Figure room with combined lighting. Hygienic requirements for natural lighting. Combination of CEO standards and illumination standards

Reading the text, try to visualize everything that is written. This will help you not get confused in endless colors and shades, and also contributes to more accurately understand the article. In general, ahead and with the song! By the way, who is playing? Please write in the comments - it is interesting to know what people are listening, furrowing spaces of the Internet.

Dawn

At dawn, the lighting changes very quickly. Natural lighting has a bluish tint before sunrise. And if the sky at this time is clear, the effect of a red sunset can be observed. In nature, there is often a combination of high layered or cider clouds with a low-diluted fog. In such conditions, there is a transition of sunlight from up to the bottom up to a total of more scattered light, in which the shadows are blurred. With a negative temperature, the effect is more pronounced.

At dawn, excellent photographs of plants, open landscapes, water bodies focused on East churches are obtained. Often, fog spreads in lowlands, in water stroit. Valley landscapes look very impressive, photographed from a high point in the eastern direction. Often it is precisely at dawn plots with equipment, metal structures and any other objects having a glossy brilliant surface. With natural illumination, such surfaces and reflections from them look just great.

Photographer: Glory Stepanov.

The quality of light in the mountains is determined by the location. If the relief hides the sunrise, it is almost impossible to get interesting light effects. It should also be mentioned that the calm is most often observed at dawn. It helps to get the perfect snapshots of smooth surfaces of reservoirs.

Natural lighting in the morning

After sunrise, the light changes very quickly. In the warmest months, the sun can dispel a fog or haze, in the cold period - to create them (as a result of evaporation of the Inea). There may be spectacular weak evaporation from water bodies, rivers, humid roads. If at night there was rain, then in the morning the wet streets and plants, dull under normal conditions, will take a lot of bright spokes.

With an increase in the distance, the landscape is blurred and brightened. This can be used to transfer the 3rd measurement. At the specified period of day, the lighting color varies from warm bright yellow with golden notes to a heat-neutral tone. In the pictures made in the morning, human skin looks very smooth. The fact is that at night our skin is tightened, and the face of the face seems to be happy - the main thing is to be washed.

Photographer: Maria Kilina.

An hour later, as the sun rose, the lighting is created perfect for photography. Professional photographers often get up long before dawn, to have time to prepare for the session and "catch" the optimal light. Weather forecast practically does not matter, because the morning weather is difficult to predict.

There are other reasons to climb early and get to the shooting place in advance. You can independently trace the weather changes and, focusing on the position of the Sun, to understand what time the optimal natural lighting is for photography of specific plots. It is advisable to keep appropriate entries. Also, do not forget that the results of the observations will be fair only for a specific season.

Noon

The time and duration of the ideal light depends on the latitude of the terrain and the season. In the northern regions, where the sun does not enter, but also does not rise too high, such a light is observed most of the night and all day. In moderate latitudes, the appropriate light is saved for several hours. But do not forget that at the same time the position of the luminaire changes. In winter it can be low all day (I'm detailed about it).

The maximum brightness is observed within four hours in the middle of the day. Hot summer, too, have 4 ideal for photographing an hour. Two of them are afternoon, and two more - in the morning. Between them - the dead period. At this time, there is a very high probability of getting a pass.

Photographer: Ovchinnikova Elena.

In the Equatorial and tropical regions, natural lighting at noon is not suitable for photography. The sun is located high above his head and creates an annoying, blinding light that makes inexpressive surrounding landscapes.

The reportage shooting of people can be carried out only with the use of filling light by means of direct additional lighting or reflectors. It is recommended to use light, having a flower temperature of about 5.2 thousand Celvin.

A midday light in such regions can only be used to shoot canyons and gorges, thick vegetation covered with vegetation. At another time of day in such corners, the sunlight does not fall. The presence of direct rays helps the photographer get bright contrast pictures.

