Goals of organization of the Great Embassy. Great Embassy: Goals and Tasks. Diplomatic preparation of the Northern War What city Peter called the damned place

Russian diplomacy is considered the time of the Board of Peter I, the reforms of which strengthened the Russian state and created the conditions for the independent political and economic development of Russia. Successful overcoming the decisive resistance of Europe (including the so-called allies) The elevation of Russia, the destruction of all attempts to form an anti-Russian military-political coalition is the greatest achievement of Petrovsk diplomacy. This, in particular, was expressed in the fact that Peter I won the Baltic coast on a great distance, and then forced Europe to recognize these fair and justified acquisitions.

But unlike these contemporaries, as Louis Xiv, Karl XII, Georg I, he was not a conqueror. The whole story of Petrovsk diplomacy says this with irresistible persuasiveness. Territorial accessions in Peter were justified by the vital interests of Russia's security. And they later responded to the constant care of Peter on the establishment of "general silence in Europe", or, expressing modern tongue, his desire for providing pan-European security. The essence of Dieter's diplomacy accurately transfers Pushkin image: "Russia entered Europe, like a cluttered ship - when the axes of the ax and the thunder of the guns." Geographically, Russia has always been part of Europe, and only ill-fated historical fate temporarily divided the development of the Western and eastern parts of one continent. The meaning of Petrovsky transformations in the fact that they made international relations on our continent are truly pan-European, relevant geographical framework of Europe from the Atlantic to the Urals. This world-historical event has gained tremendous importance for the entire subsequent three-time history of Europe, up to the present day.

This largely contributed to the brilliant idea of \u200b\u200bPeter to send exactly 320 years ago to Western Europe, Russian Great Embassy. In the history of diplomacy, it is difficult to find such a significant enterprise as it turned out. From the point of view of achieving specific foreign policy tasks set before this embassy, \u200b\u200bit fails. However, according to their real practical consequences, the great embassy had truly historical importance, primarily for the relationship between Russia and European countries, and in the future for the fate of the whole of Europe.

The American historian R. Massey notes: "The consequences of this 18-month travel turned out to be extremely important, even if Peter's goals seemed narrow. He went to Europe with determination to send his country along the Western way. Over the centuries, an isolated and closed old Moscow State has now had to catch up with Europe and discover Europe. In a certain sense, the effect turned out to be mutual: the West influenced Peter, the king had a huge impact on Russia, and the modernized and revived Russia provided, in turn, a new, huge impact on Europe. Consequently, for all three - Peter, Russia and Europe - the great embassy was a turning point. "

Expand the Antiturure League. BUT NOT ONLY

The great embassy was sent by Peter I to the Emperor Austrian, Kings English and Danish, to Pope, to the Dutch states, Kurfürth Brandenburg and Venice. Decree on the Great Embassy and its tasks was signed on December 16, 1696. Before him, the main goal was set - the expansion and strengthening of the Antique League, "to confirm the ancient friendship and love, for the common Christianity, to weaken the enemies of the Cross of the Lord - Saltan of the Turovsky, Khan of Crimean and all Busurman Horde, to the worst increment of Christian sovereigns." At the same time, the great embassy was to look for experienced sailors and artilleryrs, buy equipment and materials for shipbuilding, as well as take care of the device abroad "Volunteers" for training crafts and military sciences. The great embassy performed, thus, at the same time, the tasks of the diplomatic, military-diplomatic and consular services.

The main goals of the Great Embassy, \u200b\u200bwrites Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky, were as follows: "With his numerous retinue under the cover of a diplomatic commission, it was headed to the West in order to explore everything they need there, to familiarize the masters, saving the European Master." But, it seems, not only the masters were going to "smooth" diplomats. Already, the embassy was led by one of the most experienced Russian military time, talking about many things. It can be assumed that Peter then had already conceived to "win" the Baltic Sea, and therefore, along with the search for Military ships, the construction of the latter, he collected and carefully studied all the information associated with the state of the Armed Forces of Western Europe. This assumption is confirmed by all the development of the situation associated with the Great Embassy.

"The ideas inspired by the fresh wind from the West, the fifth king Romanova had a lot, but, as they say, it is better to see once than a hundred times to hear. Peter equipped a great embassy from more than two hundred people in which doctors, clergymen, scribes, translators, bodyguards; Included he also also his friends and young nobles, so that they are the case, "indicates V.G. Grigoriev in the book "Tsarist destiny."

Officially, the diplomatic mission was headed by three "Great ambassadors": Admiral General Franz Yakovlevich Lefort (First Ambassador), General-Krigomissar Boyar Fedor Alekseevich Golovin (Second Ambassador) and Duma Dyacp Prophyus Bogdanovich Raznin (Third Ambassador). Speed \u200b\u200bof the ambassadors were 20 nobles. The embassy was added to 35 "volunteers", which killed to determine "into science". Among the latter, Peter I himself under the name of Peter Mikhailov. Incognito gave him the opportunity to avoid magnificent techniques and use a foreign trip to familiarize themselves with European countries and learning various crafts, taking direct participation in the affairs of the Great Embassy.

