Materials science for carpentry. Working program on the subject of "Materials Science" by profession: "Master of joinery and furniture production". Adhesives and finishing materials

The book describes information about the structure, physical and mechanical properties, wood vices and their impact on its quality, is given classification and distinctive signs of wood coniferous and hardwood. The classification and characteristics of round timber, sawn timber and blanks, planed and implant veneer, plywood, wood slabs, as well as wooden parts and construction products. Polymer materials and flooring products, adhesives, paints and furniture accessories are described.

Introduction

Basics of timberism

1. The structure of wood and wood
Structure of a tree
Macroscopic wood structure
Microscopic wood structure

2. Physical properties of wood
Properties defining the appearance of wood
Wood moisture and properties related to its change
Wood density
Heat conductivity, sound conductivity, Wood electrical conductivity

3. Mechanical properties of wood
General concepts about mechanical properties and timber tests
Wood strength
Hardness, deformative and shock viscosity of wood
Technological properties of wood

4. Wood flavors
Bitch
Cracks
Vices shape shape
Wood structure vices
Chemical colors
Mushroom lesions
Damage to wood insects
Foreign inclusions and defects
Wood deformations

5. Characteristics of wood of major breeds and their industrial importance
Major macroscopic signs of wood for rock definition
Coniferous breeds
Large breeds
Inrogen breeds of trees

Adhesives and finishing materials

6. Adhesives
Types, composition and main properties of adhesives
Adhesives of animal origin
Casein adhesives
Synthetic adhesives

7. Paintwork and other finishing materials
Coloring substances, fillers, solvents, diluents, plasticizers
Film-forming substances
Primers, Powbands, Puttails and Maskings
Lucky and polish
Paints and enamel

8. Film and leaf finishing materials
Paper-based film and sheet materials
Synthetic resin films
Decorative paper-layered plastics

9. Auxiliary materials
Grinding materials
Polishing, desonylation and bleaching compositions

Forest goods

10. Classification and standardization of forest products

11. Round timber
Characteristic round timber
Score, Accounting and Marking Round Timber
Storage of round timber

12. Timber and blanks
Characteristics of lumber
Slevale and hardwood lumber
Billets
Measurement, accounting and marking of sawn timber and blanks

13. Methods for extending the life of wood
Storage and atmospheric wood drying
Wood protection from rotting and insect destruction
Fireproof wood

14. Veneer, plywood and wood plates
Strogian and lined veneer
Plywood ordinary
Special Plywood Plywood
Plywood stoves
Bentotted blanks
Joinery plates
Warm plates
Choppers

15. Materials and products for construction
Window and Balcony Blocks
Door blocks
Floor materials and products
Details Wooden milled and handling for construction
Roofing and other materials

16. Metal products and furniture accessories
Summary of Metal and Alloys
Metal fasteners
Instruments and products for windows and doors
Furniture fittings
Glass and mirrors

17. Insulation, fastening and lubricants
Insulating materials and mastic
Electrical insulating materials
Lubricants

Branch of state budget professional

educational institution of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

"Yamal Multidisciplinary College" in Labnyangi

(branch of the GBPOU YNAO "YAMK" in Labytnangi)

Considered:

MO "Builder"

protocol No. 5

Approved

Methodical Council

protocol number __________

from _____________2015

Materials

for differentiated credit

according to the educational discipline "Materials science"

by profession 18880 "Stolar construction"

2015

Explanatory note

The test material of the differentiated testing was prepared on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard (GEF) by the profession of the SPO 18880 "Stolar Construction" and in accordance with the requirements for the knowledge and skills of students on educational discipline "Materials Science" declared in the Working Program.

The purpose of the differentiated credit - Conducting the final certification of students on discipline for the course of study.

The subject of the teaching discipline "Materials Science" is a knowledge system of the rational and complex use of wood by processing for useful and full-fledged products without any loss and waste in the process of work. The current structure of the workpiece of wood, increasing the cost of transportation from places of workpiece to consumption places, make the issue of saving and rational wood spending very important.

Experience shows to make high quality products and perform work joiner, carpenter, glazier, parquet, woodworking requires good knowledge of the technology of work, the design of products and properties of materials. From the type and properties of the materials used, the techniques and processing modes, the quality of manufactured products, their appearance, strength, durability and cost are dependent. The structure of the technological equipment and the instrument, the complexity of the work and the duration of the production cycle, the level of possible mechanization, working conditions and the necessary qualifications of workers are dependent. The solution of this important task is possible only by qualified masters with all the necessary knowledge.

In the conditions of the market before professional education, the question of preparing professional personnel, easily adapting in changing production conditions. With a modern construction level, it is impossible to become an experienced woodworking without a systematic advanced training, without studying advanced technology, species of modern materials and the organization of labor. The task of going up in the future young workers of certain skills and skills so that it becomes an active builder, the maternity owner with the working class - morality, interests, collectivist psychology, high culture, behavior, life.

The purpose of the implementation of this program is to ensure the knowledge of the main rocks of the wood, their properties, features of the structure, vices, storage, drying methods, antiseptation and fire protection, a number of concepts of discipline "Materials".

The course of "Materials Science" includes review topics and graphic, the combination of which makes it possible not only to introduce students with a number of possible concepts of timberism, but also in touch with practice.

activation of techniques of mental activity: generalization, systematization, comparison;

identification of the depth of knowledge of the actual material.

The test material consists of 25 test tasks of part A and 10 test tasks of the part in the compiled in two versions and includes questions on the main sections of the discipline:

The structure of wood and wood.

Wood vices.

Round timber, lumber, blanks and products.

Time to perform this test - 1 academic hour.

Evaluation criteria:

35-33 points - "5";

32-30 points - "4";

29-27 points - "3";

less than 27 points - "2".

Specialty SPO: 18880 "Stolar construction"

DR 01. Materials science

Specification of didactic units

p / P.

Name of didactic units

The structure of wood and wood.

Physical properties of wood.

Mechanical properties of wood.

Wood vices.

Characteristics of the wood of major breeds and their industrial use.

Veneer, plywood, wood plates, parquet.

Adhesives, their types, composition and properties.

Materials for the preparation of the surface of joinery to finish.

Materials and floors for floors. Construction materials.

Facing, insulating and roofing materials for construction.

Codification of test tasks

No. p / p

Name of didactic unit

Number option

Rooms Questions

The structure of wood and wood.

1,2,3,4,5,6, 26,27,28,29

1,2,3,4,5,6, 26,27,28

Physical properties of wood.

7,8,9,10,30, 31

7,8,9,10,29

Mechanical properties of wood.

11,12

11,12,30

Wood vices.

13,14,15,16,17,32,33,34

13,14,15,16,17,31,32,33

Characteristics of the wood of major breeds and their industrial use.

18,19

18,19,34

Commonwell materials, lumber, blanks and products.

20,35

Veneer, plywood, wood plates, parquet.

21,35

Adhesives, their types, composition and properties.

Materials for the preparation of the surface of joinery to finish.

Materials and floors for floors. Construction materials.

Facing, insulating and roofing materials for construction.

NGO specialty: 18880 "Construction Stolar"

Section of the curriculum: general professional cycle

DR 01. Materials science

Option number 1.

Block A.

No. p / p

Task (question)

Reference

answer

Instructions for executing tasks No. 1-25: Select the letter corresponding to the correct answer option and write it to the answer form. For example:

№ tasks

Possible answer

1-B.

Choose the correct answer:

A). King;

B). Night;

C) .Cron;

D). Boom.

Choose the correct answer:

A) .kambiy;

B). Macolaco;

C). Problek;

D). Mulbian.

Choose the correct answer:

The incision passing perpendicular to the crossroads of the core of the barrel?

A). Retained;

B) .Radual;

C) .tancial;

D).

Choose the correct answer:

In a growing tree, performs the role of water conductor from roots to leaves?

BUT). resin moves;

B). cambium;

C) .yadro;

D). sapwood.

Choose the correct answer:

A).

B). Heard;

C). Years;

D).

Choose the correct answer:

Fabrics that are keeper and nutrient storage?

A). Mechanical;

B). Focus;

C).

D). Compass.

