Tests of vessels operating under pressure GOST. Pressure vessels. Hydraulic and pneumatic testing of pressure vessels
The operation of pressure vessels is associated with the risk of an explosion, as a result of which a large amount of destructive energy is released. In the article we will tell what measures established by GOST are accepted to prevent such consequences.
Read in the article:
Pressure vessels: GOST 12.2.085-2002 Scope of application
GOST 12.2.085-2002 regulated the process of selecting safety valves. We are talking about pipeline fittings, the purpose of which is to protect against the destruction of the equipment.
A huge stock of the energy of the working medium is released. The power of the explosion depends on both the pressure and properties of the contained substance. Dangerous excessive pressure of the working medium occurs with the negative impact of external factors (overheating from extraneous heat sources, incorrect assembly or adjustment).
Download
In order for this, it does not happen, it is necessary to apply a device that automatically releases an excess of the working medium, and when stabilizing the working pressure stops this reset. This device is widely used in production, as it is enough easy to operate, adjust and assembling, as well as inexpensive in service.
The standard is applied from July 1, 2003 and is a mandatory regulatory document for manufacturers of safety valves on pressure vessels, and also contains recommendations for their safe operation.
The safety valve must be made of durable materials that allow it to apply it in the most adverse production conditions. This will eliminate failures and failure during the warranty period of service, taking into account the use in a wide temperature range.
The design should exclude the possibility of emissions of moving elements. These elements should move freely and do not cause traumatic situations. GOST requires manufacturers to exclude the risk of arbitrary changes in valve adjustment.
Devices should not be subjected to shocks when opening and closing during placement and subsequent operation. They must be placed in such a way that the service personnel of the enterprise has the opportunity for free and convenient inspection of the vessel, its maintenance and necessary repair.
GOST Scheduled where valves should be placed on excess pressure vessels - in the upper zones. It is forbidden to install valves in stagnant areas. Such zones are the pit and other deposits, in which gas accumulation of the vessel from the released work environment is possible.
When designing and operating technological equipment, it is necessary to provide for the use of devices or excluding the possibility of contacting a person with a dangerous zone, or reduce the danger of contact (protective equipment). The means of protecting the nature of their application are divided into two categories: collective and individual.
The means of collective protection, depending on the purpose, are divided into the following classes: normalization of the air environment of industrial premises and jobs, normalizing the lighting of industrial premises and workplaces, the means of protection against ionizing radiation, infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, electromagnetic emissions, magnetic and electric fields, radiation optical quantum generators, noise, vibration, ultrasound, electric shock, electrostatic charges, from elevated and reduced temperatures of equipment, materials, products, billets, from elevated and reduced air temperature of the working area, from the effects of mechanical, chemical, biological factors.
4.2. Hydro-test
4.2.1. In the conduct of hydraulic tests, the minimum number of people should participate, but at least two people.
4.2.2. During the hydraulic tests, it is prohibited:
located in the site of persons who are not involved in the test;
be on the part of the plugs to persons participating in the test;
foreign work on the territory of the site of hydro-testing and work associated with the elimination of detected defects on the product under pressure. Works on the elimination of defects are allowed only after removal of pressure and, in the necessary cases, draining the working fluid.
transport (cant) a product under pressure;
transport cargo over the pressure under pressure.
4.2.3. Tester is prohibited:
conduct tests on the hydrottelete, loyal after it or his team order on the workshop;
leave without supervision control panel of the hydrotide, the test product, connected to the water supply system (even after removing the pressure);
produce assembly and disassembly of products, equipment, repair of hydrottelene equipment, etc.;
to arbitrarily make changes to the technological process of testing, change pressure or exposure time under pressure, etc.
4.2.4. Hydraulic testing on the assembly stand using portable equipment is allowed in exceptional cases with the written permission of the chief engineer of the enterprise and complying with the requirements of this Guideline.
4.2.5. The test product must be filled with the working fluid completely, the presence of airbags in communications and the product is not allowed.
The surface of the product should be dry.
4.2.6. The product pressure should increase and decrease smoothly. Increased pressure should be done with stops (for timely detection of possible defects). The magnitude of the intermediate pressure is taken equal to half the trial. The pressure lifting rate should not exceed 0.5 MPa (5 kgf / cm 2) per minute.
The limit deviation of the test pressure should not exceed ± 5% of its magnitude. Exposure time The product under test pressure is established by the project developer or indicated in the regulatory and technical documentation for the product.
4.2.7. During the increase in pressure to trial and excerpt, the product under test pressure is near and (or) inspect the product is prohibited. Personnel participating in the test must at this time be behind the control panel.
Inspection of the product should be made after a decrease in the pressure in the product to the settlement.
At the estimated pressure in the product in the hydrosenda, it is allowed to be:
tests;
flaw detectoscopists;
representatives of the Technical Control Department (SW);
leak through drainage holes serving a signal to stop testing;
destruction of the test product;
fire, etc.
4.2.10. After removing the pressure in the system, before disassembling flange connections, it is necessary to remove the working fluid from the product and the system.
4.2.11. When dismantling the equipment of the bolted bolt compounds should be removed, gradually weakening the diametrically opposite ("crosswise"), and pay attention to the integrity of the sealing elements in order to avoid their internal cavities of the product.
4.2.12. A waste working fluid containing chemicals before discharged to the sewer network must be neutralized and (or) is cleaned.
It is forbidden to reset into the sewer system of working fluids containing phosphors, preservatives, etc., which have not passed neutralization and (or) cleaning.
When working with a chlorine lime solution on the hydrotype site, a system of secrerative supply-exhaust ventilation must be enabled. The exhaust pipe of the ventilation system should be directly above the container with the chlorine lime solution.
Chlorine lime that fell on the floor should be washed with water into the sewer stock.
All work with chlorine lime should be carried out in protective glasses, tarpaulin suit, rubber boots and gloves, with a cassette.
4.2.13. Removal from the skin of phluorescein-based luminophores and its solutions (suspensions) It is necessary to produce water with soap or 1 - 3% an aqueous solution of ammonia.
At the end of work with phosphors, the staff must thoroughly wash their hands with warm water with soap.