Europe met difficulties

As the Russian state calendar says, "the Great Embassy of King Peter I went to Western Europe on March 9/22, 1697 ...". (By the way, the solemn ceremony of his return took place in Moscow on October 20, 1698. - V.V.). In the fulfillment of the main task, it from the very beginning met with significant difficulties. In the center of the Western European policy stood at the time the upcoming struggle for the Spanish inheritance and the shores of the Baltic Sea. Therefore, even those states of Western Europe, which have already fought with Turkey, sought to finish this war rather to free their strength. True, shortly before the departure of the Great Embassy from Moscow, in February 1697, the Russian messenger in Vienna Kozma Nephimonov managed to conclude a three-way agreement with Austria and Venice against Turkey, but the fortification of the Union against the Turks did not move.

Initially, the great embassy went through Liflandia and Kurland in Königsberg, to the court of Kurfürst Brandenburg. The first stop was made in Riga. And there it left an indelible impression about himself. Thus, the governor of the city of Svplendalberg was noted: "Some Russians allowed themselves to pace around the city, put on high places and thus study its location, others went down to Riva, examined their depths and referred to the pencil plans of the main fortifications."

Concerned about the actions of the Russians, the governor demanded from the first ambassador of Leforta that he could not let, so for more than six Russians suddenly were in the fortress, and will be behind them for them to walk guard. " Even Peter (it's more correct to tell Peter Mikhailov's Probrozhensky Regiment)) was not made any sentions: "And when the royal majesty was for the pleasure of His Sweets to walk with some specialists, then although he was truly known, but he was the same guard, As it is written above, they put and evil received, rather than others, and less gave time to be in the city. "

Peter did not have anything, like sitting in the local "hotel." There, however, he got the opportunity to make a detailed letter sent to Moscow by Deca Andrei Viniius, who conducted a royal penwit and summing up all the king of foreign observations: "We drove through the city and the castle, where the soldiers stood on five places that were less than 1000 people , and tell that everyone was. The city is much strengthened, only underwent. " In the same letter, Peter notes a separate line, as if by chance: "I will continue to write secret inks, - hold on fire and read ... And then the local people are curious."

This precaution was not unnecessary: \u200b\u200bfrom a huge flow of information that literally collapsed from the first day to the participants of the Great Embassy, \u200b\u200bit was decided to dwell on the main thing - the search for the shortest path to strengthening Russia's military relics and especially the creation of his fleet. And nothing was to share the received secrets with the enemy, to report all of Europe about their "white spots" in the naval business.

Polish question

The first in the mining of information was the king himself. "While Peter I's satellites, burdened with ceremonial events, were on moving to Königsberg, the king, who arrived there for a week earlier, managed to pass a short course of artillery shooting and received a certificate, which indicated that" Mr. Peter Mikhailov acknowledge and read for the perfect in throwing Bombs and in the theory of science and practice, cautious and skillful firearms. "

The Königsberg contract concluded with Brandenburg has already planned new paths in Russia's foreign policy that led it soon to the Northern War. However, Peter I still intended to continue the war with Turkey.

While in Konigsberg, he actively supported the candidacy of Friedrich Augustus Saxon on the king's elections at the Poland. He sent a special letter to the Seima, in which in every way recommended the election of this candidate in contrast to the French gender to Prince Connyi, whose accession would involve Poland in the orbit of French politics and would tear it from the Union with Russia against Turkey. At the same time, an impressive Russian army was moved to the Polish border. Thus, the election of the Saxon Kurfürst, the future ally of Russia in the Northern War was elected.

The gun trunks in Königsberg did not have time to cool, as with a small retinue, Peter Mikhailov continued to move, almost without stopping, on postal coils ahead of the whole great embassy, \u200b\u200bone by one melded the city: Berlin, Brandenburg, Golberstadt. They stopped only at the famous Factories of Ilzesenburg, where the inquisitive Peter got acquainted with the "production of cast iron, cooking iron in pots, forging rifles, the production of pistols, saber, horseshoes." In Germany, Peter left several soldiers of the Preobrazhensky regiment, in front of which he set the task to learn everything that the Germans know in the artillery business. One of the Preobrachters, Sergeant Korchmin, in his letters to the king listed everything that was already comprehended, and summed up: "And now we teach trigonometry."

Peter in the response message with surprise was drawn up: as a transfigumer S. Bujhenin "masters the subtleties of mathematics, being completely illiterate." Korchmin told Korchmin: "And I don't know about that, but God also enlightens the blind."

