctor Andreas Vezali I decided to practice the opening of the corpses to understand exactly how the human body is arranged. At the same time, it was often necessary to act at night and not completely legal methods. However, all doctors who decided to study such details did not manage to act openly, since such behavior was considered Besysky.

Andreas Vezaliy. Photo: Public Domain

Vezalaly himself redeemed the corpses at the executive executioner. On the basis of its conclusions and research, he created the scientific work "On the structure of the human body", which was published in 1543. This book is assessed by the medical community as one of the greatest works and the most important discovery, which gives the first complete picture of the internal structure of a person.

Hazardous radiation

Today, modern diagnosis is not submitted without such technology as x-ray. However, at the end of the XIX century, it was not known about the X-ray. So useful radiation discovered Wilhelm X-ray, German scientist. Before his discovery, doctors (especially - surgeons) were quite harder to work. After all, they could not just take and see where the foreign body is in man. I had to calculate only on your intuition, as well as on the sensitivity of the hands.

The discovery occurred in 1895. The scientist conducted various experiments with electrons, he used a glass tube with discharged air for his work. At the end of the experiments, he extended the light and was going to leave the laboratory. But at that moment I discovered a green glow in a bank left on the table. It appeared due to the fact that the scientist did not turn off the device standing in a completely different corner of the laboratory.

Then the x-ray remained only to experiment with the data received. He began to cover the glass tube with cardboard, created the darkness as a whole in the room. He also checked the impact of the beam on different items placed in front of him: a sheet of paper, a board, a book. When a scientist hand was on the path of the beam, he saw his bones. Comparing a number of their observations, he was able to understand that with the help of such rays, it is possible to consider what is happening inside the body of a person without disturbing its integrity. In 1901, X-ray received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery. It has been saving people for more than 100 years, allowing you to determine various pathologies at different stages of their development.

Power of microbes

There are discoveries to which scientists moved targeted ten years. One of these was the microbiological discovery committed in 1846 Dr. Ignatz Armshelweissis. At that time, doctors very often came across the death of the feminine. The ladies who recently become mothers were dying from the so-called maternity hospital, that is, the uterus infections. Moreover, the cause of the problems of the doctors could not determine. In the department where the doctor worked, there were 2 halls. In one of them, childbirth took doctors, in the other - midwives. Despite the fact that physicians have preparations have been significantly better, women in their hands died more often than in the case of childbirth with midwives. And this fact of the physician is extremely interested.

Ignac Filipp Domermelweiss. Photo: www.globallookpress.com.

Domshelweiss began to carefully observe their work to understand the essence of the problem. And it turned out that the doctors, in addition to childbirth, still practiced the opening of the dies. And after anatomical experiments, they returned to Rodzal again, not even washing his hands. It came across a scientist for the idea: do not tolerate doctors in the hands of invisible particles, which are injected by the death of patients? He decided to test his hypothesis with an experienced way: medical students who participated in the target process, he ordered handing hands every time (then a chlorine lime was used for disinfection). And the number of deaths of young mothers immediately fell from 7% to 1%. This allowed the scientist to conclude that all the infection with herientive fever had one reason. At the same time, the connection between bacteria and infections has not yet been viewed, and the ideas of farmelweiss were ridiculous.

Only after 10 years no less known scientist Louis Pasteurs proved experimentally the importance of the inconspicuous herring of microorganisms. And it was he who determined that with the help of pasteurization (i.e. heating), they can be destroyed. It was Paster who was able to prove the connection of bacteria and infections by conducting a series of experiments. After that, the antibiotics, and the lives of patients previously considered hopeless were rescued.

Vitamin cocktail

Until the second half of the XIX century, no one knew anything about vitamins. And the values \u200b\u200bof these small nutritional trace elements nobody represented. And now the vitamins are far from all assessed by merit. And this is despite the fact that without only them can lose not only health, but also life. There are a number of specific diseases that are associated with power defects. And this provision is confirmed by centuries-old experience. So, for example, one of the brightest examples of the destruction of health from the lack of vitamins is a qing. In one of the famous trips Vasco da Gama 100 crew members from 160 died from her.

The first who achieved success in the field of finding useful minerals, became russian scientist Nikolay Lunin. He experimented on mice, which consumed artificially cooked food. Their diet was the following nutrition system: purified casein, milk fat, milk sugar, salts, which were included in the composition of both milk and water. In fact, it is all necessary components of the milk parts. At the same time, mice of something clearly lacked. They did not grow, lost weight, did not eat their feed and died.

