Place the sewerage system in a private house. How and what kind of sewerage to make in a private house. Forced air septic tank - artificial cleaning station

It is difficult to call a private house comfortable if it is not equipped with a well-thought-out, well-functioning drainage system. It is as much a part of civilized existence as electricity, ventilation and heating. Environmental and efficiency requirements are imposed on such an important component of the home communications network; the drainage system of a private house should be simple to arrange and convenient to use.

Schematic diagram of the sewage system in a private house Source projject.ru

One of the main issues of improvement is sewerage for a private house; how to design it correctly and what to focus on during installation will help you figure out the rules that have been tested empirically.

Varieties of sewage systems in a private house

All houses located in the private sector are conventionally divided into two categories:

Houses with the ability to connect to the city (central) network. In most cases - the best option, with a long period of use and no problems with maintenance, unplanned waste and water quality control.
Houses where connection to a centralized system is not possible. The fact that the city network is not available is not a reason to give up comfort. In such conditions, the sewerage device in a private house is reduced to an autonomous option, where water treatment and waste disposal takes place in a locally installed treatment plant.

You can also combine sewer and drainage systems Source sovet-ingenera.com

The autonomous sewerage system includes:

Internal sewerage responsible for the collection of wastewater and their output to the outside. It includes internal wiring (piping system), as well as plumbing and household appliances.
Outdoor sewerage... Its elements are external piping and a water purification device (septic tank or autonomous sewage system).

The most suitable (in terms of performance) type of individual cleaning equipment is chosen, taking into account several factors:

seasonality of living in the house;
intensity of water use;
the size of the site, the type and structure of the soil;
groundwater level;
climatic conditions of the region.

The first stage in the installation of the sewerage system is the development of a preliminary design scheme.

Rules for drawing up a sewerage scheme in the house

The sewerage scheme in a private house is tied to the plan of the house. It should contain the key elements of the system - a riser (if the building has more than one floor), pipe markings (internal wiring, corners and turns), water drain points.

When designing, it is important to remember that an overly complicated circuit will in the future cause problems during operation and repair.

Internal wiring is laid during the construction of the house. Its installation begins when the roof of the house and floors are installed, but the finishing work of the premises has not yet been carried out. The external sewage system is installed after the internal system is fully equipped. Below is a sewerage scheme for a private two-story house:

General scheme of the internal sewerage system in a two-story building Source strojdvor.ru

The procedure for drawing up the scheme:

All drawings are built to scale, the place of installation of the riser, the line for laying pipes, the number of drain points (connecting plumbing and household appliances) is applied to the plan.
The size of the riser is determined, the total length of the pipeline (taking into account the outlet) is calculated, the point of exit from the structure of the main riser.
In places of possible clogging, cleaning and revisions are provided.
A separate drawing is built for each floor.
The size and place of installation of the sewer pipe is calculated (in large sewer systems, it prevents the occurrence of a vacuum in the sewer pipe)
The scheme of external communications is built according to the same principle.

On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer the service of designing and installing sewerage and water supply. You can communicate directly with representatives by visiting the Low-Rise Country exhibition of houses.

Video description

About the sewage system with a fan pipe in the video:

Selection of pipes for internal sewerage

The following categories of pipes are allowed by building codes:

Cast iron... Traditional (until recently) solution. Cast iron products are strong, corrosion resistant and durable. The disadvantage is the weight and roughness of the inner surface. The latter quality contributes to the formation of deposits and the appearance of blockages. The pipes are ideal for burial.
Plastic... They are lighter and cheaper than their cast iron counterparts, have a smooth surface, but are less durable. Pipes for in-house wiring are gray; for external use are made of orange plastic. The most popular options include:

Pipes from Pvc(polyvinyl chloride). Frost-resistant and wear-resistant, the main disadvantage is high hardness. They soften from heat and are mainly used in outdoor work.
Pipes from PP(polypropylene). Elastic, lightweight and durable. They are appreciated for their heat resistance (soften only at 140 ° C), therefore they are ideal for indoor use.

Plastic pipes for internal and external circuit Source cyberportal.ru

Ceramic and asbestos-cement analogs are less common.

In practice, the installation of a sewage system in a private house in most cases is carried out using products made of polymer materials (plastic). The choice is due to the absence of corrosion (plastic is resistant to the aggressive environment of drains), and easy installation of structures.

How is sewer wiring done

The most time consuming part of the work is considered to be the sewerage system for a private house; how to carry it out correctly is indicated in the design and installation rules.

Inside the house

Elements of the sewerage system for a private house are mounted in parallel with the construction of the building. Holes for internal wiring are laid during the construction of walls, partitions and ceilings.

Sewerage installation technology provides for several types of pipes:

Sewer riser, diameter 100 mm.
Trunk (between the riser and the branch); diameter 70 mm.
Branch pipes (connected to a washbasin, bath, washing machine) - 50 mm.

Completed installation of the branch pipe Source remont-pro.com.ua

The spillway system inside the house is gravity (gravity). To avoid blockages, pipes are mounted with a slope, the value of which is controlled by the level and depends on the diameter. A sewer pipe with a diameter of 40-50 mm is given a slope of 30 mm per running meter, with a diameter of 100 mm - 20 mm.