ATTACHMENT 1
Protocol attestation
|
1. CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDRODEDUDE Calculation pressure, MPa (kgf / cm 2) ____________________________________________ Permissible working pressure, MPa (kgf / cm 2) __________________________________ Calculated temperature, ° C ___________________________________________________ Characteristics of the working agent ______________________________________________ (water, neutral fluids, etc.) ___________________________________________ 2. List of installed units 3. List of installed reinforcement and measuring instruments 4. Information about the change of stand design
5. Statement of replacement of nodes, reinforcement, measuring instruments 6. Information about the persons responsible for the stand 7. Marks on periodic standing stands Schematic diagram of hydrosenda Act of the manufacture of hydrottera Company ___________________ Shop manufacturer _______________ Stand for hydraulic tests in accordance with the drawing number ___________________________ and that _________________________ and received the OTC shop number ________________ Nach Manufacturer's workshop ________________________________________ (stamp) |
Check in. Registration in Rostechnadzor organs are not subject to: - vessels operating at a wall temperature not higher than 200 ° C, in which pressure does not exceed 0.05 MPa; - devices of air separation plants located inside the heat insulating casing (regenerators, columns, heat exchangers); - barrels for transporting liquefied gases, cylinders with a capacity of up to 100 liters. Registration is made on the basis of a written statement by the leadership of the organization-owner of the vessel. To register the vessel must be presented: - the passport of the vessel; - certificate of completion of the installation; - the circuit of including a vessel; - Safety valve passport. Rostekhnadzor organ for 5 days considered. Presented documentation. In accordance with the documentation on the vessel in the passport of the vessel puts a registry stamp, seals documents. In a challenge. Failing a decree. Causes with reference to the relevant documents.
20. Technical inspection of pressure vessels
With technical examination of vessels, it is allowed to use all methods of non-destructive testing. Primary and extraordinary wire. Inspector Rostekhnadzor. The wire. Outdoor And internal Inspections. Also wire. Pneumatic. And hydraulic test - check the strength of the vessel elements and the density of the compounds. The vessels working with harmful substances 1 and 2 hazard classes before performing inside work should be thoroughly treated. An extraordinary examination of vessels is carried out: - if the vessel has not been operated more than 12 months; - if the vessel was dismantled and installed in a new place; - after repair; - after working out the design life of the vessel; - after the crash of the vessel; - At the request of the inspector. The results of the technical inspection conducted are recorded in the vessel passport and are signed by members of the Commission.
21. Hydraulic and pneumatic testing of pressure vessels
Hydraulic Test All vessels after their manufacture are subject to. The vessels, the manufacture of which ends at the installation site transported to the place of installation of parts, are subjected to hydraulic testing on the installation site. Vessels having a protective coating or insulation are subjected to hydraulic test before coating overlap. Hydraulic testing of vessels, with the exception of cast, should be carried out by test pressure. Apply. Water with a temperature is not lower than 5 ° C and not higher than 40 ° C. The test pressure must be monitored by two pressure gauges. After exposure under test pressure, the pressure decreases to the project, in which the external surface of the vessel is inspected, all of its detachable and welded connections. The vessel is considered to be withstood hydraulic test, if not detected: - leaks, cracks, tears, sweating in and on the main metal; - leaks in detachable connections; - visible residual deformations, pressure drop in pressure gauge. The hydraulic test is allowed to replace pneumatic subject to controlling this test by the method of acoustic emission. Pneumatic tests Must be carried out according to the instructions with compressed air or inert gas. The excerpt time of the vessel under test pressure is established by the project developer, but should be at least 5 minutes. Then the pressure in the test vessel should be reduced to the project and the vessel is inspected. Test results are recorded in a vessel passport.
font size
Rules of device and safe operation of vessels of pressure-operating PB 10-115-96 (utensils ... relevant in 2017
6.3. Technical examination
6.3.1. The vessels that the validity of these rules are subject to technical examination after installation, before starting to work, periodically during operation and in the necessary cases - an extraordinary examination.
6.3.2. The volume, methods and frequency of technical examinations of the vessels (with the exception of cylinders) must be determined by the manufacturer and are indicated in the manuals for use.
from 03.07.2002 N 41)
In the absence of such instructions, technical inspection should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the table. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 of these Rules.
Table 10.
The frequency of technical examinations of vessels in operation and not subject to registration in the organs of the Gosgortkhnadzor of Russia
Table 11.
The frequency of technical examinations of vessels registered in Russian State University authorities
from 02.09.97 N 25, from 03.07.2002 N 41)
| N p / n | Name | |||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 1 | Vessels working with a medium causing destruction and physicoc - chemical transformation of the material (corrosion, etc.) at a speed of not more than 0.1 mm / year | 2 years | 4 years | 8 years |
| 2 | 12 months | 4 years | 8 years | |
| 3 | The vessels buried into the soil intended for storing liquid oil gas with hydrogen sulfide content of no more than 5 g per 100 cu. m, and vessels, isolated on the basis of vacuum and intended for transportation and storage of liquefied oxygen, nitrogen and other non-corrosive cryogenic liquids | 10 years | 10 years | |
| 4 | Sulfite cooking boilers and hydrolysis devices with internal acid-resistant lining | 12 months | 5 years | 10 years |
| 5 | Multilayer gas accumulation vessels mounted on automotive gas compressor stations | 10 years | 10 years | 10 years |
| 6 | High and Low Pressure Regenerative Heaters, Boilers, Deaerators, Receivers and Power Plant Power Expansions of Russia | After every major repairs, but at least once every 6 years | Internal inspection and hydraulic test after two major repairs, but at least once every 12 years | |
| 7 | The vessels in the production of ammonia and methanol, working with a medium causing destruction and physicome - chemical transformation of the material (corrosion, etc.) at speed, mm / year: | 12 months | 8 years | 8 years |
| not more than 0.1. | 8 years | 8 years | 8 years | |
| from 0.1 to 0.5 | 2 years | 8 years | 8 years | |
| more than 0.5 | 12 months | 4 years | 8 years | |
| 8 | Heat exchangers with a retractable pipe system of petrochemical enterprises operating with a pressure above 0.7 kgf / sq. See 1000 kgf / sq. cm, with a destruction medium and physico - chemical transformation of the material (corrosion, etc.), not more than 0.1 mm / year | 12 years | 12 years | |
| 9 | Heat exchangers with a retractable pipe system of petrochemical enterprises operating with a pressure above 0.7 kgf / sq. See 1000 kgf / sq. cm, with a destruction and physicometer medium - chemical transformation of the material (corrosion, etc.) at a speed of more than 0.1 mm / year to 0.3 mm / year | After each recess of the pipe system | 8 years | 8 years |
| 10 | Vessels of petrochemical enterprises operating with a medium causing destruction and physicoc - chemical transformation of the material (corrosion, etc.) at a speed of not more than 0.1 mm / year | 6 years | 6 years | 12 years |
| 11 | Vessels of petrochemical enterprises working with a medium causing destruction and physicoc - chemical transformation of the material (corrosion, etc.) at a speed of more than 0.1 mm / year to 0.3 mm / year | 2 years | 4 years | 8 years |
| 12 | Vessels of petrochemical enterprises operating with a medium causing destruction and physicome - chemical transformation of the material (corrosion, etc.) at a speed of more than 0.3 mm / year | 12 months | 4 years | 8 years |
Notes. 1. The technical examination of the vessels buried into the soil with a non-corrosion medium, as well as with a liquid oil gas with a hydrogen sulfide content of no more than 5 g / 100 m can be carried out without release them from the soil and removal of the outer insulation under the condition for measuring the thickness of the vessel walls by non-destructive testing method. Stall thickness measurements should be made according to the instructions specifically compiled for this.