Studied to build ships

From Brandenburg, the great embassy went to Holland. In the Hague, where it arrived in September 1697, despite the lively diplomatic activities (four conferences held), it was not successful to succeed, since Holland concluded peace with France at this time and did not solve the material support of Russia in the fight against Turkey, the Allian France. The great embassy was delayed in Amsterdam, where she was engaged in the hiring of sailors and engineers, as well as procurement, materials and tools. "A wish was expressed from the Russian side, in possibly short time, get help with ships, weapons, guns and artillery cores. The ambassadors asked the Netherlands to build seventy warships for Russia and more than a hundred gallery. " This request "was not respected and the ambassadors were communicated to the last degree of courtesy."

The Russians spent nine months in Netherlands, the hosts carried out leisurely, and the guests were engaged not only by official diplomacy, but also by other affairs, driving around the country, they were interested in all - from growing tulips before the construction of ships and so on. In particular, Peter himself has worked for a ship carpenter for four months on one of the Dutch shipyards.

"Inadlessly his greed," wrote in his multi-volume work S.M. Solovyov, - to see and know led to the despair of Dutch accomplisions: no excuses helped, just heard: I should see it! "

After the hospitable Holland 10 (23) January 1698, King Peter, accompanied by Yakov, Bruce and Peter Postnikov went to England, where he stayed for about two months. About the stay of the king in England testifies "JURNAL (MAGAZINE) 205" and records about the stay of the Russian self-container, which then became historical relics. Most of all Peter I was lingered in Detford, working on shipyard (today one of the streets of the city in his honor is called Czar Street. - V.V.). In addition, he visited the main base of the English fleet Portsmouth, Oxford University, Greenwich Observatory, the Mint, the famous Artillery Arsenal and the Foundry Plant in Wolvice, participated as an observer in a major naval exercise, met Isaac Newton. Peter also visited the English Parliament, where he stated: "It's fun to hear what the sons of the Fatherland of the Fatherland say clearly, the British should learn from the British," he attended the meeting of the English royal society, had a date with the English king.

A trade agreement was signed in London, according to which Lord Carmarte was sold to a monopoly on trade in Russia tobacco. When he was noticed that the Russians consider smoking with a big sin, the king replied: "I'll remake them on my own way when I return home!"

From the English impressions of Peter, one may have formed the basis for the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a triumphal pillar in honor of the victory in the Northern War: In 1698, the king was "on the pillar" in London, from which the whole London see ", that is, probably on a column erected Christopher Renom after the London Fire 1666.

According to the Russian State Calendar, during a trip to England, the king and his assistants managed to attract many British to work in Russia: military, engineers, physicians, builders, even one architect, who then worked under the azov.

After England, the embassy again turned out to be on the continent, his way was lying in Vienna. In 1698, Austria, through the mediation of England, began peaceful negotiations with Turkey. Peter accompanied by the Great Embassy went to Vienna, but he failed to prevent the conclusion of the world. When negotiations with the Austrian Chancellor, the County Petr insisted that in a peaceful agreement, Russia is also ensured except Azov also, Kerch. This requirement was not supported by Austrians. The whole course of the negotiations with them was convinced by Peter's that the yield of Austria from the bilateral union became a reality.

Reform time

The great embassy has already gathered to go further to Venice, when the news came from Moscow, that Sagittarius took up the weapons for the second time: "They raised the riot, calling for not to let the king in Moscow for" believed "in the Germans and grew up with them." . Peter I reported on the "theft of Raughters-Streltsov", which occurred in Toropetsk district and was that the four shooting shelves sent there, directed to the Lithuanian border, refused to go there and, changing commanders, moved to Moscow. This message made Peter cancel the journey to Venice and return to his homeland.

Leaving P. Reminted in Vienna as an authorized for negotiations on the upcoming Karlovitsky Congress, Peter with the rest of the ambassadors went to Moscow. He spared only about one thing: his trip to Venice did not take place, where the embassy intended to familiarize himself with the construction of a gallery, widely used in naval business. A long-time planned trip to Rome and Sweden was also broken. In Rave-Russian, he had a date with the Polish August II. Here, on August 3, 1698, a verbal agreement on war against Sweden was concluded.

According to researchers, the main thing was done. The king received enormous information, visibly felt, in which the Moscow State lags behind and how much way to go into the large-scale construction of his fleet and the army. Literally from the first days of his return to Moscow, he began to carry out major, including military, reforms that caused a huge resonance both in Russia and abroad. Mikhail Venerevitinov wrote: "The fruits of stay of the king in the Netherlands and good consequences of his first journey abroad Troyko affected Russia, it is: on its civilization, on the creation of its marine force and on the spread of Her dominion."

