Gable roof - calculation of dimensions, description of the structure and its installation (90 photos). Gable roof rafter system: overview of basic structures with description of typical installation Roofs 4 slopes

Many people like houses with hipped roofs. Despite the fact that they require the most materials, and therefore the most money, they are popular. Firstly, because they give even a simple "box" a more interesting look. Secondly, because they are durable and reliable. And even if the rafter system of the hipped roof is one of the most complex, it can be developed and made by hand.

Types of hipped roofs

Gable roofs are the most expensive and difficult to construct. But despite this, they were and remain popular. And all due to the fact that they look more attractive than all other types of roofs, they have high mechanical strength, they resist well wind and snow loads. A house with a hipped roof or even a gazebo looks "more solid" than any other.

Even a simple "box" under a 4-pitched roof looks impressive

There are two main types of 4-pitched roofs: hip and hip roof. Hip is suitable for square buildings, hip - for rectangular. In the hipped roof, all four slopes look like triangles and they all converge at one point - in the center of the square.

The classic hip roof has two trapezoidal ramps that converge on the ridge. These slopes are located along the long side of the rectangle. The other two slopes are triangles that adjoin the extreme points of the ridge beam.

Despite the fact that there are four slopes in any case, the design and calculation of these roofs is different. The assembly order is also different.

Half-hip

Hip roof is much more common - after all, there are much more rectangular buildings than square ones. There are several more varieties of it. For example, half-hip - Danish and Dutch.

Semi-hip roofs - Danish and Dutch

They are good because they make it possible to install full-fledged windows in the vertical part of the side slopes. This allows the under-roof space to be used as a living space. Of course, compared to a full-fledged second floor, the living space is less, but the construction costs are also not so great.

Slope angle and roof height

The angle of inclination of the four-pitched roof is determined based on the snow and wind loads in your area. The higher the snow load, the higher the skate must be raised - so that the slope is steeper and snow does not linger in large volumes. In case of strong winds, on the contrary, the skate is lowered lower - in order to reduce the area of the slopes and, therefore, the wind load.

Even when choosing the angle of inclination of the roof slopes, they are guided by aesthetic and practical considerations. With aesthetics, everything is more or less clear - the building should look proportional. And it looks better with sufficiently high roofs - 0.5-0.8 heights of the first (or only) floor.

Practical considerations can be of two kinds. First, if the under-roof space is planned to be used as a living space, pay attention to the area that will be comfortable for use. It is more or less comfortable in a room with a ceiling height of 1.9 m. And even then, this is for people of average height. If you are taller than 175 cm, the bar will have to be raised.

On the other hand, the greater the height of the roof, the more materials will be required for its manufacture. And this is the second practical aspect that needs to be taken into account.

There is one more point that should be taken into account: roofing materials have a minimum and maximum slope angle with which this coating can "work". If you have certain preferences for the type of roofing material, consider this factor as well. It depends on what height the rafter system of the hipped roof should be raised (relative to the walls).

Rafter system of a hip-type hipped roof

If a hipped roof is made, most often it is a hip roof. Let's talk about it first. The central part of the rafter system repeats the system one by one. The system can also be with layered or hanging rafters. Hanging rafters are installed "in place" - on the roof, two people are enough for such work. The roof trusses, in the form of triangles, can be assembled on the ground and then, ready-made, lifted and installed. In this case, there is less work at a height, but in order to raise and install the finished trusses, you need either a technique (crane) or a team of four or more people.

The main differences between the rafter system of the hip roof are in those places where the rafters are shortened (rafter half-legs) and the hip is formed - triangular slopes. Here diagonal rafters are installed, which are also called overhead rafters. They rest on the outer or inner corners of the building and are longer than conventional rafter legs. Special attention should be paid to diagonal rafters, since they have a one and a half load (when compared with neighboring rafters). Therefore, the corner rafter legs are made reinforced - they are assembled from two boards, splicing them in width with the help of nails. Also, to support the diagonal rafter legs, additional racks and slopes are installed, which are called a truss block.

Another rafter system of a hip-type hipped roof is distinguished by the fact that the Mauerlat is laid along the perimeter of the building, and not only along the long sides of the box. This is understandable - the rafters are located along the perimeter, and not only on two sides, as in a gable roof.

Mauerlat- an element of the building's roofing system. Represents a bar or log, laid on top along the perimeter of the outer wall. Serves as an extreme lower support for rafters.

Diagonal rafters

As already mentioned, the slant (corner) rafters carry an increased load: from the shortened rafters of the side slopes and from the hips. In addition, the length of the diagonal rafters of the hip roof usually exceeds the standard length of lumber - it is more than 6 meters, so they are made spliced and doubled (paired). This solves two problems at once: we get a beam of the required length, we increase its bearing capacity. Two paired boards can withstand higher loads than a solid bar of the same section. And one more thing: spliced beams for nesting rafters are made of the same material as ordinary rafter legs. It's cheaper and you don't have to look for special material.

If spliced beams are used, diagonal rafters are usually secured by installing struts and / or trusses (struts).

If the length of the beam is up to 7.5 m, one brace is sufficient, which rests against the upper part of the beam.
With a length of 7.5 m to 9 m, an additional rack or truss is installed. These props are placed at the bottom, 1/4 of the rafter length.
When the length of the inclined rafter is more than 9 meters, a third, intermediate support is needed - a rack that supports the middle of the run.

Sprengel- a special system that consists of a beam supported by two adjacent external walls. A stand rests on this beam, supported by slopes on both sides (slopes are set if necessary).

The truss truss is usually not considered, but is made from the same materials as the truss system. For the beam itself 150 * 100 mm, racks - 100 * 100 mm, for mowing - 50 * 100 mm. It can be a timber of a suitable section or spliced beams.

Supporting the rafter leg

The diagonal sling legs rest on the ridge beam with their upper end. The exact design of this assembly depends on the type of system and the number of runs.

If there is one run, the consoles are made 10-15 cm longer than the rafter frame. If such a release is too large, then it is cut. But it is not worth doing shorter - growing is much more difficult and more expensive. The diagonal slant legs will rest at this point.

The rafters are cut at the desired angle, joined on the console. Fastened with nails. The connection can be reinforced with metal cover plates.

If there are two ridge spans (they do if an attic-type dwelling is planned), the connection method depends on the material from which the rafters are made:

If spliced boards are used, a sprengel is needed, which rests on the outlets of the ridge girders. Diagonal rafters are trimmed and rest on the truss post.
If a timber is used, a sinker is installed in the place of support - a piece of board with a thickness of at least 50 mm. The board is fastened with nails to two girders, and to this board there are already rafter legs that will form a hip.

The lower part of the rafter rafter legs is trimmed horizontally and attached to the Mauerlat or harness board. For greater reliability of the node, you can install an additional oblique beam and fix the corner beam to it (in the figure below).