2. Hydraulic testing of sulfite cooking boilers and hydrolysis devices with an internal acid-resistant lining may not be carried out under the condition of monitoring the metal walls of these boilers and ultrasonic flaw detection devices. Ultrasonic flaw detection should be carried out during the period of their overhaul by an organization with permission (license) of the Gosgortkhnadzor bodies, but at least once every five years according to the instructions in the amount of at least 50% of the metal metal surface and at least 50% of the seams in order to 100 % Ultrasonic control was carried out at least every 10 years.
3. The vessels made using composite materials buried into the ground are inspected and tested by a special program specified in the passport to the vessel.
Table 12.
The frequency of technical examinations of tanks and barrels in operation and not subject to registration in the organs of the Gosgortkhnadzor of Russia
(as amended by the ruling of Gosgortkhnadzor of the Russian Federation from 02.09.97 N 25)
| N p / n | Name | ||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| 1 | Tanks and barrels that do not have an insulation based on vacuum in which the pressure is above 0.07 MPa (0.7 kgf / sq. CM) is created periodically for their emptying | 2 years | 8 years |
| 2 | Vessels working with an environment causing destruction and physicome - chemical transformation of material (corrosion, etc.) at a speed of more than 0.1 mm / year | 4 years | 4 years |
| 3 | Barrels for liquefied gases causing destruction and physicome - chemical conversion of material (corrosion, etc.) at a speed of more than 0.1 mm / year | 2 years | 2 years |
| 4 | Tanks and barrels having a vacuum-based insulation, in which the pressure is above 0.07 MPa (0.7 kgf / sq. CM) is created periodically for their emptying | 10 years | 10 years |
| (as amended by the ruling of Gosgortkhnadzor of the Russian Federation from 02.09.97 N 25) | |||
Table 13.
The frequency of technical examinations of tanks in operation and registered in the Russian State University bodies
| N p / n | Name | responsible for the implementation of industrial control (Art. 6.3.3) | ||
| outdoor and internal inspections | ||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 1 | Railway tanks for transportation Propane - Bhutan and Pentane | 10 years | 10 years | |
| 2 | Railway tanks, isolated on the basis of vacuum | 10 years | 10 years | |
| (as amended by the ruling of Gosgortkhnadzor of the Russian Federation from 02.09.97 N 25) | ||||
| 3 | Railway tanks made from Steel 09G2C and 10G2SD, the heat treatment in the assembled form and intended for transportation of ammonia | 8 years | 8 years | |
| 4 | Tanks for liquefied gases causing destruction and physicome - chemical transformation of material (corrosion, etc.) at a speed of more than 0.1 mm / year | 12 months | 4 years | 8 years |
| 5 | All other tanks | 2 years | 4 years | 8 years |
Table 14.
The frequency of technical examinations of cylinders in operation and not subject to registration in the bodies of the Gosgortkhnadzor of Russia
(as amended by the ruling of Gosgortkhnadzor of the Russian Federation from 02.09.97 N 25)
| N p / n | Name | Outdoor and internal inspections | Hydraulic test pressure |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| 1 | Cylinders in operation for filling with gases causing destruction and physicoc - chemical transformation of the material (corrosion, etc.): | ||
| at no more than 0.1 mm / year; | 5 years | 5 years | |
| at a speed of more than 0.1 mm / year | 2 years | 2 years | |
| 2 | Cylinders designed to provide fuel engines of vehicles on which they are installed: | ||
| a) for compressed gas: | |||
| manufactured from alloyed steels and metal componosy materials; | 5 years | 5 years | |
| made of carbon steels and metal componosy materials; | 3 years | 3 years | |
| made of non-metallic materials; | 2 years | 2 years | |
| b) for liquefied gas | 2 years | 2 years | |
| 3 | Cylinders with an environment causing destruction and physicome - chemical conversion of materials (corrosion, etc.) at a rate of less than 0.1 mm / year, in which the pressure is above 0.07 MPa (0.7 kgf / sq. CM) is created periodically For their emptiness | 10 years | 10 years |
| 4 | Cylinders installed inpatient, as well as installed constantly on mobile means, in which compressed air, oxygen, argon, nitrogen, helium with a temperature point of the dew point -35 degrees are stored. C and below measured at a pressure of 15 MPa (150 kgf / sq. Cm) and above, as well as cylinders with dehydrated carbon dioxide | 10 years | 10 years |
| 5 | Cylinders intended for propane or butane, with a wall thickness of at least 3 mm, with a capacity of 55 liters, with corrosion speed not more than 0.1 mm / year | 10 years | 10 years |
| (as amended by the ruling of Gosgortkhnadzor of the Russian Federation from 02.09.97 N 25) | |||
Table 15.
The frequency of technical examinations of cylinders registered in Russian State University bodies
| N p / n | Name | responsible for the implementation of industrial control (Art. 6.3.3) | A specialist of the organization that has a license of Gosgortkhnadzor of Russia (Art. 6.3.3) | |
| outdoor and internal inspections | outdoor and internal inspections | hydraulic test pressure | ||
| 1 | Cylinders installed inpatient, as well as installed constantly on mobile means, in which compressed air, oxygen, nitrogen, argon and helium with the temperature of the dew point -35 degrees are stored. C and below measured at a pressure of 15 MPa (150 kgf / sq. Cm) and above, as well as cylinders with dehydrated carbon dioxide | 10 years | 10 years | |
| 2 | All other cylinders: | |||
| with a destruction and physico medium - chemical transformation of materials (corrosion, etc.) at a speed of not more than 0.1 mm / year | 2 years | 4 years | 8 years | |
| with a medium causing destruction and physicome - chemical transformation of materials (corrosion, etc.) at a speed of more than 0.1 mm / year | 12 months | 4 years | 8 years | |
If, according to production conditions, it is not possible to present a vessel for examination at the appointed period, the owner is obliged to present it ahead of schedule.