Choose the correct answer:

Figure on cutting surfaces, which turns out when the fibers of wood, annual layers and core rays are released?

A). Macrostructure;

B). Texture;

C). Structure;

D).

Select the correct answer and continue the offer:

The degree of moisture of wood, which is long in the water?

A). Treasured dry;

B). Comfortable dry;

C) .Chelder;

D) .Mokray.

Choose the correct answer:

A). Cracking;

B). Sushka;

C). Queen;

D). Correction.

Choose the correct answer:

The ability of wood directionally reflect the light stream?

A).

B). Texture;

C). Bline;

D). Tsvet.

Choose the correct answer:

The ability of the material to resist the penetration of solid bodies into it?

A). Hardness;

B). Duration;

C). Urgency;

D) .diction.

Choose the correct answer:

Wood ability, to resist wear. Destruction in the process of friction?

A). The formativeness;

B). Capacity for bending;

C). Slave;

D). Execution resistance.

Choose the correct answer:

A). Communication;

B). Sweese;

C) .Crivination;

D). Barn.

Choose the correct answer:

A) .metric;

B). Sushka;

C). Stalls;

D). Motherose.

Choose the correct answer:

Deep traces left on wood surface by working bodies of the cutting tool?

A). Therapins;

B). Their;

C) .vorsosti;

D). Dental.

Mushroom and fruiting mold mushrooms on raw crook, with improper storage of timber?

A). Power rot;

B). Turning;

C) .wiel rot;

D). Pressure.

A). Clearness;

B). Constability;

C). Correction;

D). Constant.

C). Chunky;

D) .inous.

Wood of a deciduous breed, after a long time in the water, is painted in gray?

A) .olha;

B). Manyacked oak;

C). Sea Birch;

D) .Lip.

Products that are obtained as a result of machining are mainly a tree trunk?

A) .Pilometers;

B).

C). Preparation;

C). Assortments.

BUT). Fiberboard;

B). Chipboard;

C). Faper;

D). Shpon;

Glue made from cropping raw skins and leather production waste?

A) .Hlutinov;

B). A touch;

C). Owline;

D).

Paint and varnishes that level the surface before applying opaque coatings on them?

A). Pospels;

B). Gruntovka;

C). Spait;

D). Polyting.

Roll material for floating floors?

A) .ulletium;

B) .Ruboid;

C). Pergamine;

D) .tol.

Facing materialized from gypsum binder and cardboard, designed for wall cladding and partitions?

A). Big layered plastic;

B) .gipsocardon;

C). -Cent chips;

D). Lamed panels.

Block B.

No. p / p

Task (question)

Reference

answer

root

bast

Dark-colored part of the trunk performing a mechanical function in a growing tree?

core

early

Figure on cutting surfaces, determined by the width of the annual layer, direction of fibers?

texture

color

outpotable

scratch

pERFORME

lumber

NGO specialty: 18880 "Construction Stolar"

Section of the curriculum: general professional cycle

OP 04. Basics of building economics

Option 2.

Block A.

No. p / p

Task (question)

Reference

answer

Instructions for executing tasks No. 1-25: Select the letter corresponding to the correct answer option and write it to the answer form.

For example:

№ tasks

Possible answer

1-B.

Choose the correct answer:

The bottom of the trunk, which makes up 15% of the entire mass of the tree?

A). King;

B). Night;

C) .Cron;

D). Boom.

Choose the correct answer:

The cortex layer, conductive water with developed in the leaves or the needles by organic substances down the trunk?

A) .kambiy;

B). Macolaco;

C). Problek;

D). Mulbian.

Choose the correct answer:

Incision passing at some distance from the core?

BUT). transverse;

B). radial;

IN). tangential;

D). longitudinal.

Choose the correct answer:

Dark-colored part of the trunk, performing mechanical function in a growing tree?

A) .Conal moves;

B) .kambiy;

C) .yadro;

D). Valla.

Choose the correct answer:

Wood having a bright color formed in spring and early summer?

A).

B). Heard;

C). Years;

D).

Choose the correct answer:

Fabrics in the core and protect wood from external influences?

A). Mechanical;

B). Focus;

C).

D). Compass.

Choose the correct answer:

Figure on cutting surfaces, determined by the width of the annual layer, the direction of fibers, etc.?

A). Macrostructure;

B). Texture;

C). Structure;

D).

Choose the correct answer:

Wood moisture degree in the air for a long time?

A). Treasured dry;

B). Comfortable dry;

C) .Chelder;

D) .Mokray.

Choose the correct answer:

Reducing linear size and volume of wood during drying?

A). Cracking;

B). Sushka;

C). Queen;

D). Correction.

Choose the correct answer:

The property of wood, defining the presence of tanning, resinous and coloring substances in it?

A).

B). Texture;

C). Bline;

D). Tsvet.

Choose the correct answer:

The ability of the material to resist the destruction of the voltages occurring under the action of the load?

A). Hardness;

B). Duration;

C). Urgency;

D) .diction.

Choose the correct answer:

Changing wood shape and sizes under the action of loads or other factors?

A). The formativeness;

B). Capacity for bending;

C). Slave;

D). Execution resistance.

Choose the correct answer:

A sharp increase in the diameter of the comluk part of the timber or width of the unedged lumber?

A). Communication;

B). Sweese;

C) .Crivination;

D). Naklon fibers.

Choose the correct answer:

Cracks in the core passing between annual layers and having a significant length of the length of the timber?

A) .metric;

B). Sushka;

C). Stalls;

D). Motherose.

Choose the correct answer:

Damage to the surface of the timber is an acute subject in the form of narrow long damage?

A). Therapins;

B). Their;

C) .vorsosti;

D). Dental.

Bounds of branches concluded in the wood, the most common vice of wood?

A). Secrets;

B) clutch;

C). Drink;

D). Press.

Curvating sawn timber during sawing, drying or storage?

A). Clearness;

B). Constability;

C). Correction;

D). Constant.

Wood breeds that have a turpentine smell and are almost visible to resin moves?

A). Radial calls and audience;

B). Radial scattered;

C). Chunky;

D) .inous.

Wood deciduous breed, after a long (decade) staying in water, acquiring dark brown or black color?

A) .olha;

B). Manyacked oak;

C). Sea Birch;

D) .Lip.

Materials obtained with longitudinal sawmilling logs and crumbs of certain sizes and quality?

A) .Pilometers;

B).

C). Preparation;

C). Assortments.

Sheet material made by hot pressing or drying of wood fibers formed in the form of a carpet?

BUT). Fiberboard;

B). Chipboard;

C). Faper;

D). Shpon;

Glue, part of which is the solid protein?

A) .Hlutinov;

B). A touch;

C). Owline;

D).

Formulations intended for rubbing in pores of wood in order to close them before applying transparent coatings?

A). Pospels;

B). Gruntovka;

C). Spait;

D). Polyting.

A variety of profile simplicids (vinyl lining)?

A) .metlocherpiece;

B). Osiding;

C). Agsente;

D) .Odulin.

Listed roofing material from profile galvanized steel?

A). Dog;

B) .SBesto-cement wavy sheets;

C) .Odulin;

D) .metlocherpiece.

Block B.

No. p / p

Task (question)

Reference

answer

Instructions for performing tasks No. 26-35: In the appropriate line of the answer form, write down a short answer to the question, the end of the sentence or missed words.

The upper part of the trunk, which is 12% of the entire mass of the tree?

crown

Layer of a crust protecting the wood of the trunk from sudden drops of temperature, mechanical damage, etc. External influences?

suberic

Wood facing the bark growing in the late summer and at the beginning of autumn?

late

Increase linear dimensions and volume of wood while increasing moisture content?

swelling

Wood ability to resist wear, i.e. Destruction in the process of friction?

wear-bone

Changing the diameter of the barrel along the length of the tree, gradually reduced the diameter of the tree from Komly to the top?

furiousness

Radially directed cracks arising in a fired tree under the action of internal stresses in the process of drying it?

outushki.

Spiral (screw-like) curvature of lumber in length?

wardness

Wood breeds that do not see the core rays, and the one-time layers differ on all cuts?

coniferous

A layered sheet material, as a rule, from an odd number of layers?

