Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic. The USSR. Tajik SSR Tajik SSR

(448 thousand inhabitants as of January 1, 1976). The largest city is Leninabad (121 thousand inhabitants). New cities have grown: Nurek, Ordzhonikidze-abad, Isfara, Regar, Kairakkum, Khorog, etc. The Tajik SSR includes Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Okrug and 2 administrative regions. In April 1977, a third region was formed - Kurgan-Tyubinskaya. The Republic is divided into 41 districts; has 18 cities and 47 urban-type settlements. Nature . Over 90% of the territory is occupied by mountains belonging to the Tien Shan, Gissar-Alay and Pamir systems (with the highest point of the USSR - Communism Peak, 7495 m). On . - the western outskirts of the Ferghana Valley, in the south-west. - Vakhsh and Gissar valleys. Minerals: non-ferrous and rare metal ores, fluorite, coal, natural gas, table salt. The climate is continental. The average January temperature is from 2, -2 °C in the valleys and foothills of the Yu.-W. and C. to -20 ° C and below in the Pamirs, in July, respectively, from 30 to 0 ° C and below. Precipitation (on plains and in valleys up to a height of 500 m) 150-300 mm per year. The main rivers are the Syr Darya, the Amu Darya (with the Vakhsh), the Zeravshan; lake - Karakul. The soils are gray earth, brown, mountain-meadow. Desert, steppe and alpine-meadow vegetation prevails. Historical reference. A class society on the territory of Tajikistan arose in the 1st half of the 1st millennium BC. . (State of Bactria). In the 6th-4th centuries. BC e. the territory was ruled by the Iranian Achaemenids, Alexander the Great. From 3 . BC e. was part of the Greco-Bactrian and Kushan kingdoms; during this period, invasions of the Chionites, Ephthalites, and Turks took place; popular uprisings of Mazdak and Abrui. In the 8th c. the people offered heroic resistance to the Arab conquest (Mukanna's uprising). In the 9th-10th centuries. territory within the state of Tahirids and Samanids; the Tajik people were mainly formed. In the 10th - early 13th centuries. was part of the states: Ghaznevids, Karakhanids, Khorezm. In the 13th century conquered by the Mongol-Tatars; national liberation struggle against the Tatar yoke (uprisings of Malik Sanjar, Tarabi, Timur-Melik). In the 14-15 centuries. territory within the Timurid state; from the 16th century - the Khanate of Bukhara and a number of small feudal estates. In 1868, the northern part of the territory was annexed to Russia (parts of the Fergana and Samarkand regions), the Bukhara Khanate in vassal dependence on Russia; inclusion in the system of the all-Russian economy accelerated the emergence of industry. At the beginning of the 20th century the first social-democratic circles appeared. The working people of the region participated in the Revolution of 1905-07, the Central Asian uprising of 1916, the February Revolution of 1917 and the Great October Socialist Revolution. Soviet power in northern Tajikistan was established in November 1917 - February 1918. By the end of 1918, Soviet power was proclaimed throughout the entire territory of Tajikistan. In 1918-1923, with the help of the Red Army, the working people defeated the White Guards and the Basmachi. In 1921-22, land and water reforms were carried out. According to the national-state demarcation, on October 14, 1924, the Tajik ASSR was formed as part of the Uzbek SSR, and on December 5, 1929, the Tajik SSR was a part of the USSR as a union republic. As a result of the industrialization, the collectivization of agriculture and the cultural revolution carried out under the leadership of the Communist Party, a largely socialist society was built in the republic. During the Great Patriotic War, the Tajik people mobilized all their forces to repel fascist aggression. As of January 1, 1976, the Communist Party of Tajikistan had 92,842 members and 3,874 candidate members of the party; there were 313,089 members in the ranks of the Leninist Communist Youth Union of Tajikistan; there are 786,080 trade union members in the republic. The Tajik people, together with all the fraternal peoples of the USSR, achieved new successes in communist construction in the post-war decades. The Tajik SSR was awarded the Order of Lenin (1956), the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972) and the Order of the October Revolution (1974). Economy . During the years of socialist construction, Tajikistan became an industrial-agrarian republic. The Tajik SSR in the complex of the national economy of the USSR stands out as one of the areas of cotton growing, the extraction of non-ferrous and rare metal ores, light and food industries. Tajikistan is the country's main base for the production of fine-staple cotton. Tajikistan has developed economic ties with all union republics. In 1975, industrial output exceeded the 1940 level by 14 times, and the 1913 level by 121 times. Tab. 1. - Production of the most important types of products Electricity, billion kW h194019701975 0.06 3.2 4.7 Coal, thousand tons204 887 868 Oil (including gas condensate), thousand tons 30 181 274 Gas, million m3 2 388 419 Mineral fertilizers (in conventional units), thousand tons - 252 406 Power transformers, thousand kVA -13792162 Cement, thousand tons - 8721010 Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and parts, thousand m3 of products - 628 814 Cotton fiber, thousand tons 60.9 235.0 277.6 Cotton fabrics, million m 0.2 99.9 113.1 Silk -raw, t254 322 355 Silk fabrics, mln. PC. 0.5 5.7 5.8 Outer knitwear, mln. pieces - 3.6 3.7 Leather shoes, mln. pairs 0.5 6.1 6.9 Vegetable oil, thousand tons 3.5 68.8 94.5 Canned food, mln. the most important types of industrial products, see the data in Table. 1. The most important power plant is Nurek HPP. Non-ferrous metallurgy was created. The food industry (primarily oil-and-fat, wine-making, and horticultural) accounts for about one-fourth of the gross industrial output (1975). Mechanical engineering and light industry are developed, chemistry is developing. Gross agricultural output in 1975 quadrupled compared to 1940. At the end of 1975 there were 147 state farms and 242 collective farms. In 1975, 28,400 tractors (in physical units; 3,900 in 1940), 2,900 cotton pickers, 1,200 grain harvesters (0,100 in 1940), and 13,900 trucks (1,500 in 1940) worked in agriculture. Agricultural land in 1975 amounted to 4.1 million hectares (29% of the total territory), including arable land - 0.8 million hectares, hayfields - 0.03 million hectares, and pastures - 3.18 million hectares. Irrigation is essential for agriculture. Built: Big Gissar, Dalverzinsky, Big Fergana, Northern Fergana canals; Farhad, Kairakkum, Nurek reservoirs. The area of irrigated land in 1975 reached 567,000 ha. Agriculture provides about 73% of the value of the gross agricultural output (1975). Data on sown areas and gross harvest of agricultural crops, see Table. 2. Tab. 2. - Sown areas and gross harvest of agricultural crops 194019701975 Total area under crops, thousand hectares 92 Gross harvest, thousand tons Cereal crops324222227 Raw cotton172727836 Vegetables 44206284 The leading branch of agriculture is cotton growing. An essential oil crop is cultivated - geranium. Horticulture and viticulture were widely developed. The trench culture of lemons has been mastered. The area of fruit and berry plantations (including citrus fruits) was 66,000 ha in 1975 (21,000 ha in 1940), and vineyards, 22,000 ha (8,000 ha in 1940). The gross harvest of fruits and berries was 276,000 tons in 1975 (121,000 tons in 1940), grapes, 147,000 tons (49,000 tons in 1940). Animal husbandry is predominantly of the distant-pasture type (see Table 3). Developed sericulture. In 1975, 3,400 tons of cocoons were harvested. On the growth of livestock production, see the data in Table. 4. Tab. 3. - Number of livestock and poultry (as of January 1), thous. 4.1 Tab. 4. - Production of main products 194019701975 Meat (in slaughter weight), thousand tons 30 64 84 Milk, thousand tons 135285383 Eggs, mln. 38131236 Wool, thousand tons 1.6 4.9 5.3 The operational length of railways was 903 km in 1975, of which 470 km were narrow-gauge. A broad-gauge railway line Termez-Kurgan-Tyube-Yavan (264 km) was under construction (1977), more than 200 km of which were put into operation in 1974. The length of motor roads is 13.4 thousand km (1975), including 9.7 thousand km with a hard surface. Navigable river routes 0.2 thousand km. Developed air transport. Pipeline transport is represented by gas pipelines in South-Western Tajikistan (from local gas fields) and branches to the cities of Northern Tajikistan from the main gas pipeline Mubarek - Bekabad - Fergana. The gas pipeline Kelif - Dushanbe receives gas from Afghanistan. The standard of living of the population of the republic is steadily rising. The national income for 1966-75 increased 1.8 times. Real incomes per capita in 1975 compared with 1965 increased 1.6 times. Retail turnover of state and cooperative trade (including public catering) increased from 100 million rubles. in 1940 to 1675 million rubles. in 1975, while the turnover per capita - 5.8 times. The amount of deposits in savings banks in 1975 reached 451 million rubles. (5 million rubles in 1940), the average deposit is 750 rubles. (44 rubles in 1940). At the end of 1975, the city's housing stock amounted to 11.9 million m2 of total (useful) area. During 1971-75, 5821 thousand m2 of total (useful) area was put into operation at the expense of the state, collective farms and the population. Cultural building. According to the 1897 census, the literacy of the population was 2.3%. At the beginning of the 20th century in Khojent (now Leninabad), Ura-Tube and other cities, there were 10 so-called. there were no Russian-native schools (in the 1914/15 academic year, 369 students studied in them), there were no secondary specialized and higher educational institutions. After the establishment of Soviet power, a national school was created with teaching in the native language. In 1939, literate people made up 82.8% of the population; according to the 1970 census, 99.6%. In 1975, 82,000 children were being brought up in permanent preschool institutions. In 1975/76 school. 0.9 million students studied in 3.2 thousand general education schools of all types. students, in 59 vocational schools - 23.6 thousand students (including - the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR. In 1975, 6.6 thousand scientific workers (including scientists from universities) worked in the scientific institutions of the republic. The network of cultural institutions was significantly developed. 1,100 stationary film installations, 1,200 club institutions, the largest republican library is the Firdousi State Library of the Tajik SSR (opened in 1933 on the basis of a city library that arose in 1925, 2.5 million copies of books, brochures, magazines, etc.), 1,400 mass libraries (9.4 million copies of books and magazines), 7 museums. In 1975 868 titles of books and pamphlets were published with a total circulation of 6.0 million copies (372 titles with a circulation of 2,823,000 copies in 1940), including 413 titles in the Tajik language with a circulation of 4.3 million copies, and 61 magazine publications with a total annual circulation of 19.0 million copies. (9 editions, with an annual circulation of 141,000 copies in 1940). 61 newspapers were published with an annual circulation of about 226 million copies. Newspapers are published in Tajik, Russian and other languages. The Tajik Telegraph Agency (TajikTA) has been operating since 1933. The Republican Book Chamber was founded in 1936. The first radio broadcasts began in 1924. In 1975, the republican radio broadcasted in Tajik, Russian, and Uzbek. Television broadcasts have been conducted since 1959. Television center in Dushanbe. In the republic in 1975 there were 278 hospitals with 33,500 beds (121 hospitals with 4,500 beds in 1940); 7.2 thousand doctors and 21.2 thousand paramedical personnel worked (0.6 thousand doctors and 2.7 thousand paramedical personnel in 1940). Balneological and climatic resorts are popular: Obigarm, Khoja-Obigarm. Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region The Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region was formed on January 2, 1925. It is located within the Pamirs. The area is 63.7 thousand km2. Population 116 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1976). The average population density is 1.8 people. per 1 km2. Center - Khorog. The leading sector of the economy is agriculture. In 1975 there were 15 state farms and 46 collective farms. The sown area of all agricultural crops in 1975 amounted to 17,100 hectares. Agriculture is irrigated and is concentrated mainly in the Western Pamirs. Gardening, sericulture. Animal husbandry (mainly fat-tailed sheep and yaks) predominates in the Eastern Pamirs. Livestock (as of January 1, 1976, thousand): cattle 63.6, sheep and goats 335.6. In 1975 the volume of industrial output exceeded the level of 1940 by 28 times. The local industry is developing. Salt is mined. In 1975/76 school. 34.8 thousand students studied in 265 general education schools of all types, 287 students in a vocational school, and 68 students in a medical school. Among the scientific institutions is the Pamir Biological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR. In 1975, a theater, 148 public libraries, a museum, the House of Folk Art, 165 club institutions, and 80 stationary film installations were operating. In 1975 there were 138 doctors; there were 980 hospital beds. The Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Okrug was awarded the Order of Lenin (1967) and the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972).

Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic

The Tajik SSR (Tajikistan) is located in the southeast. Central Asia. It borders Afghanistan in the south and China in the east. Area 143.1 thousand km 2 . Population 3486 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1976). National composition (according to the 1970 census, thousand people): Tajiks 1630, Uzbeks 666, Russians 344, Tatars 71, Kirghiz 35, Ukrainians 32, etc. The average population density is 24.4 people. per 1 km 2 (as of January 1, 1976). The capital is Dushanbe (448 thousand inhabitants as of January 1, 1976). The largest city is Leninabad (121 thousand inhabitants). New cities have grown: Nurek, Ordzhonikidze-abad, Isfara, Regar, Kairakkum, Khorog, etc. The Tajik SSR includes the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Okrug and 2 administrative regions. In April 1977, a third region was formed - Kurgan-Tyubinskaya. The Republic is divided into 41 districts; has 18 cities and 47 urban-type settlements.

Nature. Over 90% of the territory is occupied by mountains belonging to the Tien Shan, Gissar-Alay and Pamir systems (with the highest point of the USSR - Communism Peak, 7495 m). In the north, the western outskirts of the Ferghana Valley; in the southwest. ‒ Vakhsh and Gissar valleys. Minerals: ores of non-ferrous and rare metals, fluorite, coal, natural gas, table salt. The climate is continental. The average January temperature is from 2.2 °C in the valleys and foothills of the Yu.-W. and C. to –20 °С and lower in the Pamirs, July, respectively, from 30 to 0 °С and lower. Precipitation (on plains and in valleys up to a height of 500 m) is 150–300 mm per year. The main rivers are the Syr Darya, the Amu Darya (with the Vakhsh), the Zeravshan; lake - Karakul. The soils are sierozem, brown, mountain-meadow. Desert, steppe and alpine-meadow vegetation prevails.