The examination of cylinders should be carried out according to the methodology approved by the developer of the base of cylinders, in which the frequency of examination and the norm of breeding should be indicated.
In technical examination, it is allowed to use all methods of non-destructive testing, including the method of acoustic emission.
6.3.3. The technical examination of the vessels not registered in the bodies of the Gosgortkhnadzor of Russia is carried out by the person responsible for the implementation of industrial control over compliance with the requirements of industrial safety during the operation of the vessels.
(as amended by the regulation of the Gosgortkhnadzor of the Russian Federation of 03.07.2002 N 41)
The primary, periodic and extraordinary technical examination of the vessels is carried out by a specialist of an organization that has a license of the Gosgortkhnadzor of Russia to conduct an examination of industrial safety of technical devices (vessels).
(as amended by the regulation of the Gosgortkhnadzor of the Russian Federation of 03.07.2002 N 41)
6.3.4. Outdoor and internal inspections are intended:
with primary examination, check that the vessel is installed and equipped in accordance with these Rules and submitted during the registration of documents, and that the vessel and its elements are not damaged;
with periodic and extraordinary examinations, set the condition of the vessel and the possibility of its further work.
The hydraulic test is aimed at checking the strength of the elements of the vessel and the density of the compounds. The vessels must be made to the hydraulic test with the reinforcement installed on them.
6.3.5. Before the internal inspection and hydraulic test, the vessel must be stopped, cooled (heated), is released from its filling its working medium, turned off by plugs from all pipelines connecting the vessel with a pressure source or with other vessels. Metal vessels must be cleaned to metal.
Vessels working with harmful substances of the 1st and 2nd hazard classes in accordance with GOST 12.1.007-76, before performing inside any work, and also in front of the internal inspection should be thoroughly treated (neutralization, degassing) in accordance with the instructions According to the safe conduct of work approved by the vessel owner in the prescribed manner.
The lining, isolation and other types of corrosion protection should be partially or completely removed if there are signs indicating the possibility of defects of the material of the power elements of the vessel design (the looseness of the lining, the gummation foils, traces of insulation flue, etc.). Electric heating and vessel drive must be disabled. At the same time, the requirements of clauses p. 7.4.4, 7.4.5, 7.4.6 of this Regulation.
6.3.6. An extraordinary examination of vessels in operation must be carried out in the following cases:
if the vessel was not operated more than 12 months;
if the vessel was dismantled and installed in a new place;
if the released or dents, as well as the reconstruction or repair of the vessel with the use of welding or soldering elements under pressure;
before applying the protective coating on the walls of the vessel;
After the accident, the vessel or pressure elements, if such examination is required in terms of recovery work;
at the request of the Inspector of the Gosgortkhnadzor of Russia or the responsible for the implementation of industrial control over compliance with the requirements of industrial safety during the operation of pressure vessels.
(as amended by the regulations of the Gosgortkhnadzor of the Russian Federation of 02.09.97 N 25, from 03.07.2002 N 41)
6.3.7. Technical examination of vessels, tanks, cylinders and barrels can be carried out at special repair and testing points, in organizations - manufacturers, filling stations, as well as in organizations - owners with the necessary base, equipment for conducting a survey in accordance with the requirements of this Regulation.
6.3.8. The results of technical examinations should be recorded in a vessel passport by a person who made an examination, indicating the allowed parameters of the vessel and the timing of the following examinations.
When conducting an extraordinary examination, the reason must be indicated that caused the need for such examination.
If additional tests and studies were conducted in the examination, then the vessel passport should contain the types and results of these tests and studies, indicating the selection of samples or sections subjected to tests, as well as the reasons that caused additional tests.
6.3.9. On the vessels recognized as a technical surveys suitable for further operation, information is applied in accordance with clause 6.4.4 of these Rules.
6.3.10. If defects that reduce the strength of the vessel will be detected during survey, then operation can be resolved under reduced parameters (pressure and temperature).
The ability to operate the vessel under reduced parameters must be confirmed by the calculation of the strength represented by the owner, and the test calculation of the bandwidth of the safety valves must be carried out and the requirements of paragraph 5.5.6 of these Rules are made.
Such a decision is recorded in the passport of the vessel as a person who conducted an examination.
6.3.11. In case of identifying defects, the reasons and consequences of which to establish difficult, the person who has conducted a vessel who has conducted a vessel must demand from the owner of a special research vessel, and in the necessary cases - submission of a specialized research organization on the reasons for the appearance of defects, as well as the possibility and Conditions for further operation of the vessel.
6.3.12. If, with a technical examination, it turns out that the vessel due to the existing defects or violations of these Rules is in a state, dangerous for further operation, the work of such a vessel should be prohibited.
6.3.13. The vessels supplied in the assembled form should be the manufacturer was conserved and the conditions and timing of their storage are indicated in the instruction manual. When performing these requirements before launching, only external and internal inspections are carried out, the hydraulic test of vessels is not required. In this case, the period of hydraulic test is prescribed based on the date of issuing a permit for the operation of the vessel.
(as amended by the regulation of the Gosgortkhnadzor of the Russian Federation of 03.07.2002 N 41)
Capacities for liquefied gas before applying isolation should be exposed only to outdoor and internal examinations, if the terms and conditions of the manufacturer have been observed.
After installing to the place of operation, the specified containers can be exposed only to the ground, if no more than 12 months passed from the moment of insulation and the welding did not apply during their installation.
6.3.14. The vessels operating under the pressure of harmful substances (liquids and gases) of the 1st, 2nd hazard classes according to GOST 12.1.007-76, must be subjected to the vessel by the tightness of the air or an inert gas under pressure, equal to working pressure. Tests are carried out by the owner of the vessel in accordance with the instructions approved in the prescribed manner.
6.3.15. With external and internal inspections, all defects that reduce the strength of the vessels must be identified, while special attention should be paid to identifying the following defects:
on the surfaces of the vessel - cracks, handy, corrosion of the walls (especially in the places of flaking and tenderloin), rejected, duun (mostly from vessels with "shirts", as well as vessels with fire or electrical heating), shells (in cast vessels);
In welds - welding defects specified in clause 4.5.17 of these rules, extensions, corrosion;
in the rivet seams - cracks between rivets, cliffs of heads, traces of passes, passages in the edges of gluing sheets, corrosion damage of riveting seams, gaps under the edges of the riveted sheets and rivets heads, especially in vessels operating with aggressive media (acid, oxygen, alkalis, etc. .);
in the vessels with corrosion-protected surfaces - the destruction of the lining, including loose layers of lining tiles, cracks in a hummated, lead or other coating, enamel, cracks and duvets in the plasticing layer, damage to the metal walls of the vessel in the outer protective coating places;
in metal-plastic and non-metallic vessels - bundles and ruptures of reinforcing fibers over the norms established by a specialized scientific research organization.