Completed ceiling wiring Source vodavdom.msk.ru

Horizontal wiring is performed using oblique tees and adapters (crosses) for connection. Turns are carried out using two knees with a smooth bend at an angle of 45 °; this arrangement reduces the risk of clogging. After each turn, revisions (cleaning) are provided. Right angles are only allowed in vertically positioned structures.

Fan pipe

When a large amount of wastewater flows into the sewer system, the latter can completely fill the entire diameter of the pipe. At the same time, when the drains go down, an area of low atmospheric pressure (rarefaction) is created behind them, into which water from the siphon and air from the room are sucked in with characteristic sounds.

When the pressure is equalized, then without a water plug through the siphons, the smell from the sewer enters the room back into the room. To prevent the occurrence of a vacuum, a fan pipe with an air valve is installed - they are responsible for maintaining atmospheric pressure in all parts of the sewer system.

Features of the funnel pipe:

Designed and displayed 50-70 cm above the roof.
It is forbidden to combine it with a chimney or ventilation.
It is not placed near windows or balconies.

Outlet of the exhaust (fan) pipe through the roof Source zen.yandex.ru

Outer part

Installation of the outer part of the sewer system begins after determining the location of the septic tank.

The outlet (a connecting link between the external and internal sewers at the border of the room) is laid at the base of the house below the freezing point of the soil and is thermally insulated. If it was not foreseen during the laying of the foundation, it is necessary to drill a hole for the thermowell, 200-250 mm wider than the pipe diameter. Its edge should protrude 15 cm from each side of the foundation. The space between the sleeve and the outlet pipe is filled with foam.

Laying of external communications Source mastez.ru

It is reasonable to locate wet rooms (kitchen, bathroom) side by side and at the same time as close as possible to the central riser. This will help to shorten the length of the sewer lines to the riser, which will facilitate installation and further maintenance.
A large project (swimming pool, bathhouse, sauna), additional plumbing means a large amount of drains. You will need a carefully designed water supply and drainage scheme, additional risers and septic tanks, pump connection.
Sewerage pipes in a private house can be placed under the floor, in the walls, or laid on top. A water seal is installed near the sink, in the shower and in the toilet, thanks to which extraneous odors cannot enter the premises.
It is inadmissible to arbitrarily change the slope. Its increase will lead to a deterioration in the self-cleaning of the system and the appearance of strong noises. When the slope decreases, the water flow slows down, which is fraught with blockage.

Slope control when laying sewers Source remontik.org

The complex relief of the site creates additional problems for laying the pipeline with a slope. In this case, an axonometric diagram is built to determine the position of the sewerage elements in space. If difficult places cannot be bypassed, the installation of a pump will be the solution.

Video description

Clearly about some of the nuances of the sewage system in the video:

Conclusion

A well-designed and organized sewerage system will help create the necessary minimum of comfort for the inhabitants of the house. The attraction of specialized specialists contributes to the achievement of this worthy goal. It doesn't matter whether it is a wooden house or a brick one - the principles of the system are the same everywhere.

Regardless of whether a private house is connected to a central or autonomous sewage system, the sewage disposal system on the street must be equipped independently. Before starting this work, you need to develop an installation scheme that allows you to get by with the minimum size of the pipeline and sewerage network wiring.

This will reduce material procurement costs and improve the efficiency of the wastewater disposal system. Particular attention should be paid to the depth of pipe laying, the angle of their inclination and the reliability of flange connections, since the operability of the sewage system depends on these parameters.

Connecting a private house to the sewer

Circumstances and scheme of laying the external sewage system

The outer part of the sewerage system in a private house connects the outlet of the internal drain with the waste storage tank located on the site, or with the central sewerage system with a pipeline network. Read about the internal wiring in the house in the article. The laying of external sewer pipes is carried out according to a previously developed scheme, taking into account the following circumstances:

features of the terrain;
weather;
remoteness of wells and reservoirs;
the total volume of wastewater, depending on the number of people permanently living in the house;
the depth of soil freezing and its composition;
access ways of the sewer truck, if necessary.

In the scheme of laying the external sewage system, it is imperative to provide for its ventilation, since otherwise, over time, unpleasant odors will penetrate into the living quarters. Read about the rules for the ventilation of the sewage system in the article. Ventilation is equipped with a fan pipe, which can be located on the lid of a septic tank or on the section of the pipeline that runs from the house to the waste collection tank.

Arrangement of an autonomous external sewage system

The septic tank is equipped at the lowest point of the geological topography of the site. This arrangement allows the most optimal installation of external sewerage. It should be laid in a straight line to the location of the outlet pipe of the internal wastewater disposal system.

Selecting a plum location

When choosing the location of the drain, it is worth, first of all, to ensure that the unpleasant odor does not penetrate into the living quarters. As a result, it should be located at least five meters from the house. The optimal distance will be ten meters, it is also not worth placing a septic tank too far, since this significantly increases the cost of performing work on laying the pipeline network. The external sewerage connection to the house should not be carried out at right angles. In addition, the following should be considered:

water sources should be located at least thirty meters;
it is impossible to install a septic tank on the border of a neighboring area;
for the convenience of pumping out sewage, it is better to place the drain near the road;
especially careful sealing of the storage tank is needed when the soil water is located close;
the laying of the pipeline network facilitates the natural slope of the terrain.

Rules for placing a septic tank on the site

A cesspool for sewage has been used for a long time. Previously, they did not waste energy on sealing its walls, and when the hole was filled, they threw it with earth and dug a new one. Now the walls are laid out of bricks, concrete rings and other building materials.

