Humanity is a perpetuum mobile. What it is? An engine that never stops. This is a kind of beautiful myth for representatives of pseudoscience. It has been theoretically proved that the existence of such an engine is impossible, but dreamy mechanics do not want to agree with this.

Literature and thermodynamics

So, the perpetuum mobile is a perpetual motion machine, which, according to the first law of thermodynamics, will remain an unrealizable dream of mankind. But if this were possible, then such a device on an appropriate scale (and they will be much larger, because human greed knows no bounds) will lead to overheating of the Earth and, accordingly, terrifying cataclysms.

So it is better to seal this dream firmly on the pages of literature, which, in fact, many writers have taken care of. For example, in one of Shukshin's works, the characters talk about a perpetual motion machine:

- What is a perpetual motion machine?

- Well, this one is a perpetuum mobile. A normal perpetual motion machine that they could not invent in any way...

Perpetual motion machines: modern classification

The perpetual perpetuum mobile is an imaginary invention that works more and consumes less energy. In the modern world, it is customary to divide such engines into two types:

1. Perpetuum mobile of the first kind is a device that works without energy consumption. And of course, it is impossible to create such a device.
2. Perpetuum mobile of the second kind- this machine, when launched, must turn into energy all the heat that surrounds it. It is also impossible to create such an engine, based on the second law of thermodynamics.

After repeated attempts to create engines of the first and second kind, unsuccessful, by the way, the beginnings of thermodynamics decided to consider postulates that are not questioned.

Excursion into history

Who dreamed of inventing the perpetuum mobile? As the pages of history show, everyone dreamed of creating such a device: from simple peasants to intelligent scientists. And even if today you ask any modern person about this, he will undoubtedly say that the perpetuum mobile is a useful thing.

Since the 12th century, when society began to actively develop in various directions, people found out what it is - a perpetuum mobile, and began to make the first attempts to create it. It all started with water wheels: looking at this invention, mankind began to desire greater efficiency.

Now it is difficult to say where and when the idea of ​​creating a perpetual motion machine arose. It is also impossible to say who first came up with such an idea. The earliest mention of a perpetual motion machine was found in the writings of the Indian poet and mathematician Bhaskar. Also, Arabic manuscripts of the 16th century have survived to our time. Scientists believe that the ancestral home of the first perpetual motion machines is India. Around 1150, Bhaskara, in one of his poems, described a wheel with vessels of mercury attached to the rim. The principle of operation of the first perpetuum mobile is quite simple. It is based on the fact that at different moments there is a different force of gravity, which is created by the liquid that moves in the vessels.

In Europe, they learned about it in the era of the development of mechanics (approximately the 13th century). The idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine became especially widespread in the 16th-17th centuries. The number of perpetual motion projects grew very quickly, some of them were created and turned out to be failures, and some remained drawn. For example, like drawings of Leonardo da Vinci's perpetual motion machine.

controversial issues

Each physicist will confirm: the engine, which has already been set in motion once and is kept in this state independently and permanently, is a perpetuum mobile, which is already the reason for the emergence of many polemical questions.

One of the most notable problems is the preservation of perpetual motion. That is, the engine would need to be maintained in a state of strength, because no matter how you look at it, physical objects tend to wear out.

The second question arose on the basis of the so-called "intrinsic value". Scientists constantly argued about which engine can be called perpetual. For example, a device that, when fully assembled, will immediately start working on its own, or one that needs to be started manually.

In the first half of the 19th century, Johann von Poppe made an interesting conclusion for his time: “Perpetuum mobile is a chimera that led many scientists into a quagmire of hopelessness. If we understand by perpetual motion an object that all the time without additional external energy is in constant motion, and therefore is not subject to the usual earthly frailty, then every reasonable person will understand for himself that the existence of such a thing is impossible. But if we call a perpetuum mobile a device that is able to constantly restore the root cause of its movement without external intervention until it stops from wear, then its invention is quite possible.

In the Middle Ages, the creation of a perpetual motion machine was shrouded in a veil of secrecy, because of which a lot of speculation and superstition arose around. Some scholars considered the perpetuum mobile as significant as the Philosopher's Stone.

Failed attempts

The most ancient design of a perpetual motion machine is similar to a cogwheel: weights were attached to its recesses, which leaned back on hinges.

Their geometry is very simple: weights on the left side are closer to the axis than weights on the right. In theory, according to the law of the lever, this should have set the wheel in motion. By design, during rotation, the loads would have to recline to the right and retain the force directed to the movement. There is just one small “but”: the author did not take into account the fact that the loads on the right, although they have a longer lever, are inferior in number to the loads on the left, so if such a wheel is made, it will be motionless, since the moment of force on both sides is identical.

This experience was not the only one in the history of trial and error to create a perpetual motion machine.

Illusion

Attempts to create a perpetuum mobile - a perpetual motion machine, the photo of which is presented in the article, lasted until the end of the 17th century. At this time, Cardano and Galileo begin to insist that it is impossible to create such a device. Stephen Simon, listening to the most controversial opinions, discovers the law of the equilibrium of the plane of inclination. This made it possible to substantiate the law of the addition of three forces in a triangle. Based on new laws and experimental results, by the end of the 18th century, most scientists conclude that the perpetuum mobile is just an unrealizable illusion that physicists have fun thinking about at their leisure.

Today, there is a lot of controversy and debate on this issue. Perhaps in the distant future the dream will become a reality, but for now it remains only to think about how the perpetual motion machine will look like and how it will help humanity.

The idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine has excited mankind since ancient times. Among the inventors of the perpetual motion machine were also scientists who sincerely believed in the possibility ...

By Masterweb

23.02.2018 16:39

The golden dream of mankind in all ages was to create a device that would produce work without consuming anything and without spending its own resources - a perpetual motion machine (perpetuum mobile in Latin).

The first descriptions of such a device are found in ancient Arabic and Indian manuscripts.

The question arises: perpetuum mobile - what is it?

