In Russian, there is a huge number of rules that are incomprehensible not only to foreigners, but also to people who were born in this country. Most often, schoolchildren and adults cause a lot of questions for the use of quantitative and ordinal numbers. However, everything is not as scary as it may seem at first glance. Having studied the most important rules for using certain parts of speech, you can quickly understand all the intricacies of this issue.

general information

First of all, it is necessary to remember that the numerals are independent significant parts of the speech of the Russian language. By and large, this is a separate group of words that are formed by their rules. Based on this, they are divided by:

• Grammatical value. This means that the data of the speech part may designate numbers, quantity, and used with the score. In this case, this group of words includes those that answer such questions as: "How much?" or "which?"
• Signs of morphology. In this case, they are divided into quantitative numerical and ordinal numerals, as well as additional: simple and composite. In addition, there is a category of varying words in which the endings are changing in accordance with the case used, but there are exceptions here.
• Syntactic role. In this case, the quantitative numerical is one of the whole with the existing existence. For example: "Two glasses stood in the kitchen." In addition, quantitative numerals can play the role of determining or being part of the composite one. For example: "their place in the third row."

Category by value

These parts of the speech are divided into quantitative sequence and fractional numerals. However, by and large there are only two groups. Fractional belongs to quantitative numerical. Therefore, it is worth considering this issue. The fact is that often people are confused quantitative collective and ordinal numerals. Although they relate to different categories.

Cardinal numbers

Based on the title, it is easy to guess that these parts of the speech indicate the "number" and "number". In turn, they are:

• Whole. In this case, we are talking about such numbers that are the amount of integer values.
• Fractional. Such numerals are incomplete numbers.
• Collective. In this case, a quantitative aggregate is expressed.

All these categories are numerals differ in their peculiarities of the formation of speech parts. For example, entire can create with fractional mixed look. Good example: two seconds and five ninths.

Ordinals

These parts of the speech are words that determine the order at the invoice. For example: the second, twelfth, one hundred first, etc.

In this case, no subcategories exist.

Quantitative and sequid numbers: examples

If the formation of different types is incomprehensible from the first time, then it is worth considering their features more. Examples will help better understand the category data education system.

So, in order to understand the spelling of quantitative and ordinal numbers, the easiest way to consider them on the discharges described above are:

• If we are talking about integers, then they are formed following the example: two, twelve, fifty, etc.
• When forming fractional numbers, they are used in the form: two fourth, three sixth.
• If we are talking about a collective category, then parts of the speech will look like: Three, five, six.

In addition, and ordinal numerals have their own characteristics in word formation. If we are talking about words denoting integers, the change is due to suffixes. This means that from one group of speech part you can make another. For example, in order to transform quantitative numbers into ordinal numeral, just to change the last part of the word: six - sixth, seven - seventh, thirty - thirtieth.

Nevertheless, it is worth considering that such ordinal numbers, as the "first" and "second", are an exception. Therefore, it just needs to be remembered.

The declination of quantitative and ordinal numeral

As you know, there are widely applied cases in Russian, which are six. When declining the sequence numbers, only the last digit varies (if there are several of them). For example:

• Maldly case: twenty fifth, a thousand six hundred thirteenth.
• PABITIVE: Twenty-fifth, a thousand six hundred thirteenth.
• Current: twenty fifth, a thousand six hundred thirteenth.
• Request: twenty fifth, a thousand six hundred thirteenth.
• Certificate: twenty fifth, a thousand six hundred thirteenth.
• Compleudified: (o) twenty-fifth, (o) a thousand six hundred thirteenth.

If we are talking about cases, then quantitative numerical and ordinal numerals are really very different by education. In the case of the first category, each word will change. Consider the casements of quantitative numbers:

• Calm case: eight, twenty-six.
• Patient: eight, twenty six.
• Current: eight, twenty six.
• Challenged: eight, twenty-six.
• Certificate: eight, twenty-six.
• Complained: (o) eight, (o) twenty-six.

It is important to remember

Considering the names of numeral (quantitative and ordinal), it is worth paying attention to some exceptions. These exceptions from the rules must simply remember:

• If you need to use words such as "hundred", "forty" and "ninety", they will have one species in the nominative and parental case. In all other cases, "hundred", "forty" and "ninety" is used. For example, it will be more correct to say: "He walked with a hundred rubles in his pocket," and not: "He walked with stamps."
• If we are talking about a numerical "one and a half", then the word can change only depending on the genus. That is, it will be right to say: one and a half of the apple (male and medium) and a half of the plum (female genus).

Rules to know

In grammar there are many nuances. Therefore, it will also be useful to learn the rules on quantitative and ordinal numbers:

• It is more correct to say: "To how many (hours) the store works." At the same time, the emphasis is placed on the letter "O".
• Today it is very often you can hear a "two thousand year." In fact, it is wrong. The same applies to the expression "two thousand seventeenth year." Correctly talk only: "Two thousand seventeenth year."
• The ordinal numerical finishes are changing the same as in the case of ordinary adjectives.

How numerals are syntactically combined with nouns

If we are talking about quantitative parts of speech, then in the nominative and parental cases, they are put only in the form of R. p. That is: seven letters, sixteen cups, thirty people.

It is worth noting that such words as "three", "one and a half", "four" and "two" are used only with nouns, which should be put in the singular, and all others are with multiple. For example: three glasses - five glasses, two columns - fifteen pillars, four girls - fifty girls.

In all other situations, with a bunch of noun and numerical, it all depends on the case.

The only exception is a numerical "one", as it is, regardless of it should be coordinated only with nouns.

If we are talking about fractional "one and a half" or "one and a half", then they are coordinated with nouns in the same way as integers. For example: apple one and a half. The remaining fractional numerals must be consumed in the parent. Nouns can be in units. h. or mn. h. For example: Three fifth apples (if it comes to a specific object) and two fifths of apples (if there is a total number of specific items).

Also, you should not forget about using their use with noun the same rules as in the use of quantitative parts of speech. This means that in the nominative and vinegenial cases, they change the form of a noun on R. p. In other cases, standard coordination occurs.

In addition, it is worth considering that when we use a collective numerical "both", then the noun can be in the form of only units. h. For example: both dogs, both Skworts. In all other cases, they are consumed in the plural. For example: seven students.

The ordinal numbers, as noted earlier, when agreeing with nouns, are formed in the same way as the words responsible for the question "what". For example: the first semester, the eighth cup, the ninth lesson.

Also, many are interested, whether the word "one thousand" refers to a numerical or that is still a noun. According to modern dictionaries, 1000 may refer to a variety of speech parts.