Fastening - with nails on both sides, if necessary, you can additionally fix it with wire twists or clamps.

How to fix the cuffs and half-legs

To the installed diagonal rafter legs, on the one hand, shortened rafters of the side slopes (also called half-legs) are attached, on the other - rafters - rafters that form a hip. They must be positioned in such a way that the joints do not coincide. Sometimes for this you have to change the distance between the rafters (better - in the direction of decreasing the step).

Usually shortened rafters are trimmed and fastened with 2-3 nails on both sides. This attachment is sufficient in most cases. But, if you want to do it "correctly", you need to make a "cut" for each rafter - a notch for no more than half the thickness of the beam. The rafters are cut, set in the desired position, the desired contour is circled on the beam (an uneven trapezoid is obtained due to different connection angles). Along the resulting contour, a recess is cut into which a half-leg is inserted, after which it is fastened with nails on both sides. This is a complex knot, and it takes a long time to make it. But the bearing capacity of such a connection is much higher. There is another option, which is many times simpler in execution, but differs little in reliability.

The optimal way of attaching handcuffs and half-legs to the support beam can be considered to be fastened to nails with the additional installation of cranial bars (see the figure above). For this, a bar with a section of 50 * 50 mm is used, which is nailed along the lower edge of the beam between the fixed rafters. In this version, the beam becomes I-beam, which greatly increases its elasticity, and the bearing capacity increases.

How to attach the lower ends of the rafters

The method of fastening the lower ends of the rafters depends on what type of rafter system of the hipped roof is chosen - with hanging or layered rafters, which scheme is used. A system with sliding rafters (usually used for buildings for which spacer loads are contraindicated - wood, frame, lightweight concrete) is implemented using special metal fasteners. They are in two parts. One is installed on the mortgage board, the second on the rafters. They are connected to each other movably - using a long slot or plate.

With such a device, when the load changes, the roof "wins back" - the rafters move relative to the walls. There are no thrust loads, the entire mass of the roof and precipitation is transferred to the walls vertically downward. Such fastening allows you to compensate for uneven loads that arise with a complex roof structure (with abutments in the form of the letter G or T).

Rigid fastening can be done in different ways - with a cutout for the Mauerlat / strapping board or with a hemmed support bar. Fastening is usually with nails, it can be strengthened with metal plates and corners.

The connection with the cutout is made if the hipped roof has an outlet - overhangs. Usually, the overhangs are quite large and, in order not to buy long beams, they are extended by adding boards that are nailed through to the bottom of the beams. This allows you to make overhangs as long as you want without wasting much on materials.

Danish half-hip roof

The rafter system of the Danish hipped roof differs from the classic hip roof. The difference in the design of the hip - here, at some distance from the ridge, a support board with a thickness of at least 5 cm is stuffed. Diagonal double rafters are attached to this board. How low to lower the support board is up to you. But, the lower the board is lowered, the smaller the angle this slope will have, and the worse the precipitation will go. With a large area of a half-hip, you will have to count the load and select the thickness of the rafters.

On the other hand, a low-lowered support board allows you to put a horizontal window of sufficient area. This is beneficial if a living space is located under the hipped hipped roof.

To prevent the sinker (a board connecting two opposite rafter legs) from bending from loads directed downward, a shorty is installed - a piece of the same board that is nailed to a rack that supports the ridge bar. The same stops are made on the edges of the drills, having well fastened the short stubs with nails (the installation step is staggered after 5-10 cm).

With such a device, it is necessary to strengthen the attachment points of the layered rafters, since the load from them is transferred to the extreme pair of rafter legs. Two methods of amplification are used:

The extreme rafters are made double.
Install struts from double boards. The lower part of the brace rests against a bed or a rack. They are fastened with nails, the joints are reinforced by installing scraps of boards.

If the house is rectangular and the hip is not too wide, you can either install struts or make the outer rafters from double beams. Otherwise, the rafter system of a hipped roof of a half-hip Danish type is assembled in the same way as described above.

The device of 4 pitched hipped roof on the example of a gazebo

For a square gazebo 4.5 * 4.5 meters, a hipped roof covered with soft tiles was made. The slope angle was chosen "floor material", taking into account snow and wind loads - 30 °. Since the structure is small, it was decided to make a simple system (in the picture below). The distance between the rafter legs is 2.25 m. With a rafter length of up to 3.5 m, a board of 40 * 200 mm is needed. A beam of 90 * 140 mm was used for the strapping.

They assembled the rafter system on the ground, fixed it on the support pillars, then installed a solid flooring from, after -.

First, a harness was assembled, which will be attached to the support pillars. Next, we installed the rafters, which rest on the middle of the strapping. The procedure here is as follows: in the middle we put a stand, on the top of which the rafter legs will join. In this version, this rack is temporary, we only need it for a while - until we connect the first four rafters in the center. In other cases - for large houses - this rack may remain.

We take a board of the desired section, lean it against the rack in the place where they will connect (depending on the desired angle of inclination). We mark how to cut it (at the top, at the junction and where it joins with the harness). Cut off all unnecessary, try on again, adjust if necessary. Further, on this blank, we make three more of the same.

Now the rafter system of the hipped roof can be assembled. Most of the questions arise about the junction of the rafter legs in the center. The best way - reliable and not too complicated - is to take a piece of timber of a suitable section, make an octagon out of it - for joining eight rafter legs (four corner and four central).

The size of the faces - along the section of the cut of the rafter legs

Having fixed all four central elements of the rafter system with nails, we do the same operations with the corner rafters: we take one, try it on, cut it out, make three copies according to the template made, and mount it.

By the same principle, we make half-legs (shortened rafters). If desired, all connections can be additionally reinforced with corners or metal plates, then the rafter system of the hipped roof will be more reliable and you can not be afraid even in the heaviest snowfalls.

We put the assembled system on the pillars of the gazebo, fasten it with nails, corners, and fix it with bevels. After that, you can mount the crate (in this case - solid) and lay the roofing material.

The technology of the device and the structure of the roof of houses are formed mainly depending on the climatic conditions of each individual region. The difficult-to-manufacture rafter system of a hipped roof is not suitable for northern latitudes, but is widespread in the European part of the world. Due to its merits, it has become widely used in our country.

In this article, we will consider a hipped roof, its advantages and disadvantages, as well as some of the installation features.

Already from the name it becomes clear that the hipped roof has four planes - slopes, this is its main difference from the classic gable roof.

An important feature of the hipped roof is that the construction of such a roof does not provide for gables and this makes it much easier to construct and makes it possible to significantly save materials.