Liquid fractions of waste seep through the soil at the bottom, filtering, solid components gradually fill the mine, and, after a while, they need to be pumped out.

Arrangement of a cesspool is advisable if the volume of wastewater in a private house does not exceed one cubic meter per day. If this norm is exceeded, the environment will be polluted.

Instead of a cesspool, you can equip a sealed container for the accumulation of wastewater. In this case, a thorough waterproofing of the bottom and walls of the shaft is carried out. Thus, the possibility of contamination of soil and drinking sources is prevented. The disadvantage of this system is the need for frequent cleaning, since the sealed container fills up rather quickly.

Determining the type of treatment plant

Treatment facilities for a private house are equipped in the form of a simple cesspool without a bottom or a sealed tank for wastewater. A single-chamber septic tank with soil cleaning or a two-chamber septic tank with a filter well can improve the filtration of wastewater. A variant of the construction of three chambers with a filtration field is possible, as well as with the use of a biofilter and an air supply system.

Septic tank with filtration from tires

A single-chamber septic tank, in essence, is a cesspool with a drainage layer. At the bottom of the well, rubble or gravel mixed with sand is poured. Passing through the filter layer, the liquid fractions of waste are cleaned before entering the soil. After a while, the drainage layer needs to be replaced, as muddy deposits settle on it. A single chamber septic tank is suitable for a private house with a small volume of waste water.

A two-chamber septic tank consists of a storage tank and a filter well, which are connected by an overflow pipe. In the sump, feces are partially clarified, then they fall into the mine with a drainage layer at the bottom. They seep into the soil when they are already sufficiently cleaned.

A two-chamber septic tank is a popular sewerage option for a private house, since it does not require large financial costs for its equipment and works efficiently.

Installation of a septic tank from two or more chambers, as well as a filtration field, virtually eliminates the possibility of environmental pollution. While settling in the first tank, the partially clarified wastewater flows through the overflow pipe into the next chamber with anaerobic bacteria that decompose organic residues. Read about how to make a septic tank with your own hands from scrap materials in the article

After successively passing through all the sections, the wastewater enters the filtration field, which is an area under the ground of about thirty square meters, where the final soil cleaning takes place. If there is free space on the site, this method of arranging the sewage system is optimal.

Diagram of a septic tank with a biofilter

A septic tank with a biofilter is a deep sewerage cleaning station. In principle, it is similar to a purification system with a filtration field, only in this case it is replaced by a water separator and anaerobic bacteria introduced at the outlet of the overflow pipe to the fourth section, which purify wastewater by about ninety-five percent. This water can be used for technical needs.

It is irrational to install deep cleaning stations in private houses with periodic residence, since if a sewage system of such a design is not used constantly, bacteria that decompose organic residues die. In addition, they are quite expensive.

Sewer pipe laying depth

The depth of soil freezing is a fundamental factor when sinking sewer pipes into the ground. They must be laid below the freezing point, otherwise they will freeze in winter, and it will be impossible to use the sewage system until the spring thaw. The appearance of even small build-ups of ice on the inner surfaces of pipelines leads to a decrease in their permeability and the formation of blockages.

Map of normative freezing depths

In the southern regions, the depth of laying sewer pipes is fifty or more centimeters, in the central regions - seventy or more centimeters. You need to know exactly the depth of freezing of the soil in your region, so as not to sink into the ground more than necessary, since in this case the cost of performing the work will increase.

Organization of the withdrawal of the sewer pipe from the house

The organization of the withdrawal of the sewer pipe from the house depends on the stage of readiness for operation of the building. If the house has just been built, the foundation may shrink, therefore, a hole in it for the outlet of the sewer pipe must be drilled with a noticeably larger diameter than the cross-section of the pipe itself.

Options for drainage schemes from the house

If the house is just being built, the outlet pipe can be walled up in the process of laying the foundation. The foundation of a house built a few years ago will not settle anymore, so the diameter of the hole drilled for the outlet pipe need not be increased. Plumbing fixtures must be located at a short distance from the common drain, since in this case it is easier to connect them to the common outlet. If the house has two or more floors, the bathrooms should be placed on top of each other, and in this case, you can get by with one riser.

DIY outdoor sewerage installation in a private house

The external sewerage system consists of a purification tank and a piping system that connects the septic tank to the house. Before performing installation work, an external sewerage scheme is applied on the site plan.

Practical options for removing the sewer from the house

Then special pipes with a diameter of at least 100 mm are selected, intended for outdoor use. They are usually orange in color. A trench is dug to lay the pipeline. Its depth is selected depending on the climatic features of the area, the composition and characteristics of the soil, as well as other factors. If necessary, the pipeline network is insulated.

The most time-consuming part of the work when installing a sewage system with your own hands in a private house is digging a pit for a cesspool or septic tank. The optimal distance to which the septic tank is removed from the house is about ten meters.

The volume of storage capacity directly depends on the number of people permanently living in the house and the frequency of their use of plumbing fixtures.

It is best to connect the storage tank to the outlet of the internal sewage drain in a straight line, bends and turns of the pipeline system increase the likelihood of clogging. For easy cleaning, a long line in places of direction change should be equipped with inspection hatches.
This is how a properly equipped external sewage system looks like.

Wastewater flows through the pipeline system by gravity, under the influence of gravitational forces, so it is necessary to maintain the correct angle of inclination. If it is too small, large pieces of waste will be trapped and the sewer will clog.