This means that the word can be used both as numeral and in the form of a noun. Therefore, in that, and in another case it will be used correctly. However, it all depends on the words goes for the "thousand". For example: "With every thousand rubles." In this case, it has a form of a noun. But if we say "a thousand people," then it is implied by a numeral.

Knowing why quantitative and ordinal numerals are used in one form or another, you can start speaking more competently. The main thing is to remember the basic rules. Of course, there are some nuances in this matter, but the high school student and an adult person will be able to understand them.

Denotent number or quantitative feature, the order of the subject with the score, answers questions "which?", "How much?".

The numeric name is an independent part of speech, denoting the amount and expressing this value in the morphological categories of the case (sequentially) and the genus (inconsistent) (about numeral, which have a morphological value of the genus, see below). Nutigatives are divided into two lexico-grammatical discharge: quantitative ( two, five, twenty, fifty, two hundred, three hundred fifty one) and collective ( both, two, five). The composition of quantitative numbers includes certain quantitative and uncertain-quantitative numerals. The first indicate a certain number of units ( two, four, fifteen, one and a half, two hundred), the second is an indefinite number of units; These include words few, a lot of, lot, little, as well as locomotive numeral some, how much, somehow, how much, so many, so much.

Cardinal number

Cardinal number - Numeral, which answers the question "How much?", how many? " etc.

Quantitatively inherent in two values.

1. Both certain quantitative and uncertain-quantitative numerals have a quantitative numerical value represented by two private values \u200b\u200b-
   • quantitative (quantity as a sign of the subject: five heads, three stools, ten days, some years) I.
   • numeric (abstract quantity, or number: four divided into two without a balance, three times ten - thirty; some - This is not all uncertainty: it can be three, five, ten, generally a little; oral speech).
2. Only certain quantitative numerals have a consideration and sequential value: they call the ordinal place of the subject, which when the score is stopped turns out to be the last in a number of homogeneous: house three (the house, the third in a row of houses, when the account is stopped, a limited number of three); eight, place thirty five (place, last in a row, when stopping a score, limited to 35-m).

Spelling of quantitative numerical in Russian

• Complex (consisting of two bases) quantitative numerals are written together, for example: eighteen (18), eighty (80), eight hundred (800).
• Composite (consisting of several words) quantitative numerals are written separately: eighty eight thousand eight hundred eighty eight (88888).

Declination of quantitative numerical in Russian

In complex numeral, denoting dozens and hundreds, both parts are inclined:

• 80 - eightyborn eighty, TV. eighty and emighty.
• 800 - eight hundredborn eight hundred, dates. eight hundred, TV. eights and emighty, etc. about eight hundred.

Other types of numbers

The declination of the names is numeral

Notes

Links

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Watch what is "numeral" in other dictionaries:

Names (gram.). The concept of numbers in the language is expressed by the methods: 1) in the form of special shapes of the name, pronouns and verbs denoting general representations so called. The only, dual multiple numbers, and 2) in the form of independent ... Encyclopedia Brockhaus and Ephron

nUMBER - Independent part of speech expressing the categorical value of the number in grammatical forms of the case, and sometimes the kind: two, forty, three, seven. The general studio value of the numeral is determined by the help of the question as much as? ... ... ...

Nutigative, numeral, numeral, numeral, numerical, numeral (Source: "Full accentuated paradigm by A. A. Zaliznyaku") ... Forms of words

numbered ordinary - Nutritive, denoting the quantitative sign of the subject by its place in this system with the score of the same type. The ordinal numerals do not matter the distracted number, so they are not used when calculating: addition, subtraction ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Jerebilo

nutritive definitely quantitative - Nutritive, calling a certain number or number of objects in the form of integers. These numerals can be simple, complex, composite. They change only by cases, when the complex and composite cleaners are declined ... ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Jerebilo

Language 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hungarian Egy Kettő Három Négy Öt Hat Hét Nyolc Kilenc Tíz Mansiysky Aqua Kityg ... Wikipedia

Number quantitative, ordinal, fractional - 1. From l o zh e (consisting of two bases) quantitative numerals are written ply, for example: eighteen, eighty, eight hundred. 2. C o with t and in n s e (consisting of several words) quantitative numerals are written separately: in ... ... Spelling and Stylistics Directory

nutigative collective - (Two, three, seven) numerals denoting a certain number of items as a whole, such as a totality. According to the structure, they are simple, the fractional does not include, have the Suf. Ohh, EP. Collective numerals do not have categories ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Jerebilo

nutritional compounds - the discharge of numeral according to the structure consisting of several simple or complex numerals: seventy, two, one hundred and twenty three. Composite numerals do not have: 1) grammatical one-scaleness (when declining each word, incoming ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Jerebilo

Books

• Nutritional. Numerals. (English. Grammar is clearly), Maksimenko, Natalia Isytorovna. "English grammar is clearly" is a set of visual benefits on English grammar. Colored double-sided posters are simply available and available representable material, develop ...

6th grade

System of lessons on the topic
"Numeral"

We present the system of lessons under the section "Morphology. Numbered name "(UMC ed. V.V. Babaitseva).

Why did the need for such a material arise? Now there is quite a lot of didactic material dedicated to this topic. But the teacher is often difficult to find when preparing for the lessons the necessary publications (not caught by the eye ...). As it happens, that the useful material of wonderful authors was not at hand. Therefore, I decided to collect all my material available, but not just collect, but to form in the lessons. It is not necessary to reinvent the bike if there are excellent works of our linguistic scientists and teachers practitioners. Let's think about how to use them.

All lessons dedicated to this section caused genuine interest, and the final results showed good knowledge of students.

Each of my sixth grader received a folder - "Numeral Number", tutorial. The material on topics is distributed in accordance with the thematic planning of work in the 6th grade according to the study complex "Russian: theory", "Russian language: practice", "Russian speech" ("Russian language in school", № 6, 2003; № 1, 2004). All practical material is given according to the principle: from theory to practice. Theoretical material is given compact, forcing students to reflect, and not mechanically memorized. Headings "It is interesting", "reflect", "change", etc. will help expand the horizons of students.

This project does not in any way replace the material of the textbook, but only complements it, making work in a diverse lesson, more interesting, developing motivation to teaching.

Using the presented didactic material for consolidating theoretical knowledge, the teacher has the ability to apply a differentiated approach in a survey, reflection. Each exercise has a practical focus on the development of speech students.

Thematic planning work on the study of the section
"Numeral"

1. The concept of numerical (§ 108, 1 hour).

2. Simple, complex and composite numerals (§ 109, 2 hours).

3. Quantitative numerals. The declination of quantitative numerals (§ 110-111, 2 hours).

4. Collective numerals (§ 113, 2 hours).

5. Ordinal numerals (§ 114, 2 hours).

6. Fractional numerals (§ 115, 1 hour).

7. Morphological analysis of numerals (this topic is not taken separately).

8. Repetition studied in section (1 hour).

9. Examination and analysis (2 hours).

The concept of numerical (§ 108, 1 hour)

- In which hour you woke up today?