1. Advantages of a hipped roof:

In regions with high wind loads, such a roof structure provides little wind resistance and reduces the load on the entire rafter system as a whole.
A gable roof is stronger than a gable roof and is less subject to deformation.
Such a design makes it possible to make overhangs and cornices of significant dimensions, which well protects the walls from precipitation.

2. Disadvantages of a four-slope rafter system:

Price. Such a rafter system is more expensive than a gable. But if we take into account the arrangement of brick gables for a gable structure, then the difference will not be so big.
Reducing the space in the attic. With an equal area, like the entire building, two additional slopes will reduce the inhabited volume of the attic space. On the other hand, with a residential attic, it must be heated, and with a smaller attic space, heating costs will decrease slightly.
Tilted window systems. They will regularly be exposed to snow, rain and other adverse events and the potential for leaks and loss of sealing is much higher than with vertically installed window systems.

3. Types of rafter structures of hipped roofs:

3.1 Classic hip

It is made of two slopes in the form of triangles and two trapezoidal ones, the rafters are made without fractures, they start from the ridge, the overhangs come out the same in height.

Diagram of the rafters of a hip hip roof

3.2 Tent

Visually it looks simpler, but it is much more difficult to install it with your own hands than a classic roof. It consists of a rafter structure, where rafters of equal length are installed, connecting in one place.

Scheme of rafters of a hipped roof

3.3 Other types

There are also such types of hipped roof as - half-hip, hip-pediment, multi-gable, tambourine other.

For comparison, the main types of hipped roofs can be seen in the figure below:

Types of hipped roofs; a - hip; b - hipped roof; in - half-hip; g - hip-pediment: 1 - ridge; 2 - hip; 3 - triangular slopes; 4 - pediment; 5 - slope; 6 - gutter (valley); 7 - support board

4. Features of the installation of a hipped roof

During the construction of a four-pitched roof - the main technical document is the construction drawings. Roofing diagrams can be easily found on the Internet, but if you want to be 100% sure of the reliability of your roof, then you need to contact the designers. The design firm will carry out the calculation based on the peculiarities of climatic conditions, wind and snow load, the size of the building and other important parameters, such a calculation will be strictly individual, which means it will be accurate and reliable.

The frame of the four-pitched roof is not made of rafter elements alone - the Mauerlat is located on the main load-bearing walls. This part of the structure must be mounted strictly in a horizontal position in order to ensure the exact geometry of the entire building. Ceiling beams are mounted on the support beam; in the manufacture of a wooden frame, the rafters are reinforced on top of the crown.

5. The device of the rafter system of the hipped roof:

To support the diagonal rafters, they are fixed with shortened rafters (rafters).
With a large roof area, truss trusses are used so that the loads are transmitted to them from the rafter beams. They are supported by additionally tightened wooden beams located longitudinally and transversely.
Next, the crossbars, struts, racks are installed and a tightening system is installed, these parts release the rafters from part of the load, due to which the structure gains additional rigidity.
From above, the diagonal parts are reinforced on a ridge girder, which in turn rests against the longitudinal beam of the attic ceiling. The height of the ridge is determined according to the design documentation.
To securely fasten the Mauerlat with the rafter legs, you need to make notches, do-it-yourself cuts, supplementing them with iron fasteners. The joints of the rafter legs and the support bar must be made carefully and reliably, the strength of the entire structure depends on them.
The horizontal rafters in the upper part are connected by horizontal ledgers, which can be made from a plank 40 mm thick and 120 mm wide. They are located 100 cm from the top of the ridge. Thanks to the crossbars, the hip slopes have good resistance to the loads from strong winds.
The roof overhang protrudes from the walls of the building at a distance depending on the length of the used rafters; if necessary, they can be lengthened by fastening two boards.
After the installation of the diagonal rafter elements, it is required to install the privates with a pitch of about 600 mm.

The name of the main elements of the rafter system of a hipped hip roof

After the system of the truss structure is fully equipped, it is necessary to make the crate, properly lay the waterproofing and vapor barrier and treat the wooden elements with antiseptic preparations.

If the equipment of the attic space for living quarters is not foreseen, then this type of roof is the most reliable and economical option for arranging a roof in a private house.

A roof of four slopes - what is it good for? The numerous operational advantages of this type certainly outweigh the disadvantages. Is the hipped roof truss system as simple as many newcomers to the construction business think? You will definitely find out soon! We will describe important nuances and features of the stages of erection of a hip roof in this article.

What you need to know about hipped roof truss systems?

There are two options for hipped roofs: hip roof and hip roof. The first type has the shape of a rectangular envelope, consisting of two main trapezoidal slopes and a ridge, and two pediment (side) slopes - triangles:

A hipped roof is four identical isosceles triangles connected at one upper point (resembles a tent):

Both options provide for the installation of both layered and suspended rafters, which are installed using standard technologies.

How to choose the type of rafter system for a 4-pitched roof?

In the absence of a central roof support, the choice is made in favor of a hanging rafter system. If you can find upper and lower supports for each rafter, then a layered structure should be chosen. This option is easier and more accessible for non-professional craftsmen. You just need to remember two main conditions: with a rigid fastening of the bottom and top, you need a reinforced Mauerlat, since the thrust is transferred to it; with a hinged mount or semi-rigid connection (for example, the top is articulated, and the bottom is rigid or vice versa), the Mauerlat does not need to be reinforced:

The choice of one of the types of hipped roof should be determined by the shape of the house itself. Tent rafters are erected for square houses, hip rafters for rectangular ones. Also, you can find complex multi-slope roofs of a combined type, which contain both hip and hip elements.

Both hip and hip structures retain the basic functions of a gable roof (for example, the possibility of arranging an attic) and look very aesthetically pleasing:

Why is a hipped roof more popular than a gable?

"Why then the extra headache and difficulties?" - you ask: "After all, you can build a simple gable roof much faster and cheaper." Here, the masters emphasize some important points in favor of choosing exactly four slopes for the roof:

High wind resistance. The four-pitched roof has no gables, all of its planes are inclined towards the ridge. Such a structure minimizes the impact of strong winds and reduces possible destructive consequences to "0".
The most successful load distribution. The multi-slope roof withstands the maximum amount of precipitation, since the gentle slopes take part of the main load. Therefore, sagging, deformation and destruction of the rafter system, in this case, have a minimal likelihood.
The availability of a choice of any method of roof insulation. Straight gables require a special approach when choosing the type of roof insulation, as they are located vertically and are susceptible to blowing by the wind. The gentle slopes of the hip and tent systems allow you to uniformly insulate the roof with any available material.

In addition to the listed "pluses", a roof with four slopes perfectly conserves heat, can be clad with any roofing material and always has a neat appearance.

The device of the four-slope rafter system

The four-slope rafter structure consists of the following elements: Mauerlat, ridge beam, central and hip rafters, slant legs, as well as benches, racks, crossbars, struts and other reinforcing details. Let's take a look at the most basic elements.