If the slope is too great, solids will be thrown to the walls of the pipe, and again it will become clogged. Information on the correct slope of the sewer can be found in the article

The required angle is maintained and controlled by the building level when digging a trench, its depth increases as it approaches the storage tank or central sewerage. A shock-absorbing cushion is laid at the bottom of the ditch, which is a filling of sand, pipes are laid directly on it. If it is necessary to change the slope angle of the pipes, sand is poured in the right place.

An important operational parameter of the sewerage system is the depth of the pipeline network. It must necessarily be below the freezing point of the soil in this region. Otherwise, in winter, frozen wastewater can rupture the pipeline network and damage the sewage system. To carry out repair work, you will have to wait for the spring thaw.

How to properly equip the thermal insulation of the pipe

To prevent emergencies during the cold season, it is better to insulate the sewage system. Many modern materials have good thermal insulation qualities, for example, polyurethane foam, fiberglass or mineral wool. You can properly equip the thermal insulation of the pipe by simply wrapping it with insulation and placing it in a shell made of a mixture of asbestos and cement.

External sewerage insulation options

You can also attach a plastic wrap over the thermal insulation. In cold northern regions, to protect the sewer pipes from freezing, the insulation layer is additionally equipped with an electric heating system. In any case, the pipeline network must be laid below the level of the soil freezing depth, especially if snow drifts melting in the spring form on the surface. An interesting experience in laying outdoor sewage pipes can be gleaned from the following video.

A street toilet with a cesspool is gradually becoming a thing of the past. A new house and even a small summer cottage should delight the owners with comfort and conveniences normal for the 21st century. The device is a completely affordable and safe event for the building, if you approach the design wisely and use modern materials and technologies. When building a house, the drainage system is laid at the design stage, along with other engineering communications, but in the old house it is quite possible to organize the construction of a bathroom with an urban level of comfort.

All private houses can be divided into two categories - those that can be connected to a centralized city or village sewerage system, and those that cannot. The course of work and the arrangement of communications inside the premises for these cases will be the same, a significant difference will be only in the organization of wastewater disposal.

General principles of installing sewage in a private house

Basically, the sewage system in a private house, as in a city apartment, consists of a vertical riser and pipes of a smaller diameter, through which drains from a sink, toilet bowl, etc. enter it by gravity. Then the wastewater flows into horizontally located pipes of large diameter, and from them - into the centralized sewage system or the adjacent autonomous treatment facilities.

When planning a sewerage system in a house under construction, it is worth locating the kitchen and bathrooms nearby, preferably near the place where the sewerage system goes out onto the street. If the house is two-story, then the bathrooms should be placed one under the other in order to reduce the number of risers and simplify the installation of the system and its subsequent maintenance.

In a large house with a large number of bathrooms, with a complex sewage system, it is rational to install a sewer pump. A pump may also be needed if the site has absolutely no slope.

When designing a sewage system, they also take into account:

landscape of the site - sewage flows down and a septic tank or cesspool should be at its lowest point,
the type of soil, its freezing and the height of the groundwater - the depth of the external sewage pipes and the choice of treatment facilities depend on this

Choice of materials

At the present stage, polypropylene or polyvinyl chloride is the best option. They are inexpensive, easy to transport and install, and do not require a welding machine to assemble. In addition to pipes, you will need connecting elements: elbows of various configurations, fittings, tees, inspection hatches. The joints are additionally treated with a sealant.

The diameter of the pipes depends on the volume of waste water and the number of devices connected to the system. In any case, the diameter of the pipe from the plumbing device must be equal to or greater than its drain pipe. The diameter of the pipe for the riser must be from 100 mm if a toilet bowl is connected to it, and from 50 mm if there is no toilet bowl. The length of the pipes from the device to the riser should not exceed 3 m, and from the toilet bowl - 1 m. If this distance needs to be increased, then the pipes are taken with a larger diameter.

Installation of pipes and connection of plumbing

Before assembling the system, it is better to draw it in detail or design it in a computer program. All horizontal pipes of the internal sewage system should be sloped from the device to the riser at the rate of 2-15 cm per 1 m.If you need to turn the pipe 90 degrees, it is better to do this smoothly, using 2 bends at 45 or 3 bends at 30 degrees, for preventing blockages.

The toilet is connected to the vertical riser separately to avoid emptying the siphons in the plumbing when draining the water. Moreover, the rest of the devices must be connected above the toilet to prevent drains from entering them.

Sewer risers on each floor in the lower part are equipped with inspection hatches. For sound insulation, they can be wrapped with a layer of mineral wool or covered with a plasterboard box.

The sanitary fittings are connected to the pipes through a U-shaped siphon, the bottom of which always contains a little water. Fetid gases from the sewer cannot pass through this barrier. Some sinks and bathrooms are already sold with a siphon, for others you will need to purchase it additionally, toilets have a built-in siphon.

The riser with external pipes is connected using horizontal pipes of the same or large diameter, located in the basement, plinth or under the floor. Such pipes are also equipped with inspection hatches (required when cornering). When connecting them, you should avoid right angles and difficult turns. If the pipe runs in the ground or in an unheated room, then it must be well insulated. At the point of exit from the house, all sewer pipes are collected together and, through a hole in the foundation, they are joined to the external sewage system.