From the very beginning of the XVIII century, Russia "is actively drawn into the whirlpool of international politics," its ties with Western European powers are tied. In 1700, Russia begins the war for entering the Baltic (entered in history as a northern, long-lasting twenty-one year. - V.V.). As ever, it is important at this time there was a reliable information - both political, and military. Without them and the state apparatus, and the army as without hands. (This soon was convinced during the tragic army of events near Narva, where Peter's troops suffered a crushing defeat. And one of the reasons for the latter is the lack of accurate data on Swedish troops, about the number of enemy tools, about the movement of the cavalry. - V.V. .)

But already literally the next day after Narva, the Russians again rushed "into battle": they began to create a new army, the fleet, lily guns, erected plants. Not the last attention was also paid to intelligence and counterintelligence in order to try to avoid shame like Narva beatings.

By carrying out their trips abroad, Peter I led an active correspondence with all Russian ambassadors and official residents in the European courtyards. According to these documents, as in correspondence with Moscow, it is possible to judge the active leadership of Peter I by Russia's foreign policy and the activities of all units of the state apparatus, including diplomatic.

Peter I no longer gives in his punctures of instructions "Finding fishing in matters as God is empty." Now it is perfectly disassembled in a complex international situation in Europe of the late XVII century and according to this directs its residents concrete to the little instructions (punisha). Interested in the order, compiled by the embassy and edited by Peter himself, Captain Lefortov Regiment G. Ostrovsky dated 2 October 1697. Ostrovsky followed the great embassy as Tolmach (translator) of the Latin, Italian and Polish languages. He was prescribed to go to Slavic lands to explore them, as well as the selection of officers and sailors.

Of course, now such an order is a smile today, since part of the information required in it can be obtained from the textbook of geography on Western Europe. But in those days such textbooks did not exist. On September 4, 1697, by order of Peter I, in Amsterdam, "for the knowledge of ways to the Atlas book with a description and drawings of all states" was purchased. But, apparently, the Atlas did not satisfy Peter I, and it was impossible to find specific answers in it.

Thus, the great embassy played a great role in the great affairs of Peter I. It was also the beginning of Petrovskaya diplomacy, historical milestone, after which Russia's transformation and the process of its comprehensive, primarily diplomatic, rapprochement with Western Europe begins. Today you can find a lot of similar moments in our relations with Europe at the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries. No wonder they say that the story moves along the spirals and new events - to one degree or another - repetition of the previous ones. 320 years ago Peter the Great successfully solved this task. Can we repeat his successes on the new turn of the historic spiral?

There were various opinions about the Great Embassy's goals of Peter's contemporaries. For 300 years since then, the unity of the opinions of historians did not work out. But if you analyze all the options, it can be noted that the goals and tasks of the king of Tsar researchers indicate the similar one, only arrange them according to the degree of importance in different ways.

Nevertheless, if you look at the events that preceded the Great Embassy (War with Turkey, Taking Azov), then we can safely assume that I still have the main task of Russia in the late 17th century, was to enter the Black Sea, which Turkey prevented . And the search for the allies in such an important thing was the priority issue of Russia's foreign policy. That was what was planned to be done during a foreign diplomatic trip. But traditionally, such issues were solved without the direct participation of the king officials of the Embassy Order.

In this regard, it can be assumed that Peter had the personal causes of the trip. This is evidenced by the structure of the Great Embassy and the nature of the activity. The fact that Petr was driving under the name of the Spristen Peter Mikhailov, not posted his royal state, speaks of his plans to gain knowledge and experience in the field of organizing the army and fleet. And this question was interested in his childhood, since the game in the "fun shelves."

The third goal can be considered the need to recruit specialists, as well as the acquisition of those samples of weapons and technical innovations and scientific rarences that could become a foundation for the military-technical modernization of Russia.

And how Peter actively communicated with various representatives of the Western world, as greedily he absorbed various manifestations of the European Spirit, may be proof of the fourth goal of the Great Embassy - dating with the life of the European Society.

The composition of the Great Embassy

The first grand ambassador was appointed F.Ya. Lefort. Formally, he headed him, but in fact, all the leadership was in the hands of an experienced diplomat F. A. Golovin. The role of Leforta was purely representative and coordinated mainly to the translation of the king's speeches. However, it was superior to other ambassadors.

Nursing second, Ambassador F.A. Golovin, played a major role. It was a professional diplomat, after a while after returning from Europe, led by the Embassy Order. Being a close companion of Peter, provided a huge impact on foreign policy.

The third was PB. Remain. A man discreet, cautious, uncommunicative, he possessed the quality, which was very valued Peter I. Remaining for 30 years of the diplomatic service has passed the path from the lowest official of the diplomatic service - the funeral, to the twin devote.

In addition, the number of embassies, in addition to ambassadors, it was up to 20 nobles and up to 35 volunteers. The nobles constantly had to constantly be constantly located near the ambassadors, accompany them during solemn trips, on receptions, "vacation" audiences, to perform various orders. In addition, the ambassadors were accompanied by a fragment, various kinds of their own servants and servants of the nobles with them. The number of accompanying exceeded 80 people. The total number of embassies is definitely not established. According to the information used by the French Historian Voltaire, the number was reached by 200 people, John Friedrik Joakim - a German lawyer and historian - spoke of 300 people.