Ministry of Education of the Ryazan region

Regional State Budgetary Education

Establishment of secondary vocational education

"Casimovskaya WATER TRANSPORT"

Working program of academic discipline

ADD.03. Materials Science

Kasimov

2013

The working program of the academic discipline was developed on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard (hereinafter - GEF) of the profession of primary vocational education (hereinafter NPOs) 262023.01 "Master of joinery and furniture production".

Approved:

Director OGBOU SPO "KTVT"

Shmelev A.V.

"__" __________ 2013.

Developer:

Larcin Alexander Nikolaevich, teacher Oce NPO "KTVT" I qualifying category

Coordinated with the methodological commission disciplines of the general education cycle and professional modules

Protocol MK № _____ from "__" ________ 2013.

Chairman of the Commission _______ / Orlova O.V.

	Passport working program of academic discipline
	Structure and content of educational discipline
	Terms of implementation of educational discipline
	Control and evaluation of the results of the development of educational discipline

1. Passport of the Working Program of Educational Discipline

"Materials Science"

1.1. Scope of the curriculum

The work program of the teaching discipline "Materials Science" is part of the main professional educational program in accordance with GEF in the Profession of NGOs 262023.01 "Master of Joinear and Furniture Production".

The working program of the teaching discipline "Materials science" can be used in additional professional education (in advanced training and retraining programs) and professional training of workers in the production of carpentry and furniture products.

1.2. The location of the discipline in the structure of the main professional educational program: the discipline is included in the conventional cycle.

1.3. Objectives and objectives of discipline - Requirements for the results of the development of discipline:

be able to:

select and apply the main construction and auxiliary materials in the work for the manufacture of joinery and furniture products;
determine the wood species, sort wood according to vices, rationally use it in the manufacture of joinery and furniture products;
store and dry forest and lumber;
choose and apply in the paper Wood materials (veneer, phaneur, chipboard and fibreboard) for the manufacture of carpentry and furniture products;
select and apply fasteners, fittings, fittings, glass products, mirrors and other auxiliary materials.

As a result of the development of discipline, the learning should

know

structural and auxiliary materials for the production of carpentry and furniture products;
the structure of wood and wood, its physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, specific use in the production of joinery and furniture products;
the main wood breeds, their characteristics, spanking and the types of wood, the basics of forest products;
rules for storing and drying forest and sawn goods;
specifics and assortment of wood materials, their area of \u200b\u200buse;
specifications and sorting of fastening parts, fittings, accessories, glass products, mirrors, and other auxiliary materials.

1.4. The number of hours to master the program of discipline:

The maximum learning training load is 84 hours, including:

Mandatory audit learning load of the study - 60 hours;

Independent work studying - 24 hours.

2. Structure and content of educational discipline

The volume of educational discipline and types of academic work

Type of study work	Number of Hour.

Mandatory audit learning load (total)
including:
Practical lessons
Independent work of the learning (total)
final examination in the form of differentiated credit

2.2. Thematic plan and content of the educational discipline "Materials Science"

Name sections and theme	Laboratory and practical work, independent work teaching	Volume watch	Level of development

Section 1. Basic information about wood.
Topic 1.1. Equipment of wood and wood

		Tree structure. Parts of the growing tree: roots, trunk, krone their purpose
		Wood cuts: radial, tangential and transverse
		Macroscopic structure of wood. The structure of the trunk: bark, lob, cambium, swamp, core and core.
		Microscopic wood structure: wood fabrics and vessels Cellular structure of wood
	Distinctive external signs of radial, tangential, transverse cuts. Influence of wood structure on handling quality.
Section 2. Wood Properties
Topic 2.1. Physical properties of wood		Properties that determine the appearance and smell of wood
		Macrotructures.
		Wood moisture and properties associated with its change.
		Wood density
		Heat, electric.
		Practical work
		Determination of late wood content in the annual layer.
		Determination of equilibrium wood moisture.
Topic 2.2. Chemical properties of wood		Chemical composition of wood and bark, basic chemical reactions.
Topic 2.3. Mechanical and technological properties of wood		Mechanical properties of wood.
		Wood strength.
		Wood hardness.
		Technological properties of wood.
		Practical work
		Determination of the deformation type of proposed samples.
	Independent work for students: Chemical composition of wood. Definition of indicators of macrostructure Loads on wooden products and designs.
Section 3. Wood Vices and their influence on the physico-mechanical properties of wood
Topic 3.1 Wood Vices
		Vices of the shape of the trunk: Furiosity, the comicness of the growth, curvature.
		Wood flavors.
		Swirls their types and measurement. Cracks. Types of cracks.
		Wood lesions species.
		Cutting vices. Veriousness of various shapes
		Practical work
		Determination of wood vices on samples (posters). Bounds. Determination of wood vices on samples (posters). Wood flavors.
	Independent work for students: Characteristic differences of water vices from its defects Causes of wood processing defects, victims and feasibility of its use in certain products.
Section 4. Characteristics of the wood of major breeds and their industrial use
Topic 4.1. Main breeds of wood
		Major macroscopic signs of wood to determine rocks.
		Ring-vascular deciduous rocks: oak, ash, Elm, Ilm, Karach.
		Scattered-vascular deciduous rocks. Inrogen breeds:
		Practical work
		Determination of coniferous rocks by external features. Determination of deciduous ring-vascular rocks by external features. Determination of deciduous dispel-vascular rocks on external features.
	Independent work for students: Characteristics for macroscopic features of various wood breeds with justifying their use of carpentry and furniture products
Section 5. Round forest materials
Topic 5.1. Lumber and blanks
		Classification of timber, nominal sizes, gradations, battles and tolerances; Characteristic of timber.
		Practical work
		Implementation of the measurement, accounting and labeling of sawn timber and blanks.
	Independent work for students: Methods of obtaining forest products. Characteristics of round timber. Accounting, determination of volume and labeling round timber.
Section 6. Ensuring the durability of wood.
Topic 6.1. Storage, Drying and Wood Protection		Wood storage The value of the proper storage of wood; Methods for its storage. Drying wood.
		Wood antiseptation. Purpose. Protective means. Antiseptic preparation solutions. Types of antiseptic compositions: water, oil, paste. Antisepting methods. Coloring, impregnation, coating, dry antiseptation. Fireproof.
	Independent work for students: Advantages and disadvantages of wood drying. The need for anthesising of wood, its canning and flame retardant. Methods of applying on the surface of wooden parts, structures, artsiptic and flame retardant compositions.
Section 7. Wood-based materials
Topic 7.1. Sheet and slab materials
		Planed and implant veneer: methods for obtaining, species and use. Feature veneer, obtaining it, varieties, sizes. Plywood.
		Wood chipboard (chipboard) and tree fiber plates (Fiberboard), their types, manufacture, brands, main size sheets, use in the manufacture of joinery and furniture production
		Carpentry and shields. The concept of carpentry plates and shields.
		Practical work
		Determination of the type of sheet material for samples. Studying Marks DSP
	Independent work for students: Assortment of millillated wooden parts. Designs of window, balcony, door blocks, windows, basic standard sizes, types of finishing. Woodaluminum windows, their designs and application
Section 8. Adhesives and paints and varnishes.
Topic 8.1. Adhesive compositions.
		General information about glues. Types, groups, classification, basic properties, adhesive characteristics and requirements for them. The concept of adhesive substances, solvents and auxiliary materials (substances) included in the adhesive, on adhesion, the viscosity, the concentration of adhesive solution, water resistance, viability, biological resistance, hot and cold curing of adhesives. Exterior of adhesives.
Topic 8.2. paints and varnishes		Materials for the preparation of the surface of wood and wood materials for finishing: primers, putty, pores.
		Film-forming substances and varnishes. Paints and enamel.
		Practical lessons
		Study of the main groups of adhesives. Studying materials for wood finishing.
		Studying glutin and casein adhesives for external signs Preparation of the working composition of adhesives
	Independent work for students: Types, properties, storage rules, use in joinery and furniture works of glue based on synthetic resins. Adhesive films, ribbons, based on paper, synthetic resins and adhesives, their types, sizes, properties and use.
Section 9. Film and sheet materials for facing of joinery
Topic 9.1. Facing materials
		Paper-based film materials (transparent and opaque). General information about the manufacture of special paper films.
		Film materials based on polymers. Types of film materials. Facing sheet materials.
	Independent work for students: Production of special paper films. Types, brands, properties, facial surface of facing material, fastening methods. Types, properties based on polymers.
Section 10. Accessories and fasteners
Topic 10.1. Metal products and furniture fittings.
		Metal fasteners. Fasteners used in the production of carpentry, glass and furniture work; Nails: (carpentry, finishing, decorative, glass).
		Furniture fittings. Purpose and types of furniture accessories and fasteners of furniture: screeds, loops. Bolts. Castles (mortise, split, overhead), holders, furniture handles, valves, brackets, products for functional equipment of cabinet furniture. Construction, types of connecting products: Corners, plates
		Practical work
		Studying the main metal fasteners and furniture accessories in samples.
		Differentiated offset.
		TOTAL