The sewer pipes are attached to the walls with clamps. Additional fasteners are installed close to the riser tie-ins, connections and transitions.

Sewer ventilation

A large amount of abruptly drained water, for example from a toilet cistern, moving along the pipe, creates an area of discharged space behind it. In the absence of air entering the system, water from the siphons of plumbing fixtures leaves along this pipe, and an unpleasant odor appears. For this reason, the sewerage system must be equipped with its own ventilation.

For pipes, risers are extended to the roof, the upper end does not close, but reliably hides from precipitation and debris. You can do it differently, at the top of the riser, an aeration valve is installed, which does not release odors, but conducts air inside, which prevents the discharge of air in the pipe.

Outdoor sewerage

It is also optimal to use polymer pipes outside the home. To lay them, a trench is pulled out to the depth of freezing of the soil, a sand cushion is poured on its bottom, and then pipes are laid at a slope of 2-3%. If it is impossible to ensure a sufficiently deep occurrence, then it is necessary to carefully insulate the pipes.

At the point of connection to the house and near the junction with the central sewerage system or autonomous treatment facilities, inspection hatches are installed. It is advisable to install a non-return valve in the pipe. It will protect the house sewage system from the ingress of sewage from the outside, for example, when the cesspool is overflowed, and from the penetration of rodents through the pipes.

Wastewater treatment plant

An autonomous sewage system at the end can have:

cesspool,
biological treatment station.

Each of these options has its own advantages and disadvantages, but, in general, it is possible to recommend a cesspool only for summer cottages where they do not live permanently, or for small houses for 1-2 people. A biological treatment plant is expensive, but once installed, preventive maintenance and emptying will rarely have to be done. A septic tank is the best option, you can buy it ready-made or make it yourself.

A properly designed and installed sewerage system will make living in your own home even more comfortable.

The end of the second decade of the XXI century assumes in a modern private house, including a summer cottage, a latrine somewhat more technological than a modest boardwalk at the end of the site. It is not surprising, therefore, how advanced the sewerage systems for country houses and materials for them have become today. And all this is quite affordable and feasible for a home craftsman when installing with his own hands.

Any system for drainage and disposal of wastewater in a residential building, no matter how small it is, needs to build a diagram that will demonstrate the size of the system on a scale and help in choosing:

the type of plumbing and its placement, including additional suppliers of wastewater, such as, for example, a bath;
internal pipe routing;
the place where the sewer system exits the building;
passing the sewer main outside the building;
the type of equipment and its location on the site;
materials required to create a system.

The diagram also shows pipe diameters, their connection options and other information that is necessary for assembling the internal and external components of the sewer system.

Types of sewerage system

The most popular sewerage systems today are based on the use of:

cesspools;
storage tanks;
two-chamber septic tanks;
septic tanks with filtration;
septic tanks with a biofilter;
septic tanks with forced air supply.

Did you know?As established by archaeologists, the world's earliest drafts of sewage systems, which appeared in Mesopotamia, are almost five thousand years old. However, a sewer system, reminiscent of the modern one, appeared in Ancient Rome in the 6th century BC.

The time-tested method of sewage drainage is simple and cheap. For the construction of a cesspool in the form of a well without a bottom, concrete rings, bricks and similar materials are needed.
Since the bottom of this well consists of bare soil, household liquid waste falls through the well onto it, seeps out and begins to be cleaned. The harder fractions of these wastes are retained in the pit and precipitate. When a lot of them accumulate in the well, cleaning is required.

This system operates reliably and justifies its existence if the volume of wastewater from the house does not exceed a cubic meter per day. This amount allows microorganisms in the soil to cope with the processing of organic elements and thereby purify the water entering the soil through the bottom of the well.

When this volume is exceeded, the water no longer has time to be purified and begins to pollute groundwater. It makes sense to build a cesspool if the dacha is visited by a small number of people only on weekends. In any case, this primitive type of sewage is now less and less popular with suburban homeowners.

A container for receiving waste waste installed near the house can be plastic, brick, concrete, metal, provided that this container is hermetically closed.

This is especially true for land plots where the level of groundwater is high. A hermetically sealed tank will protect both soil and groundwater from contamination. The only inconvenience of this system is its dependence on frequent calls of sewers, which is why the cost of its operation is quite high.

This device consists of two tanks, the first of which is equipped with a sealed bottom, and the second is not equipped, being covered from below with a layer of sand and crushed stone mixture.

Did you know?The all-round genius of Leonardo da Vinci even invented a flush toilet in 1516. But even the French king could not bring the revolutionary idea to life, since then there was no water supply or sewage system at all.

Wastewater flows into the first reservoir, where solid organic matter sinks, fatty particles rise upward, and partially purified water is located in the middle.

Both volumes are connected by a pipe with a slight slope towards the second tank. Along it, the already partially purer water flows into the second reservoir. And there it, passing through the sand-crushed stone mixture, as well as through the soil, is additionally cleaned.
It is clear that in the first compartment, which is a sump, masses of waste are gradually accumulated, in order to eliminate which one has to resort to the services of sewers.

But it is recommended to equip the second tank only when there is at least a meter distance from its bottom, filled with a mixture of rubble and sand, to the groundwater. Moreover, this sand-crushed stone mixture needs to be changed every five years.

It consists of a tank divided into several sections, connected to each other by slightly inclined pipes. Typically, such a tank is manufactured at the factory.