Introduction 2.

Chapter 1. Prerequisites for the creation of the Great Embassy of Peter I 4

1.1. Causes of the creation of the Great Embassy of Peter I 4

1.2. Boyarskaya Duma and decision making. five

Chapter 2. Great Embassy 1697 - 1698. 6.

2.1. Goals, composition, route. 6.

Chapter 3. The meaning of the Great Embassy of Peter I 11

3.1. The meaning of the Great Embassy for Peter I 11

3.2. Russia's transformation into the European state. 12

Conclusion. 13

List of references .. 14

Introduction

The XVIII century for historians is one of the most severe for studying compared to previous centuries. At the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries in Russia, attempts were made to overcome the backwardness from Western European countries in the cultural, economic and political directions. Significant changes began with the arrival of the king of King Peter I. Starting from 1700, Russia falls on the path of great reforms, after which Moscow Rus has turned into a Russian empire. Huge changes affected the economy, political structure, the structure of the authorities, management and court, the organization of the army, culture and in the very class structure of the population.

Peter I reforms led the country to the dawn and a new era of development. One of the most important events of his rule was the organization of the Great Embassy of Peter I. Subsequently, Peter I entered the story as a reformer king, which "drove the window to Europe."

In 1998, Russia noted the 300th anniversary of the "Great Embassy", which for Peter I was an academy for internal and external reforms.

On the example of this historical event, I would like to show separately the parties to the development of Russia as a civilized European state.

Chapter 1. Prerequisites for the creation of the Great Embassy of Peter I

1.1. Causes of the creation of the Great Embassy of Peter I

There are some circumstances that pushed Peter I to create a great embassy.

In 1965, the first siege of Azova was held, which ended with the need to retreat, as well as the failures of the Crimean campaigns more and more pushed Peter I to start building a military fleet.

The beginning of this strategically important cause was laid on the Voronezh River. Here for a fairly short period, about less than a year, 2 ships were built, 23 galleys and 1300 stops. On this fleet, 40 thousand Russian warriors in 1969 again besieged the Turkish fortress of Azov. On July 19, 1969, the Turks left the fortress, and she capitulated.

In connection with this event, Peter I thought about the construction of a strong and strong military fleet, which would help him defeat the sea.

The king, all overlap, on October 20, 1969, convenes a meeting of the Boyar Duma in the Preobrazhensky village for how he was expressed, "sitting with boyars about affairs." For a successful outcome of the case planned by the king, he needed to enlist the support of the trotting nobility, so that they finance the shipbuilding and approved the parcel of Russian young people, volunteers, for training for ship art abroad. Peter I independently wrote a note of the Boyar Duma, in which all the details of the organization of ship companies were set out.

Peter I also filed the idea to decompose this service on merchant trading and peasant yards, information about which was in the residential extracts from customs and census books.

The deals of the king completely painted ways and the principles of the organization and construction of a new strong fleet. These proposals were subsequently reflected in the Moscow Regulations.

1.2. Boyarskaya Duma and decision making

Boyarskaya Duma on the proposals of Peter carried the following verdict: "... to be maritime courts. And how many, about being to cope in the number of peasant yards. Write down and report. " The next meeting of the Duma occurred in the presence of foreigners, who were invited as consultants to equip and technical device of ships, as well as to organize training by the shipyard of Russian volunteers in Western countries.

Boyarskaya Duma also sentenced the material side of the company. The clergy and patriarchy, together with 8 thousand peasant yards, ensured the construction of a single ship. Serving people and boyars with 10 thousand peasant yards provided the construction of one ship. Also, shopping and landing people were subjected. This decision of the Boyar Duma and became the basis for creating companies or "Kum Panches", as they were called at the time.

All the affairs of shipbuilding companies were maintained by Vladimir's vessel. The managers of which he was appointed by the regional protasive, who after the appointment was referred to as Admiralty.

For the successful implementation of companies, the Office of the Vladimir order was created, which, after the sentence of the Boyarskaya Duma, was first developed 2 basic instructions. The first one contained the "painting of the composition", which resembled a regular schedule, and the regulations for the distribution of timber. The second instruction contained the duties of the Admiralty.

Chapter 2. Great Embassy 1697 - 1698

2.1. Goals, Composition, Route

Historians to this day argue about the goals of the first trip Peter I. Some believe that his journey was due to the fact that he was needed by the experience of the reign, others believe that he wanted to master the secrets of shipbuilding. Nevertheless, after numerous disputes, Peter I travel targets were formed:

1. To see the political life of Europe, as Peter and His ancestors never seen her.
2. On the example of the European countries to arrange their own state in military and political order.
3. On your example, to show the subject of traveling to other people's edges for the perception of good morals and learning foreign languages.