The second batch of mice, called the control, received a normal full-fledged milk. And all mice developed as expected. Lunin brought the following experience on the basis of his observations: "If, as the aforementioned experiments, it is impossible to ensure the life of proteins, fats, sugar, salts and water, then it follows that in milk, in addition to casein, fat, milk sugar and salts, it is contained Other substances, indispensable for nutrition. It is of great interest to explore these substances and explore their value for nutrition. " In 1890, Lunin's experiments were confirmed by other scientists. Further observations of animals and people in different conditions gave doctors the opportunity to find these vital elements and make another brilliant discovery, which noticeably improved the quality of human life.

Rescue in Sakhar.

This is today people with diabetes live quite ordinary life with some adjustments. And not so long ago, all who suffered from such a disease were hopeless patients and died. So it happened until insulin was opened.

In 1889, young scientists Oscar Minkowski and Josef von Mering As a result of the experiments, a diabetes caused a dog artificially, removing her pancreas. In 1901, the Russian doctor Leonid Sobolev proved that diabetes develops against the background of violations of a certain part of the pancreas, and not the entire gland. The problem was noted in those who had failed glands in the Area of \u200b\u200bLangerhans. It appeared the assumption that it was these islets that contain a substance regulating the carbohydrate exchange. However, allocate it at that time failed.

The following attempts dated 1908. German specialist Georg Ludwig Zülserthe extract from the pancreas was from the pancreas, with which it was even produced for some time the treatment of a patient dying from diabetes. Later, the world wars began to postpone studies in this field.

The next one who took the mystery rays was Frederick Grant Banting, Medic, whom a friend died as time because of diabetes. After the young man graduated from Medshkol and served during the First World War, he became an assistant professor in one of the private medical schools. Reading in 1920, an article on the dressing of pancreatic ducts, he decided to experiment. The purpose of such experience, he put the grade substance, which should have lowered blood sugar. Together with the assistant, whom he allocated his mentor, in 1921 the Banting was finally able to get the necessary substance. After the introduction of his experimental dog with diabetes, oyvous from the consequences of the disease, the animal became significantly better. Then it remains only to develop the results achieved.

The past year for science was very fruitful. Special progress scientists achieved in the field of medicine. Humanity made amazing discoveries, scientific breakthroughs and created a lot of useful medicines, which will certainly be in a short time will be in free access. We offer to familiarize yourself with the dozen of the most amazing medical breakthroughs of 2015, which will necessarily make a major contribution to the development of medical services in the very near future.

Opening Teicobactin

In 2014, the World Health Organization warned everyone that humanity enters the so-called post-libeotic era. And after all, she turned out to be right. Science and medicine have not been produced since 1987, really, new types of antibiotics. However, diseases do not stand still. Every year new infesses appear, more resistant to existing medicines. This has become a real world problem. Nevertheless, in 2015, scientists committed a discovery, which, in their opinion, will bring the cardinal changes.

Scientists have discovered a new class of antibiotics of 25 antimicrobial drugs, including very important, called Teicobactin. This antibiotic destroys microbes, blocking their ability to produce new cells. In other words, microbes, under the influence of this medication, cannot develop and produce resistance to the drug with time. Teicobatin, to date, has proven its high efficiency in the fight against resistant gold staphylococcus and several bacteria that cause tuberculosis.

Laboratory tests of Teicobactin were carried out on mice. The overwhelming majority of experiments showed the effectiveness of the drug. Human tests should begin in 2017.

Doctors raised new voice ligaments

One of the most interesting and promising directions in medicine is the regeneration of tissues. In 2015, the list of recreated by the artificial method of organs was replenished with a new item. Doctors from Wisconsin University have learned to grow human voice ligaments, in fact, from nothing.
A group of scientists under the leadership of Dr. Nathan Velhan, a bio-engineering method created a cloth capable of imitating the work of the mucous membrane of the voice ligament, namely, that fabric, which seems to be two petals of ligaments that vibrating allow you to create human speech. Donor cells, from which new bundles were subsequently grown were taken from five volunteer patients. In the laboratory conditions in two weeks, scientists raised the necessary tissue, after which it was added to the artificial laundering layout.

The sound created by the received voice ligaments, scientists are described as metal and compared with the sound of a robotic cas (toy brass musical instrument). However, scientists are confident that the voice ligaments created by them in real conditions (that is, when implantation in a living organism) will sound, almost like real.