3. Terms of the implementation of educational discipline

3.1. Requirements for minimal logistical support

The implementation of academic discipline requires the presence of a training office "Materials Science"

Equipment training cabinet:

seating in the number of students;
workplace teacher;
a set of educational and visual manuals "Materials Science";
standard wood samples of various breeds, macro and chicrolation of wood;
albums with wood vices;
samples of wood of various breeds;
samples of wooden products;
samples of adhesive films and ribbons;
samples of the main metal fasteners and furniture fittings.

Technical learning tools:

a computer.

3.2. Information support.

Main literature:

Stepanov B.A. Materials science for professions related to wood processing Tutorial: for start. prof. Education. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2009.-328С.

Additional literature:

Stepanov B.A. Directory of carpenter and joiner: studies. Manual for start. prof. Education. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2010.-304С.
Directory Master of joinery and furniture production: studies. Manual for start. prof. Education. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2010.-304С.
Klyuev G.I. Stolar (basic level): studies. benefit. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2007.-80c.

4. Control and evaluation of the results of the development of educational discipline

The control and evaluation of the results of the development of educational discipline is carried out by the teacher in the process of conducting practical training and laboratory work, testing, as well as the implementation of educational individual exercises, projects, research.

Results of learning (mastered skills learned knowledge)	Forms and methods of control and evaluation of learning outcomes
Skills:
Describe the structure of wood of various breeds, macro- and microstruption wood. Determine the shape of the shape of the trunk, the structure of wood, chemical coloring and biological damage	Practical lessons Testing
Determine the density, the moisture of wood samples compare with the standard	Practical lessons
Determine the mechanical properties of wood of various breeds according to standard samples	Practical lessons
Determine the wood species on external features and properties
Discerge adhesions on external signs and prepare the working composition of adhesives	Practical lessons Testing
Discerge metal fasteners and furniture accessories in samples	Practical lessons
Knowledge:
on the appointment of parts of the tree; Characterizes wood cuts according to samples, state distinctive external signs of radial, tangential, transverse cuts.	Practical lessons Testing
on the properties that determine the appearance of the wood; types of moisture in the wood	Independent work
on the mechanical and technological properties of wood	Extracurricular independent work
About methods of antiseptation of wood, its canning and flame retardants	Practical lessons Testing
On the types of forest materials and sawn timber	Practical lessons
About technology of veneer production, plywood, plywood chip and fibreboard, their types, sizes, varieties.	Extracurricular independent work
basic information about glue, paint materials assignment and properties.	Practical classes, extracurricular independent work
basic information about metal products and furniture fittings	Practical lessons

Introduction 3.
Section first. Fundamentals of timberism 5.
Chapter I. The structure of wood and wood 5
§ 1. Wood structure 5
§ 2. Macroscopic wood structure 6
§ 3. Microscopic wood structure 9
Chapter II. Physical and chemical properties of wood 12
§ 4. Properties defining the appearance of wood 12
§ 5. Wood moisture and properties associated with its change 14
§ 6. Wood density 17
§ 7. Heat conductivity, sound conductivity, Wood electrical conductivity 18
§ 8. Chemical structure and wood application 19
Chapter III. Mechanical properties of wood 20
§ 9. Wood strength 20
§ 10. Hardness, deformability and shock viscosity of wood 21
§ 11. Technological properties of wood 22
Chapter IV. Wood vices 23.
§ 12. Sounds 23
§ 13. Cracks 26
§ 14. Vices of the shape of the barrel 28
§ 15. Wood structure vices 29
§ 16. Chemical coloring. . . , .... 34.
§ 17. Mushroom lesions. , 34.
§ 18. Biological damage. . . . .... . . 36.
§ 19. foreign inclusions, mechanical "damage and vices of processing 37
§ 20. PERFORMED ™. . . . ... ; . ........ . -. . . . 39.
Chapter V. Characteristic of the wood of the main before - and "their industrial value 40
§ 21. Basic macroscopic signs of wood to determine breeds 40
§ 22. Conifer breed 40
§ 23. Deficial breeds 43
§ 24. Inrogen breeds 47
Section two. Forest merchant 48.
Chapter VI. Classification and standardization of forest products 48
§ 25. Classification of forest products 48
§ 26. Characteristics of round timber 49
§ 27. Scattering, accounting and labeling round timber 51
§ 28. Storage of round timber 52
Chapter VII. Timber and blanks 53
§ 29. Characteristics of sawn timber 53
§ 30. Timber of coniferous and hardwood 55
§ 31. Billet 57
§ 32. Scattering, accounting and labeling of sawn timber and blanks 62
Chapter VIII. Methods for storing and extending wood life 62
§ 33. Storage and atmospheric wood drying 63
§ 34. Wood protection from rotting and destruction by insects 64
§ 35. Fireproof wood 65
Chapter IX. Veneer, plywood, wood plates and plastics 66
§ 36. Stroganic and implanted veneer 66
§ 37. Plywood 67
§ 38. Special Power Plywood 68
§ 39. Plywood stove 70
§ 40. Joinery stoves 71
§ 41. Warm plates 72
§ 42. Choppers 73
143

Section Third. Adhesives and finishing materials 75
Chapter X. Adhesives 75
§ 43. Types, composition and basic properties of adhesives 75
§ 44. Glutin adhesives "77
§ 45. Casein adhesives 78
§ 46. Synthetic adhesives 79
Chapter XI. Materials for the preparation of the surface of joinery to finishing 8-5
§ 47. Grinding (abrasive) materials 85
§ 48. Primers, thresholds, putty and putty 88
§ 49. Remindication and bleaching compositions 91
Chapter XII. Paintworks 91.
§ 50. Coloring substances, fillers, solvents, diluents, plasticizers ... 92
§ 51. Film-forming substances 94
§ 52. Lucky and polish 96
§ 53. Paints and enamel 99
§ 54. Removal of paintwork 102
Chapter XIII. Film and leaf finishing materials 104
§ 55. Film and sheet materials based on paper 104
§ 56. Films from synthetic resins 105
§ 57. Decorative paper-layered plastics 105
Section fourth. Materials and products for construction 107
Chapter XIV. Materials and products for floors 107
§ 58. Parquet, parquet boards and shields 107
§59. Polymeric materials for floors
§ 60. Mastics p2
Chapter XV. Construction, facing and roofing materials for construction. . . 114.
§61. Construction materials and details 114
§ 62. Roofing materials 118
§ 63. Facing materials. 123.
Chapter XVI. Metal products and furniture accessories 126
§ 64. Metal fasteners 126
§ 65. Instruments and products for windows and doors 127
§ 66. Furniture accessories 131
§ 67. Glass and mirrors 136
Chapter XVII. Insulating and lubricants 138
§ 68. Insulating materials 138
§ 69. Electrical insulating materials 139
§ 70. Lubricants 140
List of recommended literature 142

Introduction 3.
Basics of timberism 4.
1. Tree structure and wood 4
§ 1. Wood structure 4
§ 2. Macroscopic wood structure 6
§ 3. Microscopic wood structure 10

2. Physical properties of wood 14
§ 5. Wood moisture and properties associated with its change 16
§ 6. Wood density
§ 7. Heat conductivity, sound conductivity, Wood electrical conductivity 21