Special attention was paid to the choice of the route and the composition of the Great Embassy. Choose a specific and concrete route was not so simple. They planned to go to Vienna through Mitava and Riga, then visit Rome and Venice, after - England, Denmark and Holland. Complete the trip should have visited the Brandenburg Kurfürst.

When choosing the composition of the Great Embassy there were no less difficulties. It is worth noting that the king himself went to Europe, but unofficially. He sent a tuta in the rank of the Probrozhensky regiment of Peter Mikhailov.

The embassy itself was headed by three great ambassadors: General and Admiral, governor of Novgorod Franz Yakovlevich Lefort; General and Commissioner, Vicer Siberian Fedor Alekseevich Golovin and Duma Dyak, Vicers of Bellevsky Proofius Bogdanovich Rasp. The embassy accompanied the numerous service personnel, namely: priests, translators, lekari, bread jackets, etc. The total number was together with the soldiers of the protection of 250 people, and the tracks counted 1000 sleds. Since the embassy composition was huge, it was decided to leave several detachments.

Peter I instructed the management of the country to the prince of Romodanovsky and Boyarin Tikhon Bercknev.

The path was kept in Holland through Kurlydia, Brandenburg and Germany.

In early August 1967, the embassy arrived in Holland, the city of Saradam, who was considered the center of shipbuilding at that time. The time of staying in this city is just a week, but the king managed to buy tools, inspect the sawmill and paper enterprises, change clothes into a Dutch dress and work an ax on the sawmills.

On August 16, 1967, the embassy drove into Amsterdam, where an agreement was signed that volunteers would work on the shipyard of the East India Company. The entire end of August and the beginning of September dedicated to master the wisdom of shipbuilding. The result was the frigate "Peter and Paul", which in mid-November was lowered into water.

However, the king was not satisfied with the practice alone, he wanted to master and theory. For this, he decides to go to England, where the embassy arrives in January 1968. There, Peter I himself personally works on shipyards, and also inspects the sights of London. He managed to visit London enterprises, Oxford University, and also visited the Mint and Greenwich Observatory several times.

However, despite all the achievements and knowledge, only one goal of the Great Embassy was fulfilled - to comprehend the science of shipbuilding. Huge work was made by the purchase of weapons and hiring of specialists. However, 10,000 guns were purchased, 5,000 muskets, 3200 bayonets, ship supplies and more. The gateway wizards, boots and 350 sailors were hired to serve in Russia.

However, the main task of the embassy was not fulfilled - Holland abandoned the side of Russia to join the war with Turkey.

After visiting England, the embassy decides to go back to Holland. In May 1968, the king decides to go to Vienna in order to prevent the possibility of the separation world of Ottomans with Austrians, but they did not have time. Austria already at that time began negotiations with the Ottoman Empire about the world.

However, Peter did not lose hope. He hoped to incline Venice to war with the Turks, however, and this hope was not embodied. From Moscow, along the way to Venice, Peter receives anxious news about Bunte Streltsov and returns to Russia.

2.2. Documentation of the "Great Embassy"

Peter I, in addition to the construction of the fleet, began to organize a "great embassy", which had practical and diplomatic goals.

The purpose of this embassy was in the assurance of the heads of the neighboring states in friendship, as well as in the awareness of them that the enemy of the Cross of the Lord - "Sultan Turkish, Khan Crimean and all the basher hordes" weakened that it lays great hopes for the conclusion of contracts for strengthening positions for Combating a common enemy between countries.

Peter I publishes a decree of December 6, 1969 on the equipment of the "Great Embassy" to European yards. This decree was also assigned to the plenipotentiary and great ambassadors to Zesar to Poland, to the Kings of Denmark and England, to the Dutch states, to Pope, to the Kurfürth, Brandenburg and Venice. To ensure the presence of the necessary powers, credentials and authorized letters in the office were prepared. Documentary registration of the "Great Embassy" diplomatic mission was carried out.

For a detailed melting of the mission, all external communications of Russia for the previous period were studied and analyzed.

Peter I was actively involved in the preparation of the Mission of the Great Embassy. He led the actively correspondence correspondence with the devils of the Embassy Order. He sent orders and orders there, and in response, he received unsubscribes or certificates of appropriate content about the work done. So, during such a correspondence, the responsibilities of Sorsnikov and Occkers were formed, the work of which was the organization of meetings of Russian ambassadors with representatives of foreign states, and the standards of documents for the upcoming negotiations were developed, the first instructions on the intricacies of diplomacy and business etiquette after revising the diplomatic acts of Europe .

The end of 1969 was marked by the creation of the Office of the "Great Embassy" consisting of 6 fits, 2 translators and 2 Tolmachi for oral translation. They developed the basic documents of the Embassy: sovereign diplomas, decrees, aiming lists, extracts, reports, petitions, etc.