I. Mauerlat

Mauerlat is the most important design detail, since the entire rafter system is supported on it. It is a powerful wooden beam 100x200, 100x250, 100x100, 150x250, 200x200 cm. Mauerlat is made of solid quality wood, mainly conifers. The rafter system of a hip roof, like any multi-pitched roof, requires a solid fastening of the base bar. The order of installation of the Mauerlat in this case: the formation of a monolithic foundation at the end of the load-bearing walls with the installation of spiers; laying waterproofing; processing and installation of Mauerlat around the perimeter of the whole house; reinforced with anchors and other fasteners for maximum reliability of the base.

Mauerlat can be laid on the edge of the wall, or in the pocket provided for brick laying on the inside of the bearing walls.

II. Slant legs

Slant legs are the four corner rafters that rest on the edges of the ridge and the corners of the Mauerlat. They are the longest among all the rafter legs of the system, therefore they must have a section of at least 100x150 mm for maximum rigidity.

III. Ridge bar

The ridge girder is a horizontal beam that connects all the rafters, the top of the rafter system. The beam must be strengthened with uprights and struts. The ridge should be located strictly parallel to the plane of the attic floor and perpendicular to the uprights.

IV. Rafters

Rafters for a hipped roof are divided into: central (mounted on the Mauerlat and the ridge); main hip (attached to the ridge axis and Mauerlat); intermediate and shortened (installed on slant legs and Mauerlat, connect the corners of the slopes).

V. Reinforcing elements

Additional reinforcing elements include ridge posts, crossbars or floor beams, rafter leg struts, wind beams, etc.

Diy rafter system for a hipped roof

Consider the step-by-step process of erecting a truss structure. For clarity, we have chosen the most popular option - a hip roof. The rafter system hip roof, a diagram of which, step by step, is presented to your attention below:

Step I: Create the project

To depict your version of the hip roof in the drawing, it is necessary to calculate the height, length, slopes of the slopes and the area of the roof. This is necessary for a clear and high-quality implementation of the project and the selection of the required amount of consumables:

Calculations should start with the choice of the angle of the roof slopes. The optimal slope is considered to be an angle of 20-450. The slope must correspond to the climatic features of the region. So, in especially windy areas, the slope should be minimal, and for areas where precipitation is frequent and abundant, the steepest slope angle is required. In addition to the weather environment, you need to take into account the roofing material that you plan to use. For a soft roof, the degree of inclination should be less, for a hard one - more.

And one more small but important nuance on this issue - it is better to make the slope angle the same for all four slopes. So the load will be evenly distributed, and the structure will be as stable as possible, and the aesthetic appeal will remain “at its best”.

Now, knowing the angle of inclination and width of the house, we can use simple mathematics to calculate the height of the ridge, the length of the rafter legs, racks and other details of the rafter system. When calculating the length of the rafters, do not forget to take into account the eaves overhang (as a rule, its length is 40-50 cm).

The roof area for the purchase of the required amount of roofing material is calculated as the sum of the areas of all the slopes of the structure.

How to draw up a roof drawing correctly?

Select the scale of the drawing and transfer the dimensions of the house to scale on a sheet of paper;
Next, we transfer the selected dimensions of our roof to the diagram: the height of the ridge, its length, the number and size of rafter legs, struts, racks and all the details, in accordance with the calculations made earlier;
Now you can calculate all the necessary materials and start looking for them.

Step II: Getting Started

To erect a roof frame, you will need standard tools and equipment: drills, screwdriver, jigsaws, hammers, chisels, etc. We already know the required amount of materials for the rafter system, so we can make a purchase. The lumber for the frame should be solid, not have cracks, wormholes, have a light shade, without gray or yellow bloom, smell like fresh wood. Damp wood should not be laid on the roof immediately, it must be dried, treated with an antiseptic solution and dried again. The moisture content of the tree should not exceed 20%.

Step III: Mounting the Mauerlat

Mauerlat is the basic part of the entire rafter system. It transfers the spacer loads to the load-bearing walls of the house. Installing a Mauerlat for a hipped roof is no different from similar structures with two or one slope. This process is described in maximum detail in our previous articles.

The base beam, the parameters of which are described above, are placed on the armpole and high-quality waterproofing. If it is necessary to connect the Mauerlat, then the bars are cut in half of the section and overlapped using strong fasteners.

Step IV: Laying the slats or floor beams

If there are load-bearing walls inside the house, then on their ends it is necessary to install rods - the basis for the support racks of the roofing system. If there are no more load-bearing floors in the house, then the attic floor is covered with reinforced beams, on which the supports for the roof are subsequently installed, and then the attic floor pie is laid.

The beams must have a cross section of at least 100x200 mm. The step between them is 60 cm. You can slightly adjust this figure, depending on the characteristics of your home. The distance between the extreme beams and the Mauerlat should not be less than 90 cm. This distance is used for the installation of the semi-beams of the eaves overhang (extension). The stems are attached to the two outer beams using strong anchors and reinforced metal corners.

Step V: Installing Support Posts, Purlins and Ridge

The uprights are an important part for supporting the structure, they redistribute the weight of the rafter system onto the beds or floor beams. The racks are installed strictly perpendicular to the plane of the bed. In hipped roof systems, the supports are installed under the ridge beam (hip roof) or under the corner rafters (hip roof):

The uprights must be securely attached to the base using metal plates and reinforced corners. The purlins are installed as an additional support for the racks. In a hipped roof, the girders are rectangular, and for hips, these are ordinary ridge girders.

After we are convinced of the correctness of the installed supports (using a meter and a level), you can fasten the upper ridge bar. It is mounted on vertical posts and reinforced with reliable metal fasteners (plates, corners, anchors and self-tapping screws). Now we take on the corner stems:

Step VI: Installing the rafters

The first is to install the side rafters, which rest on the ridge beam and the Mauerlat (or are fixed with an extension). To do this, you need to make a template rafter with appropriate cuts. We attach the rafter leg to the ridge, mark the place where the rafters were washed down with a pencil, then mark the place where the rafters were washed down for docking with the Mauerlat and make the saws. Re-attach the rafter to the supports to make sure that the docking is correct and to correct any deficiencies. This pattern can now be used to make all side rafters. The installation of the rafter legs of the main slopes is carried out according to the general rules described in the device of the gable rafter system (see article and video).

Diagonal (corner) rafters are mounted next. Their upper edge is installed on the rack and joins the edge of the ridge bar. Before this, measurements are made and the corresponding saws of the rafter legs. The lower end of the diagonals is fixed at the corners of the Mauerlat:

Since the diagonal rafters are longer than all other legs, they require additional support. This function is performed by trusses - support beams that are installed under each diagonal leg, in its lower quarter (this is where the greatest load occurs). Sprengel, like the ridge posts, are installed on supporting corner beams located in the plane of the floor beams.