Faithful time and evening

In day heating, the air absorbs moisture from water or land. Therefore, in the 2nd half of the day, changes in the spectral composition (colors) of natural lighting, which are not always present in the morning are observed. Warm air absorbs more moisture. Cooling when moving shone to the sunset, it loses the ability to retain moisture. The latter is condensed into invisible smallest drops that remain in the form of suspension. With a sharp cooling, the fog is turned out. This is especially characteristic of marine regions.

Usually the fog is very weak and visually noticeable by the presence of light haze, which can "muffle" light. For this reason, the afternoon in the summer may seem dull and dusk, even if the sun shines brightly. In the pictures, this is expressed by "crushed" flowers and tones. In the evening, the situation is improved, since the sun's rays begin to pierce their way through a haze consisting of dust and aqueous particles, and reveal the air perspective.

Photographer: Maria Kilina.

In the 2nd half of the summer, the air in the city may look gray. If you look at the city from the plane, you can see the bluish light haze around it. It should be borne in mind that dust and moisture dispel the rays of natural lighting. With a highly located sun, the red rays are absorbed, and blue - dissipate, increasing the flower temperature. The pictures appear cold metallic blue, looking unavoidable.

The above partially explains what the afternoon light from the morning. There are other factors, for example, the characteristic orientation of construction and other structures in various places. The same gardens are located so as to grab the sunlight. Trees and plants acquire a final form, which depends on the peculiarity of the sunlight on them. But in general, the morning light is more preferable than the afternoon.

Sunset

At the sunset, specific natural lighting, a characteristic low position of the shone, when the atmosphere allows you to skip the red long-wave radiation and reflects the shortwave blue. In the afternoon, part of the red rays was absorbed by the haze, and the blue was scattered. Now the situation is reverse. The upper part of the sky remains blue, since the angle of its lighting has changed. As a result, cool color combinations and smooth tones gradients appear.

The sunset can become both the source of light and the object of the shooting itself. In this case, we will consider only the quality of radiation characteristic of this time of day. At sunset, the sun rays make their way through the haze or light clouds. Their color is gradually warmer (the color temperature is reduced).

Many photographers consider this state of the atmosphere most favorable to transfer natural lighting in the evening and interesting in the context of the color scheme. If there is a need to make adjustments, this can be done by using blue light filters.

Natural lighting is used during the daytime. It provides good illumination, uniformity; Due to the high diffusion (dispersion), it is favorable for vision and economically. In addition, sunlight has a biologically recreational and tonic effect on a person.

The primary source of natural (day-time) light is the sun emitting a powerful luminous energy flow into the world space. This energy reaches the surface of the Earth in the form of a direct or scattered (diffuse) light. In the lighting calculations of natural lighting of the premises, only diffuse light is taken into account.

The magnitude of natural outdoor illumination has large oscillations both at the time of year and the hour of day. Significant fluctuations in the magnitudes of natural illumination during the day dependes not only on the time of day, but also from the change of cloudiness.

Thus, natural light sources have features that create dramatically changing lighting conditions. The task of designing natural lighting of premises is reduced to the rational use of natural light resources available in this area.

Daylight The rooms are carried out through light opening and can be performed in the form of side, top or combined.

Side- carried out through windows in the outer walls of the building; top- through light lights located in overlaps and having various forms and sizes; combined- through windows and light lights.

With natural illumination, the distribution of illumination on the room depending on the type of lighting is characterized by the curves shown in Fig. 36, A, g.

Fig. 36 Diagram of the distribution of natural illumination coefficients in rooms depending on the location of light openings:

a - one-sided - side; B - bilateral - side; - upper; G - combined (side and top)

The curves of the natural illumination of the premises must be considered when the equipment is arranged, so that it does not shade the jobs that are most remote from light opening.

Natural indoor lighting is determined the coefficient of natural light(Keo) - E, which is a percentage of a percentage of the illumination of any point of room to the point on the horizontal plane outside the room, illuminated by the scattered light of the whole sky, at the same time:

where E VN - the illumination of the point indoors; E NAR - illumination of point outdoor.