3. Mechanical properties of wood
§ 8. General concepts about the mechanical properties and tests of wood 21
§ 9. Wood strength
§ 10. Hardness, deformability and shock viscosity of wood 23
§ 11. Technological properties of wood 24

4. Wood flavors 25
§ 12. Bounds 26
§ 13. Cracks 29
§ 14. Vices of the shape of the barrel 32
§ 15. Wood defects 33
§ 16. Chemical coloring 39
§ 17. Mushroom lesions 39
§ 18. Damage to the wood insects 43
§ 19. foreign inclusions and defects 44
§ 20. Wood deformations 46

5. Characteristics of wood of major breeds and their industrial value 46
§ 21. Basic macroscopic signs of wood for rock definition 46
§ 22. Conifer breed 47
§ 23. Deficial breeds 49
§ 24. Inrogen breeds of trees 55

Adhesives and finishing materials 57

6. Adhesives 57.
§ 25. Types, composition and basic properties of adhesives 57
§ 26. Adhesives of animal origin 59
§ 27. Casein adhesives 62
§ 28. Synthetic adhesives 63

7. Paintwork and other finishing materials
§ 29. Coloring substances, fillers, solvents, diluents, plasticizers 68
§ 30. Film-forming substances 71
§ 31. Primers, thresholds, putty and putty 73
§ 32. Lucky and polish 76
§ 33. Paints and enamel 81

8 Film and leafy finishing materials 8E
§ 34. Film and sheet materials based on paper 85
§ 35. Films from synthetic resins 86
§ 36. Decorative paper-layered plastics 87

9. Auxiliary materials 88
§ 37. Grinding materials
§ 38. Polishing, desonylation and whitening formulations 90

Forest goods 93.

10. Classification and standardization of forest products 93
11. Round timber 94
§ 39. Characteristics of round timber 94
§ 40. Scattering, accounting and labeling of round timber 96
§ 41. Storage of round timber 99

12. Timber and blanks 99
§ 42. Characteristics of sawn timber 99
§ 43. Timber of coniferous and hardwood 102
§ 44. Billets § 45. Score, accounting and marking of sawn timber and blanks 105

13. Methods for extending wood life 107
§ 46. Storage and atmospheric wood drying
§ 47. Wood protection from rotting and destruction by insects 109
§ 48. Fireproof wood 112

14. Veneer, plywood and wood plates 113
§ 49. Stroganny and impeding veneer from
§ 50. Plywood Normal 115
§ 51. Special Power Supply 116
§ 52. Plywood plates 118
§ 53. Bottomed blanks 118
§ 54. Joinery stoves
§ 55. Warm plates 120
§ 56. Chipboard 123

15. Materials and products for construction 125
§ 57 window and balcony blocks 125
§ 58 Door blocks 129
§ 59. Materials and products for floors 132
§ 60. Details Wooden milling and handling for construction 139
§ 61. Roofing and other materials 143

16. Metal products and furniture accessories 147
§ 62. Brief information about metals and alloys 147
§ 63. Metal fasteners 150
§ 64. Instruments and products for windows and doors 152
§ 65. Furniture accessories 157
§ 66. Glass and mirrors 164

17. Insulating, bonding and lubricants 166
§ 67. Insulating materials and masts 166
§ 68. Electrical insulating materials 168
§ 69. Lubricants 169
Literature 170.

The book contains information about the structure, physical and mechanical properties, wood vices and their impact on its quality, is given classification and distinctive signs of wood coniferous and hardwood. Classification and characteristics of round timber, sawn timber and blanks, plane and implant veneer, plywood, wood slabs, as well as wooden parts and products for construction

Introduction

It is difficult to call any sector of the national economy, where wood would not be used in one form or other form (natural or recycled), and lists all the various products into which wood is part of the part. In terms of use and a variety of use in the national economy with wood, no other material can be compared.
High physicomechanical qualities, good workability, as well as effective methods for changing the individual properties of wood by chemical and mechanical processing contribute to widespread use of wood. Wood is easily processed, has a low thermal conductivity, sufficiently high strength, good resistance to shock and vibration loads, in the dry medium durable. The positive properties of wood - the ability to firmly glue, keep a beautiful appearance and to perceive the finish well. At the same time, the wood has drawbacks: it is susceptible to burning and reinforcement, destroyed from the effects of insects and mushrooms, hygroscopic, as a result of which it can swell and undergo dyeing, warping and cracking. In addition, wood has vices of biological origin, which reduce its quality.
In the manufacture of wood products, adhesives, paints, finishing films, plastics, fittings and other materials play an important role.
Widespread use in the manufacture of joinery products are found and planed veneers - starting materials for the production of various semi-finished products. From the plump veneer produce glued laminated wood - Faneru, plywood stoves, glued parts of furniture, details of the body of televisions and radio receivers, containers. Planed veneer is the main facing material for parts made of low-value wood, plywood and chipboard.
From the type and properties of the materials used, the techniques and processing modes, the quality of the products produced, their appearance, strength, durability, cost are dependent.
Unlike oil, coal and gas, wood belongs to the restored natural resources. However, this does not exclude the need for careful and rational use. Achievements of science, especially chemistry, and best practices are the basis of the use of wood - this gift of wildlife. The rational use of the forest is an important part of the general problem of nature protection, the state importance of which was emphasized in the Resolution of the USSR Supreme Soviet of September 20, 1972 "On measures to further improve the protection of nature and the rational use of natural resources". Article 67 of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics says: "Citizens of the USSR are obliged to take care of nature, protect its wealth." The protection of forest wealth is easy to explain: forests have a favorably affect the climate of the country, create good working conditions and recreation of people, for the development of agriculture. Mass deforestation leads to the formation of deserts, soil erosion, river crop, the occurrence of Sukhovyev and a sharp decrease in yield. The forest is our national wealth, it must be consuling, with the greatest return in the tenth five-year plan due to the deepening of raw materials processing, expanding the technological use of waste and low-quality wood saving business wood should be more than 40 million m3. To make your own contribution to the fulfillment of this important national economic task is the matter of honor of each joiner and carpenter, each logging and woodworking.