Between the corner ribs, the space is filled with auxiliary rafter legs - wedges. The lower part of them rests on the Mauerlat, and the upper part on the diagonal rafter leg. The step between the rafters should be equal to the step between the side rafters (50-150 cm).

Step VII: lathing

It remains to complete the final stage of the formation of the roof skeleton - the installation of the lathing. These are boards or bars of 50x50 mm, which are attached to the rafters parallel to the ridge girder and the Mauerlat. The pitch of the sheathing boards is 50-60 cm. This is quite enough for laying the roofing cake. When a soft roof is provided, the lathing is placed in 2 layers (counter lathing and lathing).

Finally, a few videos:

So, we have described the installation of the four-pitched roof truss system, its basic principles, and even went a little deeper into some of the nuances. Hip and hip designs - although not the easiest, but quite feasible option for every novice craftsman. Especially if he has good helpers. We wish you success in your work!

Do-it-yourself hipped roof: drawings and photos below.

How is a hipped roof mounted

Rafter system plan drawing

Installation of lathing, vapor barrier, waterproofing

Arrangement of different layers of a hipped roof requires careful attention to each stage of work.

Each layer to be laid has its own function, all layers together form a single system, which protects the structure.

Laying the lathing

The lathing is a wooden structure consisting of beams located across the rafter legs. The optimal cross-section of the lathing bars is 50x50 mm.

Before installing the board, the sheathing requires treatment with antiseptic agents..

The lathing is mounted either in a continuous layer or in a step of 100-150 mm (depending on the outer coating).

The lathing should be fastened with nails.

Installation of the lathing

Installation of vapor barrier

A vapor barrier film is installed in order to to prevent moisture from entering the thermal insulation layer... The vapor barrier film is attached to the sheathing boards with an overlapping stapler. Places of overlap are sealed with tape.

In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the film fits snugly against the boards. In places where pipes or windows are installed, rubber or polyurethane adhesive tapes can be used.

CAREFULLY!

The vapor barrier material should not bend around the sheathing boards in order to prevent the formation of places for the accumulation of water.

Water vapor has a high penetrating power, therefore installation of a vapor barrier is a very important stage of work.

Installation of vapor barrier

Installation of waterproofing

After installing the insulation, waterproofing is laid. Waterproofing does not let the moisture accumulated in the under-roof space inside the roofing cake. Like the thermal insulation film, the waterproofing is overlapped and the joints are glued.

It is especially important to correctly lay the film in the ridge part.... The ridge area is most susceptible to the accumulation of condensate vapors.

The importance of each stage in the installation of the roof of the hip roof should not be underestimated, and even more so to refuse to install any element.

Installation of waterproofing

Hip roofs are considered the most durable and durable... They were installed more than a hundred years ago, and such structures have proven to be reliable and durable.

Despite the complexity of the design, you can install it yourself, the main thing is to carry out each stage of work step by step in a clear sequence and choose high-quality, reliable material, because the roof should protect the house for more than a dozen years.

Useful video

In this video, you will learn how to build a hip roof with your own hands:

In contact with

In private housing construction, in addition to common gable roofs, more durable and rigid four-pitched structures are often used. They are distinguished by the absence of pediments, which replace the triangular slopes that cut off the ends of the ridge ridge. This configuration makes hipped roofs very attractive and economical, despite the fact that during their construction the length of the eaves, the number of downpipes and gutters increases. Therefore, they deserve the utmost attention.

Varieties of rafter systems for hipped roofs

The structure of the rafter system depends on the shape of the hipped roof. The following configurations are most common today.

Hip structure. All four slopes occupy the area from the ridge to the eaves, while two side slopes are trapezoidal, and two end slopes (hips) are triangular. A feature of the rafter hip frame is the presence of two pairs of diagonally layered rafters that run from the edge of the ridge and serve as supports for the spreaders and trusses.
The hip four-slope design is characterized by the fact that the slopes occupy the entire roof area - from the ridge to the eaves
Dutch semi-hip. A device with truncated end slopes that do not reach the cornice. As a rule, they are 2-3 times smaller than trapezoidal ones. The advantage of such a gable roof structure is the possibility of installing a conventional window at the ends of the house, as well as the absence of a sharp ledge typical for gable roofs, which greatly increases the wind resistance of the structure.
The Dutch semi-hip roof has truncated triangular slopes and a part of the pediment, into which a normal vertical window can be installed
Danish half-hip. It is characterized by the presence of a gable at the ridge in the triangular slopes, which allows for full natural lighting of the under-roof space without installing dormer windows.
Hip design. Installed on houses with a square frame. All four slopes of the hipped roof are identical isosceles triangles connected at one point. When erecting such a roof, an important aspect is the observance of symmetry.
The structure of the four-pitched rafter system depends on the selected roof configuration

Features of the supporting frame of the hipped roof

Immediately, we note that the rafter system of a gable roof will be more complex compared to traditional gable structures for two reasons.

Due to the increase in the number of inclined planes and their docking with each other. At its core, the connection of the slopes is the intersection lines going at a certain angle to the horizon. The joints that form an angle protruding above the surface of the slopes are called roof edges. From them, water flows down the slopes and accumulates in the gutters (valleys) - the lines of intersection with the inner corner. If all planes have the same slope, then the edges and valleys divide the angle of the base at the junction of adjacent slopes in two and create a 45 ° slope to the building perimeter.
Four-slope rafter systems are distinguished by the absence of full gables, instead of which there are two triangular end slopes, as well as by the presence of two lateral trapezoidal inclined planes, grooves and ribs
Due to the fact that the girders in the four-slope structure form a closed loop, where the hip (diagonal) rafter legs are located along the lines of the edges and valleys. They are longer than ordinary beams, which are installed longitudinally to the slopes at the distance between the intersections of the hip rafters in the upper harness. But between the lower parts of the diagonal legs, short rafters, called rafters, are mounted. A distinctive feature of the hipped roof frame is the presence of trusses - wooden struts for hip rafters.
Support girders in four-slope structures have a closed contour, where diagonal rafter legs are located along the lines of the valleys and edges

The main structural elements of the gable roof truss system are:

Thus, the number of elements of the rafter system of a gable roof is much greater than, for example, in a gable structure, and this, of course, increases the cost of its construction. However, in general, as we have already noted above, the arrangement of a hipped roof will not cost much more due to savings on laying the roofing pie, since the waste of insulation materials and covering decking when cutting on a multi-slope structure will be much less.