The point for measuring the illumination indoors is determined: with lateral lighting - on the line of intersection of the vertical plane of the characteristic section of the room (axis of the window opening, etc.) and the horizontal plane located at an altitude of 1.0 m from the floor and at a distance, the most remote from light opening; With upper illumination or combined (side and upper) - on the line of intersection of the vertical plane of the characteristic section of the room and the horizontal plane at an altitude of 0.8 m from the floor.

The natural light coefficient is established by the norms and when the lateral lighting is defined as the minimum - e min, and with the top and combined as the average - E CP.

The values \u200b\u200bof the coefficients of natural illumination for the middle band of the European part of the USSR, mounted SNIP II-A.8-72, are shown in Table. 6.

Table 6.

Under the concept object of distinctionit is implied by the subject matter, a separate part of it or a distinguishable defect (for example, tissue thread, point, risk, crack, line forming a letter, etc.), which must be taken into account during operation.

In determining the necessary natural lighting of jobs in the industrial premises, in addition to the natural light coefficient, the depth of the room, the floor area, windows and lanterns, darkening with neighboring buildings, shading windows with opposing buildings, etc. Accounting of the influence of these factors is made by the correction coefficients of Appendix 2 SNiP II -A.8-72.

Using this application, you can define the area of \u200b\u200blight openings (windows or lanterns) according to the following formulas, depending on the type of room lighting:

with lateral lighting

where M is the luminous climate coefficient (excluding direct sunlight), determined depending on the area of \u200b\u200bthe building location; C is the climate sunshine coefficient (taking into account direct sunlight). The normalized value of E H is the minimum permissible.

The territory of the USSR in the light climate is divided into V belts (i -She North, V is the southernmost):

Climate sunshine- Characteristic, taking into account the luminous climate belt and the light flow, penetrating through the lights into the room during the year due to the direct sunlight, the probability of solar radiance, the orientation of light openings on the sides of the horizon and their architectural and constructive solution.

Sunshine coefficient from ranges from 0.65 to 1.

The task of calculating natural lighting is to determine the ratio of the total area of \u200b\u200bglazed windows of windows and lanterns to the floor area (s F / S n). The minimum values \u200b\u200bof this relationship are given in Table. 7.

Table 7.

Specified in Table. 7 values \u200b\u200bare determined based on the condition that the cleaning of glasses in the room, as well as the painting of walls and the ceilings is carried out regularly during the following time. With a minor allocation of dust, smoke and soot - at least twice a year; Painting - at least once every three years. With significant discharges of dust, smoke and soot - at least four times a year; Painting - no less often once a year.

Contaminated glasses of light openings (windows and lanterns) can reduce the illumination of the premises five to seven times.

The design of natural lighting of buildings should be based on the study of labor processes performed in the premises, as well as on the light-firmic features of the construction site of buildings. The following parameters must be defined:

characteristic and discharge of visual works;

a group of administrative district in which the construction of the building is expected;

the normalized value of the CEO, taking into account the nature of the visual works and the light-gravatical features of the location of buildings;

required uniformity of natural lighting;

the duration of the use of natural lighting during the day for various months of the year, taking into account the designation of the room, the mode of operation and the light climate of the area;

the need to protect the room from the blinding of sunlight.

The design of natural lighting of the building should be performed in the following sequence:

determination of requirements for natural lighting of premises;

selection of lighting systems;

selection of types of light opening and light-resistant materials;

the choice of means to limit the blinding effect of direct sunlight;

accounting of the orientation of the building and lighting openings on the sides of the horizon;

performing the preliminary calculation of the natural lighting of the premises (determination of the required area of \u200b\u200blight openings);

refinement of the parameters of light opening and premises;

performing the verification calculation of natural lighting of the premises;

definition of premises, zones and plots that have insufficient natural lighting;

determination of requirements for additional artificial lighting of premises, zones and sections with insufficient natural lighting;

determination of requirements for operation of light openings;

making the necessary adjustments to the project of natural lighting and repeated verification calculation (if necessary).