The first tank is used for settling liquid waste. From it, partly clarified water flows into another compartment of the container. And there anaerobic bacteria decomposing organic elements make the water even cleaner, after which it flows into the third reservoir.
And from it, through the soil, the water reaches the filtration fields specially created from the sand-crushed stone mixture, where it is purified up to 80% and discharged into special ditches or containers. This method of cleaning liquid waste is advisable only where there is a large area of land.

After all, only from the filtration fields to the house or the source of drinking water, the distance should be at least 30 m. Plus, the filtration sections themselves occupy a lot of area, although they are underground. In addition, in this case, groundwater should rise no higher than 3 m.

This type of purification device differs in that it can be used on land plots where the water table is high. It is a reservoir, consisting of four sections, connected to each other by pipes with a slight slope.

In the first tank, the drains settle and in the form of partially purified water flow into another compartment. There, the water is further purified by means of anaerobic microorganisms and, in a more clarified form, is sent to the third compartment-separator, and from there to the fourth.
And there it is already being treated with aerobic bacteria. They need a constant supply of fresh air, which comes here through a pipe that is led out to a height of half a meter. Thanks to the treatment with these bacteria, the water reaches a purity of up to 95% and is quite suitable for watering plants, washing a car and other household needs.

This method of cleaning sewage is most in demand in country houses with people permanently living there, since bacteria need a continuous flow of liquid waste, without which they die. And although bacteria can be easily added to the system through the toilet, it will take about two weeks to fully restore their full activity.

This installation, with the help of electricity, significantly activates wastewater treatment. It does this by means of forced injection of atmospheric air, for which an electric pump and an air distributor are used.

This type of purification device can consist of one tank, divided into three compartments, and of three different tanks, connected to each other by means of inclined pipes.

Primarily treated wastewater from the first compartment is poured into the aeration tank, which is the second section. There is aerobic sludge, supplemented by plants and microorganisms. It is they who need the forced supply of fresh air.

After that, the already more purified liquid, together with the sludge, is poured into a third tank, where, after settling, it undergoes better treatment, and the sludge that has found itself in the sediment is returned to the aeration tank with the help of a pump.
Forced air serves as an effective catalyst for the process, as a result of which the water is purified much faster and more efficiently.

And although the installation consumes a little electricity, it nevertheless needs an electrical network, which is partly its disadvantage. The functioning of this system also requires continuous residence in the house of one of the household members.

How to mount a sewer with your own hands

With a high-quality diagram of the future sewerage system and with the availability of all the necessary materials, you can proceed directly to its stage-by-stage construction.

There are three stages, which involve:

installation of an internal sewerage system;
laying pipes outside the house;
construction of treatment facilities.

Video: sewerage at home

Piping and riser routing

Indoor wiring includes horizontal pipes that connect plumbing to a vertical pipe, which is a riser. And it connects to the main line that leads out sewer drains.

Ideally, it is desirable to combine the installation of a sewer system with the construction of a house, but it is quite realistic to collect the wiring located inside and in an already built house, especially if it is small.

In this case, you should adhere to the following requirements:

Since waste water from plumbing devices is discharged by gravity, pipes that go from them to the riser must be laid with a certain slope.
Sanitary equipment must be separated from the pipelines by hydraulic seals in the form of siphons, which are a curved pipe with water constantly in it, which does not allow odors to penetrate from the sewage system into the premises.
The pipe connecting the toilet bowl to the riser should not exceed 1 m.
The intra-house sewage system requires ventilation, for which the riser is brought out with a slight elevation above the roof.

Important!The toilet must be connected to the horizontal wiring at the lowest part of the floor.

Pipe routing

If the pipes are laid in an already built house, then there are three ways to lay them:

ditches are made in the walls with the help of chipping, into which pipes are hidden;
lay them on the floor;
fastened to the walls with clamps.

The pipeline is assembled, starting from the riser and ending with plumbing. The main thing when routing horizontal pipes is to establish the required angle of inclination.

The larger the pipe, the smaller the angle should be. For example, with a pipe diameter of 50 mm, one end of its meter section should be 30 mm higher than the second, and with a diameter of 200 mm, this elevation is only 7 mm.

Video: routing sewer pipes At first glance, it seems that the greater the slope of the pipeline, the better the drains will flow through it. However, in reality, excessive inclination leads to the fact that the water rolls down the pipe too quickly, and the harder parts of the effluent do not keep up with it and stay in the pipeline.

Installation and assembly of the riser

The installation of the internal sewage system begins with the installation of an in-house collector in the form of a riser. In its lower part, the riser is connected to a pipe passing through the foundation and leading out drains, and at the top it is crowned with ventilation towering above the roof.

Important!The best option when there is only one riser for the whole house.

Installation and assembly of the riser is carried out in the following sequence:

On the wall, at the place where the future riser passes, it is necessary to depict its axis with a pencil. If desired, a recess is made in the wall, the width and depth slightly exceeding the diameter of the riser pipe. For external fastening of the pipe to the wall, clamps and brackets are used. The fasteners should be installed under the sockets connecting the pipes, the distance between the fasteners should not exceed 4 m.
Then it is necessary to pre-assemble the riser and attach it to the wall in order to check whether all dimensions have been correctly observed, taking into account the fittings for connecting the horizontal part of the system. The places of installation of fasteners are immediately determined, if external installation of the riser on the wall is provided. It should be borne in mind that the pipe cannot be installed close to the wall, the gap between them must be at least 3 cm.
Having eliminated all errors in the installation of pipes, the riser is assembled with the help of seals and fastened with clamps, if external fastening is provided.
Next, you need to connect the riser to a pipe that leads the drains to the outside, and the upper end of the riser can be connected to a fan pipe that rises above the roof.

