Crossbreeding of plants - crossbreeding technology and the advantages of hybrid varieties. How to cross plants at home? How to cross plants

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Growing plants at home is a very common hobby. But most fans do not attach importance to the rules for caring for plants. Although this care takes very little time. And the result a hundredfold pays for all the efforts spent. After all, if everything is done correctly, then the plants are healthy, grow well and please with their appearance. Therefore, every nature lover involved in growing plants needs to know the answers to at least the main questions related to this activity.

How to cross plants? Crossbreeding of plants is carried out in order to obtain a new variety with the traits necessary for the breeder. Therefore, the first step is to decide what qualities are desired in the new plant. Then a selection of parent plants is made, each of which has one or more of these dominant qualities. It makes sense to use plants that have grown in different regions - this makes their heredity richer. But still, before embarking on breeding, you should still familiarize yourself with specialized literature, for example, with a description of the methods of work of I. V. Michurin.

How to save a plant? There are times when the plant begins to die for some reason. The first sign is usually the disease state of the leaves. Then you need to check the state of the stem. If it has become too soft, brittle or rotten, then there is hope that the roots are healthy. But if they have deteriorated, then this means that the plant has died. In other cases, you can try to save him. To do this, you will have to cut off the damaged part. But the stems are not completely cut off, leaving at least a few centimeters above the ground. Then you need to place the plant so as to halve the amount of solar time it receives and water it sparingly when the soil is completely dry. Such measures will help the plant fight the disease and new shoots will appear in a few months.

How to care for indoor plants? In order for the plants to be healthy and look beautiful, you need to follow a few mandatory rules. First, they need to be properly watered. You can not flood the plant, it is better to underfill. This should be done when the ground is dry. Water should be at room temperature. It must be remembered that tropical plants also require daily spraying. Another important condition for plant life is lighting. Be sure to find out what intensity and duration of lighting is required for the plant and provide the necessary conditions for it. Temperature is the third important factor for the life and health of plants. Most of them are suitable for room temperature. But some types of colder regions need a lower temperature in winter. This can be ensured by placing a flower on a glazed balcony.

We will tell you how to cross between two varieties of the same plant species - this method is called hybridization. Let it be plants of different colors or differing in the shape of petals, leaves. Or perhaps they will differ in terms of flowering or requirements for external conditions?

Choose plants that bloom quickly to speed up the experiment. It is also better to start with unpretentious flowers - for example, foxgloves, marigolds or delphiniums.

The course of the experiment and the diary of observations

First, formulate your goals - what do you want to get from the experiment. What are the desired traits for new varieties?

Keep a notebook-diary where you write down the goals and record the progress of the experiment from beginning to end.

Do not forget to describe in detail the original plants, and then the resulting hybrids. Here are the most important points: plant health, growth intensity, size, color, aroma, flowering time.

flower structure

In our article, a flower will be considered as an example, you can see it in the diagram and in the photographs.

The appearance of flowers in different plants can vary significantly, but basically the same.

flower pollination

1. Start by choosing two plants. One will pollinator, and the other seed plant. Choose healthy and strong plants.

2. Keep a close eye on the seed plant. Choose an unblown bud with which you will carry out all manipulations, mark it. In addition, it will have to isolate before opening- tying it in a linen light bag. As soon as the flower begins to open, cut off all the stamens from it to avoid accidental pollination.

3. Once the flower of the seed plant is fully opened, put pollen on it from a pollinator plant. Pollen can be transferred with a cotton swab, a brush, or by tearing out the stamens of the pollinating flower and bringing them directly to the seed. Apply the pollen to the stigma of the flower of the seed plant.

4.Put on the flower of the seed plant linen bag. Do not forget to make the necessary notes in the diary of observations - about the time of pollination.

5. To be safe, repeat the operation with pollination after a while - for example, after a couple of days (depending on the timing of flowering).

Choose two flowers - one will serve as a pollinator, the other plant will become a seed.

Immediately, as soon as the flower of the seed plant blooms, cut off all the stamens from it.

Apply the pollen taken from the pollinating flower to the pistil of the flower of the seed plant.

A pollinated flower should definitely be marked.

Obtaining hybrids

1. If pollination went well, then soon the flower will begin to fade, and the ovary will increase. Do not remove the bag from the plant until the seeds are ripe.