The system of natural lighting of the building (lateral, top or combined) should be selected taking into account the following factors: the appointment and adopted architectural and planning, large-spatial and constructive solution of the building;

requirements for natural lighting of premises arising from the features of production technology and visual work; climatic and light-firmic features of the construction site; The economy of natural lighting (for energy costs).

The upper and combined natural light should be used mainly in single-storey public buildings of a large area (covered markets, stadiums, exhibition pavilions, etc.).

Side natural lighting should be used in multi-storey public and residential buildings, single-storey residential buildings, as well as in one-story public buildings, in which the ratio of the depths of the premises to the height of the upper face of the light opening over the conditional working surface does not exceed 8.

When choosing light opening and light-resistant materials, it should be considered:

requirements for natural lighting of premises; appointment, volume and spatial and constructive solution of the building; Orientation of the building on the sides of the horizon; climatic and light-gravatical features of the construction site;

the need to protect premises from insolation; The degree of air pollution.

When designing lateral natural lighting, the shading created by opposing buildings should be taken into account. Accounting for shading is carried out in accordance with the section of this Code of Rules.

The selection of devices for protection against the blinding effect of direct sunlight should be made according to:

orientation of light openings on the sides of the horizon;

directions of sunlight relative to a person in a room having a fixed line of view (a student at the desk, a drawer behind the drawing board, etc.);

time of day and year, depending on the purpose of the premises;

the differences between sunny time, which built solar cards, and maternity times adopted in the Russian Federation.

When choosing means to protect against the blinding effect of direct sunlight, the requirements of the construction standards and the rules for the design of residential and public buildings should be followed (SNiP 31-01, SNiP 2.08.02).

With a single-handed worker (training) process and during the operation of premises mainly in the first half of the day (for example, lecture audiences), when the premises are focused on the Western quarter of the horizon, the use of sunscreen is optional.

In some cases, for example, during the examination, there is a need for an objective assessment of the natural lighting of premises based on CEO measurements using luxmeters. Modern photometric devices as a sensor have silicon photocells, equipped with yellow and green light filters that corrected their spectral sensitivity of the spectral sensitivity of the human eye, as well as special cosine correction nozzles. Correction of spectral sensitivity and cosine can also be carried out using a computer. Selena cells are applied less often, as they are short-lived, require constant graduation on a photometric bench.

Their sensitivity depends on the air temperature. Considering that all calculations and CEO standards have an ICO cloudy sky as the main assumption, the CEO measurements can only be carried out with a continuous decadeal cloud. However, there may be exceptions, for example, in the case of measuring the CEO in the presence of light guides or light-directional devices. At the same time, the value of the CEO becomes conditional. And when measuring outdoor illumination, it is necessary to shield the straight light of the sun.

In calculating the effectiveness of such devices, the total illumination from the direct sun and the sky should be taken as the external illumination value (EQ).

To measure the CEO, the journal of inventive measurements is harvested, in which the place, time and weather conditions are indicated during measurements, instruments, the proportionality ratio between the readings of the luxmeters (in the case of low-quality instruments), the geometric parameters of the room and light, the reflection coefficients of the internal and adjacent outer surfaces, the view Filling out the opening and its pollution. The reserve coefficient is determined by dividing the readings of the luxmeter when the sensor is positioned in the vertical plane outside the glass and inside the glass. Reflection coefficients of surfaces are measured using a reflexometer. In addition to these data, the log must contain tables to record measurement results. The results of measurements inside the room usually at five points on the working surface, pre-marked by the characteristic cut, are synchronized by time with the results of measurements of the outer illumination, produced on an open outdoor area, preferably on the roof of the building. For this, outdoor illumination is measured every minute. About each result records the measurement time. Internal illumination at the outlined points is measured at the same time. The time of each measurement is also recorded. When filling out the measurement log in the "Outdoor Illumination" column, the result is selected by time with the result of measuring the internal illumination at this point. Measurement at each point to exclude random errors should be carried out at least two times. The results obtained must be averaged.