Basics of timberism
1. The structure of wood and wood
§ 1. Tree structure
Parts of a growing tree. A growing tree consists of crown, barrel and roots (Fig. 1). During the life of a tree, each of these parts performs its specific functions and has various industrial applications.
Crown consists of branches and leaves (or needles). Of the carbon dioxide, absorbed from the air, and the water obtained from the soil, complex organic substances necessary for the life of the tree are formed in the leaves. Industrial use of the crown is small. From leaves (needles), vitamin flour is obtained - a valuable product for animal husbandry and poultry farming, drugs, from branches - technological whisper for the production of tare cardboard and tree-fiber plates.
The trunk of the growing tree conducts water with dissolved mineral substances up (ascending current), and with organic substances - down to the roots (downward current); Stores spare nutrients; Used to accommodate and maintain the crown. It gives the bulk of wood (from 50 to 90% of the total tree) and has the main industrial value. The upper thin part of the trunk is called the vertex, the lower thick part is a commander.
In fig. 1, B shows the process of developing a coniferous tree from seed and a scheme for constructing a tree trunk at the age of 13. The growth process can be represented as an increase in the cone-shaped layers of wood. Each last cone has a greater height and diameter of the base. The figure shows 10 concentric circles (the boundaries of annual growths) on the lower cross section, and on the upper such slice they are only five. Therefore, it is required, respectively, 3 years and 8 years so that the tree reaches the height on which the lower and upper transverse sections are made.
Roots conduct water with mineral substances dissolved in it in the trunk; Store the reserves of nutrients and hold the tree in a vertical position. Roots are used as second-class fuel. Stumps and large pine roots after a while after the rollers of trees serve the raw material to produce rosin and turpentine.
The main cuts of the barrel. The cut, passing perpendicular to the axis of the barrel, forms a mechanical plane, an incision passing through the core of the barrel is radial, and at some distance from it - a tangental plane (Fig. 2). Wood on the specified cuts has a different look and unequal properties.
On the cross section of the trunk (Fig. 3) you can see the core, bark and wood with its annual layers.
The bark covers the tree with a solid ring and consists of a layer - the crusts and the inner layer - the Luba 5, which conducts water with organic substances produced in the leaves, down the trunk. The bark protects the tree from mechanical damage, sharp changes in temperature, insects and other harmful effects of the environment.
The view and color of the cortex depend on the age and the tree of the tree. Young trees have a smooth border, and with age, cracks appear in the cortex. The bark may be smooth (fir), scaly (pine), fibrous (juniper), wart (bearing). The color of the cortex has a lot of shades, for example, a white birch, a dark gray oak, a dark buoy.
Fig. 3. Transverse section of the trunk:
7 - Core 2 - Core rays 3 - core. 4 - Cork Xu, 5 - Lubyana Layer 6 - Swamp. 7 - Cambi. 8 - annual layers
Depending on the rock, the age of the tree and the conditions of growth in our forest breeds of the cortex ranges from 6 to 25% of the volume of the barrel. The bark of many tree breeds has a great practical application. It is used to double the leather, production of floats, plugs, thermal insulation and construction stoves. From the Luba Corn Makes, Rogodh, Rope, and others. From the bark, chemicals are produced in medicine. Bark bark serves as a raw material for receiving. Between the bark and wood is very thin, juicy, not visible to the naked eye - Cambier, consisting of living cells.
Wood in a growing tree - occupies most of the trunk and has a basic industrial value.
Terms and definitions of basic concepts relating to the structure and physico-mechanical properties of wood, sets GOST 23431-79.
§ 2. Macroscopic wood structure
Collot, core, ripe wood
The wood of our forest rocks is usually painted in light color. At the same time, individual breeds have all the mass of the trees painted in one color (alder, birch, hrybro), other central part has a darker color (oak, larch, pine). The dark-colored part of the trunk is called the core, and the bright peripheral - Zabol.
In the case when the central part of the barrel is characterized by a smaller content of water, i.e., it is more dry, it is called ripe wood, and the rock - peelless. Breeds having a nucleus are called sound. The remaining rocks that have no difference between the central and peripheral part of the barrel or in color or in the content of water, are called crook-mi (non-uniform).
Of the wood species growing in the territory of the Soviet Union, the kernels have: coniferous - pine, larch, cedar; Deciduous - oak, ash, Ilm, poplar. Peelless rocks are made of coniferous fir and fir, from deciduous beech and aspen. Choir breeds include deciduous: birch, maple, housing, grinding.
However, some non-smoked rocks (birch, beech, aspen) observes a darkening of the central part of the trunk. In this case, the dark central zone is called a false core.
Young trees of all breeds do not have a nucleus and consist of Collus. Only over time the core is formed due to the transition of crooked wood into the kernel.
The kernel is formed due to the dieting of the living cells of the wood, blockage of waterways, deposits of tanning, coloring substances, resins, carbon dioxide. As a result, the color of wood, its mass and indicators of mechanical properties change. The width of the diseases varies depending on the breed, growing conditions. In some breeds, the core is formed on the third year (Tis, White Acacia), in others - for the 30-35th year (pine). Therefore, the sorcel of Gisa is narrow, the pine is wide.
The transition from the core to the kernel may be sharp (larch, tes) or smooth (walnut, cedar). In the growing tree, the swamp serves for water with mineral substances from the roots to the leaves, and the kernel performs a mechanical function. Wood of Collus easily passes water, less than a rack against the posting, so in the manufacture of packaging under liquid goods to use the swamp is limited.
Sevective layers, early and late wood
On the cross section are visible concentric layers located around the core. These formations are an annual growth of wood. They are called annual layers. On the radial section, the generic layers have the form of longitudinal strips, on tangental - winding lines (Fig. 4). The annual layers increase annually from the center to the periphery of H, the youngest layer is the outer. According to the number of annual layers on the ends of the section on Komle, you can determine the age of wood.
The width of the annual layers depends on the breed, the conditions of growth, position in the trunk. In some breeds (fast-growing) year-old layers wide (poplar, IVA), others - narrow (samshet, tees). At the bottom of the trunk there are the most narrow generic layers, up the barrel of the width of the layers increases, since the growth of the tree occurs in the thickness and height, which brings the shape of the barrel to the cylinder.
The same breed of the width of the annual layers may be different. Under adverse conditions of growth (drought, frost, lack of nutrients, wetlands) are formed narrow generic layers.
Sometimes on two opposite sides of the trunk, the annual layers have an unequal width. For example, in trees growing on the edge of the forest, on the side facing the light, the annual layers have a greater width. As a result, the core in such trees is shifted towards and the trunk has an eccentric structure.
Some breeds are peculiar to the wrong form of annual layers. So, on the cross-section of the count, tees, juniper is observed the waviness of the annual layers.
Each one-year layer consists of two parts - early and late wood: Early wood (internal) is facing the core, light and soft; Late wood (outer) is drawn to the crust, dark and solid. The difference between early and late wood is clearly pronounced at coniferous and some sheets.
Fig. S. View of core rays on a crosslinked (a), tangental (b), radial (c) wood cuts
Breeds. Early wood is formed at the beginning of summer and serves to carry out water up the trunk; Late wood is postponed by the end of the summer and performs mainly a mechanical function. From the number of late wood, its density and mechanical properties depend on.
Core rays, core repetitions
On the cross section of some breeds are clearly visible with the naked eye light, often brilliant, directed from the core to the core line - the core rays (Fig. 5). The core rays are available in all breeds, but only some are visible.
In the width, the core rays can be very narrow, not visible to the naked eye (in the samshet, birch, aspen, pears and all coniferous rocks); narrow, difficultly distinguishable (Klen, Elm, Ilma, Linden); Wide, well visible to the naked eye on the cross section. The wide rays are real broad (oak, beech) and false-chirmers - bunches of nastrone rays (at the count, alder, hazel).
On the radial section, the core rays are noticeable in the form of bright shiny strips or tapes located across the fibers. The core rays can have a brighter color or darker wood.
On a tangental section, they are visible in the form of dark strokes with pointed ends or in the form of lentil strips, placed along the fibers. "The width of the rays ranges from 0.015 to 0.6 mm.
The core rays in the fired wood create a beautiful pattern (on a radial section), which matters when choosing wood as a decorative material.
In the growing tree, the core rays serve to carry out water in the horizontal direction and for storing spare nutritis * substances.
The number of core rays depends on the breed: in the deciduous rocks of the core rays is about 2-3 times with pain than coniferous.
On the ends section of the wood of some breeds you can see the scattered dark spots of brown, brown, located closer to the border
One-year layer. These formations are called core repetitions. Core repetitions are formed due to damage to Cambia insect or frost and resemble the color of the core.
Vessels
On the transverse (ends) section of hardwood, the holes are visible representing the cross-section of vessels - tubes, channels of different values \u200b\u200bintended for water. The magnitude of the vessels is divided into large, well visible to the naked eye, and small, not visible to the naked eye.
Large vessels are most often located in the early wood of annual layers and on the cross section form a solid ring of vessels. Such deciduous rocks are called ringheads. In ringtish rocks in late wood, small vessels are collected in groups, clearly noticeable thanks to the bright color. If small and large vessels are evenly distributed across the entire width of the one-year layer, then such rocks are called multiple deciduous deciduous rocks.
Callingestly deciduous breeds, the annual layers are well noticeable due to a sharp difference between early and late wood. Educational scattered rocks of such a difference between early and late wood is not observed and therefore one-time layers are noticeable.
In deciduous ringing rocks, small vessels in late wood form the following types of groups: radial - in the form of light radial strips resembling flame languages \u200b\u200b(Fig. 6, a - oak, chestnut); Tangental - small vessels form light solid or intermittent wavy lines, elongated along the annual layers (Fig. 6, B - Ilm, Elm, Karagach); Scattered - small vessels in late wood are located in the form of bright dots or drops (Fig. 6, in - ash).
In fig. 6, g shows the location of the vessels in the deciduous-sustainable breed (walnut). Vessels are distributed evenly over the entire width of the one-year layer.
On radial and tangental cuts, the vessels have the kind of longitudinal grooves. The volume of blood vessels varies from 7 to 43%.
Smatties
A characteristic feature of the structure of wood of coniferous breeds - resin moves. Vertical and horizontal differences are distinguished. Horizontal pass through the core rays. Vertical resin moves - thin narrow channels filled with resin. On cross-section
Fig. 6. Types of vessel groupings:
A, 6, B - ring residual rocks with radial, tangental and scattered grouping, Mr.-Sennosudone breed
Vertical resin moves are visible in the form of bright dots located in late wood of the annual layer; At longitudinal cuts, resten moves are noticeable in the form of dark strokes directed along the axis of the barrel. The amount and size of resin moves depend on the wood of wood. Wood pine resin moves are large and numerous, larch wood - small and few.
Smith strokes occupy a small volume of wood of the trunk (0.2-0.7%) and therefore do not have a significant effect on the properties of wood. They matter when the slope is obtained when the growing trees are obtained by a resin (zhivitsa).
§ 3. Microscopic wood structure
Study of wood under the microscope shows that it consists of the smallest particles - cells, mainly (up to 98%) of the dead. The vegetable cell has a thinnest transparent shell, inside which is a protoplast consisting of cytoplasm and kernel.
The cellular shell in young vegetable cells is a transparent, elastic and very thin (up to 0.001 mm) film. It consists of organic matter - fiber, or cellulose.
As Development, depending on the functions that are designed to perform the same cell, the size, composition and structure of its shell are significantly changed. The most frequent look of changes in cell membranes is their webness and testing.
The lining of the cell shell occurs during cell life as a result of the formation of a special organic matter in them - lignin. Warm cells or completely cease growth, or increase the dimensions to a much lesser extent than cells with cellulose shells.
Cellulose in the cellular shell is presented in the form of a fiber, which is called microfibrilles. The gaps between microfibrillers are filled mainly by lignin, hemicellulose and bound moisture.
In the process of growth, cell shells thicken, while uncomplicated places, called pores, remain. Pores serve to carry out water with dissolved nutrients from one cell to another.
Types of wood cells. Cells that make up wood are diverse in shape and magnitude. Two main types of cells are distinguished: cells having a fiber length of 0.5-3 mm, diameter 0.01-0.05 mm, with pointed ends - printed and smaller cells having a type of multifaceted prism with about the same sizes of the sides (0, 01-0.1 mm), - parenchymal.
Parenchymal cells serve to deploy spare nutrients. Organic nutrients in the form of starch, fats and other substances accumulate and stored in these cells until spring, and in the spring they are sent to the tree crown for the formation of leaves. Rows of parenchymal cells are located at the tree along the radius and are part of the core rays. The amount of them in the total volume of wood is slightly: at coniferous rocks 1-2%, in deciduous - 2-15%
The bulk of all the rocks of all rocks consists of printed cells, which, depending on the vital functions performed, are divided into conductive and support or mechanical. Conductive cells in the growing tree are used to carry out water in the crown of water with solutions of minerals; Support creates mechanical strength of wood.
Wood fabrics. The cells of the same structure performing the same functions form wood tissues.
In accordance with the purpose and type of cells from which the fabrics are distinguished: stocking, conductive, mechanical (reference) and coating fabrics.
Flashing fabrics (Fig. 7, a, b) consist of short sparkling cells and serve to accumulate and storing nutrients. Flashing fabrics are in the trunk and roots.
Conductive tissues consist of elongated thin-walled cells (Fig. 7, c) (vessels, tubes) through which moisture absorbed by the roots passes to the leaves.
The length of the vessels is on average about 100 mm; In some breeds, for example, oak, vessels reaches 2-3 m lengths. The diameter of the vessels ranges from the hundredths of a millimeter (in small-sized rocks) to 0.5 mm (in large-sized).
Mechanical tissues (reference) are in the trunk (Fig. 7, d). These fabrics give the stability of a growing tree. The more this fabric, the wood is denser, harder, stronger. Mechanical tissues are called Libriform.
The coating fabrics are in the crust and perform a protective role.
The structure of wood coniferous rocks. Wood coniferous rocks is distinguished by the comparative simplicity and correct structure. The main mass (90-95%) is made up the elongated cells with the cooped ends, called tracheids located radial rows. In the walls of the tracheid there are pores through which they communicate with neighboring cells. Within the annual layer, the early and late tracheids differ. Early tracheids (Fig. 7, e) are formed in spring and early summer, have thin shells with pores, broad cavities and serve for water with dissolved minerals. In the early tracheid size in the radial direction more than in tangental. Ends of early tracheid have a rounded form.
Late tracheids are formed at the end of summer, have narrow cavities and thick cell shells, so they perform a mechanical function, giving wood strength. The size of the radial direction is less than the tangental.
The number of pores on the walls of the early tracheid is about 3 times more than on the walls of the later tracheid. Tracheids are dead cells. In the trunk of the growing tree, only the newly formed one-time layer contains live tracheides.
Smith strokes - the feature of the structure of the wood of coniferous rocks.
They are cells producing and storing resin. In some breeds there are only disassembled resin cells (fir, tees, juniper), in other breeds, resin cells are associated and form resin moves (pine, spruce, larch, cedar). The horizontal and vertical resin moves are distinguished, which together constitute a unified system of communicating channels.
Horizontal resin moves pass through the core rays and are clearly visible on a tangental section of the trunk.
The microscopic structure of the wood of coniferous rocks is shown on F fig. 8, a.
Wood parenchyma in coniferous rocks is disabled little and is elongated along the length of the trunk of single parenchymal cells or cells connected to long rows going along the axis of the barrel. Wood parenchyma is not in Tis and Pine.
The structure of hardwood wood. Compared to coniferous rocks, deciduous have a more complex structure (Fig. 8, b). Main
The volume of hardwood wood is vessels and vascular tracheides, libraform fibers, parenchymal cells.
Vessels are a system of cells that serve in a growing tree for conducting water with mineral substances dissolved in it from roots to leaves. Water from the vessels passes to neighboring living cells through the pores, which are in the side walls of the vessels.
Libraform fibers (see reef 8, b) are the most common cells of hardwood wood and make up their main mass (up to 76%). The rest of the wood is the cells of wood parenchyma. These cells can be assembled in vertical rows, called wood parenchyma. Libraform fibers are long cells with pointed ends, with thick shells and narrow cavities. Libraform fiber walls are always weed, have narrow channels - slightly pores. Libraform fiber length is in the range of 0.3-2 mm, and the thickness is 0.02-0.005 mm.
Libraform fibers are the most durable elements of hardwood wood, perform mechanical functions.
The dimensions and quantitative ratio of various cells constituting wood, even the same rocks may vary depending on the age, the conditions of growth of the tree.
Parenchima cells performing spare functions, in the wood of hardwood, primarily form core rays.
The core rays in hardwood are developed stronger than that of coniferous. In the width, the core rays may be narrow single-row, consisting of one 4 rows of cell radius, and wide multi-row, consisting in width of several cell rows. In height, the core rays consist of several dozen rows of cells (up to 100 or more oak, beech). On a tangental section, single-row rays are presented as a vertical chain of cells; Multi-row rays have a form of lentils.
Large rocks are discharged to the winter leaves and need a large number of spare nutrients needed to form new leaves in the spring of next year, therefore, there are more wood parenchyma cells in the wood of hardwood.
The influence of the structure of wood on its physico-mechanical properties. The subtle structure of the cell shell has a significant effect on the properties of wood. A decrease in the number of bound moisture leads to a decrease in distances between microfibrilles, which increases the clutch systems between them and the solid wood mass content in the amount of volume. All this leads to an improvement in the mechanical properties of wood. On the contrary, with an increase in the amount of associated moisture, the microfibrils are moved out, which reduces the mechanical properties of wood.
Microfibrils are located mainly along the long axis of the cell. This causes the greater mechanical strength of wood equal to the fibers.
The dimensions of individual anatomical elements also affect the physico-mechanical properties of wood. Since late tracheids have a large wall thickness, an increase in the content of the late zone in the annual layers leads to an increase in density, hardness and mechanical strength. In the same way in hardwood, the increase in the content of fibers Libraforms, especially with thick walls, leads to an increase in mechanical properties.
Features of the microscopic structure of hardwood and coniferous rocks determine the difference in their properties. Fibers in wood coniferous rocks are straightforward. Therefore, coniferous breeds have higher strength rates at the same density. Hardwood wood has some
Cutting the fibers, as a result of which she has higher performance of shock viscosity and a higher durability when the fiber is hidden along the fibers. The wood of deciduous ringing rocks is better bend, since the vessels are located in the early wood that makes it possible to split without destruction.
2. Physical properties of wood
The physical properties of wood are called those that are determined without disrupting the integrity of the test sample and changes in its chemical composition, that is, they detect through inspection, weighing, measuring, drying.
The physical properties of wood include: appearance and odor, density, humidity and related changes - drying, swelling, cracking and storage. It also includes its electro, sound and thermal conductivity, and the indicators of the macrostructure.