Despite the fact that the rafter system of the four-slope structure is more complex and expensive, the construction of the entire roof is more profitable due to the savings on arranging the roofing pie

In addition, the four-slope design:

Video: gable or hipped roof - what to choose

How to calculate the rafter system of a hipped roof

The supporting structure of a hipped roof can be layered, if the building has solid internal walls, or suspended, when intermediate supports are not provided in the building. With a hanging device, the rafters rest on the walls of the house and exert a bursting force on them. To relieve the load on the walls in such cases, a tightening is mounted at the base of the rafter legs, connecting the rafters to each other.

The use of a layered structure makes the frame lighter and more economical due to the fact that less lumber is required for its arrangement. Because of this, the layered rafter system is used much more often in the construction of multi-pitched roofs. But regardless of the type of rafters used, only the correct calculation of the supporting frame and accurate markings will increase the economic effect of the construction of a four-slope structure.

Layout and calculation of the supporting frame of the hipped roof

When calculating the rafter system, you must adhere to the following rules.

To determine the location of the rafters and find their length, you will need a template.

Using a template will make it much easier to measure and calculate the rafter frame of a hipped roof

The length of the rafter leg can be determined by its location (horizontal projection). For this, there is a special table of coefficients presented below. The length of the rafter is determined by the size of its projection, multiplied by a coefficient corresponding to the slope of the ramp.

Table: relationship between length and position of rafters

Roof slope	Coefficient for calculating the length of intermediate rafters	Coefficient for calculating the length of the corner rafters
3:12	1,031	1,016
4:12	1,054	1,027
5:12	1,083	1,043
6:12	1,118	1,061
7:12	1,158	1,082
8:12	1,202	1,106
9:12	1,25	1,131
10:12	1,302	1,161
11:12	1,357	1,192
12:12	1,414	1,225
Note: when erecting a roof frame, the data for which are not in the table (for non-standard slopes of the slopes), the parameters should be calculated according to the Pythagorean theorem or use a mathematical proportion.

Consider an example: a private house is being built in Yekaterinburg with a size of 7.5X12 m with a planned height of a hip roof made of metal tiles of 2.7 m.

First of all, we draw a drawing or sketch of the roof.
Before calculating the rafter system, it is necessary to make a sketch of the building and put all the initial data on it.
We find the angle of inclination of the slopes using the formula: the tangent of the angle of inclination is equal to the ratio of the height of the roof to half the length of the span, in our case - to half of the end side L = 7.5 / 2 = 3.75. Thus, tg α = 2.7 / 3.75 = 0.72. According to the reference tables, we determine: α = 36 °, which corresponds to the standards providing for a roof slope for metal tiles of at least 14 °, and the climatic conditions of Yekaterinburg.
The tangent of the slope of the slopes is determined by the well-known formula for calculating the sides of a right-angled triangle as the ratio of the opposite leg to the adjacent
We determine the position and edge of the ridge ridge, for which we apply a template at an angle of 36 ° in the middle of the upper trim of the end (where the first central intermediate rafter is installed) to a height of 2.7 m and design the outline for a sketch.
We retreat from the centerline (key) line ½ of the thickness of the ridge bar and set the end of the measuring rod at this point. At the other end of the rail, we mark the outer and inner contours of the side wall, as well as the overhang. We turn the rail to the side and from the inner corner of the outer strapping we mark the placement of the intermediate rafter along the mark of the inner contour, thus determining the installation location of the second intermediate central rafter.
When arranging the rafter frame of a hipped roof, the position of the central rafter legs is initially determined using a template and a measuring rail
We carry out similar actions at all corners, determining the edges of the ridge ridge and the location of all central rafter legs.
After planning the intermediate rafters, we determine their length from the table. In our example, the tilt angle is 36 °, its tangent is 0.72, which corresponds to a ratio of 8.64: 12. There is no such value in the table, so let's calculate the coefficient relative to the row with the parameter 8:12 - 8.64 / 8 = 1.08. This means that the desired coefficient is 1.202 1.08 = 1.298.
Multiplying the depth of the intermediate rafters by the calculated coefficient, we find their length. We take into account the depth of the laying of 3 m, then L p. = 3 · 1.298 = 3.89 m.
The length of ordinary and central intermediate rafters depends on the angle of inclination of the roof and the depth of their laying
Similarly, we determine the length of the diagonal rafters, having previously calculated the laying, equal to the distance from the corner of the connection of the side and end slopes to the first intermediate central rafter. According to the initial data, the laying of the corner rafters is 7.5 / 2 = 3.75 m.Then the calculated length of the corner rafters will be 3.75 1.298 = 4.87 m.
Corner rafters differ from intermediate undercuts with a double bevel in the ridge area, a deeper setting and a longer undercut length for the supporting part
We calculate the overhang according to the Pythagorean theorem according to the markings made, or simply add the desired size to the length of the rafters, for example, 0.6 m plus at least 0.3 m for arranging an external drain.
To calculate the length of the overhang, you need to multiply its inception by the coefficient for an intermediate or corner rafter, or add the planned length of the overhang to the calculated length of the rafters and at least 0.3 m for organizing an external drainage system
Having made the marking of all the elements of the rafter frame, we determine the length of the ridge ridge, which is equal to the difference between the length of the side side and the doubled value of the laying of the intermediate rafters: 12 - 2 · 3 = 6 m. It is at this distance that ordinary rafters will be installed. If you take a step of 1 m, then you will need 5 ordinary rafters, equal in length to the central ones. In addition, at the site of the intermediate central rafters, which has a length of 3 m, two short rafters will be installed on one and the other side of the side.
Since the short rafters (rafters) are attached to the diagonal rafters, it means that two rafters on the left and right will also be installed on the end sides between the corner and central intermediate rafters.

Let's sum up the preliminary result - for the rafter frame of a hipped roof you will need:

two pairs of hip (corner) rafters 4.87 + 0.6 + 0.3 = 5.77 m long;
three pairs of intermediate central rafters with a length of 3.89 + 0.6 + 0.3 = 4.79 m;
five pairs of ordinary rafters with a length of 4.79 m.

There are ten pairs of rafters in total, with a total length of approximately 100 linear meters. We add here 6 m for the ridge beam, as well as a ten percent stock, and we get that about 117 running meters of lumber is needed to make a simple hip rafter frame with struts, struts, crossbars, trusses and filly. But if the design provides for racks and a bed, then they will have to be calculated separately or add a larger percentage of the stock.

Video: rafter system of a hipped roof, installation technology

https://youtube.com/watch?v=n_Yr2QB3diM

The measuring rod greatly facilitates the work and helps to avoid gross errors in measurements. It is most often made independently from plywood 50 mm wide.

A few words must be said about short rafters. They are calculated in the same way as intermediate: laying multiplied by the coefficient for intermediate rafters from the table. However, the task can be facilitated and not specially calculate the length of the cribs, since the percentage of the stock is taken sufficient, and trimming of the boards will be needed to make the elements reinforcing the structure - struts, struts, crossbars, etc.