The percentage is determined by the division of the testimony of the internal luxeter on the reading of the outer luxmeter and is multiplied by 100. If there are a "tariff" coefficient to between the testimony of internal determination by the formula

I like

The surface illumination represents the ratio of the falling light flux to the area of \u200b\u200bthe illuminated surface.

In the construction lighting as a source of natural light for the premises of the building, the sky is considered. Since the brightness of individual points of the sky varies in large limits and depends on the position of the sun, the degree and nature of the cloudiness, the degree of transparency of the atmosphere and other reasons, to establish the value of natural illumination in the room in absolute units (LC) is impossible.

Therefore, to assess the natural light mode of the premises, a relative value is used, which allows to take into account the uneven brightness of the sky, - the so-called natural Light Coefficient (CEO)

Natural light coefficient e M. at any point of the room M. Represents the ratio of illumination at this point. E in M. To the simultaneous outer illumination of the horizontal plane E N.located in an open and illuminated by the diffuse light of the whole sky. CEO is measured in relative units and shows what fraction in percentages at this point of the room is illuminated from the simultaneous horizontal illumination in the open air, i.e.:

e M \u003d (E V M / E H) × 100%

The natural light coefficient is the magnitude normalized by sanitary and hygienic requirements for natural lighting of the premises.

According to SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and Artificial Lighting", natural lighting is divided into

lateral
top
combined (top and side)

The main document governing the requirements for natural coverage of the premises of residential and public buildings is SanPine 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1278-03 "Hygienic requirements for natural, artificial and combined coverage of residential and public buildings."

In accordance with SanPine 2.1.2.1002-00 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for residential buildings and premises" in residential buildings Immediate natural lighting should have residential and kitchens. According to these requirements of the CEO, in residential rooms and kitchens should be at least 0.5% in the middle of the room.

According to SNiP 31-01-2003 "Buildings of residential apartment" attitude of the area of \u200b\u200blight openings to the floor area of \u200b\u200bresidential premises and the kitchens should be taken no more than 1: 5.5 and at least 1: 8 for the upper floors with light beats in the plane of inclined enclosing structures - At least 1:10, taking into account the lighting characteristics of windows and shading with opposing buildings.

In accordance with SNiP 23-05-95, normalized values \u200b\u200bof Keo - E N, for buildings disposed in various light-firmicities, should be determined by the formula:

e n \u003d En × m n Where N. - Natural Light Group Number Natural Light

Light Pieces	Orientation of light outlooks on the sides of the world	Light climate coefficient, m
		Administrative Region Number
		1	2	3	4	5
in the outdoor walls of buildings	north	1	0,9	1,1	1,2	0,8
	northeast, North-West	1	0,9	1,1	1,2	0,8
	west, Eastern	1	0,9	1,1	1,1	0,8
	southeast, South-West	1	0,9	1	1,1	0,8
	south	1	0,9	1	1,1	0,8

The illumination in the room is achieved due to the direct diffuse light of the sky and the reflected diffuse light from the inner surfaces of the room, opposing buildings and the surface of the earth adjacent to the building. Accordingly, the CEO at the point of the room M is defined as the amount:

e M \u003d E H + E O + E C + E π Where e N. - CEO, created by the direct diffuse light of the sky section, visible from this point through the purses, taking into account the loss of light when
passing the light flux through the glazed opening; e. O - CEO, created by the reflected light from the inner surfaces of the room (ceiling, walls, floor); e. Z - CEO, created by the reflected light from opposing buildings; e. π - CEO, created by the reflected light from the surface adjacent to the building (soil, asphalt, herbal cover, etc.)

The maximum effect on the size of the Kea has a direct light of the sky.