2. Plant the resulting seeds as seedlings. When will you receive young hybrid plants, then give them a separate place in the garden or transplant them into boxes.

3. Now wait for the hybrids to bloom. Don't forget to write down all your observations in your diary. Among the first, and even the second generation, there may be flowers that exactly repeat the parental properties without changes. Such copies are rejected immediately. Check in with your goals and select among the received new plants those that best fit the desired characteristics. You can also pollinate them by hand, or isolate them.

The flower of the seed plant should be protected with a textile bag.

When you get the seeds, plant them for seedlings. Place young plants in boxes.

Keep a close eye on your new hybrid, and record your observations in a diary.

If you decide to seriously engage in breeding new varieties, then you will need the advice of a specialist breeder. The fact is that you will need to find out whether you really have bred a new variety or are you following the path already beaten by someone. Competition in the field of creating new varieties is very high.

For those who decide to experiment with hybridization as a home hobby, we wish to get a lot of pleasure from this activity, make many joyful discoveries and finally give all our gardening friends a new variety of some wonderful flower named after itself.

CENTAURS IN THE PLANT WORLD

"Centaurs" in the world of plants. Achievements of Russian, European and American scientists. How the plum and everyone's favorite strawberries appeared. Creation of new varieties of wheat. The main achievement of Russian scientists is cabbage radish.

Another, no less ancient way of obtaining new varieties of plants and animal breeds is crossing, or, as scientists say, hybridization between different species. Imagine that an agronomist has two plants in his hands, each of which has some useful properties. Naturally, the idea of getting one plant that would combine the characteristics of both of them looks very tempting. How to implement this idea? Of course, cross between both of these plants. People began to use this technique in ancient times, at first unconsciously - simply selecting natural hybrids that arise in nature from time to time, then purposefully crossing different forms. There are many examples of this. Take at least such a well-known cultivated plant as a plum. Probably, few of you know that in the wild there is no such type of plant. Plum is a hybrid resulting from the natural hybridization of two other species - blackthorn and cherry plum, and combining the properties of both plants. Even now, wild hybrids of these species can sometimes be found in the mountains of the Caucasus. Ordinary is also the result of interspecific hybridization in nature. It appeared in ancient times from crossing sweet cherries with steppe cherries - an unsightly shrub that does not exceed 1-2 meters in height.

But, as you know, people are very rarely satisfied only with what nature gives them. Very quickly, they learned to cross various wild species themselves, as a result of which such hybrids appeared that nature had never known. We list just a few examples. Thus, the beloved by all garden strawberries (we often incorrectly call them strawberries) came from the hybridization of two wild types of strawberries - Chilean and virgin. And although her ancestors come from America, she was nevertheless bred in Europe. The American breeder Burbank widely used interspecific hybridization. Perhaps one of his most notable achievements was the creation of a four-species hybrid of a dwarf edible early ripening chestnut that bears fruit already in the second year after sowing.

The creation of the so-called short-stalked wheat by the American geneticist N. Borlaug became a real sensation. A researcher accidentally discovered in the US wheat collection an extremely low-growing wheat that has long been grown in India. The presence of a short stem is a very important quality for a grain crop - otherwise, most of the nutrients go to the growth of the stem, and not to the formation of the grain. So it turned out: there is a lot of straw, but not much grain. Borlaug crossed this wheat with another dwarf form - this time the Japanese (she managed to find as many as three dwarf genes). Based on these two forms, the American breeder managed to develop several excellent dwarf and semi-dwarf varieties of wheat at once, which are now widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. Only thanks to this achievement of genetics and selection, it was possible to increase grain yields by two, and in some places even three times!

Extremely difficult, but successfully completed, was the work of English breeders to hybridize a wild-growing diploid blackberry species with a tetraploid cultivated blackberry, which was distinguished by unusually tasty fruits, but extremely late ripening. At first, the researchers were lucky: a blackberry without thorns was accidentally found. But, despite numerous efforts to cross these two species, only four hybrid seedlings were obtained and, alas, all with thorns. Among other things, three of them were triploid (that is, with triple sets of chromosomes) and, accordingly, did not produce seeds. But the last seedling delighted scientists - it turned out to be a fruit-bearing tetraploid. When they waited for fruiting, sowed and raised new offspring, it was found that 37 plants were without thorns, and 835 had thorns. One of the first was selected and crossed with a prickly cultivar. In the new offspring, for every three plants with thorns, there was one without thorns. Of the thornless breeders, only one plant liked it - it became the ancestor of the famous English variety Merton Thorn Less.