Video: tips for installing sewer risers

Waste pipes used for ventilation of sewage systems connect the internal system with the external environment, helping:

to divert harmful and foul-smelling gases that are formed in the sewer system into the atmosphere;
maintain the required pressure inside the system.

For all its usefulness, funnel pipes are not at all necessary in all housing construction without exception. In a small one-story country house, where the volume of wastewater is small, it is quite possible to do without this device. But in large houses, two or more floors, with a considerable number of tenants, fan devices are certainly necessary.

They work on the principle of sucking atmospheric air into the sewer system when the air inside it is rarefied. In this they are helped by vacuum valves, which just let in atmospheric air when its pressure in the system drops, but prevent the gases accumulating in the system from escaping to the outside.
Install fan pipes with vacuum valves on the roofs of the building, where they, as a rule, rise 20 cm above the roof. Sometimes this ventilation is installed in the attic of buildings.

The sewer outlet is a system of pipes that is placed under the foundation of the house and serves as a continuation of the riser. It is an intermediate link between the internal sewer and the outside of the sewer system.

The most difficult point in its arrangement is going out under the foundation or through it to connect to the external pipeline.

The outlet equipment requires pipes of the same diameter as that of the riser, as well as bends that transfer the vertical pipeline to a horizontal position, in which it is brought out through the foundation.

The external sewage network starts from the outlet coming out of the foundation and goes to the sewage treatment plant, where it delivers liquid wastewater from the house.

For the device of a non-building section of the sewage system, the following rules should be adhered to:

the external pipeline should be located at such a depth that it does not freeze in winter;
if it is not possible to dig a deep trench, the pipe must be insulated;
every ten meters on straight sections of the pipeline and on its bends, it is necessary to install inspection wells.

Except for digging a trench to a frost-free depth, laying the pipe does not require much effort:

First, the trench is brought to readiness, which consists in the required depth and tilt towards the cleaning device.
A 10-centimeter layer of a mixture of sand and clay is poured onto its bottom.
A pipe is placed on top of this layer.
The gap between it and the walls of the trench is also filled with this mixture.
The trench is backfilled with previously excavated soil.
The landscape disturbed by these operations is being restored.

Ancient cesspools without a bottom are now used less and less. Instead, storage and cleaning devices are used. The first of them is a large tank, hermetically sealed, as a result of which its contents do not come into contact with the surrounding soil in any way.

Video: choosing a septic tank for a private house

It is most rational to use this component of the suburban sewerage system in areas with a high level of groundwater, as well as in country houses and dachas that are rarely visited by a small number of people.

If the country house is large, equipped with many types of plumbing and is constantly inhabited by a large number of residents, then a septic tank with soil purification of effluents or with forced aeration is necessary.

Device

The accumulative type of sewage system works very simply: liquid wastewater enters the reservoir and accumulates in it, without contacting the surrounding soil in any way. After the tank is completely filled with drains, it is necessary to resort to the services of a sewer to remove them.

As storage tanks, both large factory-made plastic tanks are used, as well as independently made of bricks, concrete, concrete rings or iron barrels welded together.
Different types of septic tanks are more complex. They consist of several sections, in the first of which the solid waste elements precipitate, undergoing anaerobic treatment by microorganisms, and partially purified water flows into the next section, where it is purified using various filtration methods.

The choice of this or that type of septic tank is determined by the level of the groundwater on the site, the size of the site itself, as well as the house, the number of permanent inhabitants and the plumbing devices they use.

Construction

To build a storage tank, you should:

Dig a pit.
Install a concrete base in it.
Build a brick wall around it, providing a hole for a sewer pipe in its upper part. On top of the concrete cover there should be another hole for the sewer hose, which should be tightly closed at all other times.
Instead of bricks, you can use concrete rings or welded metal rings.

Video: construction of a septic tank For the construction of various types of septic tanks, concrete rings, metal containers, eurocubes and other plastic tanks are used.

They are mounted in different ways, but their installation is very similar:

First, you need to dig a pit, which in length and width should be about half a meter larger than the container installed in it.
Then the bottom of the pit should be leveled and covered with a 2 cm layer of sand.
For concrete and plastic containers, concreting of the base is required.
After that, you need to install the tank.
The installed tank must be connected to pipes, through one of which sewage is supplied, and from the other purified water comes out.
Then, if necessary, it is possible to attach elements of additional purification of water with the help of soil.
Hatches should also be installed.
And, finally, you need to fill up the container with previously removed soil.

Alternative options

If someone does not want or is not yet able to install a sewerage system in his country house or in the country, he has the opportunity to do without it, using dry closets. They are self-contained devices that do not need to be tied to the sewage system.

Currently, there are many types of such toilets, but the most popular among them are:

Peat, as it is easy to understand from the name, use special peat with bioactivators for composting waste products. In the liquid, special solutions are used, which accelerate the processing of waste products.

And electric, the most expensive, separate waste into solid and liquid fractions, the first of which is then dried, and the second is disposed of.