The straight light of the sky is determined by the formula:

e N \u003d EN 0 × τ 0 × Q. Where eN 0 - geometric KEO (cylinder of the sky); τ 0 - the overall coefficient of light transmission; q. - coefficient taking into account the uneven brightness of the sky;

The total coefficient of light turnout τ 0 with lateral lighting is defined as a product of two components:

τ 0 \u003d τ 1 × τ 2 Where τ 1. - the transmission coefficient of ungadst glass or other translucent filling (in modern regulatory documentation
- The coefficient of directional transmission of visible light of window glass or glass) τ 2. - The transmission coefficient of the window block without glazing when taking into account the shading created by the bindings.

The values \u200b\u200bof the coefficients τ 1 can be accepted by

9.1 The technical and economic assessment of various embodiments of natural and combined lighting of premises should be made for the whole year or individual seasons. The duration of use of natural lighting should be determined by an intermediate time between shutdown moments (in the morning) and inclusion (in the evening) of artificial lighting, when natural illumination becomes equal to the normalized illumination from installing artificial lighting.

In the premises of residential and public buildings in which the calculated value of the CEO is 80% and less normalized CEO value, the norms of artificial illumination increase on one stage on the light scale.

9.2 The calculation of natural illumination in the premises should be made depending on the groups of administrative regions on the resources of the light climate of the Russian Federation and the period under consideration:

a) when building buildings in the 1st, 3rd and 4th groups of administrative districts for all months of the year - on the cloud year;

b) when building buildings in the 2nd and 5th groups of administrative areas for the winter half of the year (November, December, January, February, March, April) - on the cloud sky, for the Summer Half of the Year (May, June, July, August , September, October) - by cloudless sky.

9.3 The average natural illumination in the room at the top lighting from the cloudy sky at a point in time of the day is determined by the formula

where e cf. - average CEO value; Determine the formula (B.8) of the application b;

External horizontal illumination with solid clouds; Take on Table B.1 Appendix V.

Note - External illumination values \u200b\u200bin Appendix G are given for local medium solar time. T M.. Transition from local maternity time to local average solar is produced by the formula

T M. = T D. – N. + L - 1, (14)

where T D. - local maternity time;

N. - time zone number (Figure 25);

l is the geographical longitude of the item, expressed in-hour (15 ° \u003d 1 h).

9.4 The value of natural illumination at a specified point BUT With lateral lighting in conditions of solid clouds, they are determined by the formula

where - the calculated value of Keo at the point BUT premises with lateral lighting; determined by the formula (B.1) of the application b;

Outdoor illumination on the horizontal surface with the cloudy sky.

Calculation of natural illumination at a given point M. Premises from the windows during the cloudless sky should be produced:

a) in the absence of sunscreen in light training and opposing buildings by the formula

; (16)

b) when shading windows with opposing buildings by the formula

c) in the presence of sunscreen in light formula

, (18)

where E. B I. - geometric CEO, determined by the formula (B.9);

b. B. - the coefficient of the relative brightness of the sky section apparently through the lighting; Take Table 11;

Outdoor illumination on the vertical surface, created by the scattered light of a cloudless sky; Action depending on the orientation of the surface of the facade of the building and the time of day on Table B.3 of the application in;

Figure 25. - Map of time zones

b F I. - average relative brightness of facades of opposing buildings; Determine in Table B.2 Appendix B;

Determined by the formula (b.5);

r. F. - the weighted average reflection coefficient of facades of opposing buildings; Take on table B.3 Appendix B;

The outer total illumination on the vertical surface, created by the scattered light of the sky, the straight light of the sun and the light reflected from the earth's surface; Take Table V.4 applications V.

The calculation of medium natural illumination indoors from the cloudless sky at the top lighting, depending on the type of light opening, produced:

a) with light openings in the coating plane, which have filling from light scaffolding materials, according to the formula

b) with light openings in the coating plane, which have filling from translucent materials, according to the formula

c) when lanterns deposit according to the formula

d) with rectangular lanterns by formula

where T. about - see formula (B.1);

r. 2 I. k F. - see formula (B.2);

e. cf. - see formula (B.7);

The total outer illumination on the horizontal surface, created by a cloudless sky and the straight light of the sun; Take Table B.3 of Annex B;

Outdoor illumination on the horizontal surface, created by a cloudless sky; Take Table B.3 of Annex B;

b. B. - the relative brightness coefficient of the sections of the cloudless sky visible through lightways; Take Table 12;

See formula (16);

And - outdoor illumination on the two opposite sides of the vertical surface; Take Table V.4 applications V.