Bhaskara Engine

The Indian astronomer and mathematician Bhaskara, who lived in the 12th century and wrote a number of works on astronomy and mathematics that have come down to us, proposed one of the first versions of the perpetuum mobile. The description of the perpetual motion machine has come down to us in one of his poems. The eternal perpetuum of the mobile was a wheel, to the diagonal spokes of which vessels with mercury were attached. When the wheel rotates, mercury flows in the vessels, the center of gravity changes, and the wheel must rotate by itself continuously.

Perpetuum mobile - what is it? A goal to strive for, or something impossible?

Inventors of the perpetual motion machine

The inventors of the perpetual motion machine run into the thousands. Attempts to create it were also made by great people. Among the sketches of Leonardo da Vinci, a sketch of a perpetuum mobile was discovered. Nikola Tesla and Michael Faraday also tried to create such a device.

In the 18th century, the alchemist and engineer Johann Bessler, also known as Orphyreus, created a "working" model of a perpetual motion machine. The device was a cloth-covered wooden wheel with an axle in the center that rotated in a locked, empty room for 14 days. "Self-propelled wheel" created a sensation in society. Even Peter the Great became interested in him when the rumor reached Russia. Orphyreus categorically refused to reveal the secret of his invention. Bessler's maid, having quarreled with her master, said that she and the alchemist's brother moved the wheel, pulling a cord from the next room.

Depending on the development of science, inventors tried to create engines using magnets, electric batteries, water jets.

Abbot Giuseppe Zamboni created a "perpetual electric motor" based on a dry battery without the use of acid. The Zamboni pendulum worked for several decades, after the death of the inventor.

In 1775, the French Academy of Sciences announced that it would no longer consider the problems of perpetual motion and squaring the circle.

Variants of perpetual motion machines

The list of designs of perpetual motion machines can be continued for a long time. With the development of radio engineering and electronics, inventors tried to use elements of electrical and radio circuits for this.

Interesting options include:

Water screw by Robert Flood. A water wheel that continues to grind grain under the action of recirculating water. Cox's perpetual clock, which he says was based on mechanical and philosophical principles. The Karpen battery, which was created in the 50s of the last century and still produces voltage. Newman's electric machine, which he claims produces more power than was used. Otis Carr's UFO engine that uses gravitational energy unknown to science.

Perpetual motion machines of the first kind

With the development of theoretical thermodynamics, its three main principles were formulated. In accordance with the principles of thermodynamics, the genus perpetuum mobile is determined. The first law of thermodynamics describes the law of conservation of energy.

And perpetual motion machines capable of working and producing energy without consuming anything are called engines of the first kind. The law of conservation of energy is fundamental. Nature forbids the existence of perpetual motion machines of the first kind.

Perpetual motion machines of the second kind

The second law of thermodynamics is a principle that describes the direction of heat transfer between bodies. It is described by the postulates of Clausius and Thomson, which prohibit the transfer of heat from a less heated body to a hotter one.

Perpetual motion machines of the second kind are called engines that use the internal heat (energy) of a closed system to work. Perpetual motion machines of the second kind are rather ingenious devices. It is not immediately possible to consider a violation of physical laws in them. Sometimes they have very scientific names. For example, a parametric electric machine, a heat-to-electricity converter, an alternator motor, a system that creates power from the energy of an electrostatic field, etc. The essence of this does not change.

Maxwell's Demon

To illustrate the second law of thermodynamics and to explain what it is - the perpetuum mobile, James Maxwell came up with some fantastic creature that is in a closed volume and, like ping-pong balls, throws molecules with a high temperature in one side of the vessel, and with a small temperature - to another. As a result, one part of the vessel is heated and the other is cooled without using additional energy. If we neglect the energy that Maxwell's demon should receive, we have an almost perpetual motion machine. It remains to come up with a demon that would agree to work without consuming anything. The image of Maxwell's demon is also found in literature. In the novel by the Strugatsky brothers "Monday begins on Saturday" Maxwell's demons open and close the doors of NIICHAVO. Ken Kesey used this image to demonstrate the relationship between good and evil in human society. Maxwell's demon of the "first kind" is also found in Stanislav Lem.

Devices that last forever continue to be invented to this day. And some even manage to get a patent. True, patent offices avoid the name "perpetual motion", but the essence of this does not change. So, in 2005, the American Boris Wolfson patented a certain device based on antigravity, which, without consuming anything, would create gravity on board spacecraft, and in 1995 our compatriot Alexander Frolov received an American patent for "devices for creating useful work without the use of external sources.

A perpetual motion machine, or in Latin "perpetum mobile", is a hypothetical machine that could function forever after giving it an initial impulse and without the need for a subsequent supply of energy to it.

Laws of thermodynamics

To understand whether a perpetum mobile is possible or not, one should recall the first two laws of thermodynamics:

1. The first law of thermodynamics says: "Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it can only pass into different states and forms." That is, if work is done on a given system or it exchanges heat with the external environment, then its internal energy changes.
2. The second law of thermodynamics. According to him, "the entropy of the universe tends to increase with time." This law indicates in which direction it will flow spontaneously. In addition, this law implies the impossibility of energy transfer from one form to another without loss.

Perpetuum mobile of the first and second kind

The perpetual motion machine, or in Latin perpetuum mobile, is of two kinds:

1. A perpetual motion machine of the first kind is a machine that constantly works without the supply of external energy and at the same time does some work. That is, the perpetum mobile of the first kind contradicts the first law of thermodynamics, which is why, by the way, it was called the engine of the first kind.
2. A perpetual motion machine of the second kind is any machine that works with periodic cycles, converting one type of energy into another, for example, mechanical to electrical and vice versa, without any losses in the process of this transformation. That is, a perpetual motion machine (perpetuum mobile) of the second kind contradicts the second law of thermodynamics.

Impossibility of existence

A perpetual motion machine of the first kind contradicts the fundamental law of physics on the conservation of energy in an isolated system, therefore it cannot exist. As for perpetuum mobile of the second kind, it is also impossible, since in any running engine energy is dissipated in various ways, mainly in the form of heat.