Within the framework of one of the last experiments on laboratory mice with an adhesive human immunity, researchers decided to check whether the organism of rodents will reject a new tissue. Fortunately, this did not happen. Dr. Velham is confident that the fabric will not turn back and human body.

Cancer medicine can help both patients with Parkinson's disease

Tiscing (or Nilotinib) is a proven and approved medicine, which is commonly used to treat people with signs of leukemia. However, a new study conducted by the Medical Center of Georgetown University shows that the tacing medication can be a very strong means for controlling motor symptoms in people with Parkinson's disease, improving their motor functions and controlling the non-engine symptoms of this disease.

Fernando Pagan, one of the doctors carried out this study, believes that nilotinibular therapy may be the first in its kind the effective method for reducing the degradation of cognitive and motor functions in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease.

Scientists for six months have gave increased doses of Nilotinib to 12 patients volunteers. In all 12 patients who have passed this test of the drug to the end, an improvement in motor functions was observed. In 10 of them noted a significant improvement.

The main task of this study was to verify the safety and harmlessness of Nilotinib to the human body. The dose of the drug was much less than that dose, which is usually given to patients with leukemia. Despite the fact that the drug showed its effectiveness, the study was still carried out on a small group of people without attracting control groups. Therefore, before Tasing will begin to be used as Parkinson's disease as therapy, there will have to spend a few more tests and scientific research.

The world's first 3D-printed chest

For the past few years, 3D printing technology penetrates many areas, leading to amazing discoveries, developments and new production methods. In 2015, Dr. From the University Hospital of Salamanca in Spain held the world's first operation to replace the patient's damaged chest to a new 3D printed printed prosthesis.

The man suffered a rare species of sarcoma, and the doctors did not have another choice. To avoid the spread of the tumor further in the body, the specialists removed almost all the sternum in humans and replaced the bones with a titanium implant.

As a rule, implants for large skeleton departments produce from a variety of materials that can be exhausted over time. In addition, the replacement of such a complex articulation of bones, like bones of the sternum, which, as a rule, are unique in each individual case, demanded a thorough scan of human sternum to develop the implant of the desired size.

As a material for a new breast, it was decided to use titanium alloy. After holding a high-precision three-dimensional computer tomography, scientists used the Arcam printer worth 1.3 million dollars and created a new titanium chest. The operation on the installation of a new sternum to the patient was successful, and the person has already passed the full rehabilitation course.

From skin cells in brain cells

Scientists from the California Institute of Lasha in La Holia devoted the past year to the studies of the human brain. They developed a method for transforming skin cells to brain cells and have already found several useful areas of application of new technology.

It should be noted that scientists have found a method for converting skin cells into old brain cells, which simplifies their further use, for example, in the studies of Alzheimer's diseases and Parkinson and their relationship with the effects caused by aging. Historically, it was used for such studies. Animal brain cells were used, however, scientists, in this case, were limited in their capabilities.

Relatively recently, scientists were able to transform stem cells in brain cells that can be used for research. However, this is a rather laborious process, and cells are obtained at the exit, which are not able to imitate the work of the elderly brain.

As soon as the researchers have developed a method of artificial creation of brain cells, they sent their efforts to create neurons that would have the possibility of producing serotonin. And although the obtained cells have only a tiny share of the possibilities of the human brain, they actively help scientists in research and search for drugs from diseases and disorders as autism, schizophrenia and depression.

Contraceptive pills for men

Japanese scientists from the research institute of research of microbial diseases in Osaka published a new scientific work, according to which in the near future we can produce real-acting contraceptive pills for men. In their work, scientists describe the studies of Tharolimus drugs and "Cixlosporin A".

Usually, these drugs are used after conducting transplantation transplant operations to suppress the body's immune system, so that it does not reject a new tissue. The blockade comes due to the inhibitory of the production of calcineurine enzyme, which contains PPP3R2 and PPP3CC proteins, usually available in men's seed.

In its study on laboratory mice, scientists found that as soon as the PPP3CC protein is not enough in rodent organisms, their reproductive functions are sharply reduced. It picked off researchers to the conclusion that the insufficient volume of this protein can lead to sterility. After a more thorough study, the specialists concluded that this protein gives the sperm cells flexibility and the necessary strength and energy for penetration through the egg membrane.