- How many lessons do you have tomorrow?

- What year was the first Olympic Games?

- How many years old in 2006 turned G. Chernogorsk?

- How many letters in the alphabet?

- How many colors have a rainbow?

- How long does the horse live on average?

When do we use numbers?

We consider anything constantly. Figures surround us everywhere. Meanwhile, the name is numeral - the most few part of speech, it has only a few tens of words. In the frequency of use in speech, numerals occupy the 8th place.

1. We will work with § 108 ("Russian: theory").

Work plan:

1) Paragraph reading.

2) Registration of information cluster.

3) Work in pairs: Drawing up insert using labeling.

2. We will talk!

- What was already familiar?

- What new information did you get?

- What caused doubt, what we disagree with?

- Let us ask "Thick" and "thin" questions and will answer them.

3. On a note!

In Russian, there are only 13 roots, from which many numerals are formed: one is ten, forty, hundred, thousands. The use of numeral makes the statement more convincing, argued.

4. Practice.

Exercise 1. Read the text. Retell.

In deep antiquity, people believed their fingers. There was a time when the account reached only four - by the number of outstretched four fingers. Then there was an account five. With the development of economic and cultural life, the account was improved. At last and modern account - dozens.

Our Russian numerals were originally nouns or adjectives. So, for example, the word five meant about the same as five or five those. Moved the value of the subject. Subsequently, most accurate words have ceased to be realized, and they have lost the signs of the number and kind. So the new part of speech arose.

(According to V.Dobromyslo)

* Prove in writing that the word five - numeral, and the word five - noun. (You can take other words to proof: two - Two, Three - Troika etc.)

Task 2. Digital dictation (1 - numeral, 2 - noun, 3 - verb).

Ten, ten, ten, triple, Three, Troika, Four, Thousand, Seventeen, Double, One.

Task 3. The fact that numerals are often used in figurative speech, says many proverbs, sayings and mysteries. "Continue!" Game.

1) one head is good, and (...)

2) Some seven times - (...)

3) do not have a hundred rubles, and (...)

4) Four brothers under one roof. (...)

5) one hundred clothes - and (...)

6) Two brothers live across the road. (...)

Task 4. Read the phraseological units with numeral. Try to explain what they designate.

1) Strike under one comb.

2) From the pot two tops.

3) as two drops of water.

4) seven spans in the forehead.

5) For seven miles of Kisl, it is bread.

6) for seven seals.

7) Two boots - steam.

8) speak with three boxes.

9) Salt Salt eat.

10) How Arshin swallowed.

* What else do you still know phraseologism with numerical? Write down as much as possible.

5. This is interesting!

Vintage lengths of length and weight

"From among her (Baryni), Chelyadi was the wonderful face of the janitor Gerasim, a man of twelve heights of growth, folded with rich and deaf and deafness from birth," so describes I.S. Turgenev his hero at the beginning of the story "Mumu".

We know that Gerasim is a bogatyr, but still what he was height?

The top is an antique length measure, equal to 4.45 centimeters. It turns out, Gerasim's growth was only 53 centimeters? What, he is a dwarf? Something is wrong here.

The reader of the XIX century is well known that the growth of a person was determined in the tops of the above-mentioned two Arshin for a normal person. Arshin is a Russian length of length, equal to 0.71 meters. It was implied that the reader knows about it.

Now count what the height of the wint of the janitor is still equal.

The first few lengths in Russia and other countries were associated with the size of the parts of the human body.

Syazhen - a measure of length associated with the sizes of both hands (2.13 meters).

Elbow - a measure of length equal to about 0.5 meters.

The span is the distance between the stretched big and index fingers.

To measure long distances in Russia used leste (previously called popritis); in different locations verst It was considered differently - from 500 to 700 sages. Pushkin in the poem "Beams" have lines:

There is an easy-to-face
He sticking out in front of me;
He flashed with a spark small
And disappeared in the dark empty.

From the eastern merchants a unit went arshin. There were different arches: Turkish, Persian, etc. Therefore, there was a saying "Measure to your Arshin".

There were several seedlings too. Machy soot - This is the distance between the ends of the fingers, which are spread on complete hands (1.76 m). Kosy Sazhen - The distance from the ends of the fingers raised up the right hand until the end of the left legs (2.48 m).

Under Petra I, Russian measures were given in a certain system:

1 verst \u003d 500 seats (1.06 km);

1 soot \u003d 3 ARSHINAM (2.13 m);

1 Arshin \u003d 16 tops (0.71 m);

1 vertex \u003d 4.45 cm;

1 PUD \u003d 40 pounds (16.4 kg);

1 foot \u003d 96 spools (410 g);

1 spool \u003d 4.3 g

At the end of the XIX century, a metric system of measures was introduced in most countries of the world, including in Russia. However, by the tradition of sailors and now measured the distance milya (1852 m) and cable (tenth of mile), and speed - nodes (1 mile per hour). The mass of diamonds are measured in karats. (0.2 g - mass of wheat grain). Oil volume - in barrelli (159 l). And programmers measure the length of the monitor in inches (2.54 cm, 1/12 feet).

6. Summary.

Tip: Once again, read § 108.

- Number name is ...

- general grammatical meaning of numeral - ...

- Quantitative numerals change only by ..., do not have ....

The words one two Have ...

- ordinal numerals change ...

- In the proposal quantitative numerals can be ... a member of the sentence, ordinal usually ..., less likely - ....

7. Change.

* Read encrypted words. Come up with the words of this type.

Cryor1a, P2L, EL3K, 100L, V3Na, PA3OT, O5, 100Ron, 100Yanka, Pi100let, 40a, 7th, 100p, 100n.

Simple, complex and composite numerals (§ 109, 2 hours)

1. In the piggy bank of the words.

Kilometer

This word came to us in the XVIII century from French, where it was difficult: both of his root go to the Greek words denoting the "thousand" (kilo) and "measure" (meter), those. kilometer - "Thousand meters."

The word is borrowed to the Petrovsk era of German, goes back to Latin about Senteum,what does "for a hundred" mean.

2. Work with § 109.

We read, we understand, write down the main thing in the directory.

- So, what do you know about this composition?

3. Nodes for memory.

Odi nN.adjections, Mi. lLion, Mi. lLjard.

4. Practice.

Exercise 1. Read the text and consider the table (Exercise No. 396).

Task 2. The game "Who is more?".

Choose single words to numeral one two.

5. Orphoepic minute.

1) in numeral on -Teys Normated pronunciation [C].