Given that the laws of thermodynamics have been verified by several centuries of experiments and experiments and have never failed, we can safely say that any projects of perpetual motion machines are a hoax. Such projects often arise in various religious circles, in which there are beliefs about endless sources of energy and so on.

In addition, various mental "paradoxes" appear from time to time, which, it would seem, demonstrate the efficiency of certain perpetuum mobiles. In all these cases, we are talking about errors in understanding the laws of physics, so such mental "paradoxes" are instructive.

Historical search for perpetual motion machines and their importance for the development of mankind

The laws of thermodynamics were finally established in the second half of the 19th century. According to them, any running machine cannot transfer energy from one state to another with a coefficient of efficiency equal to 100%, not to mention the constant supply of energy to other systems without supplying it to the machine itself.

Despite this, many people in the course of history and to this day have been looking for and continue to look for various designs of working perpetual motion machines, which can be compared with a kind of "elixir of youth" in the field of mechanics.

All designs of such machines are based on the use of different weights, angles, physical or mechanical properties of specific substances that can move constantly and even create an excess amount of usable energy. Speaking of modern times and its huge energy needs, one can understand the importance of the perpetum mobile, which would become a real revolution in the development of mankind.

Going back in history, it should be said that the first known designs of perpetual motion machines began to appear in medieval Europe. It is believed that the first model of a perpetual motion machine was a corresponding invention in Bavaria in the 8th century AD.

Notable designs of perpetual motion machines in the Middle Ages

Unfortunately, to date, nothing is known about the existence of perpetum mobile projects in societies before the Middle Ages. No information has been preserved that the ancient Greeks or Romans created such machines.

The most ancient invention of the perpetual motion machine, which is known to mankind, is the magic wheel. Although no pictures of this invention have been preserved, historical written sources say that it dates back to the time of the existence of the Merovingian Empire in the territory of modern Bavaria in the 8th century. However, some historians say that this machine did not really exist and that all information about it is a legend.

Bhaskara was a famous Indian mathematician who is recognized as the most influential scientist of the Middle Ages on his continent. His work on differential equations predates similar work by Newton and Leibniz by 5 centuries. Around 1150, Bhaskara invented a wheel that was supposed to turn forever. Unfortunately, this invention was never constructed, but it is the first undoubted evidence of attempts to create perpetual motion.

The first invention of a perpetual motion machine in Europe is the car of the famous French freemason and architect of the 13th century, Villard de Honnecourt. It is not known for sure whether his invention was constructed, but in the diaries of Villard de Honnecourt they find an image of his perpetuum mobile.

The legendary engineer and inventor from Florence, Leonardo da Vinci, also created several perpetual motion machines, and in this respect he was several centuries ahead of his time. These machines, of course, turned out to be inoperable, and the scientist concluded that perpetual motion machines could not exist in physics.

Perpetual motion machines of modern times

With the advent of the perpetual motion machine, it became a popular pastime, and many inventors spent their time creating such a machine. This boom is connected primarily with the success in the development of mechanics.

Thus, the 16th-century Italian inventor Mark Zimara designed an ever-working mill, and the Dutchman Cornelius Drebbel dedicated one of these inventions to the English king. In 1712, engineer Johann Bessler analyzed more than 300 such inventions and decided to create his own perpetum mobile.

As a result, in 1775, members of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris issued a decree that they would not accept any inventions that are associated with the subject of a perpetual motion machine.

thought experiments

In theoretical physics, thought experiments are often used to try to test fundamental physical laws. Regarding the topic of perpetual motion machines, the following projects can be mentioned:

• Demon Maxwell. We are talking about a violation of the second law of thermodynamics, when a hypothetical demon separates a mixture of gases. This thought experiment allows us to understand the essence of the entropy of the system.

• A perpetual motion machine that performs work due to thermal fluctuations and therefore can run forever. In fact, it will work as long as the environment has a higher temperature than the engine itself.

Is the hope of creating a perpetual motion machine completely dead?

We cannot say with certainty that a mechanism capable of working forever will never be invented, since humanity still does not know much about the Universe in which it lives. Perhaps a species of exotic matter will be discovered, such as black matter in space, about which almost nothing is known. The behavior of this matter may force us to reconsider the laws of thermodynamics. These laws are so fundamental that any change in their scope will be similar to the influence of Albert Einstein's theory on the laws of classical mechanics of Isaac Newton and on the development of physics in general. It is also possible that perpetual motion exists in objects whose behavior is subject to quantum mechanics.

• Perpetuum mobile of the first kind- an engine (an imaginary machine) capable of doing work indefinitely without fuel or other energy resources. Their existence contradicts the first law of thermodynamics. According to the law of conservation of energy
• Perpetuum mobile of the second kind- an imaginary machine that, when set in motion, would turn into work all the heat extracted from the surrounding bodies (see Maxwell's Demon). They contradict the second law of thermodynamics. According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, all attempts to create such an engine are doomed to failure.

Story

An Indian or Arabic perpetuum mobile with small obliquely fixed vessels partially filled with mercury.

Attempts to study the place, time and cause of the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine is a very difficult task. It is no less difficult to name the first author of such an idea. The earliest information about Perpetuum mobile seems to be the mention that we find in the Indian poet, mathematician and astronomer Bhaskara, as well as separate notes in Arabic manuscripts of the 16th century, stored in Leiden, Gotha and Oxford. At present, India is rightfully considered the ancestral home of the first perpetual motion machines. Thus, Bhaskara, in his poem dating from about 1150, describes a kind of wheel with long, narrow vessels, half-filled with mercury, attached obliquely along the rim. The principle of operation of this first mechanical perpetuum mobile was based on the difference in the moments of gravity created by the liquid moving in vessels placed on the circumference of the wheel. Bhaskara justifies the rotation of the wheel in a very simple way: “The wheel thus filled with liquid, being mounted on an axis lying on two fixed supports, continuously rotates by itself.” The first projects of a perpetual motion machine in Europe date back to the era of the development of mechanics, around the 13th century. By the 16th-17th centuries, the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine was especially widespread. At this time, the number of projects of perpetual motion machines submitted for consideration to the patent offices of European countries was growing rapidly. Among the drawings of Leonardo Da Vinci, an engraving with a drawing of a perpetual motion machine was found.