§ 4. Properties that determine the appearance of the wood
The appearance of wood is determined by its color, glitter, texture and macrostructure.
Color. The color of wood gives tanner, resinous and coloring substances that are in calaes.
Wood breeds growing in various climatic conditions has a different color: from white (aspen, spruce, linden) to black (ebony). Wood breeds growing in hot and southern areas has a brighter color compared to the wood rocks of a moderate belt. Within the climatic belt of each woody breed, its special color is inherent, which can serve as an additional feature for its recognition. So, the grab wood has light gray, oak and ash - brown, walnut - brown. Under the influence of light and air, the wood of many rocks loses its brightness, acquiring outdoors a grayish color.
The wood of alder, which has a light pink in a freshly powerful state, shortly after cutting darkens and acquires a yellowish-red color. Oak wood, having broken for a long time in water, acquires dark brown and even black (sea oak). Wood coloring changes and as a result of the defeat by various types of mushrooms. On the color of wood affects the age of wood. In young trees, wood is usually lighter than older. Wood oak, pear and white acacia, samshet, chestnut has a sustainable color.
Wood color is essential in the production of furniture, musical instruments, carpentry and artistic products. The color saturated with wealth gives the woods made of wood beautiful appearance. Wood color of some rocks improve, exposing different processing, - steaming (beech), etching (oak, chestnut) or staining with various chemicals. The color of wood and its shades are usually characterized by definitions - red, white, pink, light pink and only with particular need for atlas or color scale.
Glitter is the ability to directly reflect the light stream. The gloss of wood depends on its density, quantity, size and arrangement of core rays. The core rays have the ability to directly reflect the light rays and create a brilliance on the radial cut.
Special brilliance is the wood of beech, maple, Ilma, plane, white acacia, oak. Wood aspen, lindens, poplar, which has very narrow core rays and relatively thin walls of mechanical tissue cells, has a matte surface.
The glitter gives the wood a beautiful view and can be enhanced by polishing, lacquering, spelling or sailing with transparent films from artificial resins.
The texture is a drawing, which is obtained on wood cuts when cutting its fibers, annual layers and core rays. The texture depends on the characteristics of the anatomical structure of individual wood rocks and the direction of the cut. It is determined by the width of the annual layers, the difference in the color of the early and late wood, the presence of core rays, large vessels, the wrong location of the fibers (wavy or mandal), coniferous rocks on a tangental cut due to a sharp difference in the color of early and late wood give a beautiful texture. Large rocks with pronounced annual layers and developed core rays (oak, belant, maple, Karagach, Ilm, Platan) have a very beautiful texture on radial and tangental cuts (Fig. 9 on inlet). Especially beautiful drawing has wood with the wrong arrangement of fibers (wavy and confused link).
Wood coniferous and soft hardwood has a simpler and less diverse pattern than solid hardwood wood.
When using transparent varnishes, you can enhance and reveal the texture.
Special methods of wood treatment are often used - the plywood grooves at an angle to the direction of fibers, radial planing, pressing or replacement with an artificial texture - the surface is painted using an airbrush under the texture of valuable breeds or are covered with texture paper.
The texture determines the decorative value of wood, which is especially important in the manufacture of artistic furniture, various crafts, while decorating musical instruments, etc.
The smell of wood depends on the resins in it, essential oils, tanning and other substances. The characteristic smell of turpentine has coniferous breeds - pine, spruce. Oak has a smell of tubyl substances, buckwill and rosewood - Vanilla. Juniper smells pleasantly, therefore its branches are used with the bearing of barrels. Of great importance is the smell of wood in the manufacture of containers. In a freshly dredged, wood has a stronger smell than after drying. The kernel smells stronger than Cold. By smell of wood, it is possible to determine individual rocks.
Macrotructure. For the characteristics of wood, it is sometimes enough to determine the following parameters of the macrostructure.
The width of the arched layers is determined by the number of layers per 1 cm of a segment measured in the radial direction on the ends of the cut.
The width of the annual layers affects the properties of wood. For wood coniferous rocks, an improvement in properties is marked if 1 cm has at least 3 and not more than 25 layers. In deciduous ringing rocks (oak, ash), an increase in the width of the annual layers occurs at the expense of the late zone and therefore the strength, density and hardness increase. For wood deciduous scattered PBrod (Birch, Beech) there is no such a clear dependence of the properties from the width of the arched layers.
On samples of coniferous and ring-sized hardwood, the content of late wood is determined (in%). Than
Above the content of late wood, the greater its density, and consequently, above its mechanical properties.
The degree of equivagivity is determined by the difference among the annual layers in two adjacent areas of 1 cm long. This indicator is used to characterize the resonant ability of spruce and fir wood.
When processing wood cutting tools, the hollows of hollow anatomical elements (vessels) are cut and irregularities are formed on the surface of the wood. In such breeds, as oak, ash, walnut, the magnitude of structural irregularities is significant. Since the wood specified rocks is used to finish products, then before polishing, it is necessary to reduce the magnitude of these irregularities. For this, a special operation is produced, which is called thoroughly.