With the seeming complexity of this process, installing a sewerage system in a house with your own hands is quite within the power of a home craftsman. With a correctly drawn up scheme of the future system, the availability of materials and a great desire to bring what has been planned into life, success, as practice shows, almost always comes.

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In order for the wastewater disposal system to function flawlessly, several nuances must be taken into account when arranging it. Today we will tell you what a sewerage system is for a private house, how to install it correctly and what mistakes should be avoided.

Pipe routing

Sewerage wiring is one of the most difficult processes, therefore, its arrangement should be given the utmost attention. Its assembly must fully comply with the requirements of SNiP.

Installation of the sewerage system is carried out in stages:
first fits release(pipe connecting the external street and indoor system);

Release device

Further mounted riser- a central pipe located vertically; to facilitate maintenance, it is better if he is alone in the house; as a rule, it is located in utility rooms or a toilet; do not install it in living rooms or kitchens; it is installed openly or fits into a special shaft;

The last to connect bends, starting with the crosses, only flared upwards; in this case, the toilet bowl is connected to the riser only separately with a pipe of 100-110 mm, the rest of the devices can be connected to a single common supply with thin pipes of 50 mm.

Advice... Liquid soap can be used to make it easier for the pipes to slide into the fasteners.

Installation of the outlet

1. For him, it is better to mount a special hole during the construction of the house. If it is not there, then a hole is made in the foundation 200-250 mm wider than the very diameter of the pipe.

2. Hole waterproof using bituminous mastic.

3. Next, a special sleeve is inserted into it (a segment with a diameter of 20-40 mm larger than the outlet pipe). It serves to prevent the main pipeline from collapsing. The sleeve must protrude 150 mm from the foundation on both sides.

4. The outlet pipe is placed in the sleeve. The space between them is carefully filled with foam.

5.With the domestic sewer pipe, the sleeve is connected oblique tee(tee 45 °) and by diversion.

Sewer crosses, tees and bends

Slope angle

Since the wastewater flows through the pipes by gravity, in order to avoid blockages, the angle of their slope should be correctly determined. It is calculated based on the diameter of the pipeline. Moreover, for each plumbing fixture, it is selected separately:

40-55 mm - from 3%;

85-100 mm - from 2%.

Naturally, the further the device is from the riser, the more the slope should be increased. Let's say the drain pit is 200 m from the riser itself. To obtain the required angle of inclination, the pipe should be displaced in height by 60 mm.

Angle of inclination of pipes

Advice. When choosing pipes for sewerage, please note that outdoor pipes are always painted orange, and pipes intended for indoor installation are always gray.

Installation of a riser

1. He is only going to upwards... For such a pipe, appropriate openings are prepared in the ceilings and roof. To reduce the noise of the passage of water from the wall or groove, you should retreat 20 mm.

2. The riser is mounted only strictly vertical... Minor deviations of up to 2 mm for every 2 m are allowed.

3. So that the joints do not interfere with the passage of liquid, the sockets are mounted above.

4. When assembled, gradually connect side bends and inspection hatches. For this, oblique tees and crosses are used.

5. When connecting bends, pipes running parallel to the floor are laid on special supports.

Sewer system diagram

6. Excessive turns of pipes should be avoided, if they cannot be dispensed with, it is better to use two tees at 45 °, and even better three at 30 °; if you choose one at 90 °, then the waste in it will be stagnate; in addition, when connected at a right angle, the pressure in the riser will be limiting, which will lead to excessive noise in room.

Advice. Since blockages occur most often in places of turns, be sure to provide inspection or inspection hatches next to them.

7. The riser is fixed to the wall with clamps, which should be located under the sockets. The distance between the clamps is up to 4 m. In order not to damage the system, the holes for them should be prepared in advance or, during their preparation, disassemble the riser for a while.

Riser assembly diagram

Hood arrangement

To prevent odors from entering the room, a curved pipe is provided at the bottom of all plumbing fixtures (sinks, toilets, etc.) - odor trap... However, with intensive use of the sewage system, a vacuum is sometimes formed in the riser. In this case, there is a "breakdown of the water seal" - gases without water resistance begin to penetrate into the house.

To avoid this, it is necessary to provide for their removal to the atmosphere. The waste pipe for ventilation of the sewer system is led out through the roof. Its diameter is always equal to the diameter of the main pipe. If the waste pipe runs through an unheated attic space, it must be insulated.

With a small sewage capacity sewerage equipment without hood is allowed... However, in this case, the riser must necessarily end with a cleaning or inspection hatch.

Inspection hatch and cleaning hole (equipped with a plug)

Basic wiring rules

So that during operation there never arose problems with the sewage system, when arranging it, the following rules should be followed:

To prevent the splash of sewage, all plumbing is connected above the toilet;

To avoid blockages, strong bends and unnecessary tight pipe bends;

Sewer system installation

connection pipe diameter is selected equal to or slightly larger than the size of the largest pipe from the plumbing fixture;

If there is a toilet in the house common riser diameter must be greater than or at least equal to 100 mm - the diameter of the toilet bowl pipe;

The lead to it should not exceed a meter; from other plumbing fixtures allowed eyeliner length up to 3 m; if for some reason it is made larger, then its diameter is increased to the size of the common riser (at least 100 mm); in order not to increase its diameter, it is possible to equip a vacuum valve at its upper end;

To service the system, provide inspection and cleaning hatches; they should be placed every 10 m;

To prevent the pipes from freezing in winter, in the places where they pass underground, they should be carefully insulate.