Historical reference. A class society on the territory of Tajikistan arose in the 1st half of the 1st millennium BC. e. (State of Bactria). In the 6th-4th centuries. BC e. the territory was ruled by the Iranian Achaemenids, Alexander the Great. From the 3rd c. BC e. was part of the Greco-Bactrian and Kushan kingdoms; during this period, invasions of the Chionites, Ephthalites, and Turks took place; popular uprisings of Mazdak and Abrui. In the 8th c. the people offered heroic resistance to the Arab conquest (Mukanna's uprising). In the 9th-10th centuries. territory within the state of Tahirids and Samanids; mainly formed Tajik people. In the 10th - early 13th centuries. was part of the states: Ghaznevids, Karakhanids, Khorezm. In the 13th century conquered by the Mongol-Tatars; national liberation struggle against the Tatar yoke (uprisings of Malik Sanjar, Tarabi, Timur-Melik). In the 14‒15 centuries. territory within the Timurid state; from the 16th century, the Khanate of Bukhara and a number of small feudal estates. In 1868, the northern part of the territory was annexed to Russia (parts of the Fergana and Samarkand regions), the Bukhara Khanate in vassal dependence on Russia; inclusion in the system of the all-Russian economy accelerated the emergence of industry. At the beginning of the 20th century the first social-democratic circles appeared. The working people of the region took part in the Revolution of 1905–07, the Central Asian uprising of 1916, the February Revolution of 1917, and the Great October Socialist Revolution. Soviet power in northern Tajikistan was established in November 1917-February 1918. By the end of 1918, Soviet power was proclaimed throughout the entire territory of Tajikistan. In 1918‒1923, with the help of the Red Army, the working people defeated the White Guards and the Basmachi. Land and water reforms were carried out in 1921–22. According to the national-state demarcation, on October 14, 1924, the Tajik ASSR was formed as part of the Uzbek SSR, and on December 5, 1929, the Tajik SSR was a part of the USSR as a union republic. As a result of the industrialization, the collectivization of agriculture and the cultural revolution carried out under the leadership of the Communist Party, a largely socialist society was built in the republic.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Tajik people mobilized all their forces to repel fascist aggression.

As of January 1, 1976, the Communist Party of Tajikistan had 92,842 members and 3,874 candidate members of the party; there were 313,089 members in the ranks of the Leninist Communist Youth Union of Tajikistan; there are 786,080 trade union members in the republic.

The Tajik people, together with all the fraternal peoples of the USSR, achieved new successes in communist construction in the post-war decades.

The Tajik SSR was awarded the Order of Lenin (1956), the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972) and the Order of the October Revolution (1974).

Economy. During the years of socialist construction, Tajikistan became an industrial-agrarian republic. The Tajik SSR in the complex of the national economy of the USSR stands out as one of the areas of cotton growing, the extraction of non-ferrous and rare metal ores, and the light and food industries. Tajikistan is the country's main base for the production of fine-staple cotton. Tajikistan has developed economic ties with all union republics.

In 1975, the volume of industrial output exceeded the level of 1940 by 14 times, and the level of 1913 by 121 times.

Tab. 1. ‒ Production of key products

Electricity, billion kWh

═══3,2

═══4,7

Coal, thousand tons

Oil (including gas condensate), thousand tons

Gas, million m 3

Mineral fertilizers (in arbitrary units), thousand tons

Power transformers, thousand kVA

Cement, thousand tons

Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and parts, thousand m 3 products

Cotton fiber, thousand tons

Cotton fabrics, million m

Raw silk, t

Silk fabrics, million m

Carpets and rugs, pure wool and semi-woolen, thousand m 2

Linen knitwear, million pieces

═══5,7

Outerwear, million pieces

═══3,6

Leather shoes, million pairs

═══6,1

Vegetable oil, thousand tons

Canned food, million conditional cans

Grape wine, thousand dal

On the production of the most important types of industrial products, see the data in Table. 1.

The most important power plant is the Nurek HPP. Non-ferrous metallurgy was created. The food industry (primarily oil-and-fat, wine-making, and horticultural) accounts for about one-fourth of the gross industrial output (1975). Mechanical engineering and light industry are developed, and chemistry is developing.

Gross agricultural output in 1975 quadrupled compared to 1940. At the end of 1975 there were 147 state farms and 242 collective farms. In 1975, 28,400 tractors (in physical units; 3,900 in 1940), 2,900 cotton pickers, 1,200 grain harvesters (0,100 in 1940), and 13,900 trucks (1,500 in 1940) worked in agriculture. Agricultural land in 1975 amounted to 4.1 million hectares (29% of the total territory), including arable land - 0.8 million hectares, hayfields - 0.03 million hectares, and pastures - 3.18 million hectares. Irrigation is important for agriculture. Built: Big Gissar, Dalverzinsky, Big Fergana, Northern Fergana canals; Farhad, Kairakkum, Nurek reservoirs. The area of irrigated land in 1975 reached 567,000 ha. Agriculture provides about 73% of the value of the gross agricultural output (1975). Data on sown areas and gross harvest of agricultural crops, see Table. 2.

Tab. 2. ‒ Cultivated areas and gross harvest of agricultural crops

Total sown area, thousand ha

Cereal crops

Cotton

Curly flax

gourds

Forage crops

Gross harvest, thousand tons

Cereal crops

Raw cotton

The leading branch of agriculture is cotton growing. An essential oil crop is cultivated - geranium. Horticulture and viticulture were widely developed. The trench culture of lemons has been mastered. The area of fruit and berry plantations (including citrus fruits) was 66,000 ha in 1975 (21,000 ha in 1940), and vineyards, 22,000 ha (8,000 ha in 1940). The gross harvest of fruits and berries was 276,000 tons in 1975 (121,000 tons in 1940), grapes, 147,000 tons (49,000 tons in 1940).

Animal husbandry is predominantly of the distant-pasture type (see Table 3). Developed sericulture. In 1975, 3,400 tons of cocoons were harvested.

On the growth of livestock production, see the data in Table. 4.

Cattle

including cows

Pigs

Sheep and goats

Horses

Bird, million

═══2,7

═══4,1

Tab. 4. ‒ Manufacture of basic products

Meat (in slaughter weight), thousand tons

Milk, thousand tons

Eggs, mln.

Wool, thousand tons

The operational length of railways was 903 km in 1975, of which 470 km were narrow-gauge. A broad-gauge railway line Termez - Kurgan-Tyube - Yavan (264 km) was under construction (1977), over 200 km of which were put into operation in 1974. The length of roads is 13.4 thousand km (1975), including 9.7 thousand km with a hard surface. Navigable river routes 0.2 thousand km. Developed air transport. Pipeline transport is represented by gas pipelines in South-Western Tajikistan (from local gas fields) and branches to the cities of Northern Tajikistan from the main gas pipeline Mubarek - Bekabad - Fergana. The Kelif-Dushanbe gas pipeline supplies gas from Afghanistan.

The standard of living of the population of the republic is steadily rising. The national income for 1966-75 increased 1.8 times. Real incomes per capita in 1975 compared with 1965 increased 1.6 times. Retail turnover of state and cooperative trade (including public catering) increased from 100 million rubles. in 1940 to 1675 million rubles. in 1975, while the turnover per capita - 5.8 times. The amount of deposits in savings banks in 1975 reached 451 million rubles. (5 million rubles in 1940), the average deposit is 750 rubles. (44 rubles in 1940). At the end of 1975, the city housing stock amounted to 11.9 million m 2 total (usable) area. During 1971–75, 5,821,000 m 2 total (usable) area.