2) Seven hundred, eight hundred - [ms]. Seven, eight, seventy, eighty- Soft [m '].

3) Five hundred - [Firtshot], six hundreds - [Six], nine hundred - [Natherot].

4) in numerical sixteen One sound "drops" when pronuncified [CH], becomes non-pronounced (spelling check by simply numerical six).

6. We learn the rule!

Write b At the end From 5 to 20, 30 In the middle 50–80, 500–900

7. Let's go back to practice.

Exercise 1. Write down the text by replacing the numbers in words. Do not forget: it is necessary to clearly utterly correct!

18 parachutes, 15 plants, 50 programs, 480 copies, 600 kilometers, 14 percent, 800 brochures, 500 portfolios, 16 secrets.

Task 2. Write numerant, explain the writing b in them.

In the World Ocean lives 18 thousand species of fish. The greatest depth of the Baltic Sea is 459 meters, Azov - 14 meters. Nile is considered the longest river in the world, its length is 6671 kilometers. The greatest depth of Baikal is 1637 meters.

Cardinal numbers.
The declination of quantitative numerals (§ 110-111, 2 hours)

1. We learn Rule

You already know that quantitative numerals denote the number of items and answer the question how much? But after all, the question itself (pronoun) varies on the case! So .... Right! Quantitative numerical changes vary by cases, i.e. inclined, but do not have a kind (except one two) and numbers (except one).

And now carefully read § 111.

* Substitute your number and draw the sample given in Table § 111. Do not forget to train your speech.

What is the feature of the declination of these numerals?

Conclusion: You are right if you saw that when declining complex quantitative numbers from 50 to 80 and from 200 to 900, each part of the word changes.

The most difficult thing is inclined with numerals with hundreds: three hundred, six hundred, eight hundred.

Nodes for memory!

Take advantage T.L. Serving from the book "Lessons of Russian Literature" (SPB., 1994. P. 125). It proposes in case of difficulties to substitute instead of the second part of the complex numeral, ending on -Sot, Word note (it is the same decline).

I.P. Five hundred - five notes.

T.P. Pyat appearanceart aMand - Pyat appearance notot ami.

Note!

– To how many Did you watch TV yesterday?

– How many Come on the disco?

When declining composite quantitative numerals, each word varies separately. And each of these words is inclined by its rules: seven hundred twenty five, ses andhundred twentieth and Pyat and, sem andstas twenty five.

This rule is often disturbed, especially in colloquial speech. But any cultural person needs to learn how to properly decline in numeral.

2. Therefore, the workout time has come.

Exercise 1. Write down, replacing the numbers with words.

472 hectares, 287 excursions, out of 596 pages, with 728 passengers, in 1995, 220 volts, with 411 tons, 16 pairs, from 25 cities, up to 30 degrees, from 1,800 participants, among 962 students, 245 students.

Task 2. The director of one school, in which there was an 863 student, had to constantly write any reports, which means to use a composite numerical eight hundred sixty three In different cases. See how he did it.

I.P. Eight hundred sixty-three is the number of students for the 2003/04 academic year.

R.P. All eight hundred and sixty three students have a form.

D.P. All eight hundred and sixty three students declared gratitude.

V.P. I must reward eight hundred sixty three Pupils (Numeral two three four They have different forms of V.P., when combined with ODUS. or inevers. noun: three studentsbut Three tables.).

T.P. I as a school principal is proud of all my eights (eighters) sixty three students.

P.P. Teachers daily and every day think about eight hundred and sixty three students.

* And now imagine that students in this school were not 863, but 974, and make up with this numerical 6 proposals, putting numeral in 6 different cases.

Task 3. Rewrite the proposal by setting the punctuation marks and adding the end of the numeral.

The monkey Voshu scientists taught the language deaf-and-and-the-day learning in five years of studying St_ Six_Deat_ words, and by the end of the occupation, its dictionary included about eight_cons of the words of verbov nouns and adjectives.

Task 4. Write down the numbers in words and mark the pumidative case.

1) from 500 kilograms of waste paper, you can get 375 kilograms of new paper and manufacture 12,500 student notebooks.

2) The first woman who visited the space was Valentina Tereshkova. Her ship landed 2 days 22 hours 50 minutes after the start. During the flight, she made more than 48 full revolutions around the Earth.

Task 5. Write out of the text numeral, replacing the numbers with words.

The durable of pets - donkey, he lives to 50 years old, a horse and a camel live up to 30 years old, a cow - up to 25, a dog and a cat live up to 15 years. Significant durability differ fish. Life Pikes is measured in 70 years, Soma - 100 years, goldfish - 30. The life expectancy of the eagle is approaching 80 years, crows - to 70, chickens - to 20. The life of a rainwater worm is estimated for 10 years, the river cancer is 20 years. The turtle is considered the most ancient animals - she lives about 300 years. The ultimate age of whales is about 50 years, and elephants - about 80.

Nutigative, of course, are found not only in mathematics textbooks.

Task 6. Read the text from the book of the famous scientist-philologist M.L. Gasparova "Entertaining Greece". Do not forget to call numeric in the right case.

The circumference of the globe for the first time measured the ancient Greek philosopher Eratosthen, who lived in the south of Egypt, in the city of Siena.

Siena lay just on the northern tropical: once a year, June 22, the sun at noon stood there in the zenith and the objects did not discard the shadows. (Travelers were deliberately arrived in Siena to look at such a questionnaire.) This took advantage of Eratosthen. Alexandria was north, there were shadow on this day on this day. Eratosthen measured, at what angle they fall. It turned out seven more degrees - one fiftieth part of the circumference. Consequently, Eratosthen concluded, the distance on land between Saint and Alexandria is equal to one fiftieth of the entire circumference of the globe. The distance is Egyptians were considered to be 5 thousand stages, that is, 800 kilometers.

Exactly this or not for sure? 2000 years later, on the eve of the French Revolution, French astronomers made the same dimension in themselves in France and received a circle of Earth exactly 40 thousand kilometers. (I say "Exactly", because it was from this measurement that our current unit "meter" went: it is equal to one forty-millionth Paris Meridian.) The accuracy of Eratosphenov measurement is amazing. This is one of the most glorious victories of ancient science.

* Make a text plan, and then cross it up. Check if you used correctly in your text numeral. Orally specify the discharge of each numeral in composition and value.

Task 7. Read the text out loud as if you are the leading TV shows "obvious - incredible." Determine what text is an artistic, scientific or scientific and popular.

Atlantis's mystery worries humanity for ten thousand years. For the first time, the ancient philosopher Plato in his famous "dialogues" told the Atlantis and about the ancient civilization of Atlanta. Atlantis was allegedly to the west of the Hercules pillars (Polly of Gibraltar), in the Atlantic Ocean. The mainland has died over nine thousand years ago as a result of the strongest earthquakes and floods.