Check on healthy mice only confirmed their discovery. Only five days of the use of Tharolimus preparations and "Cixlosporin A" led to the complete infertility of mice. However, their reproductive function fully recovered in just a week after they ceased to give these drugs. It is important to note that calcinearine is not a hormone, therefore the use of drugs in no way reduces the sexual attraction and the excitability of the body.

Despite promising results, it will take several years to create real male contraceptive pills. About 80 percent of the research on mice are not applicable to human cases. However, scientists still hope for success, since the efficacy of drugs has been proven. In addition, similar drugs have already passed human clinical trials and are widely used.

DNA printing

3D printing technology led to the emergence of a unique new industry - printing and sale of DNA. True, the term "print" here is rather used for commercial purposes, and it does not necessarily describe what actually happens in this area.

Cambrian Genomics Executive Director explains that this process is best describes the phrase "Check for Errors" than "Printing". Millions of DNA parts are placed on tiny metal substrates and scanned by a computer that selects those chains that will eventually have to be the entire DNA chain sequence. After that, the laser is carefully cut out the necessary connections and are placed in a new chain, previously ordered by the client.

Companies such as Cambrian believe that in the future people will be able to create new organisms to create new organisms for entertainment. Of course, such assumptions will immediately cause the righteous anger of people who doubt the ethical correctness and practical benefits of research data and opportunities, but sooner or later, as we wanted it or did not want, we will come to this.

Now the DNA printing demonstrates a short-grant potential in the medical sphere. Manufacturers of drugs and research companies - here, a list of the first customers of such companies like Cambrian.

Researchers from the Caroline Institute in Sweden went even further and began to create various figures from DNA chains. DNA origami, as they call it, may at first glance seem common pampering, however, the practical potential of using this technology is also available. For example, it can be used when delivering medicines into the body.

Nanobots in a living organism

In early 2015, the sphere of robotics won a big victory when a group of researchers from the University of California in San Diego announced that he conducted the first successful tests with the use of nanobots that completed the task set before them, being inside a living organism.

Live organism in this case protrude laboratory mice. After placing the nanobots, the micromachines headed into the stomachs of rodents and delivered the cargo placed on them, which was performed by microscopic gold particles. By the end of the procedure, scientists did not notice any damage to the internal organs of mice and, thus, confirmed the usefulness, safety and efficacy of nanobots.

Further tests have shown that the gilded particles delivered by nanobots in the stomachs remains more than those that were simply entered there with food intake. It pushed scientists to the idea that nanobots in the future would be able to make much efficient to deliver the necessary medicines into the body than with more traditional methods of their introduction.

Motor chain of tiny robots consists of zinc. When it enters contact with an acid-alkaline medium of the body, a chemical reaction occurs, as a result of which hydrogen bubbles are produced, which are promoted in the nanobots inside. After some time, the nanobots simply dissolve in the acidic environment of the stomach.

Despite the fact that this technology has been developed for almost a decade, only in 2015 scientists were able to carry out its actual tests in a living environment, and not ordinary Petri dishes, as was done many times before. In the future, nanobots can be used to determine and even the treatment of various diseases of the internal organs by exposure to the necessary drugs into individual cells.

Injection cerebral nanoimplantat

A group of Harvard scientists has developed an implant that promises the possibility of treating a number of neurodegenerative disorders that lead to paralysis. The implant is an electronic device consisting of a universal frame (grid), which can later be connected to various nanovosts after introducing it to the patient's brain. Thanks to the implant, it will be possible to monitor the neural activity of the brain, to stimulate the work of certain tissues, as well as accelerate the regeneration of neurons.

The electronic mesh consists of conductive polymer threads, transistors or nanoelectrodes, which combine the intersection. Almost the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe mesh consists of holes, which allows living cells to form new connections around it.

By the beginning of 2016, the team of Harvard scientists is still conducting safety tests for the use of such an implant. For example, two mice were implanted into the brain, a device consisting of 16 electrical components. Devices are successfully used to monitor and stimulate certain neurons.

Artificial production of tetrahydrokannabinola

For many years, marijuana was used in medicine as an anesthetics and in particular, to improve the states of patients with cancer and AIDS. A synthetic marijuana substitute is also active in medicine, or rather its main psychoactive component of tetrahydrokannabinol (or THC).

However, biochemists from Dortmund Technical University announced the creation of a new type of yeast fungus producing THC. Moreover, according to unpublished data, it is known that the same scientists have created another kind of yeast fungus, which produces cannabidiol, another psychoactive component of marijuana.