Cultural building. According to the 1897 census, the literacy of the population was 2.3%. At the beginning of the 20th century in Khojent (now Leninabad), Ura-Tube and other cities, there were 10 so-called. there were no Russian-native schools (in the 1914/15 academic year, 369 students studied in them), there were no secondary specialized and higher educational institutions. After the establishment of Soviet power, a national school was created with teaching in the native language. In 1939, literate people made up 82.8% of the population; according to the 1970 census, 99.6%.

In 1975, 82,000 children were being brought up in permanent preschool institutions.

In 1975/76 school. 0.9 million students studied in 3.2 thousand general education schools of all types, 23.6 thousand students studied in 59 vocational schools (including 8.7 thousand students in 23 vocational schools providing secondary education), 38.1 thousand students studied in 38 secondary specialized educational institutions, and 50.4 thousand students studied in 9 universities. The largest universities: Tajik University, Tajik Medical Institute, Agricultural Institute.

In 1975, 737 people had higher and secondary (complete and incomplete) education per 1,000 people employed in the national economy. (45 people in 1939).

The largest scientific institution is the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR. In 1975, 6,600 scientists (including university scientists) worked in the scientific institutions of the republic.

The network of cultural institutions has received significant development. As of January 1, 1975, there were: 11 theaters, including the Tajik Opera and Ballet Theatre, the Tajik Drama Theatre, the Republican Theater of Musical Comedy; 1.1 thousand stationary film installations; 1.2 thousand club institutions; the largest republican library is the State Library of the Tajik SSR. Firdousi (opened in 1933 on the basis of the city library, which arose in 1925, 2.5 million copies of books, brochures, magazines, etc.); 1.4 thousand mass libraries (9.4 million copies of books and magazines); 7 museums.

In 1975, 868 titles of books and pamphlets were published with a total circulation of 6.0 million copies. (372 titles with a circulation of 2823 thousand copies in 1940), including 413 titles in the Tajik language with a circulation of 4.3 million copies; 61 journal editions were published with a total annual circulation of 19.0 million copies. (9 editions, with an annual circulation of 141,000 copies in 1940). 61 newspapers were published with an annual circulation of about 226 million copies. Newspapers are published in Tajik, Russian and other languages.

The Tajik Telegraph Agency (TajikTA) has been operating since 1933. The Republican Book Chamber was founded in 1936. The first radio broadcasts began in 1924. In 1975, the republican radio broadcasted in Tajik, Russian, and Uzbek. Television broadcasts have been conducted since 1959. Television center in Dushanbe.

In the republic in 1975 there were 278 hospitals with 33,500 beds (121 hospitals with 4,500 beds in 1940); 7.2 thousand doctors and 21.2 thousand paramedical personnel worked (0.6 thousand doctors and 2.7 thousand paramedical personnel in 1940). Balneological and climatic resorts are popular: Obigarm, Khoja-Obigarm.

Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region

The Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Okrug was formed on January 2, 1925. It is located within the Pamirs. Area 63.7 thousand km 2 . Population 116 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1976). The average population density is 1.8 people. per 1 km 2 . Center - Khorog.

The leading sector of the economy is agriculture. In 1975 there were 15 state farms and 46 collective farms. The sown area of all agricultural crops in 1975 amounted to 17,100 hectares. Agriculture is irrigated and is concentrated mainly in the Western Pamirs. Gardening, sericulture. Animal husbandry (mainly fat-tailed sheep and yaks) predominates in the Eastern Pamirs. Livestock (as of January 1, 1976, thousand): cattle 63.6, sheep and goats 335.6. In 1975, industrial output exceeded the 1940 level by 28 times. The local industry is developing. Salt is mined.

In 1975/76 school. 34.8 thousand students studied in 265 general education schools of all types, 287 students in a vocational school, and 68 students in a medical school. Among the scientific institutions is the Pamir Biological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR.

In 1975, a theater, 148 public libraries, a museum, the House of Folk Art, 165 club institutions, and 80 stationary film installations were operating.

In 1975 there were 138 doctors; there were 980 hospital beds.

The Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Okrug was awarded the Order of Lenin (1967) and the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972).

- sheep, semi-coarse-haired, fat-tailed. Bred in 1947-63 in the Taj. SSR by crossing Hissar queens with Saraja rams: crossbreeds of Lincoln rams with Hissar queens were also used ...
Agricultural Encyclopedic Dictionary
- see also 4. SHEEP The Tajik semi-coarse-wool breed of sheep was bred in 1947-1963 in the experimental farm of the Tajik Research Institute of Agriculture...
Genetic resources of farm animals in Russia and neighboring countries
- ...
Geographic atlas
- ...
Geographic atlas
- Tajikistan, located in the south-east. Wed Asia. Pl. 143.1 tons km2. Us. 4365 t.h. The capital is Dushanbe. Includes Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast...
Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary
- Tajikistan. As part of the USSR. It is located in the southeast of Central Asia. On the territory of Tajikistan, cultural monuments of the ancient Central Asian indigenous settled East Iranian culture have been preserved ...
Art Encyclopedia
- cm....
Counterintelligence Dictionary
- see UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC...
Russian encyclopedia
- The main principles of Soviet foreign policy The Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917 created a new type of state - the Soviet socialist state - and thus laid the foundation ...
- The Armed Forces of the USSR is a military organization of the Soviet state, designed to protect the socialist gains of the Soviet people, the freedom and independence of the Soviet Union ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- Soviet trade unions are the most massive public organization, uniting on a voluntary basis workers, collective farmers and employees of all professions without distinction of race, nationality, sex and religion ...
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- The Tajik SSR is located in the south-east. Central Asia. It borders Afghanistan in the south and China in the east. The area is 143.1 thousand km2. Population 3486 thousand people. ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- The objective basis of economic zoning is the territorial division of labor, and the economic meaning is the increase in the efficiency of social production as a result of specialization and ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- an intermountain depression located between the mountain structures of Gissar-Alay, Pamir and Hindu Kush. In the Mesozoic, Paleogene and Neogene, the area of stable sedimentation ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- sheep, a breed of semi-coarse-haired fat-tailed sheep. Bred in the Tajik SSR by crossing Hissar queens with Saraja rams; crossbreeds of Lincoln rams with Hissar queens were also used ... From the book Rehabilitation: how it was March 1953 - February 1956. the author Artizov A N
No. 3 ORDER OF THE USSR MINISTER OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS, THE USSR MINISTER OF JUSTICE AND THE USSR PROSECUTOR GENERAL "ON THE PROCEDURE FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECREE OF THE PRESIDIUM OF THE USSR SUPERIOR COUNCIL OF MARCH 27, 1953 "ON AMNESTY"" March 28, 1953 No. 08/012/85c Pursuant to the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated 27

From the book All Masterpieces of World Literature in Brief the author Novikov V I
PERSIAN-TAJIK LITERATURE