(as amended by the ruling of Gosgortkhnadzor of the Russian Federation from 02.09.97 N 25)
6.3.16. An inspection person may require removal of (full or partial) protective coating if necessary.
6.3.17. Vessels with a height of more than 2 m before the inspection should be equipped with the necessary devices that ensure the ability to safely access all parts of the vessel.
6.3.18. The hydraulic test of vessels is carried out only with satisfactory results of external and internal inspections.
6.3.19. Hydraulic tests should be carried out in accordance with the requirements set forth in Section. 4.6 of these rules, except for paragraph 4.6.12. In this case, the value of the test pressure can be determined on the basis of the allowed pressure for the vessel. Under test pressure, the vessel should be within 5 minutes. If there are no other manufacturer's instructions.
When hydraulically testing vertically installed vessels, test pressure must be monitored by a pressure gauge installed on the top cover (bottom) of the vessel.
6.3.20. In cases where the hydraulic test is impossible (a large voltage of water weight in the foundation, interolation floors or vessel itself; the difficulty of removing water; the presence of a lining inside the vessel that prevents the filling of the vessel with water) is allowed to replace it with a pneumatic test (air or inert gas). This type of testing is allowed under the condition of its control by the method of acoustic emission (or by another agreed with the method agriculturallynador by the method). Control by the method of acoustic emission should be carried out in accordance with the RD 03-131-97 "vessels, apparatus, boilers and technological pipelines. Acoustic - emission method of control", approved by Gosgorthnadzor of Russia 11.11.96.
(as amended by the ruling of Gosgortkhnadzor of the Russian Federation from 02.09.97 N 25)
In a pneumatic test, precautions are used: the valve on the filling pipe from the pressure source and pressure gauges are outlined outside the room in which the test vessel is located, and people at the time of testing the vessel test pressure are removed in a safe place.
6.3.21. The day of the technical examination of the vessel is established by the owner and is pre-agreed with the person conducted by examination. The vessel must be stopped no later than the expression period specified in his passport. The owner no later than 5 days is obliged to notify a person who performs the specified work on the upcoming examination of the vessel.
In the event of an inspector failure to appear on the appointed term of administration, the right is provided to independently conduct an examination by the Commission appointed by the Order of the Organization Head.
(as amended by the ruling of Gosgortkhnadzor of the Russian Federation from 02.09.97 N 25)
The results of the implementation of the following examination are recorded in the vessel passport and are signed by members of the Commission.
(as amended by the ruling of Gosgortkhnadzor of the Russian Federation from 02.09.97 N 25)
A copy of this entry is sent to the Gosgortkhnadzor organ no later than 5 days after survey.
(as amended by the ruling of Gosgortkhnadzor of the Russian Federation from 02.09.97 N 25)
The commission established by the Commission should not exceed the specified rules specified in this Regulation.
(as amended by the ruling of Gosgortkhnadzor of the Russian Federation from 02.09.97 N 25)
6.3.22. The owner is responsible for the timely and high-quality preparation of the vessel for examination.
6.3.23. The vessels in which the environment can cause the deterioration of the chemical composition and the mechanical properties of the metal, as well as the vessels in which the temperature of the wall during operation exceeds 450 degrees. C should be subjected to additional survey in accordance with the instructions approved by the Organization in the prescribed manner. The results of additional survey should be entered into the passport of the vessel.
6.3.24. For vessels that have spent the estimated service life established by the project, the manufacturer, another ND or for which the estimated (permissible) service life on the basis of technical conclusion, volume, methods and frequency of technical examination should be determined by the results of technical diagnostics and determination of the residual resource performed Specialized Research Organization or Organizations with a license of the Gosgortkhnadzor of Russia to conduct an examination of industrial safety of technical devices (vessels).
(as amended by the regulation of the Gosgortkhnadzor of the Russian Federation of 03.07.2002 N 41)
6.3.25. If, when analyzing defects identified by technical inspection of vessels, it will be established that their emergence is associated with the mode of operation of the vessels in this organization or the vessels of this design, the person who has conducted an examination must require an extraordinary technical examination of all vessels established in this organization, operation which were carried out according to the same mode, or respectively of all vessels of this design with the notification of this body of the Gosgortkhnadzor of Russia.
Canceled 01.08.2018.
Replaced with GOST 34347-2017 "Vessels and apparatus steel welders. General technical conditions" (See full text)
Date of introduction 2013-04-01
Preface
1 Developed by CJSC Petrokhim Engineering (CJSC PCH), OJSC Research Institute of Chemical Engineering (OJSC "NIIHIMMASH"), OJSC "All-Russian Research and Design and Design Institute of Oil Engineering" (OJSC "VNIINEFTEMASH")
2 Submitted by the Technical Committee on Standardization of TC 23 "Technique and Technology of Mining and Processing Oil and Gas"
3 APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology of November 29, 2012 N 1637-ST
4. In this standard, the main regulations of the following international documents and standards are taken into account:
Directive 97/23 * EU of the European Parliament and the Council of May 29, 1997 to rapprocheate the legislation of Member States regarding pressure-running equipment;
European Regional Standard EN 13445-2002 "vessels working under pressure without fire supply of heat" (EN 13445: 2014 "Unfired Pressure Vessels", NEQ)
________________
5 Instead of GOST R 52630-2006
The rules for applying this standard are set to GOST R 1.0-2012 (Section 8). Information on the changes to this standard is published in the annual (as of January 1 of the current year) the information indicator "National Standards", and the official text of the amendments and amendments - in the monthly information indicator "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or the cancellation of this standard, the appropriate notification will be published in the nearest issue of the monthly information indicator "National Standards". Relevant information, notification and texts are also posted in the public information system - on the official website of the national authority of the Russian Federation on the standardization on the Internet (GOST.RU) "
(Modified edition, meas. N 1).
The change in N 1 was made, approved and entered into force by order of Rosstandart from 02.02.2015 N 60-st C 01.05.2015
Change N 1 made by the Manufacturer of the Database on the text IUS N 6, 2015
4. Design requirements
4.1 General requirements
4.1.1 The design of the vessels should be technological, reliable during the service life installed in the technical documentation, ensure safety in the manufacture, installation and operation, provide for the possibility of inspection (including internal surface), cleaning, washing, purge and repair, control of the technical condition A vessel in diagnosing, as well as monitoring the lack of pressure and selection of the medium before opening the vessel.