However, obtaining real plant "centaurs" - hybrids between plants belonging not only to different species, but also to different genera - is considered to be a true masterpiece of breeding. The most famous of these experiments are the works of the Russian breeder G.D. Karpechenko. As a result of a genetic experiment conducted by the researcher, a new plant was born - cabbage radish. Half cabbage, half rare fruits swayed on its shoots. Let's take a closer look at the history of its creation.

Every breeder who has tried to cross different types of plants knows that the most difficult thing is not to get a new one. hybrid , and to ensure that he began to give seeds. After all, if a new variety cannot reproduce, all the work will be in vain - the resulting plant will die sooner or later, leaving no descendants behind. Why are fertile hybrids so rare? To answer this question, we again, for the umpteenth time, will have to turn to the mechanism of formation of germ cells - gametes. Recall that each gamete, both male and female, arises as a result of a special process of cell division called meiosis. During meiosis, the number of chromosomes in cells decreases, so gametes carry exactly two times fewer chromosomes than the cells of the parent organism. But at the very beginning of meiosis, another very important event occurs - paired or, as scientists say, homologous chromosomes are tightly pressed against each other and exchange pieces of DNA with each other. And what happens if the chromosomes "do not recognize" each other and cannot exchange genes? And nothing - normal gametes cannot arise.

Now let's imagine hybrid resulting from the crossing of two different plant or animal species. Each chromosome of the pair of homologous chromosomes in its cells comes from different organisms. In the case of cabbage and radish, there is one “rare” chromosome for each “cabbage” chromosome - both of these plants carry 9 chromosomes in their germ cells. But cabbage genes have nothing to do with radish genes (these plants generally belong to different biological genera). This means that even if it is possible to obtain a hybrid plant (for example, by "forced" pollination of cabbage flowers with radish pollen), the chromosomes "do not recognize" each other, and the hybrids will not be able to reproduce.

Is there really no way to get a hybrid capable of reproduction? As you know, there are no hopeless situations. After all, no one said that hybrid plants do not form gametes at all - no, they do appear, but they do not carry a strictly defined number of chromosomes (9, as cabbage and radish are supposed to), but a random one, for example, 5 or 8. So, there is a very small chance that a gamete with 18 chromosomes will appear - 9 cabbage and 9 rare chromosomes will be in one cell. From the mass of crossings of cabbage with radish, which ended in failure, in one case Karpechenko received a plant that grew and even bloomed, after which a single seed began. This was the very happy case: all 18 chromosomes fell into one gamete.

An unusual gamete accidentally met with a gamete that also carried 18 chromosomes, as a result, a plant with 36 chromosomes grew, that is, the usual single set of 9 chromosomes was repeated 4 times in it (we already know that such plants are usually called tetraploids). Thus, here we again encounter the already familiar phenomenon of polyploidy - an increase in the number of chromosomes. Cell division and the formation of gametes in this hybrid went well - each of the nine rare chromosomes now found a pair for itself, the same was with the cabbage chromosomes .. Such organisms gave offspring. When the first hybrid plant grew from the seed, its nature manifested itself in the most amazing way: half of the fruits turned out to be cabbage, and the other half - sparse. Kapustoredka quite justified its name. But Karpechenko did not stop there. He connected the gamete of the resulting hybrid with a normal rare gamete. Now there were twice as many rare chromosomes as cabbage ones, which immediately affected the fruits: two thirds of each fruit had a rare form and only one third was cabbage. So, thanks to polyploidy, for the first time they managed to overcome the natural non-crossing of two different genera.

The list of plant "centaurs" is not at all limited to cabbage-radish hybrids. So, as a result of crossing two grain crops - rye and wheat - scientists received a number of forms, united by the common name triticale. Triticale has a good yield, winter hardiness and is resistant to many wheat diseases. Thanks to the hybridization shenitsy and malicious field weed - wheatgrass - breeders received valuable plant varieties - wheat-couch grass hybrids that are resistant to lodging and have high yields. Another well-known Russian breeder - I.V. Michurin - crossed the Pennsylvania cherry (very frost-resistant, unlike the cherry we are used to) with bird cherry and synthesized a new plant, which he called cerapadus. Only much later it was discovered that cerapadus spontaneously arise in the Pamirs, but in a slightly different way.