PERSIAN-TAJIK LITERATURE
From the book Foreign Literature of Ancient Epochs, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance author Novikov Vladimir Ivanovich From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (TA) of the author TSB
No. 7 FROM THE MESSAGE OF THE NKGB OF THE USSR TO THE CC AUCP(b), SNK USSR, NKO USSR and NKVD USSR dated March 6, 1941
From the author's book
No. 7 FROM THE MESSAGE OF THE NKGB OF THE USSR TO THE CC AUCP(b), SNK USSR, NPO USSR and NKVD of the USSR dated March 6, 1941 Message from Berlin

No. 9 NOTE OF THE USSR PEOPLE'S COMMITTEE OF STATE SECURITY V.N. MERKULOV TO THE CC OF THE AUCP(b), SNK AND NKVD OF THE USSR WITH THE TEXT OF THE TELEGRAM OF THE ENGLISH MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS A. Eden TO THE AMBASSADOR OF ENGLAND IN THE USSR S. KRIPPS ON THE INTENTIONS OF GERMANY TO ATTACK THE USSR
From the author's book
No. 9 NOTE OF THE USSR PEOPLE'S COMMITTEE OF STATE SECURITY V.N. MERKULOV TO THE CC AUCP(b), SNK and NKVD OF THE USSR WITH THE TEXT OF THE TELEGRAM OF THE ENGLISH MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS A. Eden TO THE AMBASSADOR OF ENGLAND IN THE USSR S. KRIPPSU ON THE INTENTIONS OF GERMANY TO ATTACK THE USSR No. 1312/M April 26, 1941 Top secret Sending

Tajik stance towards Western NGOs is noticeably tougher
From WikiLeaks. Compromise on Russia author author unknown
The Tajik stance towards Western NGOs is noticeably toughening 15. (C) Lately, however, we have noted a gradual hardening of the Tajik side's stance. Although Tajikistan is not expected to adopt new laws against NGOs (similar to those in force in Kazakhstan