If the design of the vessel does not allow the inspection (external or internal), hydraulic test in technical inspection, then the vessel developer should specify the methodology, the frequency and volume of the vessel control, the execution of which will ensure the timely detection and elimination of defects.
4.1.2 The estimated vessel service is set by the vessel developer, and it is indicated in the technical documentation.
4.1.3 When designing vessels, the requirements of the transportation rules of goods by rail, water and road transport should be taken into account.
Vessels that cannot be transported in the assembled form should be designed from parts corresponding to the overall requirements for transportation by vehicles. The division of the vessel on the transported parts should be indicated in the technical documentation.
4.1.4 The calculation on the strength of the vessels and their elements should be carried out in accordance with GOST R 52857.1 - GOST R 52857.11, GOST R 51273, GOST R 51274, GOST 30780.
It is allowed to use this standard in conjunction with other international and national standards for strength calculation, provided that their requirements are not lower than the requirements of Russian national standards.
4.1.5 The vessels transported in the assembled form, as well as the transported parts must have sloping devices (gripping devices) for loading and unloading, lifting and installing vessels in the design position.
It is allowed to use technological fittings, neck, ledges, boots and other design elements of vessels when confirmed by the calculation of strength.
The design, location of the sling devices and structural elements for the lines, their number, the scheme of the lines of blood vessels and their transported parts must be specified in the technical documentation.
4.1.6 Tipped vessels must have devices that prevent self-injecting.
4.1.7 Depending on the calculated pressure, the wall temperature and the nature of the vessels of the vessels are divided into groups. A vessel group determines the developer, but not lower than indicated in Table 1.
Table 1 - Vessel Groups
|
Calculated pressure, MPa (kgf / cm2) |
Wall temperature, ° С |
Workspace |
|
|
More than 0.07 (0.7) |
Independently |
Explosive, fire hazard or 1st, 2nd classes of danger according to GOST 12.1.007 |
|
|
More than 0.07 (0.7) to 2.5 (25) |
Anyone, except for the vessel specified for the 1st group |
||
|
More than 2.5 (25) to 5.0 (50) |
|||
|
More than 5.0 (50) |
Independently |
||
|
More than 4.0 (40) to 5.0 (50) |
|||
|
More than 0.07 (0.7) to 1.6 (16) |
Above +200 to +400 |
||
|
More than 1.6 (16) to 2.5 (25) |
|||
|
More than 2.5 (25) to 4.0 (40) |
|||
|
More than 4.0 (40) to 5.0 (50) |
From -40 to +200 |
||
|
More than 0.07 (0.7) to 1.6 (16) |
From -20 to +200 |
||
|
Independently |
Explosive, fire hazard or 1st, 2nd, 3rd classes of danger according to GOST 12.1.007 |
||
|
Independently |
Explosion-proof, fireproof or 4th grade of danger according to GOST 12.1.007 |
A group of vessel with cavities having various calculated parameters and media is allowed to be determined for each cavity separately.
4.2 bottoms, covers, transitions
4.2.1 In the vessels, bottoms are used: elliptical, hemispherical, torusferic, spherical, unconnected, tapered bending, conical, unconnected, flat bending, flat unconnected, flat, connected on bolts.
4.2.2 Billets of convex bottoms are allowed to be made of welds from parts with the location of the welds as indicated in Figure 1.
Figure 1 - The location of the welds of the billets of convex bottoms
Distances of L and L1 from the axis of the billet of elliptic and torusferic bottoms to the center of the weld must be no more than 1/5 of the inner diameter of the bottom.
In the manufacture of blanks with the location of the welds, according to Figure 1 M, the number of petals is not regulated.
4.2.3 Convex bottoms are allowed to manufacture from stamped petals and ball segments. The number of petals is not regulated.
If the center is installed in the center of the bottom, then the ball segment is allowed not to manufacture.
4.2.4 Circular seams of convex bottoms made from stamped petals and ball segments or blanks with the arrangement of welds according to Figure 1 m should be located from the center of the bottom at a distance of the projection of no more than 1/3 of the inner diameter of the bottom. For hemispherical bottoms, the location of the circular seams is not regulated.
The smallest distance between the meridional seams in the place of their adjuncing to the ball segment or the stacker installed in the center of the bottom instead of the ball segment, as well as between the meridional seams and the seam on the ball segment, there must be more threefold thickness of the bottom, but not less than 100 mm on the axes of the seams.
4.2.5 The main dimensions of the elliptic bottoms must correspond to GOST 6533. Other basic diameters of elliptic bottoms are allowed, provided that the height of the convex part of at least 0.25 inner diameter of the bottom.
4.2.6 Hemispherical components (see Figure 2) are used in vessels when performing the following conditions:
Neutral axes of the hemisphere of the bottom and the transitional part of the case of the case must coincide; The coincidence of the axes should be ensured by observing the size specified in the design documentation;
The displacement of the neutral axes of the hemisphere of the bottom and the transitional part of the case of the housing should not exceed 0.5 (S-S1);
The height H in the transition part of the case of the case must be at least 3ow.
Figure 2 - Bottom connection node with shell
4.2.7 Spherical unconnected bottoms are allowed to be used in the vessels of the 5th group, with the exception of working under vacuum.
Spherical unconnected bottoms in vessels 1, 2, 3, 4th groups and in vessels working under vacuum, allowed to be used only as an element of flange covers.
Spherical unconnected bottoms (see Figure 3) must:
Have a radius of the sphere of R at least 0.85d and no more than D;
Weld weld with a solid coach.
Figure 3 - spherical unconnected bottom
4.2.8 Torosphery bottoms must have:
The height of the convex part, measured along the inner surface, not less than 0.2 inner diameters of the bottom;
The inner radius of the smelting of at least 0.095 inner diameter of the bottom;
The inner radius of curvature of the central part of no more internal diameter of the bottom.
4.2.9 The conical unconnected bottoms or transitions are allowed to apply:
a) for vessels of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th groups, if the central angle at the top of the cone is not more than 45 °. It is allowed to use conical bottoms and transitions with an angle at the top of more than 45 ° under the condition of additional confirmation of their strength by calculating the allowed voltages in accordance with GOST R 52857.1, subsection 8.10;
b) for vessels working under outer pressure or vacuum if the central angle at the top of the cone is not more than 60 °.