Notes

1 straight sunlight in illumination calculations are taken into account in the presence of sunscreens or light scattering materials in lightways; In other cases, direct sunlight do not take into account.

2 The values \u200b\u200bof the calculated coefficients in Tables 11 and 12 are shown for local average solar time.

Table 11.

Orientation of lights	B. Coefficient value B.
Time of day, h

IN		3,1		1,9	1,4	1,25	1,2	1,3	1,4	1,55	1,7	1,8	1,9	1,95	1,85
Yow	1,05	1,1	1,45	2,5	2,6	1,9	1,5	1,3	1,25	1,3	1,35	1,45	1,6	1,85	1,9
YU	1,5	1,35	1,1	1,2	1,3	1,5	1,7	1,85	1,7	1,5	1,3	1,2	1,1	1,35	1,5
Yuz	1,9	1,85	1,6	1,45	1,35	1,3	1,25	1,3	1,5	1,9	2,6	2,5	1,45	1,1	1,05
Z.	1,85	1,95	1,9	1,8	1,7	1,55	1,4	1,3	1,2	1,25	1,4	1,9		3,1
SZ	1,3	1,5	1,7	1,75	1,75	1,7	1,6	1,5	1,4	1,3	1,25	1,25	1,3	1,9	2,9
FROM	1,2	1,2	1,3	1,45	1,5	1,6	1,6	1,65	1,6	1,6	1,5	1,45	1,3	1,2	1,2
St.	2,9	1,9	1,3	1,25	1,25	1,3	1,4	1,5	1,6	1,7	1,75	1,75	1,7	1,5	1,3

Table 12.

Type of light opening	B. Coefficient value B.
Time of day, h

Rectangular lantern	1,3	1,42	1,52	1,54	1,42	1,23	1,15	1,14	1,15	1,23	1,42	1,54	1,52	1,42	1,3
In the coating plane	0,7	0,85	0,95	1,05	1,1	1,14	1,16	1,17	1,16	1,14	1,1	1,05	0,95	0,85	0,7
Shed (oriented on SZ, C, SV)		1,17	1,13	1,04	0,95	0,9	0,85	0,8	0,85	0,9	0,95	1,04	1,13	1,17

Examples of calculating the time of use of natural lighting indoors

Example 1.

It is required to determine how the duration of use of natural lighting in March for the average day in the working room with upper natural light through anti-aircraft lights and with a general fluorescent lighting system, if you reduce the projected area of \u200b\u200banti-aircraft lights by double and go to combined lighting.

The work room is located in Moscow, the accuracy of the audit works performed in it corresponds to the B-1 category of rules on the annex and SNiP 23-05.

The initially projected area of \u200b\u200bthe lanterns provided the average Keo value in the working room, equal to 5%; When decreasing the area of \u200b\u200bthe lanterns, twice the average value of the CEO is 2.5%. The work is performed in two shifts from 7 to 21 h local time.

Decision

1 In accordance with Table 1, the list of administrative regions on the resources of the light climate of the Russian Federation Moscow is located in the first group and, therefore, the calculation of natural light in the room is performed for the conditions of the cloud sky.

2 From Table B.1 Annexes in Table 13, the value of the outer horizontal illumination with continuous cloudiness for different watches of the day in March.

Table 13.

Time of day (local sunny time)	Outdoor horizontal illumination, lk	Medium Natural Illumination Indoor E CP, LK
at Keo \u003d 5%	at Keo \u003d 2.5%












	-	-	-
	-	-	-
	-	-	-

3 Sequentially substituting the value in formula (13), determine for the corresponding points of the time the value of the average light inside the room E Cp.. The calculation results are recorded in Table 13.