Unsuccessful designs of perpetual motion machines from history

Rice. 1. One of the oldest perpetual motion designs

On fig. 1 shows one of the oldest designs of a perpetual motion machine. It represents a cogwheel, in the recesses of which hinged weights are attached. The geometry of the teeth is such that the weights on the left side of the wheel are always closer to the axle than on the right side. As conceived by the author, this, in accordance with the law of the lever, should have brought the wheel into constant rotation. During rotation, the loads would recline to the right and retain the driving force.

However, if such a wheel is made, it will remain motionless. The differential reason for this fact is that although the weights on the right have a longer lever, on the left there are more of them. As a result, the moments of forces on the right and left are equal.

Rice. 2. The design of a perpetual motion machine based on the law of Archimedes

On fig. 2 shows the device of another engine. The author decided to use Archimedes' law to generate energy. The law is that bodies whose density is less than the density of water tend to float to the surface. Therefore, the author placed hollow tanks on the chain and placed the right half under water. He believed that the water would push them to the surface, and the chain with wheels would thus rotate endlessly.

The following is not taken into account here: the buoyancy force is the difference between the water pressures acting on the lower and upper parts of an object immersed in water. In the design shown in the figure, this difference will tend to push out those tanks that are under water on the right side of the picture. But on the lowest tank, which plugs the hole, only the force of pressure on its right surface will act. And it will exceed the total force acting on the rest of the tanks. Therefore, the whole system will simply scroll clockwise until the water pours out.

Patents and copyright certificates for a perpetual motion machine

Literature

• Voznesensky N. N. About perpetual motion machines. M., 1926.
• Ihak-Rubiner F. perpetual motion machine. M., 1922.
• Kirpichev V.L. Conversations on mechanics. Moscow: GITL, 1951.
• Mah E. The Principle of Preservation of Work: The History and Root of It. SPb., 1909.
• Michal S. Perpetual motion machine yesterday and today. M.: Mir, 1984.
• Ord-Hume A. Perpetual motion. The Story of an Obsession. Moscow: Knowledge, 1980.
• Perelman Ya. I. Entertaining physics. Book. 1 and 2. M.: Nauka, 1979.
• Petrunin Yu. Why didn't the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine exist in antiquity?// Petrunin Yu.Yu. The ghost of Tsargrad: unsolvable problems in Russian and European culture. - M.: KDU, 2006, p. 75-82

Notes

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Synonyms:

See what "Perpetuum Mobile" is in other dictionaries:

Engine, perpetual motion, play, perpetuum mobile, perpetual motion Dictionary of Russian synonyms. perpetuum mobile n., number of synonyms: 4 perpetual motion (1) ... Synonym dictionary

PERPETUUM MOBILE, non-segment, husband. and cf. (lat. perpetuum mobile, lit. constant movement) (book). Perpetual motion, perpetual motion. Unrealizable dreams of a perpetuum mobile. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

PERPETUUM MOBILE, non-segment, husband. and cf. (book). In ideal representations: a perpetual motion machine. Inventors of the Perpetuum Mobile. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

PERPETUAUM MOBILE, the same as a perpetual motion machine ... Modern Encyclopedia

- (from Latin perpetuum mobile, eternally moving) 1) the same as a perpetual motion machine. 2) The name of an instrumental piece, the melody of which unfolds in continuous rapid movement in short durations ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Call them free energy machines, perpetuum mobile or perpetual motion machines. A tiger is still a tiger no matter what color you paint its stripes. Since mankind needs electricity or another source of energy, inventive minds have been searching in vain for an ingenious solution: free energy for all time without any fuel. Sketches and drawings, "how to make a perpetual motion machine," historians have been finding since there were technical sketches. Projects of perpetual motion appear even now, even more often than before. Today we are going to consider the most famous example of a perpetual motion machine and convey to the public understanding that such a miracle does exist.

The meaning that a perpetual motion machine cannot and will not work does not require proof. But since claims of such a possibility do not subside, the discussion deserves attention. Strictly speaking, it would be unscientific for the author to assert that such a possibility exists. A perpetual motion machine would violate the law of thermodynamics. But the fundamental laws of the universe are so inviolable that the author is going to get out from under their influence. The first law of thermodynamics states that the energy of a closed system remains constant. If part of the energy needs to be removed, for example, through the rotation of a shaft, at least the same amount of energy must be returned to the system. The second law of thermodynamics says that the entropy of an isolated system can only increase and cannot decrease. In general, systems tend to thermal equilibrium. Simply put, the second law forbids processes in which heat flows from an area of ​​lower temperature to an area of ​​higher temperature, or where heat is converted completely into work. Any perpetual motion machine is impossible because it violates one or both laws of thermodynamics.

The most common perpetual motion designs are based on a magnetic motor. The magnets are arranged continuously in a circle and must turn the rotor, push the balls around, or keep another structure moving forever. Now such designs are a hybrid of an electric motor. The inventors claim that the kinetic energy of such a motor exceeds the cost of electricity, once launched, it can rotate forever. Internet searches scream thousands of similar projects. Many show a video of a running machine. How can all this be understood? Does the author claim that all these guys are lying?

No, but the author says that anyone claiming a perpetual motion machine is wrong. In most cases, the inventor does not have a physical education, and did not study the principles of operation of electromechanical systems. Most perpetual motion inventors are amateurs and quite honestly (albeit deeply) mistaken. Most often they represent diagrams, notes and calculations performed independently. Some admit that they do not fully understand what is happening in their version of the perpetual motion machine. But, more often than not, they claim to have refuted the laws of nature by applying unique knowledge.