§ 5. Wood moisture and properties associated with its change
Humidity. The moisture content of wood is the ratio of the mass of moisture, which is in this volume of wood, to the mass of absolutely dry wood, expressed in%. Define moisture in GOST 16588-79.
Absolutely dry wood in small samples can be obtained by drying it in special cabinets.
The moisture in the wood impregnates the cellular shells and fills the cell cavities and intercellular spaces. Moisture, impregnating cell shells, is called connected or hygroscopic. Moisture, filling the cavities of cells and intercellular spaces, is called free, or capillary.
When the wood is dried, the free moisture is evaporated from it, and then hygroscopic. With moisturizing, moisture moisture from the air impresses only cell shells until their saturation. Further moistening of wood with the filling of cavities of cells and intercellular spaces occurs only with the direct contact of wood with water (soaking, steaming, alloy).
The total amount of moisture in the wood is made up of free and related moisture. The maximum amount of free moisture depends on how large amounts of voids in wood, which can be filled with water.
The state of wood, in which the cell shells contain the maximum number of bound moisture, and in the cells of the cells there is only air, is called the hygroscopicity limit. The humidity corresponding to the limit of hygroscopicity at room temperature (20 ° C) is 30% and is practically independent of the breed.
The following levels of wood moisture distinguish: Wet - long time in water, humidity above 100% freshly powerful - humidity 50-10 ° C%; Air-dry - long time stored in air, humidity 15-20% (depending on climatic conditions and season); Indoor-dry - humidity 8-12% and absolutely dry-humidity 0%. The moisture content in the trunk of the growing tree varies in height and radius of the trunk, as well as depending on the time of year. The moisture content of the pine is three times higher than the humidity of the kernel. Hardwood has a change in the diameter of the diameter is more uniform.
In the height of the trunk, the moisture of sorrow in coniferous rocks increases up the trunk, and the humidity of the nucleus does not change. Hardwood has the humidity of the sickness, and the humidity of the nucleus is reduced by the trunk.
In young trees, the humidity is higher and its oscillations for a year more than the old trees. The greatest amount of moisture is contained in the winter period (November-February), minimal - in the summer months (July-August). The moisture content in the trunks changes during the day: in the morning and evening the humidity of the trees is higher than during the day.
To determine the humidity of wood use the driving method and the electric method.
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