Platon reported that the source was served by the works of the Athenian scientist named Solon, who, in turn, received information about the disappeared continent during a trip to Egypt around 600 BC, chatting with priests and exploring the archives.

For millions of years of its existence of Atlantis, four catastrophes survived, after each of which the mainland decreased and crushed. For 90-100 centuries BC Atlantis died, immersed in the bunch of waters.

Plato's legend set forth in the dialogues "Timay" and "Creyti" affects imagination. It tells about the mighty people of Atlantov, about their beautiful island and about the great and decent surprise of the Union of the Kings, whose power extended to the whole island, to many other islands and part of the mainland. Plato described the capital of the last kingdom of Atlantis - the city of Golden Gate, - a round, like a Disk of the Sun, who worshiped Atlants. The plain, surrounding the capital from three sides, was transformed into a smooth right rectangle with a length of 555 kilometers and a width of 370 kilometers. Around the plain around the perimeter was digging a depth of 32 meters, a width of 85 meters, the length of it was 1850 kilometers. The entire area of \u200b\u200bthe plain was crossed from the north to south 289 channels, the width of each of which was 30 meters, and the length is 370 meters.

Writing, science, technology, art were developed in the country. Atlanta had even aircraft. In continuation of many generations, it was a country of wealth, abundance and justice. But Atlanta gradually turned away from virtue. During the last Atlantis, they were a shameful spectacle. And then, legends tell, Zeus, God of God, decided to impose on the people of Atlantis Kara. The deadline for unprecedented earthquakes and floods ... and Atlantis plunged into the punching.

So describes Plato Atlantis, given to Poseidon to his primary Atlanta.

(According to N.Lazkov and V.Landa)

* Rewrite, emphasizing the mistakes, that part of the text, which speaks about the capital of Atlantis. Numeric write words. So always come when difficult text is preparing to say. Above the numerals are discharged by value and in composition. Prepare for text retelling.

Task 8. Help corrected errors in the use of numeral. Edited option Write down.

1) in Moscow more than eight hundred street hours. 2) About three hundred million years ago, our land was not at all as now. Some trees reached almost forty meters. 3) in ancient Greek word stadium Most often called the measure of length equal to Sixist Greek feet, otherwise - one hundred and twenty-five steps, or a distance that a person passes in two minutes. 4) The adult plant of corn per day evaporates about eight hundredth of water grams. 5) It is interesting that the banana reaches a height of six to seven meters, and bamboo is forty-meters. 6) Pines live up to three hundred fifty - four hundred years and reach thirty - forty five meters of height. 7) The first microscopes gave an increase to two hundred seventy times, and modern light microscopes are up to three thousand six hundred times.

Nodes for memory!

NUMBER one and a half (M.R.), one and a half (J.R.), one and a half For all cases, except I.P. and V.P., have one form: one and a half, one and a half.

Task 9. Write down by inserting numeral one and a half or one and a half in the right form.

1) ... kilometers (kilometers) remains to pass. 2) Tourists stayed around ... kilometers. 3) Kilometers of the highway added another five hundred meters. 4) New highway ... a kilometer is longer than the former. 5) in ... kilometers from the highway is our village.

Task 10. Write down, opening brackets.

1) Plan is fulfilled (one and a half months, three weeks, four days) ahead of time. 2) The village is located in (one and a half of kilometers, forty-four kilometers) from the district center. 3) Time to perform homework is equal (one and a half hours, two hours, ninety minutes). 4) The period of repair is reduced to (weeks of the week, three decades, 50 days).

Check yourself!

Filter_ thousand, and alarm_st_ kilometers, about half_tor_ tent_, about half_tor_ thousand, about half_tor_st_ instances.

3. Praise!

What is the features of the change in numerical forty, ninety, hundred? (Refer to the support material on p. 142 "Practice".)

4. This is interesting!

Word forty In ancient Russia, it was a name noun. It meant "bag." The bag from the forty soles served as a monetary unit. One forty (bag) was embedded four dozen sable or squirrel skins, which was a set to a whole fur coat. In this way, forty - first the bag, then the bag with 40 sables (or proteins) and, finally, numeral forty.

5. Change!

1. Multi-way riddle.

Two legs on three legs,
And the fourth in the teeth.
Suddenly four came running
And with the same thing ran away.
Two legs jumped,
Chopped three legs
Shouted three legs
Shouted on the whole house -
Yes, three in four!
But four crushed
And with the same thing ran away.

(K. Chukovsky)

Guess, guys:
What is the digit-acrobat?
If the head stands up,
Exactly three less will be?

Collective numerals (§ 113, 2 hours)

1. Before we talk about collective numerals, try to determine the syntactic role of the numeral, and the reference material can be found in § 112.

Check yourself!

1) Three colors have a traffic light, they are clear for the chauffeur. 2) Immersed on the pontoon of the first platoon. The second behind him. 3) and live in our apartment two horses and two hedgehogs. 4) Ten hours we were two hundred meters away from the boat. 5) "For what is the second unit?" - asked the oldest sister.

2. We learn the rule! (§ 113)

Collective numerals are close to _____ numerative and denote _____.

This (list collective numerals) _____.

Collective numerals are formed using _____, except for numeral _____. Used with nouns:

1) denoting people, for example: _____;

2) ______, for example: seven goat;

3) _____ or _____ objects: three scissors;

4) with pronouns us, they: _____________ .

Collective numerals are inclined as _____.

In the proposal collective numeral ______.

Prompt!

Collective numerals are used with nouns, denoted to be formed with ...

Two three four five six seven eight nintero decident 1) male people 2) young 3) pair items 4) pronouns us, their .... Suffix - -th-

Nodes for memory!

Both - M.R. (both, both, both). Both – j.R. (both, both, both).

3. Practice!

Exercise 1. Edit suggestions.

1) Four students receive an increased scholarship. 2) Three new girls came to class. 3) Seven in the same apartment - that's how we live. 4) Three days we were hike. 5) I have two parrots. 6) In the library there were four. 7) We drove five days.

Task 2. Correct errors in the use of numeral both, both.

1) The contract is signed by both countries. 2) My grandmother is proud of both awards. 3) Both athletes are not lucky in the final. 4) both guys have no textbooks. 5) Keep the book with both hands.

Task 3. Guess the riddles. Specify the names are numbered.

1) Seven brothers on one sister. 2) Four stele, two shine, one lies, does not allow anyone. 3) On the obligations on the shed, two dolls are sitting, both apart look.

Task 4. Insert the missing letters. Remember the rule!