Given with some abbreviations

Striking are the successes of cultural construction achieved during the 50 years of Soviet power in the former national outskirts of tsarist Russia.
According to the 1897 census, only 3% of Tajiks were literate. “Competent and educated people in pre-revolutionary Tajikistan were as rare as fruit trees in the salt desert,” wrote S. Aini, the founder of Tajik Soviet literature.
Muslim religious schools - maktab and Madras - were alien to the working class in their class essence, and their influence on the development of the culture of the people was very weak.
Religious-scholastic nature was also taught in the so-called new method and Russian-native schools that appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. The children of merchants, bais, and officials studied in these schools mainly. The schools were very small. From 1894 to 1917, for example, only 19 people graduated from the Russian-native school in Khujand (now Leninabad).
During the years of Soviet power, the Tajik people, with the help of the fraternal peoples of the Soviet Union, put an end to the heavy legacy of the past - cultural backwardness and illiteracy.
Before the Great October Socialist Revolution in Tajikistan (according to the 1911 census) there were only 10 primary schools with 369 children. In the 1965/66 academic year, there were 551,687 students in 2,509 general education schools in the Tajik SSR.
Already in the first decade of the existence of the Soviet socialist state, great efforts were made to develop education in the republic. In 1925-1926. "Fortnight of Education" and "Month of Education" were held, which resulted in the construction of 75 school buildings and the repair of 38 schools. During these years, the network of schools and contingents of students grew rapidly. In the 1925/26 academic year, there were already 121 elementary, 2 seven-year and 2 secondary schools in Tajikistan, in which 265 teachers worked and 6054 students studied.
The First Constituent All-Tajik Congress of Soviets (December 1926) recognized the elimination of illiteracy among the population as the primary task of cultural construction.
An Extraordinary Commission on Educational Program was created, and then a numerous voluntary society "Down with illiteracy!" In a short time, an army of enthusiastic cultists was organized. The word "kultarmeets" entered the history of public education as a symbol of a disinterested struggle against darkness, illiteracy, and ignorance.
Despite the acute shortage of teaching staff and the difficulties of the recovery period, the number of schools for the elimination of illiteracy increased from 63 in the 1925/26 academic year to 314 in the 1928/29 academic year, and the number of students in them increased from 1450 to 8400 people. In 1932, there were already 135,976 people studying in schools and in educational program courses. By the end of this year, almost 30% of the republic's population had learned to read and write.
The problem of elimination of illiteracy among women was very difficult. Here the women themselves were very active. Overcoming age-old prejudices, they studied both in women's educational programs specially created for them, and in general (mixed) schools and courses.
The life path of Mastura Avezova is typical in this respect. In 1926, M. Avezova began to study at the educational program school and threw off the veil, then she graduated from the technical school of sericulture and was one of the organizers of the Leninabad silk factory. In 1934, Mastura led the trade union organization of this plant, and since 1936 she became a member of the government of the republic. The same was the fate of one of the first organizers of collective farms in Tajikistan, Gavkhar Sharipova, who later worked for many years in the state apparatus of the republic.
One of the first Tajik teachers Bakhri Tairova experienced many hardships and hardships in her childhood and youth. Under the veil, she ran to educational courses, learned to read and write, listened to conversations about women's rights, about Soviet laws. In 1927, B. Z. Tairova threw off the veil and graduated from the Pedagogical College. Dozens of women in Tajikistan, who have now become engineers, doctors, teachers, artists, studied with Bahri Zairovna.
Tajik women did not just learn to read and write. They joined in the struggle for a new life.
Personal pensioner Gulnora Yusupova, recalling the distant twenties, the time when she learned the first letters of the alphabet and heard about the first laws of Soviet power at the educational program school, says: “Of course, literacy is a big deal, but not only for this, the memory of that wagon where the educational program group worked in the evenings is so warm. There, for the first time, I and 27 others like me realized that under Soviet power we had become equal people, that now our power is the power of the people. We threw off the veil, openly and proudly began to look at people. That is why the memory of the educational program is dear to me.”
The history of the struggle to eliminate illiteracy among the population, including women, has preserved the names of true heroes of the cultural front.
98 Tajik women were taught to read and write by Zebi Makabilova, a 14-year-old girl who led two groups of educational programs.
The best of the best in Tajikistan were the cult member of the village of Sary-Assia Kamilov, the Komsomol teacher Mavasheva, the teachers of the Tajik pivotal school in Dushanbe Karimova and Kameeva.
By 1939, the problem of eliminating illiteracy in the republic was basically solved - 82.8% of the total population, including 77.5% of women in Tajikistan, learned to read and write. Work to complete the eradication of illiteracy continued actively in subsequent years.
By the end of the fifties, this heavy legacy of the past was completely overcome. According to the 1959 census, 96.2% of the population of Tajikistan between the ages of 9 and 49 was literate. Literacy among women reached 94.6%. The organization of preschool children's institutions was of particular importance in the republic. Kindergartens, nurseries, playgrounds were supposed to create conditions for the woman-mother to actively participate in production, in public and political life.
The first kindergartens and nurseries began to be created in Tajikistan in 1929. In 1932, there were 32 kindergartens in the republic, where 1662 children were brought up. During the Great Patriotic War, despite the difficulties, the network of preschool institutions grew. If in 1940 3117 children were brought up in 103 kindergartens and nurseries, by the end of the war the number of kindergartens and nurseries increased to 183, and the number of pupils in them - up to 9252.
In the 1965/66 academic year, 1,000 preschool institutions operated in the Tajik SSR, with 47,460 pupils. Simultaneously with the growth in the number of stationary kindergartens and nurseries, seasonal playgrounds, organized mainly by collective farms with the help of public education departments, became widespread.
One of the most important steps of the Cultural Revolution was the implementation of universal compulsory education for children.
The First Constituent All-Tajik Congress of Soviets adopted the Declaration on the universal education of children of working people. The implementation of universal education in the republic was fraught with serious difficulties. The intensified class struggle, the fierce resistance of the clergy, and the widespread use of religious survivals among the people hampered the development of the school. Systematic work on the implementation of universal primary education unfolded in the republic after the decisions of the 16th Congress and the special resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of August 14, 1930 "On universal compulsory primary education."
To guide the work on the implementation of universal education, a republican committee for the promotion of universal education was created, which included representatives of the people's commissariats, the collective farm center, trade unions, and the Komsomol. Commissions for general education were also created under the local Soviets.
Every year, the preparation of schools for classes was carried out as the most important socio-political campaign. Mass Sundays were organized to repair schools, provide them with fuel, and manufacture educational equipment. Each district had an operational plan for general education. In each village, collective farm, state farm, district, city, a thorough accounting of children and adolescents to be trained was carried out.
Particular attention was paid to the involvement of Tajik girls in schools. In the 1933/34 school year, 42,230 indigenous girls studied in schools, while in the 1928/29 school year, only 110.
The completion of universal primary education, the expansion of seven-year and secondary education required the training of a large number of teachers, the construction of new schools, the publication of textbooks and visual aids. From year to year appropriations for the needs of public education grew. If in 1929 they amounted to 12.3 million rubles, then in 1932 this amount increased to 19.9 million rubles, and in 1941 - to 326.3 million rubles (in the old price scale).
From the first days of the establishment of Soviet power, children were given the opportunity to study in their native language. At the same time, the principle of voluntariness in the choice of the language of instruction was strictly observed. Already in 1927, there were 165 schools in Tajikistan with the Tajik language of instruction, 59 with Uzbek. There were also schools teaching in the Kyrgyz, Turkmen and Kazakh languages.
In May 1940, the session of the Supreme Council of the Tajik SSR adopted, after a lot of preparatory work, the Law on the transfer of the Tajik script from the Latinized alphabet to the alphabet based on Russian graphics. The draft of the new alphabet was approved by a government decree on May 21, 1940. This created more favorable opportunities for introducing the Tajik people to the rich culture of the Russian people.
The war imposed on our country by fascist Germany caused enormous damage to the country's economy and slowed down the pace of cultural development. But even in the difficult conditions of wartime, the question of universal education was not removed from the agenda. Public education authorities and school leaders, with the active participation of the public, fought for the attendance of school classes by all students.
In order to prevent the dropout of students from schools, universal education funds were created. Those in need received free hot breakfasts. Children's clothes and shoes were repaired free of charge in specially organized workshops. Boarding schools were created at secondary schools of the republic. In 1945, 1368 students were in 21 boarding schools on full state support.
During these years, the involvement of young students in productive labor on collective farms and state farms, in the repair of school buildings and school equipment, and in the procurement of fuel for schools, acquired a massive character. In order to prepare for work on collective farms and state farms, special courses for agricultural education were organized in schools, where over 30,000 students of the upper grades of secondary schools were trained in the 1941/42 academic year alone.
After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Union outlined a grandiose program for the restoration and development of the country's national economy. A significant place in this program was occupied by issues of cultural construction, the development of public education. In putting this program into practice, with the active help of the entire public, the workers of the public education of the republic achieved considerable success, which made it possible in the 1949-50 academic year to begin the implementation of the universal seven-year education of children.