Early versions of the perpetual motion machine are described in the 12th century. The most famous of these is the Bhaskara wheel, whose spokes are half-filled with mercury and curved so that the heavy fluid tends to move away from the axis when moving down, and tends to the axis of rotation when moving up, providing a lever to maintain rotation. A similar design, called the wheel with unequal balance, was repeated for many centuries in many versions. The 13th century Willard's wheel uses mallets instead of a heavy liquid. The 15th century Taccola wheel uses suspended levers. Leonardo da Vinci drew a whole series of wheels with unequal balance, although he knew that eternal rotation was impossible.
In 1870, author Henry Dircks quoted Leonardo:

“...Fitting such a wheel with many balancing parts and making it spin will cause it to stop because you are fooling yourself with such a design… Although the heavier parts of the wheel are further from the axis of rotation and their torque increases, the driving force of the entire wheel remains unchanged.”

A special place in the history of perpetual motion machines is occupied by the German watchmaker Johann Bessler. He designed a huge number of wheels, which he demonstrated in the early 1700s. Its huge wheels, driven by a pendulum, had a closed mechanism. Bessler received support and widespread recognition, although he was considered by many to be an illusionist in addition to his fame as a skilled watchmaker. The most famous demonstration of the continuously spinning wheel lasted for 53 days in a sealed, closed room guarded by Bessler's patron, the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel. But since the room was windowless, and Bessler was always the first to enter and the last to leave, the skeptics weren't sure that the wheel would keep turning.

Physics is still physics, whether we talk about a simple or complex mechanism with funny terminology and connected to a battery. In 2006, Steorn announced a device called Orbo, which, as everyone knows, was a classic magnetic motor. All public demonstrations failed (except when the battery was connected), but they still claimed progress. For decades, a guy named John Searl claimed to have built a magnetic motor called the Searl Effect Generator and claimed to fly around the area in a flying saucer with his motor.

In recent years, many have claimed that coils of wire generate electricity. The most famous are the “hanks of Rodin”, named after the author Marko Rodin. According to him, it is based on the principle of vortex mathematics, a new science invented and recognized by him. The perpetual motion machine of the Canadian inventor Thane Heins, has an exotic name Perpettia bi-toridal transformer (Perepiteia bi-toroidal transformer). Observers came to the conclusion that this is an ordinary electric motor and only Haynes himself assures that more electricity is generated than consumed.

As you might imagine, many perpetual motion advocates look to Nikolo Tesla and his 1900 article in the Century Illustrated Magazine. Some have interpreted Tesla's article as a confirmation of the possibility of a perpetual motion machine. A quick glance at the article will tell you that Tesla didn't touch on the issue of perpetual motion at all. An article about the possibilities of heat pipeline and heat transfer from a warm region to a cold region. Tesla didn't discuss the possibility of breaking the law of thermodynamics, he discussed the possibility of using it.

A common misconception associated with perpetual motion models is that many of them are patented. A patent confirms only the originality of the design and cannot serve as a recognition of the performance of a particular device. In fact, a large number of incredible mechanisms have been successfully patented and failed in testing. Perpetual motion machines are not patentable in most countries. In the US, this is called the "applicability requirement". In order to obtain a patent, a device must have a minimum applicability. The law excludes the possibility of patenting perpetual motion machines, based on their impossibility. Simply put, you won't get a patent for an "intergalactic transformer" until you submit a valid design.

The most common case of patent refusal is described on the official website as (the Manual of Patent Examining Procedure) and has been in force since 1977. Joseph Newman was an eccentric who developed his own theory of gyroscopes and electromagnetism. The patent for the motor was denied because the principle violated the laws of nature. Newman filed appeals, which were also denied. His mood was very serious, and in 1989 a lawsuit was filed against the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks. The judge appointed a specialist to review Newman's prototype. The specialist carefully studied the design and performance of this version of the perpetual motion machine. And, although he understood that Newman was wrong, he admitted that the outgoing energy exceeded the expended.

But the court did not recognize, and sent the invention to the National Bureau of Standards for testing. The conclusion of the Bureau did not coincide with the conclusions of the specialist. The device is a conventional DC-to-AC converter and is only slightly inferior in efficiency to known devices of this type. The court's decision was not in Newman's favor, but he appealed again. Claimed the Bureau's tests were wrong. Ultimately, a federal court upheld the local court's decision.

A discussion about perpetual motion machines would not be complete without a mention of the conspiracy theory cited by proponents of exotic inventions. The main argument in the government's refusal to register perpetual motion machines is the support of the oil magnates. Conspiracy theory sites such as InfoWars, Rense.com and Natural News support the perpetual motion machine. And films like Thrive, too.

On the surface, the theory seems plausible, but on closer inspection it falls apart. First, said suppression does not seem to exist at all. Various perpetual motion machines are advertised all the time, YouTube is tearing up daily updates on perpetual motion machines that supposedly work. In whatever form suppression is expressed, it is completely ineffective. A lot of people have been crusading in defense of their perpetual motion machine for decades. Neither the agents in black from the government, nor the agents of the oil magnates are preventing this struggle for a bright future of free energy. Books stay on the shelves, videos stay on YouTube, patents stay on file and are publicly available. The suppression of the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine is difficult to confirm.

Why do decent inventors pursue the goal of creating a perpetual motion machine when the foundations of the theory speak of the impossibility? Patent attorney Gene Quinn offered an explanation:

“The pursuit of the impossible, at least the impossible based on the known laws of physics and nature, is a serious motivation for many. Young sci-fi enthusiasts become scientists who challenge conventional wisdom and try to create the devices of their dreams."

There is also the age-old desire for a magically quick solution to a difficult problem. Not many people have such persistent aspirations. It does not matter what is considered: super-health, psychological super-strength or perpetual motion machine. A fair number of people are obsessed with the idea of ​​achieving this. Inevitably, including positively minded amateurs, they deceive themselves and other non-specialists with alleged discoveries. The dream of a perpetual motion machine is inexhaustible.