Asks Oleg
Answered by Elena Titova, 12/01/2013

Oleg asks: “Hello, Elena! Tell me, please, is the crossbreeding by scientists of various types of plants, vegetables and fruits, is it not interference in God’s creation and a sin? In time, it will be possible to cross different animals, for example, a cat and a dog. So there is a possibility that from one simpler living creature a more complex one appeared, and so on until the appearance of a person?

Greetings, Oleg!

Scientists-breeders mainly carry out intraspecific crossings (hybridization) for the appearance of desirable traits (for humans, of course) in animals, plants and microorganisms, thereby achieving the creation of new or improved breeds, varieties, strains.

Within a species, crossing of individuals is relatively easy due to the similarity of their genetic material and anatomical and physiological features. Although this is not always the case, for example, in natural conditions it is impossible to cross a tiny Chihuahua dog and a huge mastiff.

But already on the way of crossing individuals of different species (and even more so different genera) there are molecular genetic barriers that prevent the development of full-fledged organisms. And they are expressed the stronger, the further the crossed species and genera are separated from each other. Due to the significantly different genomes of the parents, unbalanced sets of chromosomes, unfavorable combinations of genes can occur in hybrids, the processes of cell division and the formation of gametes (sex cells) can be disrupted, the death of the zygote (fertilized egg), etc. can occur. Hybrids can be partially or completely sterile (sterile ), with reduced viability up to lethality (although in some cases in the first generation there is a sharp increase in viability - heterosis), developmental anomalies may appear, in particular, reproductive organs, or the so-called chimeric tissues (genetically heterogeneous), etc. Apparently, therefore, the Lord warned His people: "... do not bring your livestock with a different breed; do not sow your field with two kinds [of seeds]" ().

Under natural conditions, cases of interspecific crossing are extremely rare.

There are examples of artificial distant hybridization: mule (horse + donkey), bester (beluga + sterlet), liger (lion + tigress), taigon (tiger + lioness), leopon (lion + female leopard), plum cat (plum + apricot), clementine (orange + tangerine), etc. In some cases, scientists manage to remove the negative consequences of distant hybridization, for example, fertile hybrids of wheat and rye (triticale), radish and cabbage (rafanobrassica) have been obtained.

And now your questions. Is artificial hybridization an interference with God's creation? In a certain sense, yes, if a person creates a version that is different from natural, which can be compared, say, with the use of decorative cosmetics by women to improve their appearance. Is artificial hybridization a sin? Is eating meat a sin? The Lord, out of our hardness of heart, allows the killing of living beings for the sake of food. Probably, also due to our hardness of heart, he also allows selective experimentation in order to improve the consumer properties of products that people need. In the same row - and the creation of drugs (in this case, laboratory animals are used and killed). Sadly, all this is the reality of a society where sin reigns and the “prince of this world” rules.

Do successful crosses put creationism at risk? In no way. Against.

You know that everything multiplies "after its kind." The biblical "kind" is not the biological species of modern taxonomy. After all, a rich variety of species appeared after the Flood due to the variability of the characteristics of terrestrial organisms from Noah's Ark and aquatic inhabitants that survived outside the Ark, while adapting them to new environmental conditions. It is difficult to outline the biblical “kind”, the genetic potential of which is significant and was originally set at creation. It may include modern taxa such as species and genus, but probably not above a (sub)family. It is possible, for example, that large cats from the modern systematic genera of the feline family go back to one original “genus”, and small felines to one or two others. It is clear that the species and genera that emerged from the biblical "genus" include their own, to some extent, depleted and altered (in relation to the original) genetic material. The combination of these not quite complementary parts (in interspecific and intergeneric crossings) encounters obstacles at the molecular-genetic level, which means that it does not allow giving rise to a full-fledged organism, although in rare cases this can happen within the biblical “kind”.

What does it say? The fact that there can be no crosses between “cat and dog” and “up to a person” in principle.

Another moment. Compare 580,000 base pairs, 482 genes in the DNA of a single-celled mycoplasma and 3.2 billion base pairs, about 30,000 genes in human DNA. If you imagine a hypothetical path "from amoeba to man", think about where the new genetic information came from? There is nowhere for it to come naturally. We know that information only comes from an intelligent source. So who is the Author of amoeba and man?

God's blessings!

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