March 10, 1967, after long preparations, the Great Embassy left Moscow. The first city that it visited was Riga, where the embassies were relevant to the honors. The king, who traveled incognito, examined all the military fortifications of the city.

In Koenisberg, Peter I concludes a new trade agreement and meets an artillery business. In Prussia, he also established diplomatic relations, which will subsequently bring a considerable benefit of his country. Also important for Russia was a visit to Peter I of Civilized Germany, which resulted in the development of the state.

For a more successful implementation of the Mission, Peter I decides to get ahead of the embassy. He got along Rhina to Amsterdam, where he began to master the basics of shipbuilding, called himself the usual carpenter volunteer. After four months of painstaking work and the development of new science, the first frigate was lowered. In a year, Peter I decides to go to England to improve its skill and for training military crafts.

After England, the king decides to go to Vienna in order to sign a contract with Kinsky Chancellor on the hardening of positions in the fight against a single enemy - Turkey, but it overtakes the alarming news from Moscow, and he was forced to return to Russia.

Chapter 3. The meaning of the Great Embassy of Peter I

3.1. The meaning of the Great Embassy for Peter I

What value had a great embassy? For the state, it is rapprochement with the states of Western Europe, the establishment of trade and diplomatic relations. For Peter I is the final approval of his personality and methods of government.

Peter I regarded a foreign journey as an act of self-education. He wanted from this travel knowledge about shipbuilding, and got a lot of impressions and learned to new sciences. For more than a year, he traveled through foreign countries, it was surrounded by a variety of people, he knew a variety of cultures. Compared to his poor Rus, the rich and strong countries of the West produced an indelible impression on the king, he bother during this time with their customs and could no longer return to his old worldview. Peter aware of the superiority of the West and attempted to bring its state to them through numerous reforms. As a reformer, Peter I was formed exactly abroad. However, his former stability in Moscow gave one-sidedness in his self-education abroad. He, being the Lord of Azov and the Creator of the Russian Fleet, was not very interested in the management of the state. Even being abroad, it was attracted by the fleet, military affair and culture, and not a public device itself and control.

When Peter I returns to Moscow, he begins to conduct reforms. He breaks with old traditions, bringing cultural innovations with him and rather sharply embodies them into life. However, reforms in the field of government and management, he passes much later.

3.2. Russia's conversion to the European state

Russian historians evaluate the historical value of the Great Embassy of Peter I. The positive moments were holding reforms and the training of the Russian people abroad.

The main goal of the embassy was never achieved - Russia could not find allies in the war against the Ottoman Empire. However, Peter I received a huge number of new knowledge, and the embassy in the meantime was engaged in hiring specialists and procurement of weapons and shippaca.

In Europe, Peter I were perceived as an inquisitive savage, which only crafts, applied knowledge and a variety of dickers were interested. He was considered not developed enough, as it was not much interested in the essential features of European political and cultural life. Europe said that Peter I is a nervous and hot-tempered person who quickly changes plans and can not own himself in moments of anger.

However, in addition to reforms in the field of culture and military affairs, Peter I also conducts administrative transformations after the mission of the Great Embassy to Europe. He formed completely new views of Europe to the Russian society and changed the principles of government management - from the creation of completely new government agencies before changing the process of documenting and the sample of conservative orders.

Conclusion

Peter I entered the story as a great reformer, which, on its scale of action and the rapidness of reforms, did not have analogues in any Russian, nor even in European history.

The most important achievement of the king was the organization of the Grand Diplomatic Mission - the "Great Embassy of Peter I", which gave impetus to the implementation of reforms and overcoming Russia's backlog from European countries.

The great embassy of Peter I gave the opportunity not only to get the country new knowledge in the field of shipbuilding and military affairs, it made it possible to develop the country in the economic, political and cultural directions.

Although the goal of the Great Embassy was never achieved, Russia received new trade relations with European countries, and also raised its international status.

List of used literature

1. Buganov V.I. "Peter the Great and his time" - M.: Nau-ka, 1989 - 192 p.
2. IN AND., Zyryanov PN Ed. Sakharov A.N. "History of Russia, the end of the XVII - XIX century," ed. 3 - M.: 1997 - 304 p.
3. cost. Resurrection N.A. "Legislative acts of Peter I" - M.: L., 1945
4. Zuev M.N. "The history of Russia from ancient times until the end of the XX century", ed. 2, rear. and add. - M.: Drop, 2000 - 896 p.
5. Klyuchevsky V.O. "Historical portraits", M., Publishing House "Pravda", 1991, 623 p.
6. Knyazkov S. "Essays from the history of Peter the Great and his Time" - M.: Culture, 1990 - 658 p.
7. Pavlenko N.I. "Peter I and his time", M., Publishing House "Enlightenment", 1989, 495 p.
8. Khachaturian V.M., ed. IN AND. The injection "History of world civilizations from ancient times before the beginning of the 20th century", ed. 2. - M.: Drop, 1998 - 400 p.
Report it to us.