The length of the short rafters (rafters) can not be calculated, since the trimming of lumber is useful for the manufacture of reinforcing structural elements

Video: rafter frame of a hip roof, marking of elements and assembly

Calculation of the cross-section of lumber

After marking the position of the rafter frame components, it is necessary to select suitable lumber, that is, to determine their permissible section. For calculations, you will need a zoned map of snow and wind loads and thermal resistance, as well as auxiliary tables based on regulatory enactments - SNiP II-3–79, SP 64.13330.2011, SNiP 2.01.07–85 and SP 20.13330.2011.

The device of a hipped roof includes the determination of the required section of lumber, which is carried out based on the analysis of the loads on the rafter structure during operation

The load from the snow cover is determined by the formula S = S g · µ, where S is the required snow load (kg / m²); S g - standard load for real terrain, indicated in the map, µ - correction factor depending on the slope of the roof. Since the angle of inclination is in the range from 30 to 60 °, µ is calculated by the formula 0.033 · (60 - 36) = 0.792 (see the note to the table below). Then S = 168 · 0.792 = 133 kg / m2 (Yekaterinburg is located in the fourth climatic region, where S g = 168 kg / m2).

Table: determination of the µ value depending on the roof slope

Determining the angle of inclination of the roof
Tangent value	Angle α °
0,27	15
0,36	20
0,47	25
0,58	30
0,7	35
0,84	40
1	45
1,2	50
1,4	55
1,73	60
2,14	65
Note: if the slope angle (α) ≤ 30 °, then the coefficient µ is taken as 1; if the angle α ≥ 60 °, then µ = 0; if 30 °< α < 60°, µ высчитывают по формуле µ = 0,033 · (60 - α).

Table: standard snow loads by region

Region No.	I	II	III	IV	V	VI	Vii	VIII
S g, kg / m 2	56	84	126	168	224	280	336	393

The wind load is calculated by the formula W = W o k c, where W o is the standard indicator for the map, k is the tabular index, c is the drag coefficient, varying from -1.8 to +0.8 and depending on the slope of the slopes ... If the angle of inclination is more than 30 °, then according to SNiP 2.01.07–85 p. 6.6, the maximum positive value of the aerodynamic index, equal to 0.8, is taken into account.

Yekaterinburg belongs to the first zone in terms of wind load, the house is being built in one of the city districts, the height of the building together with the roof is 8.7 m (zone "B" in the table below), which means W o = 32 kg / m², k = 0 , 65 and c = 0.8. Then W = 32 · 0.65 · 0.8 = 16.64 ≈ 17 kg / m². In other words, it is with such a force that the wind at a height of 8.7 m presses on the roof.

Table: value of the indicator k for different types of terrain

Building height Z, m	Coefficient k for terrain types
Building height Z, m	A	V	WITH
≤ 5	0,75	0,5	0,4
10	1,0	0,65	0,4
20	1,25	0,85	0,55
40	1,5	1,1	0,8
60	1,7	1,3	1,0
80	1,85	1,45	1,15
100	2,0	1,6	1,25
150	2,25	1,9	1,55
200	2,45	2,1	1,8
250	2,65	2,3	2,0
300	2,75	2,5	2,2
350	2,75	2,75	2,35
≥480	2,75	2,75	2,75
Note: "A" - open coasts of seas, lakes and reservoirs, as well as deserts, steppes, forest-steppe, tundra; "B" - urban areas, forests and other areas, evenly covered with obstacles more than 10 m high; "C" - urban areas with buildings with a height of more than 25 m.

Table: standard wind load by region

Region No.	Ia	I	II	III	IV	V	VI	Vii
W o, kg / m 2	24	32	42	53	67	84	100	120

Now let's calculate the load on the supporting frame from the weight of the roof. To do this, add the weight of all the layers of the roofing cake laid on top of the rafters. We leave the rafters open to achieve a decorative effect, which means we lay all layers on top of the rafters. The load of the roof on the elements of the rafter system will be equal to the sum of the weights of the metal tile, lathing and counter-lathing, insulation films, insulation, additional lathing and ventilation slats, a solid base made of plywood and facing material of the under-roof room.

When determining the load on the supporting frame from the weight of the roof, the weights of all layers of the roofing pie laid on top of the rafters are summed up

The weight of each layer can be found in the manufacturer's instructions, choosing the highest density value. We calculate the thickness of the heat insulator using the thermal resistance map for a certain area. We find it by the formula T = R λ P, where:

T is the thickness of the heat insulator;
R is the standard of thermal resistance for a specific area, according to the map enclosed in SNiP II-3-79, in our case 5.2 m 2 · ° C / W;
λ is the thermal conductivity coefficient of the insulation, which for low-rise construction is taken equal to 0.04;
P is the highest value of the density of the heat-insulating material. We will use Rocklight basalt insulation, for which P = 40 kg / m².

So, T = 5.2 · 0.04 · 40 = 8.32 ≈ 9 kg / m². Thus, the total roof load will be 5 (metal tile) + 4 (solid flooring) + 23 (main, additional and counter battens) + 0.3 2 (insulating films) + 9 (insulation) + 3 (facing) = 44 , 6 ≈ 45 kg / m².

Having received all the necessary intermediate values, we determine the total load on the supporting frame of the hipped roof: Q = 133 + 17 + 45 = 195 kg / m².

The permissible cross-section of sawn timber is calculated by the formulas:

H ≥ 9.5 · L max · √, if the angle α> 30 °;
H ≥ 8.6 L max √ if α< 30°.

The following conventions are used here:

H - board width (cm);
L max is the maximum working length of the rafters (m). Since the layered rafter legs are connected in the ridge area, the entire length is considered to be working and L max = 4.79 m;
R outg - an indicator of the resistance of wood to bending (kg / cm). According to the set of rules 64.13330.2011 for grade II wood, R = 130 kg / cm;
B is the thickness of the board, taken at random. Suppose B = 5 cm;
Q r - load per linear meter of one rafter leg (kg / m). Qr = A · Q, where A is the step of the rafters, which in our case is 1 m.Therefore, Q r = 195 kg / m.

Substitute the numerical values into the formula → H ≥ 9.5 4.79 √ = 9.5 4.79 0.55 = 25.03 cm ≈ 250 mm.