Marijuana contains several molecular compounds that are interested in researchers. Therefore, the opening of an effective artificial way of creating these components in large quantities could bring medical benefits. However, the method of conventional growing plants and the subsequent production of the necessary molecular compounds is now the most efficient way. Inside 30 percent of the dry mass of modern types of marijuana may contain the desired component THC.

Despite this, Dortmund scientists are confident that it will be able to find a more efficient and fast method of mining THC in the future. To date, the created yeast fungus is re-grown on molecules of the same fungus, instead of a preferred alternative in the form of simple saccharides. All this leads to the fact that with each new batch of yeast, the amount of the free component THC is reduced.

In the future, scientists promise to optimize the process, maximize the production of THC and increase the scale to industrial needs, which ultimately will satisfy the needs of medical research and European regulators who are looking for new ways to produce tetrahydrocanneabinola without growing marijuana itself.

Achievements of medicine

The history of medicine is an integral part of human culture. Medicine developed and formed under the laws that were united for all sciences. But if the ancient Lekari followed religious dogma, then later the development of medical practice was already under the banner of the grand discoveries of science. SAMOGO.NET portal offers you to familiarize yourself with the most significant achievements in the world of medicine.

Andreas Vezalia was studied by the anatomy of a person on the basis of their openings. For 1538, the analysis of human corpses was unusual, but Kezali believed that the concept of anatomy was very important for operational interventions. Andreas created anatomical schemes of nervous and circulatory systems, and in 1543 published a job that became the beginning in the emergence of anatomy as science.

In 1628, William Harvey found that the heart is an organ that is responsible for blood circulation and that blood circulates on the human body. His essay about the work of the heart and the circulation of blood in animals became the basis for the science of physiology.

In 1902 in Austria, Biologist Karl Landstiner and his staff found four groups of blood in humans, and also developed a classification. Knowledge of blood groups is of great importance when overflowing blood, which is widely used in therapeutic practice.

In the period from 1842 to 1846, some of the scientists discover that chemicals can be used in anesthesia for operations anesthesia. Even in the 19th century, cheerful gas and sulfur ether were used in dentistry.

Revolutionary discovery

In 1895, Wilhelm X-ray, conducting experiments with emissions of electrons, accidentally discovered X-ray rays. This discovery brought X-ray the Nobel Prize in the history of physics in 1901 and became a revolution in the field of medicine.

In 1800, Pasteur Louis formulates theory and believes that diseases cause different types of microbes. Pasteur is truly considered the "father" of bacteriology and his work has become an impetus for further research in science.

F. Hopkins and a number of other scientists in the 19th century discovered that the lack of certain substances causes diseases. These substances were later called vitamins.

In the period from 1920 to 1930, A. Fleming accidentally opens mold and calls it penicillin. Later, the city of Flory and E. Boris isolated Penicillin in its pure form and confirm its properties on mice that had a bacterial infection. This gave impetus in the development of antibiotic therapy.

In 1930, G. Domagk finds out that orange-red dye affects streptococcal infection. This discovery allows to synthesize chemotherapeutic drugs.

Further research

The doctor E. Jenner, in 1796, first conducts vaccination against smallpox and determines that this vaccination provides immunity.

F. Banting and employees in 1920 revealed insulin, which helps to balance blood sugar in people who are sickly diabetes. Before the opening of this hormone, such patients could not be saved.

In 1975, G. Varmus and M. Bishop opened genes that stimulate the development of tumor cells (oncogenes).

Regardless of each other in 1980, scientists R. Gallo and L. Montagia open a new retrovirus, which later called the human immunodeficiency virus. Also, these scientists classified a virus as a causative agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Hello everybody! At the urgent requests of my blog readers, I continue to talk about what great discoveries in medicine are made by chance. Beginning of this story you can read.

1. How the X-ray opened

Do you know how the x-ray was opened? It turns out that at the beginning of the last century, no one knew anything about this apparatus. This radiation first discovered the German scientist Wilhelm X-ray.

How did the transactions of the past century doctors? Blindly! Doctors did not know where the bone was broken or sits a bullet, they rely only on their intuition, and sensitive hands.

Opening occurred by chance of November 1895. The scientist conducted experiments using a glass tube in which the spaced air was located.

Schematic image of an X-ray tube. X - X-rays, k - cathode, and - anode (sometimes called an anticatode), C - heat sink, Uh - cathode voltage, UA - accelerating voltage, Win - water cooling intake, WOUT - water cooling.