In about the hand; on both continents; from about the lakes; to about the marins; on about or walls; between about the countries; in about the states; Obvious hands; In about the guys.

Task 5. Make the phrase "collective numen. + creatures. "

Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven; Friends, comrades, children, boys; Day, sleigh, pants, scissors.

4. This is interesting!

* A person makes about 20 thousand steps for the day, over the year - up to 7 million, and for 70 years - almost 500 million steps. This means that in all my life, a person could reach the Equator on the Equator, or overcome the distance from the ground to the moon.

* 250 million years is necessary for the formation of oil in the earth's crust.

* After 10 billion years, the sun is expected.

Ordinal numerals (§ 114, 2 hours)

1. We learn the rule!

What you need to know about ordinal numbers:

1. The ordinal numerals are formed from quantitative (except words first second).

2. The adjectives are inclined, vary by childbirth, numbers and cases.

3. Initial form: I.P., units. h., Mr.

4. In composite ordinal numbers, only the last word varies in indirect cases.

5. Names of months ( january February etc.) in phrases with ordinal numbers are always used in the R.P. (January, February).

6. The name of the month in the recording of the festive or significant date with the digit is written from the capital letter: May 9 - Ninth May, March 8 - the Eighth of March.

2. In the piggy bank of the words.

Biography

Element bio- goes back to Greek. the word, meaning "life", count (O) - By the way, meaning "writing."

Autobiography

Auto - "Himself." Cannot say my autobiography: Such use of loved ones is called speech excesses (pleonism).

3. Practice!

Exercise 1. Write down, opening brackets. Replace the numbers by sequence numerical. Specify the pumidative case.

(342) Train, (13) number, (15) Member, K (8) Patient, in (603) School, K (2006), (1) January, on day (8) Martha, (90) Ray, on (105) kilometer, on (714) route.

Task 2. Form from quantitative numeral ordinal.

27, 14, 590, 200, 2500, 37, 37 thousand, 395 million, 23 billion.

Nodes for memory!

Ordinal adjectives ending on -anya, -Million, -Milliard, Writing in one word: a hundredsmatic city, a nine millionth capital, stosorokamillion population.

However, it is easier to record these words. Especially if it is a combination and a half. Like this: 5 1/2-thousand town (five and a half thousand).

Task 3. "Eat" words with eyes, and then write them down the dictation. With 2-3 of them make sentences.

Two hundredth, five thousandth, steadypyatymillion, nine-billion, two-meter, four-storey, three-core, Soro-year-old, ninety-year.

* Explain the spelling of the selected words.

Task 4. Insert where you need, missed letters into complex words.

Twenty-year-old, seven_mal, two_RUP, TRA_Incharitive, forty_meter, two-language, st_name, two_name, fifty_meter.

Task 5. Write a greeting card to one of the holidays.

Task 6. Write down in R.P. etc. Quantitative and ordinal numerals.

77, 36, 50, 88, 124, 43, 861.

4. This is interesting!

Keep track of the right pronunciation!

For 1 minute, an experienced lace can link 100 loops.

After 21 minutes, a person disappears a feeling of hunger after he eats a piece of bread.

We are "watching" the longest dreams in 15 minutes.

1 hour lives butterfly-one-day.

12 hours can continuously sing oatmeal (during this time it performs 4320 "songs").

For 1 year, Africa and South America are removed from each other by 5 centimeters.

Fractional numerals (§ 115, 1 hour)

1. We learn the rule!

A feature of fractional numerical is the following: they are used exclusively in oral form, and in the letter are replaced by numbers.

And now read § 115 and answer questions:

1. What is the difference between fractional numerals from other numerals?

2. Why fractional numerals are called composite (except a half, one and a half)?

3. How many forms and which fractional numerals one and a half (one and a half) and one and a half?

Nodes for memory!

Numeral one and a half Educated from half a century those. "One and half of the second." Calm and accusative case - one and a half All other cases are shaped one and a half yearsover, one and a half meters, one and a half meters, about one and a half meters. It is curious that we still do not think about it, we use an ancient score when specifying time, saying: pouring, drinking etc.

1) And now it is practicing to learn the norm of "reading" fractional numerals:

1/3 crop - one third harvest; 0.3 crop - zero as many as three tenths of the harvest.

2) Write down the numbers with words and read the record.

3/4 of the territory; 7/8 team; 1.5 billion; 2/3 of the Works; 1/6 ocean; 5/6 routes; 1/2 story; 0.9 percent.

3) Book with numeric, pose nouns to them.

One and a half; 3 2/7; 1/16.

2. It's interesting!

Do not forget to clearly utterly correct!

0.001 seconds lasts flash lightning.

In 0.1 seconds, the spacecraft flies 1 kilometer.

For ... 25 seconds passes ... from the ground to the moon the light signal.

Morphological analysis of the name of the numeral

1. Morphological analysis of the name of the numeral.

1. Part of speech. General designation.

2. Morphological signs:

1) initial form;

2) Permanent features: Simple or composite; ordinal or high-quality; discharge (for quantitative);

3) non-permanent signs: case, number (if any), Rod (if any).

3. Syntactic role.

On the table lie two books.

Two - numbers., N.F. - two, Prost., quicha., whole, in I.P., J.R. What? Two books.

2. Check yourself!

Exercise 1. Rewrite the text by setting the missing punctuation signs. Make a morphological analysis of numeral.

The thirty-seventh star expedition was aimed at the planetary system of the close star in the constellation of the serpentine, the only population of which - Zrid said a long time ago with the Earth and other worlds in the Great Ring. Suddenly she silent. More than seventy years have not received a single message. The duty of the earth to figure out what happened. A starship with four astronauts carried to Zrid at a speed of 5/6 of the light speed. On earth, during the path, about seven years have passed, called independent. What awaits astronauts ahead? What will they find in Zrid? And will you find?

(I.Fremov. Andromeda Nebula)

Task 2. Come up with a proposal in which it would be the greatest amount of numeral. Sorry: who has a longer offer and more numeral? One of the numerical disassemble as part of speech.

Task 3. Soch text on one of the following:

1) Star expedition.

2) computers of the future.

3) In search of Atlantis.

Try to use different types of numeral in your essay. But remember the rule: everything is good in moderation.

Task 4. Correct errors in morphological analysis.

If two chemists who fluent in thirty languages \u200b\u200bwere launched from January 1, a thousand nine hundred and sixty-fourth years to read all publishing this year, representing professional interest for them, and would read them for forty hours a week at a speed of four publications per hour, then By the thirty-first of December, a thousand nine hundred and sixty-fourth years, they would read only one tenth of these publications.

Two (chemists) - numbers. two, Colich., Collected., Simple, in the form of I.P. MN. h. subject.