Table: nominal dimensions of softwood edged boards

Board thickness, mm	Width (H) boards, mm
16	75	100	125	150	-	-	-	-	-
19	75	100	125	150	175	-	-	-	-
22	75	100	125	150	175	200	225	-	-
25	75	100	125	150	175	200	225	250	275
32	75	100	125	150	175	200	225	250	275
40	75	100	125	150	175	200	225	250	275
44	75	100	125	150	175	200	225	250	275
50	75	100	125	150	175	200	225	250	275
60	75	100	125	150	175	200	225	250	275
75	75	100	125	150	175	200	225	250	275
100	-	100	125	150	175	200	225	250	275
125	-	-	125	150	175	200	225	250	-
150	-	-	-	150	175	200	225	250	-
175	-	-	-	-	175	200	225	250	-
200	-	-	-	-	-	200	225	250	-
250	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	250	-

From the table, the thickness of the board with a width of 250 mm can vary from 25 to 250 mm. The table of the dependence of the section on the step and length of the rafters will help to determine more specifically. The length of the intermediate rafters is 4.79 m, the step is 1.0 m - we look at the table and select the appropriate section. It is equal to 75X250 mm.

Table: section of lumber depending on the length and pitch of the rafters

Rafters step, cm	Rafters length, m
Rafters step, cm	3,0	3,5	4,0	4,5	5,0	5,5	6,0
215	100X150	100X175	100X200	100X200	100X200	100X250	-
175	75X150	75X200	75X200	100X200	100X200	100X200	100X250
140	75X125	75X175	75X200	75X200	75X200	100X200	100X200
110	75X150	75X150	75X175	75X175	75X200	75X200	100X200
90	50X150	50X175	50X200	75X175	75X175	75X250	75X200
60	40X150	40X175	50X150	50X150	50X175	50X200	50X200

Here is another table for those who will use sawn hardwood.

Table: maximum deviations from the nominal dimensions of the boards

We check the correctness of the calculations by substituting the numerical parameters into the following inequality / ≤ 1. We get (3.125 · 195 x 4.79³) / (7.5 x 25³) = 0.57 - the section is chosen accurately and with a good margin. Let's check less powerful beams with a section of 50x250 mm. Substitute the values again: (3.125 · 195 x 4.79³) / (5 x 25³) = 0.86. The inequality is fulfilled again, so a 50x250 mm beam is quite suitable for our roof.

Video: calculation of the rafter system of the hip roof

After all the intermediate calculations, we summarize: for the construction of the roof, we need 117 running meters of edged board with a section of 50X250 mm. This is approximately 1.5 m³. Since it was originally agreed that it is desirable to use lumber of the same section for a four-slope hip structure, then for the Mauerlat, the same timber should be purchased in an amount equal to the perimeter of the house - 7.5 · 2 + 12 · 2 = 39 linear meters. m. Taking into account the stock of 10% for cutting and scrap, we get 43 running meters or about 0.54 m³. Thus, we need about 2 m³ of sawn timber with a cross section of 50X250 mm.

The length of the rafters is the interval from the undercut for the support part to the undercut for the ridge bar.

Video: an example of calculating a roof on an online calculator

Rafter system installation technology

The arrangement of a four-slope structure has its own characteristics, which must be taken into account:

Manufactured and assembled in compliance with all the rules, the rafter frame of a layered type for a hipped roof will be a non-thrust structure. It is possible to prevent the appearance of gaps if, in the places of support on the Mauerlat, the planes of the rafters are made horizontal.

In most cases, two schemes are used to support the rafter legs.

In four-slope hip designs, the length of the corner legs is often greater than the typical length of lumber. Therefore, the timber and boards are spliced, trying to place the joints at a distance of 0.15 span length (L) from the center of the supports, which is approximately equivalent to the interval between the support points. The rafters are connected using the slanting cut method, tightening the joints with Ø12-14 mm bolts. It is recommended to cut it down on the rafters, and not on the support bar, so that the cut does not weaken the supports.

Since the standard length of most lumber does not exceed 6 m, diagonal rafters are built up along the length using the oblique cut method and connected with bolts when using a bar or nails and clamps if boards are spliced

Table: position of supports for corner rafters

Span length, m	Support types	Location of supports
less than 7.5	rack or brace	at the top of the rafters
less than 9.0	rack or brace	at the top of the rafters
less than 9.0	sprengel or rack	at the bottom of the rafters - 1 / 4L pr
over 9.0	rack or brace	at the top of the rafters at the bottom of the rafters - 1 / 4L pr
	sprengel or rack	in the center of the rafters
	rack	in the center of the rafters
Note: Lпр - the length of the span, which is covered by the rafters.

To dock the rafters with the rafters, the top of the half rafters is grinded, keeping in the same plane with the corner legs, and fixed with nails. Placing the rafters on the rafters, they strictly monitor that they do not converge in one place. If you use not a cut, but cranial bars of 50x50 mm, stuffed in the lower zone of the rafters on both sides, when installing the rafters, then the stiffness of the rafter legs will be higher, which means that their bearing capacity will increase.

To increase the rigidity of the rafter frame, it is recommended to use cranial bars stuffed on both sides in the lower part of the rafter legs when installing the rafters

Do-it-yourself installation of a rafter structure

The construction of a four-pitched roof frame is carried out in several stages.

Materials are marked and calculated, after which roofing material is laid as waterproofing along the entire perimeter of the building. A support for racks and a Mauerlat is laid on top of it, fixing it to the walls, fixing it especially well in the corners.
Mauerlat in four-slope structures fits around the entire perimeter and attaches well to the walls, especially in the corners, to create a strong knot for attaching diagonal rafters
The frame for the ridge run is installed and the run itself is laid, rigidly maintaining the height and spatial arrangement of the ridge, since the strength and reliability of the entire rafter structure directly depends on this.
Place the support posts using a water level for leveling and secure under the ridge with inclined supports. The arrangement of the racks is done based on the configuration of the roof - in the hip structure, the racks are installed in one row with an interval of no more than two meters, and in the hipped roof - diagonally at the same interval from the corner.
The central intermediate rafters are mounted, and then the privates, filling the middle of the side slopes.
According to the markings, angular rafters are installed, preferably made with reinforcement, resting them with the lower part on the corner of the Mauerlat, and with the upper fragment on the rack. Here they make a bookmark for the eaves and drain.
Next, they place semi-rafters (rafters), reinforcing the lower part of the diagonal legs with sprengs, which will partially unload the corner rafters, and sheathe the perimeter of the roof with a wind board.
Truss grating is used for steep roofs and relatively large spans in order to avoid deflection of diagonal rafters
After the installation of the rafter system, the roofing cake is laid, the eaves and the drainage system are equipped.
When installing the rafter system of a four-pitched roof, you need to carefully consider joining the diagonal rafters, the central rafter from the side of the end of the building, as well as the ridge beam

Video: hipped roof on nails and a stool

Self-erecting a hipped roof is, of course, not an easy process. But if you have the measuring instruments, as well as the necessary tools, you will succeed. The main thing is the desire to assemble the structure with your own hands and the desire to adhere to general principles. And in order for the roof to last as long as possible and retain its amazingly beautiful appearance, try not to save on the elements of the rafter frame and use modern reliable metal fasteners for wood to fix them.