Parts of convex bottoms in combination with conical bottoms or transitions are used without the corner limit at the top of the cone.
4.2.10 Flat bottoms (see Figure 4), used in vessels 1, 2, 3, 4 groups, should be made from forgings.
The following conditions should be performed:
The distance from the start of the rounding to the axis of the weld of at least 0.25 (D is the inner diameter of the shell, the S- thickness of the shell);
Radio radius R≥2.5S (see Figure 4A);
R1≥2.5S ring sharing radius, but not less than 8 mm (see Figure 4B);
The smallest thickness of the bottom (see Figure 4B) in the scene of the ring sharing S2≥0.8S1, but no less than the thickness of the s (S1 - the thickness of the bottom);
The length of the cylindrical part of the beads of the bottoms H1≥R;
The angle of the groove should be from 30 ° to 90 °;
The zone is controlled in the direction according to the requirements 5.4.2.
Figure 4 - Flat bottoms
The manufacture of a flat bottom (see Figure 4) from the sheet, if the flange is performed by stamping or running the edge of the sheet with a bend by 90 °.
4.2.11 The main dimensions of flat bottoms intended for Vessels 5A and 5B groups must be compliance with GOST 12622 or GOST 12623.
4.2.12 The length of the cylindrical side L (L is the distance from the beginning of the rounding of the bent element to the final treated edge), depending on the thickness of the wall s (Figure 5), for berthed and transitional elements of vessels, with the exception of fittings, compensators and convex bottoms, should not be The less specified in Table 2. The radius of flaking R≥2.5S.
Figure 5 - Beaded and Transition Element
Table 2 - Cylindrical Board Length
4.3 hatches, shells, bolshes and fitting
4.3.1 The vessels must be equipped with hatches or viewing hatches that provide inspection, cleaning, safety of corrosion protection, installation and disassembly of collapsible internal devices, repair and control of vessels. The number of hatches and hatchs determines the developer of the vessel. The hatches and hatches must be located in the fields available for use.
4.3.2 Vessels with an internal diameter of more than 800 mm must have hatches.
The inner diameter of the hatch of the round form in the vessels installed in the open air should be at least 450 mm, and the vessels located in the room are at least 400 mm. The size of the hatches of oval shape along the smallest and largest axes should be at least 325 × 400 mm.
The inner diameter of the hatch in vessels that do not have body flange connectors and to be internal anti-corrosion protection by non-metallic materials must be at least 800 mm.
It is allowed to design without hatches:
Vessels designed to work with substances of the 1st and 2nd hazard classes according to GOST 12.1.007, non-corrosive and scale, regardless of their diameter, and it should be provided for the necessary number of observation luchkov;
Vessels with welded shirts and shell-cutting heat exchangers, regardless of their diameter;
Vessels having removable bottoms or covers, as well as ensuring the possibility of conducting an internal inspection without dismantling the piping of the neck or fitting.
4.3.3 Vessels with an internal diameter of no more than 800 mm must have a round or oval hatch. The size of the hatch on the smallest axis must be at least 80 mm.
4.3.4 Each vessel should have a bugs or fitting for filling water and drain, air removal during hydraulic test. For this purpose, technological bolsters and fitting are allowed.
The fittings and bits on the vertical vessels should be arranged taking into account the possibility of conducting a hydraulic testing both in vertical and horizontal positions.
4.3.5 For hatch caps, more than 20 kg mass must be provided to facilitate their opening and closing.
4.3.6 Hinged-folding or plug-in bolts laid in slots, clamps and other clamping fixtures of hatches, covers and flanges must be protected from shift or weakening.
4.4 Location of holes
4.4.1 The location of the holes in elliptic and hemispherical bottoms is not regulated.
The location of the holes on the torusferic bottoms is allowed within the central spherical segment. At the same time, the distance from the outer edge of the hole to the center of the bottom, measured by chord, should be no more than 0.4 outer diameter of the bottom.
4.4.2 Holes for hatches, hatches and fittings in the vessels of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th groups should be arranged, as a rule, outside the welds.
The location of the holes is allowed:
On longitudinal seams of cylindrical and conical vessels, if the diameter of the holes is no more than 150 mm;
Ring seams of cylindrical and conical vessels without limitation of the diameter of the holes;
Seams of convex bottoms without limiting the diameter of the holes under the condition of 100% check of the bottom welds with a radiographic or ultrasonic method;
Flat bottom seams.
4.4.3 Holes are not allowed to position in places intersection of welds of vessels of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th groups.
This requirement does not apply to the case specified in 4.2.3.
4.4.4 Holes for hatches, hatches, fittings in the vessels of the 5th group are allowed to be installed on the welds without limiting the diameter.
4.5 Requirements for supports
4.5.1 Supports from carbon steels is allowed to be used for vessels from corrosion-resistant steels, provided that the transitional shelf of support from corrosion-resistant steel is welded to the vessel, the altitude determined by the calculation made by the vessel developer is welded.
4.5.2 For horizontal vessels, the angle of coverage of the saddle support, as a rule, should be at least 120 °.
4.5.3 In the presence of temperature extensions in the longitudinal direction in horizontal vessels, almost one saddle support should be performed, the remaining supports are movable. An indication of this should be contained in the technical documentation.
4.6 Requirements for internal and external devices
4.6.1 Internal devices in vessels (coils, plates, partitions, etc.), preventing inspection and repair, as a rule, should be removable.
When using welded devices, the requirements 4.1.1 should be performed.
4.6.2 Internal and external welded devices must be designed so that air removal and complete emptying of the device during hydraulic test in horizontal and vertical positions are provided.
4.6.3 Shirts and coils used for external heating or cooling of vessels can be removable and welded.
4.6.4 All deaf parts of assembly units and elements of internal devices must have drainage holes to ensure complete drain (emptying) of the fluid in the event of a vessel stop.
GOST 12.2.085-82 (ST SEV 3085-81)
UDC 62-213.34-33: 658.382.3: 006.354 Group T58
State Standard of the SSR Union
Labor safety standards
Pressure vessels.
Safety valves.
Safety requirements.
Occupational Safety Standards System.
Vessels Working Under Pressure. Safety Valves.
Safety Requirements.
OKP 36 1000.
Date of administration from 1983-07-01
until 1988-07-01
Approved and put into effect by Resolution of the USSR State Committee on Standards of December 30, 1982 No. 5310
Reprint. September 1985
This standard applies to safety valves installed on vessels under pressure over 0.07 MPa (0.7 kgf / cm).