Thirty (languages) - Numbers. thirty, quicha., Simple, in the form of the TP, MN. h. addition.

(C) First (January) - Numbers. first order, simple, in the form of V.P., Wed. r., units h.

A thousand nine hundred sixty-fourth (year) - numbers. thousand nine hundred sixty-fourth, quicha., compound, in the form of R.P., MN. h., Mr. Strict.

(By) forty (hours) - numbers. forty, Colich., Simple, in the form of V.P. Strict.

(K) Thirty-first (December) - Numbers. thirty first, order, composure, in the form of DP, M.R., units. h. addition

One tenth (part) - numbers. one tenth, order, fractional, in the form of pp, zh.r., un. h. Definition.

3. It is interesting!

Some nouns ( drop, Darkness, Mass etc.), adveria (Many, little, little) and pronouns (somewhat, how much, so much) Compose a special group of words that perform the functions of numeral. Unlike numeral, they express the amount of vague and because called vaguely quantitative words. These words retain grammatical signs of that category of words to which they relate. For example, words mass (mass of questions), darkness (darkness people), droplet (salt drip) et al. - Nouns: have a genus, the number and varies on the case. The words many, little, little are adverbs: these are immutable education, in the proposal may refer to the verb (read a lot). The words somewhat as much as - pronouns: they do not indicate the number, but indicate it or ask him.

Nutiguctive need to distinguish countable nouns. For example: couple, heels, five, ten, dozen, hundred (It is impossible to: one, couple, three, four, heels ...).

Literature

1. Pimenova S.N. Approximate direction of work in the 6th grade according to the study complex "Russian language: theory", "Russian language: practice", "Russian speech" // Russian language at school,
№ 6, 2003.

2. Pimenova S.N. Approximate direction of work in the 6th grade according to the study complex "Russian language: theory", Russian language: Practice "," Russian speech "// Russian language in school,
№ 1, 2004.

3. Smirnova O.L. Studying the topic "Soft sign at the end and in the middle of numeral // Russian language in school, № 3, 1989.

4. Pimenova S.N. Studying the name of the numeral on educational and methodological complex // Russian in school, No. 1, 1994.

5. Arserie A.T. Entertaining materials in the Russian language. M.: Enlightenment, 1994.

6. Bogdanova G.A. Russian lessons in the 6th grade. M.: Enlightenment, 1994.

7. Volina V.V. Cheerful grammar. M.: Knowledge, 1995.

8. Brank G.G. and etc. Numeral. Newspaper "Russian language" No. 8/2004.

9. Deakina A.D., Pakhnova TM Distribution materials in the Russian language. M.: Drop, 2004.

10. Kaidalova A.I., Kalinina I.K. Russian language. M., 1978.

11. Lviv S.I., Vakurova O.F., Tsybulko I.P. Getting ready for the exam. M.: Drop, 2003.

12. Malyushkin AB Tutorials in the Russian language. 5-11th classes. M.: TC "Sphere", 2005.

13. Mazneva O. Examination questions and answers. Russian language. M.: AST-PRESS School, 2002.

14. Rosenthal D.E., Goli I.B. Russian language. Preparing without a tutor. M.: Mahar, 2004.

15. Shapiro N.A. Workbook in the Russian language for the 6th grade. Newspaper "Russian language",
№ 18/1998.

16. Yakovenko G.P., Yakovenko N.G. Encyclopedia - schoolboy. Kiev: Scanner, 1994.

L.N. Dosov,
Khakassia

Denotent number, number and order of objects. Answers questions: how much? which the?

Numbers are divided into three lexico-grammatical discharges: quantitative (two, five, twenty, fifty, two hundred, three hundred fifty one), collective (both, two, five) I. ordinal (first, second, hundredth). The composition of quantitative numbers includes certain quantitative and uncertain-quantitative numerals. The first indicate a certain number of units ( two, four, fifteen, one and a half, two hundred), the second is an indefinite number of units; These include words few, a lot of, lot, little, as well as locomotive numeral some, how much, somehow, how much, so many.

Cardinal number

Cardinal number - Numeral, which answers the question "How much?", how many? ", how many?" etc.

Quantitatively inherent in two values.

1. Both certain quantitative and uncertain-quantitative numerals have a quantitative numerical value represented by two private values \u200b\u200b-
   • quantitative (quantity as a sign of the subject: five heads, three stools, ten days, some years) I.
   • numeric (abstract quantity, or number: four divided into two without a balance, three times ten - thirty; some - this is not any uncertainty: it can be three, five, ten, generally a little; oral speech).
2. Only certain quantitative numerals have a consideration and sequential value: they call the ordinal place of the subject, which when the score is stopped turns out to be the last in a number of homogeneous: house three (the house, the third in a row of houses, when the account is stopped, a limited number of three); eight, place thirty five (place, last in a row, when stopping a score, limited to 35-m).

Spelling of quantitative numerical in Russian

• Simple (consist of one base) for example: "one" (1), "two" (2), "three" (3)
• Complex (consisting of two bases) quantitative numerals are picked together, for example: "eighteen" (18), "eighty" (80), "eight hundred" (800).
• Composite (consisting of several words) quantitative numerals are written separately: "Eighty-eight thousand eight hundred eighty eight" (88888).

Spelling numerical

1. In numeral "five" - \u200b\u200b"nineteen", as well as the "twenty" and "thirty" b is written at the end, and in the numerical "fifty" - "eighty" and "five hundred" - "nine hundred" in the middle of the word.

2. Nutritive "ninety" and "hundred" have the end of about in the nominative and vinegenial cases, and in the rest of the case, the end of A. ("to spend a hundred rubles", "not enough one hundred rubles"). The numeral "forty" in the nominative and vinegenic case has a zero ending, and in the rest of the case - the end of A. ("He has no forty years"). In the nominative and vinegenial case, the numerical "two" has the ending and, and numeral "three hundred" and "four hundred" - the end of A ("There is already three hundred years").

3. Complicated numeral (and quantitative, and ordinal), consisting of two basics, are written in a punch ("sixteen", "sixteenth", "nine hundred", "nine hundred and").

4. Composite numerals are written separately, having as many words as among meaningful numbers, not counting zeros ("five hundred twenty three", "five hundred and twenty-third"). However, the ordinal numerical, ending on the "-day", "-mallion", "-milliard", is written in a punch ("hundreds", "two-slip trifer million dollar").

5. Fractional numerals are written separately ("three fifths", "three whole (and) one second"), but numeral "dual-handed", "three-headed", "four-headed" are written in a punch. Nutritive "half and a half" and "one and a half" have only two cases: "one and a half" ("one and a half" in g.), The "one and a half" for the nominative and vinitive case and "one and a half", "one and a gun" for all other cases without generic Differences.