Translation Vladimir Maksimenko 2013

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Comments on “”

1. Andrey

   Are there people who know how to make a perpetual motion machine?

   Answering the question posed in the title of the article, I say a firm "Yes".
   And one of them, recently deceased, Richard Feynman, who claimed that in
   the vacuum enclosed in a bulb of an electric bulb contains so much
   enough energy to boil all the oceans. Of course, "vacuum energy"
   nothing to do with it. Everything is much simpler. We are talking about the possibility of translating reactive
   energy at the input to the active on a resistive load by connecting to the circuit
   link of pure delay (ZChZ) providing a lag of current from voltage on
   90 degrees. Such a device completely imitates an ideal inductance.
   Thus, the VD circuit is very simple and can be described as a chain of U-ZCHZ-R
   (the designations are standard). Apparently, the Nobel laureate meant
   under ZChZ two counter-parallel connected vacuum diodes.
   According to the author of this comment, due to the small inertial mass of the electron, the frequency
   applied voltage should be in the region of 30 terahertz.
   When using more inertial energy carriers of electromagnetic
   fields (e.g. domains of magnets), achievement of the required phase shift is available
   at audio frequencies.
   To the question of conspiracy theories: what made Feynman so "ciphered"?
   Will this comment be published?

2. Andrey

   Perpetual motion machines of the 2nd kind
   (Electrohydrogen generators)
   The source of energy is the environment. Forms of energy - thermal energy + any types
   ionizing radiation. The working fluid undergoing transformation in the work-water cycle.
   Cycle: WATER - HYDROGEN + OXYGEN - WATER.
   Here we consider the semi-cycle WATER - HYDROGEN + OXYGEN

   The principles of operation of the devices are based on the utilization of ionization energy by separating
   charges and their subsequent neutralization on the electrodes. As a result, we have an electric
   current and gas. It differs from the electrolysis of water in that it is not supplied
   and no electrical energy is consumed from an external source.
   The author knows 2 principles for the implementation of such devices.
   This is the "Maxwell's Demon" and the static electric field of the contact difference
   potentials.

   "Maxwell's demon" is the gravitational field. Experiments show that the negative electric potential
   acquires an electrode having a greater gravitational potential.
   It follows that negative ions have less mass than positive ones. The generation mechanism is that the charges
   having different masses but the same kinetic
   energy (in a statistical sense) rise to different heights in
   gravitational field (see also EVG Studennikov)
   These devices are monothermal, and moreover, anti-entropic,
   since during operation, heat is processed into more ordered forms of energy carriers (gas and electricity)

   Experimental data: experiment No. 1
   plastic hose diam.
   10mm, 2m long filled with 0.1% (v/v) sulfuric acid solution, with graphite electrodes
   at the ends of the hose, was vertically suspended on the wall
   apartments. A voltmeter with an internal resistance of 1 mΩ is connected to the electrodes. Observations were carried out during the year.
   Results: a day later, the generation mode was established
   voltage 60-70 millivolts. (-) on the top electrode and (+) on the bottom. Voltage fluctuations are caused
   variability of temperature and radiation background.
   experience number 2

   plastic watering hose 5 m long, D 15 mm, graphite electrodes D 10 mm
   hung from the balcony. Temperature 35.
   Pure water from a faucet 50mV (+) on the top electrode (-) on the bottom.
   the addition of total salt gave an increase of 5 mV
   Pure tap water with practically insoluble boric acid
   4 to 12 mV (-) on the top electrode (+) on the bottom.
   And here is the solution to the polarity reversal
   directory > chemical encyclopedia:
   Hydroxonium ion (hydronium cation) H? O? , the hydrated form of the proton. exists in aqueous solutions of acids, is part of some pseudohydrates.
   In the first experiments, probably due to the low temperature and the short EMF generation hose in
   pure water was not observed. This time there was no sulfuric acid on hand. But I think that
   and so everything is clear.

   Unlike electrogravitic devices, devices powered by
   contact potential difference, do not require heat supply to create
   potential differences. The only thing that matters is the presence of ions in the water.
   One of the promising water ionizers are weakly radioactive elements, such as ash from cigarettes.
   Non-destructive cathode (-) is N-doped silicon (substrate 2000a thyristor, anode (+) graphite rod. The source of ions is water. When the electrodes are closed with a microammeter (R = 10 ohm), a current of 0.4 mA is recorded. Water decomposes.

   The insolubility of the cathode is due to the band mechanism of electrical conductivity p/p.
   Explanations: only the electrons of the conduction band are involved in the N-p / p electrical conductivity.
   That. electrons bound to the crystal lattice do not allow the electrolyte to pull out positive ions from the lattice. This is true, at least for the energy range considered here.
   The contact potential difference creates an electrostatic field in the water, which causes the directed movement of ions. In this case, even the simplest HIT from aluminum, graphite and water is a superunit generator, if we take into account the additional energy generated due to the contact potential difference.
   And although superunity, against the background of the electrochemical reaction of dissolution of the cathode, will be a small fraction, but this is a fact.

   The released hydrogen and oxygen can be used in fuel
   element.

3. Parfirych

   I didn't believe in perpetual motion. I often thought about the inertioid and once on a belt drive I drew weights with a uniform step. Did not believe. Calculated and wrote the article "On the existence of an inertioid, perpetual motion machine and asymmetry".

4. Ukhar

   For example, I proposed a new concept of wind turbines. Everyone shied away from her like hell from incense. This is a perpetual motion machine, but this cannot be! All I hear. And why can't four (at least) wind turbines provide energy for one electric motor?

5. Michael

   I made a self-rotator assembly, where 2 levers 0.5 kg + 0.5 kg = 1.0 kg, descending at an angle of 60 degrees, raise the lever 1.6 kg 95 degrees using gears. I continue to study the mechanism further. See information Yandex SELF-ROTATOR

6. Sergei

   Look here:
   http://si-is.ucoz.ru
   It is interesting that there is a substantiation of structures within the framework of the generally recognized theory of interactions, with the exception, in fact, of the law of conservation of energy.