When he extends the light in the laboratory and gathered to leave, then noticed a green glow in a jar on the table. As it turned out, it was the result of the fact that he forgot to turn off his device, which stood in another corner of the laboratory. When the device is turned off, the glow disappeared.

The scientist decided to cover the tube with black cardboard, and then create darkness in the room itself. He placed various items on the path of the rays: sheets of paper, boards, books, but the rays were easily passing through them. When the scholar hand accidentally hit the rays, he saw the dice.

Skeleton, like metal, turned out to be impenetrable for rays. X-ray was also surprised when he saw the plate for the photo that was in this room also lit up.

He suddenly realized that this is some kind of extraordinary case that no one has seen. The scientist was so stunned, which decided not yet to tell anyone about it, but he himself explore this incomprehensible phenomenon! Wilhelm called this radiation - "Light of X". This is so surprising and suddenly an X-ray beam was opened.

The physicist decided to continue to spend this curious experiment. He called his wife Bert, offering her to put his hand under the "Ray of X". After that, they were stunned both. The spouses saw the skeleton of a man's hands who did not die, but was alive!

They suddenly understood that a new discovery in the field of medicine had happened, and such an important! And were right! Until today, all medicine uses x-ray. It was the first x-ray in history.

For this discovery in 1901, X-ray was awarded the first Nobel Prize in the field of physics. Then scientists did not know that the improper use of X-ray is dangerous to health. Many got heavy burns. Nevertheless, the scientist lived to 78 years old, studying scientific research.

At this greatest opening, a large area of \u200b\u200bmedical technologies was developed and improved, for example, computer tomography and the same "X-ray" telescope, which is able to capture rays from space.

Today without X-ray or tomography does not do any operation. So an unexpected find saves people's lives, helping the doctors to accurately organize the diagnosis and find a sick organ.

With their help it is possible to determine the authenticity of the paintings, distinguish real gems from the fake, and it became easier to delay the smuggling goods at the customs.

The most striking thing is that it is all based on a random, ridiculous experiment.

2.Cax opened Penicillin

Another unexpected event was the discovery of Penicillina. In the first world war, most of the soldiers died from various infections that fell on their wounds.

When the Scottish doctor - Alexander Fleming took up the study of staphylococcal bacteria, he discovered that mold appeared in his laboratory. Fleming suddenly saw the bacteria of staphylococcus, which were not far from mold began to die!

In the future, he brought a substance from the very mold, which destroys bacteria, which was called "Penicillin". But Fleming could not bring this discovery to the end, because It was not possible to allocate pure penicillin, suitable for injections.

Some time passed when Ernst Chain and Howard Flory accidentally found an unfamiliated Fleming experiment. They decided to bring it to the end. After 5 years, they received pure penicillin.

Scientists introduced him to sick mice, and rodents survived! And those who have not been introduced new medicine - died. It was a real bomb! This miracle helped heal from many ailments, among which can be called rheumatism, pharyngitis, even syphilis.

In fairness I must say that back in 1897, a young military doctor from Lyon Ernest Dushen, watching the Arab bumps lubricate wounds in horses, grated saddles, scraping mold from the same wet saddles, made the opening mentioned above. He conducted research on guinea pigs and wrote a doctoral dissertation about the beneficial properties of penicillin. However, the Paris Institute of Pasteur did not accept this work even to consideration, referring to the fact that the author was only 23 years old. Glory came to Dushen (1874-1912) only after death, 4 years after receiving Sir Fleming Nobel Prize.

3. How opened insulin

Insulin was also unexpectedly obtained. It is this drug that delivers millions of people with diabetes mellitus. In humans with diabetes, one common feature was accidentally detected - the damage to the cells of the pancreas, distinguishing the hormone, which coordinates blood sugar levels. This is insulin.

It was opened in 1920. Two surgeons from Canada - Charles Best and Frederick Banting studied the formation of this hormone in dogs. They injected a sick animal that hormone, which was formed from a healthy dog.

The result exceeded all the expectations of scientists. After 2 hours in a sick dog, the hormone level was reduced. Next, the experiments were carried out on patients with cows.

In January 1922, scientists dared to conduct a test on a person, making an injection of a 14-year-old boy with diabetes mellitus. It passed a little time as the young man became easier. So the discovery of insulin occurred. Today this drug saves millions of lives throughout the world.

Today we talked about three great discoveries in medicine that was done by chance. This is not the last article on such an interesting topic, go to my blog, I will please you with new curious news. Show an article to friends, because it is also interesting to know.