6. B composite quantitative numerals inclined all the formulations of their words ("two hundred fifty six" - "two hundred and fifty six", "two hundred and fifty-six"), with both fractional numerals also change both parts ("three fifth" - "three fifths" - "Three fifth" - "three fifth" - "About three fifths").

7. But When declining the composite sequence, only the end of the last component ("two hundred and fifty-sixth" - "two hundred and fifty-sixth" - "two hundred fifty sixth").

8. The word "thousand" is inclined as a noun feminine genus; The words "Million" and "Billion" are inclined as a noun male race with the basis for consonants.

9. Note: Nutitive "both" (m. And cf. r.) And "both" (g.) Are inclined in different ways: in a numeral "both" the basis for declining is "wallpaper" ("both" , "Both", "both"), and in the numeral "both" - the basis of "both-" ("both", "both", "both").

10. Note: With a mixed number, the noun is controlled by the shot, and it is used in the parental case of the only number: 1 2/3 m ("one whole and two third meters").

Other types of numbers

The declination of the names is numeral

In Russian, with the declining of quantitative names, all the words and all parts of complex words change, and when the sequencies of ordinal are changed - only the last word: five hundred sixteen - pyat appearancestamps sixteen appearance - five hundred sixteen oh .

see also

Notes

Links

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Synonyms:

• Molotovsk
• Sarapul

Watch what is "Number Numeral" in other dictionaries:

numeral - SUBS., Number of synonyms: 1 numeral (1) dictionary of synonyms ASIS. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

numeral - Part of speech, characterized by: a) the designation of the distracted numbers or the number of objects and their order in the account (semantic sign); b) the almost complete lack of categories of the genus and the number and special forms of decline and word formation ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

numeral - The significant part of the speech, which expresses the entire set of words in it existing in this language society a counting system in which each numerical expresses the element of this system is a numerical concept (number, number ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Jerebilo

Numeral - See Numeral ...

numeral - gram. Part of speech, denoting the number or order of objects with their account and varying by cases (quantitative numeral) or by childbirth, cases and numbers (ordinal numeral) ... Dictionary of many expressions

Numeral - The name of the numerical independent part of speech, denoting the quantity or quantitative sign, the order of the subject with the score, answers the questions "which?", "How much?". The name is numerical this is an independent part of speech, denoting the quantity and ... ... Wikipedia

Numeral - Numeral, wow, cf. Or the name is numerant in grammar: the word (noun or adjective), denoting the quantity or quantitative sign, the order of items with the score. Quantitative h. (Denoting the number as a number, for example. Two ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

numeral - Summ., Number of synonyms: 1 Number Numeral (1) Dictionary of Synonyms ASIS. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

Nalificant name in Russian - It is a separate part of speech denoting the subject and with a developed morphology inherited mainly from Praslava language. Contents 1 category 1.1 Number 1.2 Pa ... Wikipedia

Numeral - banner. Part of the speech, which is an unreserved class of words with quantitatively countable meanings. Typically allocate five digits: 1) quantitative, 2) collective, 3) ordinal, 4) fractional, 5) uncertain. Quantities. C. Denote in ... Russian Humanitarian Encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• , Zikeev Anatoly Georgievich. In four issues, the benefits entered the exercises aimed at the development of lexical, word formation, morphological, syntactic, phraseological and stylistic parties speech students. ... buy for 200 UAH (Ukraine only)
• Practical grammar in the lessons of the Russian language. In 4 parts. Part 3. Temploying. Numeral. Adverb. Grying of the Russian Federation, Zikeev A.G. In four issues of benefits entered the exercises aimed at the development of lexical, word formation, morphological, syntactic, phraseological and stylistic parties speech students. ...

In Russian, part of speech, denoting the number of items, the amount or order is called numeral. This article describes in detail the features of numerical, their structure, decline in cases, meaning and main problems. For better assimilation of the material, visual examples are given.

Russian language

Independent part of speech that answers questions which the? how much?and denotes the number of objects, order or quantity called nUMBER

Examples: fifth, eighth, seventeen, twenty five.

Drawn quantities can different parts of speech, but you can only write this part of speech using numbers. (Five horses - five (5) horses).

The history of the numerical system goes to the distant past formation of the Pyranceo-European language, where a tenth system of calculus was used.

Numbered issues

In Russian, there is no clear concept in Russian, there is no clear idea which verbal forms to relate to this part of speech. The fact is that by its origin, they are all relate to different basics. Conditionally, all points of view can be divided into two main groups - the study of forms in a wide or narrow understanding.

Top 5 articleswho read with this

In case of narrow consideration and study of this part, fractional and ordinal discharges are excluded as a separate appearance. In broad study to speculation types include:

• three groups denoting the quantity (fractional, collective, integer);
• ordinal;
• words vaguely quantitative (Little, much, how much).

There is no unambiguous opinion about the forms denoting the order at the score. A number of scientists (Vinogradov, Tikhonov, Peshkovsky, etc.) refer them to relative adjectives, as they have the same categories. In the proposal, they act as definition. Other scientists (napes, chess and other) include such words to a separate discharge of numeral.

The problem exists in relation to verbal forms million, Thousand, Billion etc., they have signs, not only numerical, but also nouns.

Structure of this part of speech

The composition differences such types:

• Simple numerals consist of one base and describe only one digit (Four, eight, one).
• Sophisticated - describe two digits that are connected in one word (twelve, fifteen, sixty).
• Composite - consist of several words that are written separately (one thousand eighty eight).

What are needed for something?

To designate (call) numbers - ten, forty five, nineteen;

To indicate the subject number - five kittens, four apples;

To determine the counting order - seventh, second, twenty-first.

In the sentence, they can act as any member.

Decay by case

The name is numerical as part of speech has a category of case, and words denoting counting order vary in numbers and childbirth. The declination of cases has different types depending on the type of numeral. "Russian grammar" from 1990 indicates the existence of two species - substantive and adjective.

Substantive:

• from five to ten and on the fifty, mean (six, seventeen, fifty);
• numbers (two hundred, six hundred and pr.);
• forty, ninety, hundred, one and a half, one and a half.

Adjective Show as adjectives and have two varieties:

• The words two three four;
• The words both, bothand indefinitely quantitative (Little, a lot, little, etc.).

With the change in the case of the endings, there are difficulties in the formation of forms of words and their oral speech. The norm of the literary language is the change in all parts of complex and composite forms (Fiftyst seven-day two rubles).For a sequence numerical component, there is a rule that provides for a change in such words only the last part on the principle of adjective (A thousand nine hundred and sixty for the first year - in a thousand nine hundred and sixty-first.)