7. Valery

   Inertioid and perpetual motion machine, what is it for
   In the early 1990s, there was a poster with the inscription “Gravity Engine” at the exhibition of technical creativity of young people, I stopped and looked at the drawing. The organizer of the exhibition came up, talked to him about the perpetual motion machine, after which he asked me to convince the author to remove the poster. “Otherwise, you will develop documentation,” he joked and followed the author. It was clear that reference to the law of conservation of energy could not be avoided, there was information about the construction of metaphysical laboratories, cracks for dispersing clouds and other innovations. There was no pencil, I had to prove it “on my fingers”, the author understood and removed the poster.
   And I thought, an interesting thing happens: the world around us is in perpetual motion, and we do not allow the idea of ​​modeling perpetual motion. Perhaps that is why the words of Goethe do not lose their relevance: "My friend the theory is dry, but the tree of life is eternally green."
   The calculation of the devices shown in Figures 1 and 2 of the article "On the existence of an inertioid, perpetual motion machine and asymmetry" is made through 0.1 steps of installing weights. When calculating after 0.05 steps, the obtained indicators decrease by about a factor of two. That is, having shown a method for calculating simple circuits, I proposed to search for more efficient options. For example: run the tape on large pulleys along the chord, which will reduce the number of weights.
   The calculation of the rotor in Figure 3 is done with sufficient accuracy to make a decision. About 3,000 high-sensitivity bubble flasks will be required to make the rotor. And if by calculation it is possible to increase the release of the moment of force by ten times, one cannot do without flasks. The sensitivity of nature can be judged by the following fact: In sinks installed oppositely a few meters from the equator, the funnels rotate in different directions when draining water.
   About the possibility of using the rotor to generate energy: When the rotor rotates, there is no vertical speed at the points of 0 and 180 degrees. At the points of 90 and 270 degrees, the vertical speed is equal to the linear speed, that is, there will be an acceleration along the vertical, which will be superimposed on the acceleration of gravity, as a result of which the pressure of the bubble on the flask will change, in addition, during rotation, centrifugal force will arise and the bubble will shift. All this will not allow the rotor to gain momentum, and it will rotate very slowly, more precisely, self-unbalance or have asymmetry.
   Therefore, it is not necessary to count on the practical application of the rotor as a "perpetual motion machine", and the recognition of the existence of self-unbalance is a matter of curiosity and time. What cannot be said about the inertioid to which no alternative has yet been found.
   To recognize the existence of an inertioid, experimentation is necessary. The device schemes described in the note “On the release of centrifugal force to obtain thrust” of this article have a calculated thrust of up to 3 percent of the total centrifugal force on a semicircle, but are difficult to manufacture. The designs of more efficient devices may turn out to be no less complex, which calls into question the manufacture of a device in a handicraft way, and the development of documentation, the manufacture of experimental samples and laboratory equipment is beyond the power of amateurs.
   Retired engineer Pronota V.P.

8. Vladik-ShokoVladik

   Scientific stereotypes, accepted in science as its "indestructible" scientific postulates, stopped the thinking of many scientists, and people in general, both past and present, being in it a certain mental cunning brake that prevents them from easily understanding absolutely simple things, and which is a certain help, an engine-driver, for creating in the mind of many of them, the uttermost highly complex ugly nonsense!!!

9. Zoom

   Nothing is eternal, the LAW of life. But let's look at a nuclear reaction, the energy costs to start it.
   much lower than what we get. The sun is a perpetual motion machine or not. From this position, I suppose you need to look.
   From the standpoint of an engine whose efficiency is more than one, but not about eternity, this cannot be theoretical in nature.

10. Vitaly

    Well, why is VD considered only in relation to the laws of conservation of energy and thermodynamics, and the law of gravity is gravity, it is also energy. Find in the Google search engines articles on the topic: “Perpetuum Mobile” by Putev-M.D.G. or an essay on the topic: “Gravity controlled by mechanisms”

11. Vladyokha

    Everything is simple!!! Decent inventors do not design perpetual motion machines for the sake of issuing a patent to them, but design it for the benefit of human society and the ecology of the planet Earth!!!

12. Vladyokha

    Over-unit closed system energy recovery - battery-motor-generator: ((((((((A/100%*B%+A)/100%*B%+A)/100%*B%+A)/ 100%*B%+A)/100%*B%+A)/100%*B%+A)/100%*B%+A)/100%*B%+A)/100%*B% + A) \u003d ..., where: A - the energy of the primary source (let's say it is the electric current of the battery), constantly supplied to power the engine with it; 100% is 100% of the energy, and making these 100% in the calculations is finding 1% of the energy, both once, from the very original energy of the primary source, and constantly, from the value of the figure of the newly recovered energy by the system - battery - engine-generator; In% - this is a figure in%, the efficiency of a single cycle of energy recovery, by the system - battery-engine-generator, generated by its generator. And if the efficiency - V%, is equal to this system - the battery-motor-generator is 50%, then the system produces by its generator 1 (100%) of energy equal to that 1 (100%), which it constantly feeds from its battery. But if it, this system - a battery-motor-generator, has its efficiency - V%, equal to more than 50%, then it produces more than 1 (100%) - the energy that is constantly fed by its battery, generating it with its generator! And at the same time, this system does not even violate, so to speak, the law of conservation of energy, because every time at the entrance of recuperation, its energy is A, it spends this recuperated energy on itself and spends it repeatedly in order to complete its new work, which means that it does not produce its useful work each time more than it spends on its production of its own energy, although it is capable of building it in itself, many times more than all the energy that its battery was charged at the very beginning!