4 for found values E Cp. Build a schedule (Figure 26) Changes in natural illumination in the room during the working day at Keo \u003d 5% and 2.5%.

5 in the Appendix and SNiP 23-05 find that for the working room, located in Moscow, the normalized Keo value for B-1 discharge of work is 3%.

1 - a change in the natural light in the room at CEO, equal to 5%; 2 - the same, 2.5%; BUT - a point corresponding to the time of turning off artificial lighting in the morning;

B. - point corresponding to the time of artificial lighting in the evening

Figure 26.- schedule of changes in natural illumination in the room during the working day

Normated illumination is 300 LCs. When decreasing the area of \u200b\u200bthe lanterns, the average calculated value of Keo is 0.5 normalized Keo values; In this case, in the working room, the normalized illumination value from artificial lighting should be increased by one step, i.e., 400 LCs should be taken instead of 300 LCs.

6 At the ordinate, the graphics of Figure 26 find a point corresponding to the illumination of 300 LCs through which the horizontal is carried out to the intersection with the curve in the first and second half of the day. Points BUT and B. The intersection with the curve is design on the abscissa axis. Point but on the abscissa axis corresponds to time t A. \u003d 8 h 20 min, point b. - t B. \u003d 15 h 45 min.

The use of natural lighting in the work room with an average CEA equal to 3% is defined as a difference t B. - t A. \u003d 7 h 25 min.

7 From Figure 26 it follows that the horizontal corresponding to the illumination of 400 LCs does not intersect with a curve of changes in natural illumination with an average Keo \u003d 2.5%, which means that the time of using natural lighting in the working room with a decrease in the lanterns decreased is zero , i.e., during the entire working time, permanent additional artificial lighting should work in the work room.

Example 2.

It is required to determine the natural light and the duration of the use of natural lighting during the day in September with continuous cloudiness at three points A, B and B (Figure 27) of the characteristic School Class section at the level of the party (0.8 m from the floor). The points are located on the following distances from the outer wall with windows: BUT - 1.5 m, B. - 3 m and IN - 4.5 m. The calculated value of the CEO at the point A E A. \u003d 4.5%, at point B E B. \u003d 2.3, at point In E B. \u003d 1.6%. The normalized illumination in the classroom from the installation of artificial lighting is 300 LCs. The school is located in Belgorod (50 ° C. sh.) And works in one shift from 8 to 14 h (local sunny time).

Decision

1 From Table B.1 Appendices in discharge the values \u200b\u200bof external illumination during the day for September. Consistently substituting the values \u200b\u200bin formula (15), obtain the values \u200b\u200bof natural illumination at the specified points E G., E GB, E gv. The calculation results are recorded in Table 14.

BUT, B., IN - calculated points

Figure 27.- schematic transverse section of the school class

Note - Considering that in Table B.1 Appendix B for 50 ° C. sh. Outdoor illumination is not given, find the required value of the outer illumination by the method of linear interpolation.

Table 14.

2 According to Table 14, the figure of Figure 28 is built, for this, it is carried out a horizontal through the dandate axis point, which corresponds to the illumination of 300 LCs, up to the intersection with illumination curves E G., E GB, E gv (Curves 1 , 2 , 3 ).

3 design horizontal intersection points with crookeds on the abscissa axis; The use of natural lighting at the point BUT Determine the ratio:

t. 2 - t. 1 \u003d 14 h 00 min - 8 h 20 min \u003d 5 h 40 min.

From Figure 28 it follows that at points B. and IN With continuous cloudiness, in the fall, it is necessary to have permanent additional artificial lighting, since the score of the second and third rows of the party is a natural illumination below normalized value.

1 - At point BUT; 2 - At point B.; 3 - At point IN

Figure 28.- schedule of changes in natural light in the three calculated points of the school class during the working day