In the 1954/55 academic year, there were 2,530 schools in the Tajik SSR, including 1,076 seven-year schools and 236 secondary schools. In the same academic year, 320,497 students studied in primary, seven-year and secondary schools of the republic (excluding schools for working and rural youth and schools for adults), of which 142,428 were in grades V-X.
Since the 1959/60 academic year, on the basis of the law "On strengthening the connection between school and life and on the further development of the system of public education in the USSR" and a similar law adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the Tajik SSR, the republic began the transition to compulsory eight-year education, the introduction of industrial training in the upper grades of secondary schools and the improvement of labor education in eight-year schools.
All these measures contributed to the strengthening of the connection between the school and life, the development of students' activity, and their involvement in socially useful work. But the attempts to introduce compulsory vocational training for senior secondary school students through the appropriate organization of industrial training and lengthening the period of study in secondary school to eleven years did not justify themselves.
In the 1965/66 academic year, in accordance with amendments to the law on schools, vocational training was retained only in schools that have the necessary conditions for this, a ten-year term of study was restored.
Recent years are characterized by significant achievements of schools and teachers in improving teaching and educational work, improving the quality of students' knowledge. As a result, academic performance increased and repetition decreased. In the 1965/66 academic year, the number of repeaters was 6% compared to 10.6% in the 1958/59 academic year.
An objective necessity, conditioned by the development and formation of socialist nations, the expansion of multinational ties, and the strengthening of friendship between the peoples of the USSR, was the study of the Russian language in the Tajik school. Much attention is paid to this in the republic. Serious organizational and methodological work is being carried out, the publication of methodological literature is expanding, and a special methodological collection “To Help Russian Language Teachers in Tajik Schools” is being published.
The experience of teaching students of Tajik schools the Russian language is regularly summarized and curricula and textbooks are improved on its basis. Republican meetings of Russian language teachers in non-Russian schools and inter-republican scientific and practical conferences held in 1955, 1956 and 1962 were of great importance in improving the teaching of the Russian language in the Tajik school. in Tashkent.
In the 1962/63 academic year, work was completed on the introduction of an eight-year general education. Conditions have been created for the transition to secondary education. Such types of educational institutions as boarding schools, schools and extended day groups have developed and strengthened.
In 1943-1944. in the republic, despite the difficulties of wartime, schools for working and rural youth were created. Thanks to them, thousands of young workers and collective farmers received primary, incomplete secondary and secondary education. Already in 1945, there were 9 schools for working youth in the republic, where 543 people studied, and 80 schools for rural youth with a contingent of 3,302 people.
Pioneer and Komsomol organizations play an important role in the education of students.
2517 pioneer squads, uniting 286386 young Leninists of Tajikistan, actively participate in the all-Union pioneer review "Shine, Lenin's stars!". Active work in the "zones of pioneer action", great cultural and mass work, serious socially useful work, military-patriotic work and patronage of the Octobrists - this is not a complete list of the diverse activities of the pioneer organization of the republic.
54 thousand members of the Komsomol unite school Komsomol organizations. Komsomol school organizations have accumulated interesting experience in the socio-political education of young students.
Out-of-school children's institutions occupy an important place in the general system of communist education of young people.
The first out-of-school institution in the Tajik SSR - the House of Children's Art was opened in Dushanbe in 1933, and in 1966 there were already 57 pioneer houses, 7 stations for young technicians, 4 stations for young naturalists, 5 children's parks, 37 children's sports schools, 1 children's stadium, 4 excursion and tourist stations in the republic.
A large number of circles, courses, studios work in schools and out-of-school institutions. Regional, city, republican Olympiads of children's amateur performances, reviews of children's technical creativity are held annually. In the Olympiads of young chemists, physicists, mathematicians, held by the Tajik Central Station of Young Technicians in 1966, 38,810 schoolchildren participated.
Party, Soviet and public organizations of the republic show great concern for children's recreation and strengthening their health. A wide network of pioneer camps, children's health-improving grounds, tourist bases, and children's sanatoriums has been created. In 1965 alone, 196,829 children rested in pioneer camps and recreation areas.
The directives of the 23rd CPSU Congress on the new five-year plan provide for the further development of public education.
In the new five-year plan, the number of students in daytime general education schools alone in the republic will reach 712,000, that is, it will increase by 29% compared with the 1965/66 academic year. Enrollment in the ninth grade schools will increase especially sharply. If in the 1965/66 academic year 59.6% of the students who graduated from the eight-year school were admitted to the ninth grade, then in the 1970/71 academic year 75% will be accepted. The number of students in schools and groups with extended day will increase by more than 3 times.
In 1970, 47,600 people will study in evening (shift) schools for working and rural youth.
In 1970, 110,000 children will be enrolled in preschool institutions in the republic, or 2.2 times more than in 1965.
The transition to universal secondary education requires a fundamental improvement in school management and the organization of teaching and educational work. Ways to solve these problems are determined by the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On measures to further improve the work of the secondary general education school" (1966). On the basis of this resolution, a lot of organizational and explanatory work is being carried out in the republic.
The education and upbringing of a new person is unthinkable without the inspirational creative work of the teacher, without improving his pedagogical skills.
In the most difficult conditions of the formation of Soviet power in Tajikistan, teachers not only taught literacy, but also were conductors of the ideas of socialism, explained to the population the policy of the party, the policy of the young Soviet state.
It is no coincidence that the enemies of Soviet power dealt particularly mercilessly with teachers. Many teachers perished in the struggle to consolidate Soviet power in Tajikistan. Only a gang of Basmachi Ibrahim-bek destroyed 80 of the best teachers of the republic.
The tragic events took place in the spring of 1929 in Karategin. After graduating from the pedagogical courses organized in Garm, three girls - Sairam Abdullayeva, Muallimabbibi Kasimova and Alyambibi Gadoeva - came to teach in their native village of Khait. At that time, the Basmachi bands of Fuzail Maksum were operating in Karategin. Having captured Khait, the Basmachi massacred the activists brutally: they killed young teachers.
The Tajik people keep a grateful memory of Abdusalom Ismailov, Burkhan Ishanbabaev, Karimjon Khusein-zade, Saifulo Aliyev, Aligbar Khuseinov, Gani Khikmatov, Yahyo Iskhakov and other teachers who selflessly fought for the enlightenment and happiness of the people who died in battles with the Basmachi.
A large role in the development of public education in Tajikistan belonged to Russian teachers who actively fought for the elimination of cultural backwardness and mass illiteracy of the population of the republic.
In the early years of Soviet power, schools in the republic experienced an acute shortage of teachers. The party and the government of the republic took extraordinary measures to organize the mass training of teachers. Teachers came to the republic from many cities of Central Asia, from the RSFSR and Ukraine. In the 1930/31 academic year, there were already 1924 teachers working in schools.
In October 1926, a pedagogical technical school was opened in Dushanbe, and in the 1935/36 academic year there were already 16 pedagogical technical schools, where 3063 people studied. The opening of the Khorog Pedagogical School was of great importance. This made it possible to provide Pamir schools with qualified teachers from local youth in a short time.
Pedagogical institutes were organized in Dushanbe and Leninabad in the 1931/32 academic year to train teachers for seven-year and secondary schools.
However, stationary educational institutions could not provide all schools with teaching staff in a short time. Therefore, the training of teachers was also carried out at specially organized courses, after which the teachers continued their education at the correspondence departments of pedagogical technical schools and institutes.
The training of teachers with higher education reached a particularly wide scope in the postwar years. If in the 1940/41 academic year only 353 teachers with higher education and 853 teachers with incomplete higher education worked in general education schools in Tajikistan, then in the 1964/65 academic year the number of teachers with higher education increased to 10,307 and incomplete higher education to 4352 people.
Much work is being done to improve the qualifications of teachers. Pedagogical institutes, the republican regional and interdistrict institutes for the improvement of teachers are engaged in this most important work.
There are ongoing courses and seminars throughout the year. This gives teachers the opportunity to improve their skills on the job. The work of seminars and courses is carried out in the direction of mastering the most difficult sections and topics of school programs.
Rural schools are greatly assisted by the mobile polytechnical laboratories set up at the institutes for advanced training of teachers. Institute methodologists, traveling with these laboratories to schools, train teachers in the methodology for conducting practical work in the course of physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, assist them in preparing demonstration works, in using visual aids, and modern technical teaching aids.
In 1965 alone, about 12,000 teachers, school directors, and employees of 502 departments of public education in Tajikistan improved their skills in various ways.
A major role in improving the methodological work with teachers of the republic belongs to the Scientific Research Institute of Pedagogical Sciences (NIIPN), established in 1933.
In addition to the development and improvement of programs in all subjects of study, the institute has created a number of teaching and methodological manuals on the Tajik language and literary reading, on the Russian language and literature in Tajik schools, on general pedagogical issues, on polytechnic education, collections of articles on the best experience of teachers have been published, a number of visual aids have been created, etc.
For teachers in Tajikistan, the newspaper "Maorif va ma-daniyat" and the magazine "Maktabi Council" are published.
Vocational education is successfully developing in the republic. There are 50 vocational schools with a total enrollment of about 15,000 students, in addition, evening (shift, seasonal) schools and training courses for drivers of cotton pickers, chauffeurs and other highly skilled workers.