    28.04.2017

    From the theory of electrical circuits, the phenomenon of current resonance is known.
    With a parallel connection of capacitance C and inductance L and when performing
    conditions (2πf) ² = 1 / С L-current does not flow through the voltage supply circuit.
    Formally, this is described as follows: Ic=jU/Xc , IL=-jU/XL.
    when Xc and XL are equal. the sum of the currents in the supply circuit is 0
    The current IL lags the current Ic in phase by an angle π. If the inductance is replaced
    to active resistance R= XL. connected in series
    a link of pure delay (ZChZ) providing a lag of the current from
    voltage at the angle π / 2, then there is nothing in the operation of the resonant circuit
    not change except
    the fact that heat will be released on the resistance R Q \u003d RI²
    This is a meaningful description of the task, it is simple and
    understandably.
    If you use two counter-parallel
    included vacuum diodes, it would seem that the idea is easy
    is being implemented. With the light hand of R. Feynman,
    this idea circulates on the Internet, under the name "vacuum energy"
    Feynman is often cited as saying that in a vacuum contained in a balloon
    light bulbs contain so much energy that it can be boiled
    all oceans. According to available estimates, for the implementation
    the desired phase shift requires a frequency in the region of 3 terahertz (3 * 10¹5 Hz), in view of
    small inertial mass of the electron. For more massive charge carriers (mercury ions) 2 * 10¹² Hz, which will practically lead to the radiation of energy through the walls of the vessel, which is not
    reaches the consumer
    The following is one of the options
    implementation of the ZCHZ based on the inertia of the rotation of the magnetic
    domains where the desired phase shift can be achieved even at audio frequencies.
    The bottom line is that the secondary winding covers
    two cores. The first core is a conventional transformer in
    in which the magnetic flux remains constant at a constant
    input voltage u₁= jω Ф ₁ w₁
    there is no demagnetizing winding in the second core
    and therefore Ф₂ depends only on the load current. With increasing load current, the amplitude
    Ф₂ increases “With a certain increase in the amplitude of the remagnetizing field, a phase shift φ appears between the periodic functions H=Hm sinωt and B=Vt sin(ωt-φ).”
    Quote from Mishin D.D. Magnetic materials.M. 1981 page 29.
    The overwhelming majority work on this effect.
    resonant fuel-free generators differing from each other only
    ZCHZ design. This is the already mentioned “vacuum energy”, the Shoulders tube,
    Kapanadze generator, etc.
    To quantify the expected effects, it is necessary to formalize
    the above qualitative considerations.
    to the presentation of which we turn.

    Double circuit transformer

    (ZCHZ)
    CALCULATION SCHEME

    i₁
    f₂
    w₁

    mathematical model taking into account the delay by
    magnetization reversal

    magnetic flux Ф₁ is created by two magnetizing forces w₁ i₁ and w₂i₂
    F₁=ff₁(w₁ i₁- w₂i₂) F₁=L₁ i₁/ w₁-Mi₂/ w₂
    M coefficient of mutual inductance
    the magnetic flux Ф₂ is created by one magnetizing force
    F₂= ff₂ w₂i₂ F₂= L₂ i₂/w₂
    where ff is the form factor of the core
    ff=µS/P – here µ is the absolute magnetic permeability of the core material,
    S cross-sectional area, P perimeter
    note that the inductance L=ffw²
    Ф \u003d iL / w i - current in the winding, w - number of turns of the winding
    EMF of self-induction U= jωLi , j=√-1 , ω=2∏f where f is frequency in Hz, ∏=3.14
    In the frequency description of the model chosen here, based on the transformation
    Fourier, the pure delay link is introduced as a multiplier e-j ωT
    T delay time or ωT=φ delay angle
    Ф₂e-jωT= ff₂ w₂i₂ or Ф₂= L₂ i₂ ejωT/w₂

    Magnetic flux in the secondary winding

    The sum of magnetic fluxes Ф₀= Ф₂ + Ф₁= L₂ i₂ ejωT/w₂ + L₁ i₁/ w₁-Mi₂/ w₂

    Ф₀=L₂ i₂ ejωT/w₂ + L₁ i₁/ w₁-Mi₂/ w₂
    generates voltage U₂=jωw₂ Ф₀
    U₂= jωw₂ (L₂ i₂ ejωT/w₂ + L₁ i₁/ w₁-Mi₂/ w₂)

    Or
    U₂= jω L₂ i₂ ejωT + jω L₂ i₁ — jω Mi₂

    Magnetic flux in the primary winding

    Ф₁=L₁ i₁/ w₁ — M i₂/w₂

    U₁= jωL₁ i₁ — jω L₁ i₂
    Because Mw₁/w₂ = L₁

    we have 3 equations
    U₁= jωL₁ i₁ — jω L₁ i₂ 1.
    
    jω L₁ i₁ w₂/ w₁= jω L₂ i₁
    U₂= jω L₂ i₂ ejωT + jω L₂ i₁ - jω Mi₂ 2.
    i₂z = U₂ 3.
    with 3 unknowns i₁, i₂ and U₂
    where z =jx+r complex load
    jointly solve 3 and 2
    i₂z = jω L₂ i₂ ejωT + jω L₂ i₁ — jω Mi₂

    i₂ = jω L₂ i₁ /(z + jω M- jω L₂ ejωT)

    or
    let's substitute i₂ into 1.
    U₁= jωL₁ i₁ - jω L₁(jω L₂ i₁) /(z + jω M- jω L₂ ejωT)
    U₁= jωL₁ i₁ + L₁ ω² L₂ i₁) /(z + jω M- jω L₂ ejωT)

    U₁= jωL₁ i₁ +(M² ω² i₁) /(r+jx + jω M- jω L₂ ejωT)

    for U₁ and i₁ to be orthogonal, it is necessary

    so that the expression
    
    did not contain a real part
    ej φ = cos φ +jsin φ
    (M² ω² i₁) /(r+jx + jω M- jω L₂ ej φ)
    (M² ω² i₁) /(r+jx + jω M- jω L₂ (cos φ +jsin φ))
    those. r=- ω L₂sin φ
    because function sin φ is odd, then r= ω L₂sin(- φ)
    this is the orthogonality condition

    reactive component