The calculation of the bandwidth of the safety valves is provided in the required application 1.
Explanatory terms used in this standard are given in the reference application 8.
The standard fully corresponds to ST SEV 3085-81.
1. General requirements
1.1. The throughput of safety valves and their number should be chosen so that a pressure is not created in the vessel, exceeding excessive operating pressure by more than 0.05 MPa (0.5 kgf / cm
) with an excessive pressure pressure in the vessel to 0.3 MPa (3 kgf / cm
) inclusive, by 15% - with excessive operating pressure in the vessel to 6.0 MPa (60 kgf kg / sq. Cm) inclusive and by 10% - with an excessive operating pressure in the vessel above 6.0 MPa (60 kgf / cm
).
1.2. The pressure of the safety valves must be equal to the operating pressure in the vessel or exceed it, but not more than 25%.
1.3. An increase in pressure exceeding the working on PP. 1.1. and 1.2. Must be taken into account when calculating the strength according to GOST 14249-80.
1.4. The design and material of the elements of the safety valves and their auxiliary devices should be selected depending on the properties and operating parameters of the medium.
1.5. Safety valves and their auxiliary devices must correspond to the "rules of the device and the safe operation of pressure vessels, approved by the USSR State Unitary Enterprise.
1.6. All safety valves and their auxiliary devices must be protected from arbitrary changes to their adjustment.
1.7. Safety valves should be placed in places available for inspection.
1.8. In stationary installed vessels, which, by operating conditions, it is necessary to disconnect the safety valve, it is necessary to install a three-way switching valve or other switching devices between the safety valve and the vessel, provided that, with any position of the shut-off switching device with a vessel, both or one of the safety devices will be connected to the vessel. valves. In this case, each safety valve must be calculated in such a way that the vessel does not create a pressure exceeding the working value specified in clause 1.1.
1.9. The working medium coming from the safety valve should be allocated to a safe place.
1.10. When calculating the bandwidth of the valve should take into account the backpressure for the valve.
1.11. When determining the bandwidth of the safety valves, the resistance of the speaker should be taken into account. Installing it should not disturb the normal operation of safety valves.
1.12. On the site between the safety valve and the sound pulverizer, a fitting should be installed to install the instrument for measuring pressure.
2. Safety requirements
direct valves
2.1. Armage-cargo safety valves must be installed on stationary vessels.
2.2. The structure of the freight and spring valve must be provided by the device for checking the function of valve valve in working condition by compulsory opening it during the vessel operation. The possibility of forced opening must be provided at a pressure of 80%
opening. It is allowed to install safety valves without fixtures for forced opening, if it is unacceptable by the properties of the medium (poisonous, explosive, etc.) or under the conditions of the technological process. In this case, the test of safety valves should be carried out periodically within the time limits established by the technological regulations, but at least once in 6 months, subject to the elimination of the possibility of faceting, dragging the polymerization or closing the valve by the working medium.
2.3. Surfers of safety valves must be protected from unacceptable heating (cooling) and directly affecting the working medium if it has a harmful effect on the spring material. With the full opening of the valve, the possibility of mutual contact of the springs turns should be excluded.
2.4. The weight of the cargo and the length of the lever of the lever-cargo safety valve should be chosen so that the cargo is at the end of the lever. The shoulder ratio of the lever should not exceed 10: 1. When applying cargo with a suspension, its connection must be delicate. The weight of the cargo should not exceed 60 kg and should be indicated (knocked out or cast) on the surface of the cargo.
2.5. In the body of the safety valve and in the supply and discharge pipes, the possibility of removing condensate from its accumulation places should be provided.
3. Requirements for safety valves,
controlled with auxiliary devices
3.1. Safety valves and their auxiliary devices must be designed so that with the failure of any control or regulating organ, or when the energy supply is stopped, the function of protecting the vessel from exceeding pressure by duplication, or other measures. The design of the valves must satisfy the requirements of PP. 2.3 and 2.5.
3.2. The design of the safety valve should provide the ability to manage it manually or remotely.
3.3. Safety valves, driven by electricity, must be equipped with two power sources independent of each other. In electrical circuits, where the auxiliary energy is disconnected, the pulse opening the valve is allowed one power supply.
3.4. The design of the safety valve should exclude the possibility of unacceptable shocks when opening and closing.
3.5. If the control body is a pulse valve, the diameter of the conditional passage of this valve should be at least 15 mm. The inner diameter of pulse lines (supply and discharge) should be at least 20 mm and at least a diameter of the output fitting of the pulse valve. Pulse lines and control lines should provide reliable condensate removal. Installing shut-off on these lines is prohibited. It is allowed to install a switching device if, with any position of this device, the pulse line will remain open.
3.6. The working environment used to control safety valves should not be frozen, coking, polymerization and providing corrosion impact on metal.
3.7. The design of the valve should ensure its closing at a pressure of at least 95%
.
3.8. When using an external energy source for auxiliary devices, a safety valve must be equipped with at least two independently active control circuits, which must be designed so that if one of the control circuits, another circuit fails to ensure reliable operation of the safety valve.
4. Requirements for supplying and discharge pipelines
safety valves
4.1. Safety valves should be installed on nozzles or connecting pipelines. When installing on one pipe (pipeline) of several safety valves, the cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe nozzle (pipeline) should be at least 1.25 total valve cross sections installed on it. When determining the cross section of connecting pipelines, more than 1000 mm long need to consider the value of their resistance.
4.2. In the pipelines of safety valves, the necessary compensation of temperature elongations should be provided. The fastening of the housing and pipelines of the safety valves should be calculated taking into account static loads and dynamic efforts occurring when the safety valve is triggered.
4.3. Side pipelines must be made with a slope along the entire length in the direction of the vessel. In the submission pipelines, sharp changes in the temperature of the wall (thermal blows) should be excluded when the safety valve is triggered.
4.4. The inner diameter of the supply pipeline must be at least the maximum internal diameter of the supplying valve pipe, which determines the valve bandwidth.
4.5. The inner diameter of the supply pipeline should be calculated based on the maximum bandwidth of the safety valve. The drop in pressure in the supply pipe should not exceed 3%
Safety valve.
4.6. The inner diameter of the discharge pipe must be at least the largest internal diameter of the output nozzle of the safety valve.
4.7. The inner diameter of the discharge pipe should be calculated so that at a flow rate equal to the maximum bandwidth of the safety valve, the back pressure in its outlet nozzle exceeds the maximum backdropigation.
Why you can not postpone the pregnancy
Effect from regular use of home recipes
Features of the structure of the neck