In the period from 1940 to 1966, educational institutions of vocational education gave the national economy of the republic more than 65 thousand young masters.
One of the remarkable achievements of the cultural revolution in the USSR is the rapid development of higher and secondary specialized education in the republics of Central Asia.
On the territory occupied by the modern Tajik SSR, before the revolution there was not a single technical school and university. But the development of the economy and culture of the young Soviet republic was impossible without the training of national personnel of medium and higher qualifications.
At the same time, seemingly insurmountable difficulties stood in the way of creating secondary specialized and higher educational institutions. First of all, it was necessary to develop school education, to prepare young people for entering technical schools and universities. And for this, teachers were needed. Therefore, the first secondary and higher educational institutions in Tajikistan were pedagogical schools and institutes.
But for industry, agriculture and culture, personnel were required immediately. In this regard, preparatory departments were created at technical schools and universities, where young people received knowledge in the amount of a seven-year and secondary school.
The preparatory departments have undoubtedly played a positive role in the training of national personnel of medium and higher qualifications. In the future, as the seven-year and secondary education developed, the preparatory departments were gradually closed.
Particularly great difficulties were encountered in the training of specialists from among Tajik women. In order to involve the largest possible number of Tajik women in pedagogical educational institutions, special women's educational institutions were created. In the 1929/30 academic year, women's pedagogical colleges were opened in Dushanbe and Khujand, and in 1953, a women's pedagogical institute in Dushanbe. In 1957, it was merged with the Dushanbe Pedagogical Institute named after T. G. Shevchenko.
A significant event in the scientific and cultural life of the Tajik people was the foundation in 1948 of the State University named after V. I. Lenin in Dushanbe. In the first years of its existence, the young Tajik university was greatly assisted by higher educational institutions and research institutions in many cities of the Soviet Union, including Moscow University named after M. V. Lomonosov, Kazan University named after V. I. Lenin, Uzbek University named after A. Navoi, etc.
Currently, the Tajik University has 11 faculties (Physics, Mechanics and Mathematics, Law, Chemistry, Economics, History, Russian Language and Literature, Biology and Soil, Faculty of Tajik and Oriental Philology, Evening Economics, Geology), 56 departments and 3 problem laboratories.
Over the years of its existence, the university has trained about 7 thousand specialists for various sectors of the national economy of Tajikistan. At the same time, it is a major scientific center of the republic. More than 380 teachers work here, more than 150 of them have doctoral and candidate of science degrees.
University scientists conduct serious scientific research. For 10 years (1953 - 1963) they prepared a large number of monographs, collections with a total volume of about 700 printed sheets.
Another major institution of higher education is the Tajik Polytechnic Institute, organized in 1956 in Dushanbe. It trains engineering personnel for the national economy of Tajikistan and other Central Asian republics in the following specialties: electrical networks, power supply of industrial enterprises and cities, automation of industrial installations, industrial and civil engineering, architecture, water supply and sewerage, road transport, basic chemical production processes and chemical cybernetics, mechanical engineering technology, metal-cutting machines and tools. The Moscow Higher Technical School named after N. E. Bauman, the Moscow Power Engineering, Machine Tool Building and Physics and Technology Institutes, the Tbilisi, Azerbaijan and Tashkent Polytechnic Institutes provided great assistance in equipping the institute's laboratories.
In the 1959/60 academic year, an evening department was organized at the institute, and in 1960/61, a correspondence department in the main specialties.
In 1961, the republic received the first detachment of engineers - graduates of the institute (130 people). Today, graduates of the institute successfully work in various sectors of the national economy of Tajikistan.
The Tajik State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sina enjoys well-deserved fame. Being the main center providing the republic with doctors, the institute at the same time provides great practical assistance to the health authorities of Tajikistan. The medical institute has 3 faculties - medical, pediatric and dental. 2,250 students study here and more than 250 teachers work, of which 26 are doctors of science, 104 are candidates of science. In 1963 alone, scientists of the institute published 146 scientific papers, including a number of major studies.
A great and useful work is carried out by the faculty of advanced training of doctors, which annually specializes and improves doctors in many branches of medicine, including surgery, orthopedics and traumatology, internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, eye diseases, psychiatry, childhood tuberculosis and adult tuberculosis.
For more than 30 years there has been a state agricultural institute in Tajikistan. Thousands of broad-profile agronomists, soil agrochemists, livestock veterinarians, mechanical engineers, hydroreclamation engineers, and agricultural economists have been educated within the walls of this university. It is difficult to find a collective or state farm in the republic, wherever graduates of the institute work.
In the 1966/67 academic year, more than 4,100 students study at 5 faculties - agronomy, veterinary medicine, mechanization of agricultural production, hydro-reclamation and economics of agricultural production. The institute has 25 departments, 187 teachers work. The teaching staff of the institute carries out a great research work. In 1965, research was conducted on 16 problems of considerable practical and theoretical significance. The results of the completed works are widely introduced into practice.
Pedagogical institutes in Dushanbe and Kulyab, in which 12,294 students studied in 1965, train teachers of mathematics, physics, biology, chemistry, geography, foreign languages, Tajik language and literature, history, and physical education for grades V-X. They annually graduate teachers in more than 20 specialties.
In pedagogical universities and at the university, the pedagogical practice of students is carried out not only in schools in Dushanbe, but also in rural schools in various regions of the republic. Internship students provide assistance to schools, especially in extracurricular and educational work. The best teachers and class teachers are involved in the management of the pedagogical practice of students.
Student scientific societies play a significant role in the life of universities. The number of students participating in their work is increasing every year. HGO members, under the direction of the departments, conduct research in various branches of science. Every year, dozens of reports are discussed at scientific student conferences.
Currently, more than 30 thousand people are studying in higher educational institutions of the republic.
The network of secondary specialized educational institutions and the number of students in them are constantly increasing. If in 1926 there was only one special educational institution in Tajikistan - the Dushanbe Pedagogical College, then at present there are 30 different secondary specialized educational institutions in the republic. They train personnel in more than 60 specialties.
The network of secondary specialized educational institutions continues to expand. So, only in 1964-1966. Kurgan-Tyube, Kanibadam and Gissar pedagogical schools, Ura-Tyube construction and Dushanbe industrial technical schools were opened. Every year, the number of young specialists with higher and secondary specialized education is increasing. Over the past 10 years, the national economy of Tajikistan has received 56.4 thousand highly qualified specialists from higher and secondary specialized educational institutions of the republic, including 25 thousand with higher education.
A significant source of replenishment of the national economy of the republic with highly qualified personnel is the training of specialists in various educational institutions of the country. In Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv, Voronezh, and Tashkent, thousands of Tajiks were educated and now work in various branches of the national economy and culture.
In recent years, higher and secondary specialized educational institutions of the republic have carried out serious work to rationalize the educational process, as a result of which the forms and methods of educational work have noticeably improved, laboratory and practical classes have begun to be built in a new way. The theoretical and practical level of training of young specialists has increased.
There has been an increase in admission to higher and secondary specialized educational institutions of young people with practical experience in various branches of the national economy and culture; the training of young specialists in universities and technical schools from among those sent to study by enterprises, construction sites, collective farms, and state farms has been expanded. Significant development was received by evening and correspondence education. In 1963, the output of correspondence and evening departments amounted to 37% of the total output.
In the new five-year plan, a further increase in the training of specialists with higher and secondary education is planned. In 1970, admission to institutes will be 8,650 people, and to secondary specialized educational institutions - 11,600 people.
Higher educational institutions of Tajikistan will train personnel in more than 50 specialties, including such new ones as industrial planning, labor economics, organic and petrochemical synthesis technology, etc. Secondary educational institutions will produce specialists in almost 90 specialties, including such new ones for the republic as exploration of oil and gas fields, underground mining of ore and non-metallic deposits, technology of welding production, water supply. During the years of Soviet power, a genuine cultural revolution took place in Tajikistan.
The general literacy of the population has been achieved. In the 1966/67 academic year, 613,000 people studied in general education schools and 61,200 in universities and secondary specialized educational institutions.
The most important tasks for the development of public education for the next five years were determined by the decisions of the 23rd Congress of the CPSU and the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On measures to further improve the work of secondary general education schools."
Teachers and all workers of education in Tajikistan are preparing to meet the great holiday of the Soviet people - the 50th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution - with new successes in raising the cultural level of the population of the republic, in the development of public education.

Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic. The USSR. Tajik SSR Tajik SSR

PERSIAN-TAJIK LITERATURE

No. 7 FROM THE MESSAGE OF THE NKGB OF THE USSR TO THE CC AUCP(b), SNK USSR, NKO USSR and NKVD USSR dated March 6, 1941

Tajik stance towards Western NGOs is noticeably tougher

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