In 1697, on the personal disposal of Peter 1, the Great Embassy of Peter 1 was collected in Europe. The results of which had a strong influence on the development of Russia. In total, the embassy included 250 people. All of them were a prominent nobility. The mansion among them was Peter Mikhailov, the servant of the Preobrazhensky regiment. It was under this pseudonym that Peter 1 adopted participation in the embassy.

The results of the Great Embassy of 1697-1698 led Peter to the conclusion about the need to reform Russia. The purpose of the embassy was familiar with the European temper, domestic, science and culture. Since childhood, Peter was surrounded by foreign teachers who spoke Russian king on how far science stepped in European countries. Peter wanted to verify this personally. During the period of the European embassy, \u200b\u200bKurland, England, Holland, Austria and Königsberg were visited. In 1698, the embassy was interrupted, as Peter reported that in Russia, Sagittarius prepare a new conspiracy. It was necessary to immediately return to the homeland. Because of the soon departure, Peter could not visit Rome and Venice.

The results of the Great Embassy of 1697-1698 predetermined, both internal and foreign policy of Russia for many years ahead. Peter 1 returned from Europe with a solid understanding that the successful development of the country of Russia is necessary to enter the mora. This sea should have become the Baltic Sea. Peter the Great perfectly understood that it would be hard to reach the Baltic Sea, as this means a war with a strong Swedish king, but there was no other exit. As a result, in 1700, the Northern War began, which lasted almost all the life of Peter, but still brought Russia a long-awaited exit to the Baltic. Peter drew the window to Europe. In addition, the results of the embassy to Europe led Peter to the idea that Russia needs cardinal change. The backlog from Western countries was just huge. Therefore, Peter threw all the power to ensure that this lag, primarily in the sciences, cut. Peter the Great saw the numerous advantages of the West and wanted to strengthen Russia's communications with Western European countries. But for this, it was necessary to enter the Baltic Sea.

As a result, the results of the Great Embassy of 1697-1698 led Peter the first to the idea that to successfully achieve Russia internal and external tasks, it is necessary to enter the Baltic Sea. Hence he was brewing the war with the Swedes.

It believed that Russia was severely lagging in its development from Western European countries, the king openly admitted it. Wanting to adopt European experience, modernize the country and find allies in the fight against the Ottoman Empire, he has a great embassy to Europe.

At the head of the embassy stood and experienced diplomats Fedor Golovin and Prokopii Voznesensky. This event took place in 1697 - 1698. In the spring of 1697, the embassy, \u200b\u200bconsisting of 250 people, went to Europe. I had to visit England, Holland, Austria, Venice, Vatican and other European powers.

As part of the great embassy, \u200b\u200bthere were 35 young nobles who were going to learn from the maritime case, among them, under the name of the Bombardir Peter Mikhailov, the king himself was. The first major cities who visited the Russians were Riga and Königsberg. Governor of Riga did not allow the Russian king to explore the fortress and other attractions of the city. Peter in anger called Riga to the damned place.

Further, the path of the embassy lay in Kurlyndia, where Peter I waited for a warm welcome. It was the first abroad of the Russian monarch. For almost a month he was located at the Kullenandsky Duke Friedrich Casimir, who showed maximum courtesy and preventability. Friedrich tried to incline Peter to the Union against Sweden, but the king from Russia, while only allies in the fight against Turkey were interested. Further, the path of the Great Embassy lay through German states.

Peter I separated from the embassy and went to the Netherlands, in Amsterdam, where four months stayed. Later, he secretly enters the service in ship shipyard, where he gets a carpenter-ship certificate. The great embassy also visited the Dutch Hague, where he got acquainted with the activities of the country's senior authorities - the General States.

Peter I successfully combined the activities of the diplomatic mission with a visit to theaters, museums, various laboratories and manuff, improved his knowledge in the ship business. An important component of Peter's activities in the European tour was hiring Western specialists in various fields in Russian service.

In January 1698, Peter I arrives with the Great Embassy in England. In England, he visits the shipyard, negotiates the conclusion of the Union against Turkey, as well as present at the meetings of the English Parliament. At the end of April 1698, he urgently go to Austria. The Union of Russia, Poland, Austria and Venice against the Turks collapsed.

In Austria, the Russian king was supposed to prevent the signing of a peace treaty. During these years, Europe lived the problem of the "Spanish inheritance" and no one paid attention to the ideas and suggestions of the young Russian king.

From Vienna, the great embassy was to go to Venice, but on the day of departure July 15, 1698, a message was received about the next. Peter I hurried to Moscow, on the way he met with August II. August II obsolently outlined Peter the prospect of war against Sweden, exile from the Baltic, and the approval of Poland and Russia in this region.