How to make an estimate for construction and renovation? Nuances and examples of composition. How to correctly draw up an estimate for the construction of a house - practical tips How to make estimates for construction

Today, after updating the estimate and regulatory framework - GESN, TER and FER, it will no longer be difficult to draw up an estimate for the construction of a house and calculate the exact cost of the work.

Whether you are a private developer - building a house for yourself, or a large investor - building a house with a thousand apartments - building a house without an estimate, as they say, is “more expensive for yourself.” After all, the estimate includes all the costs necessary to build a house.

In this article we will look at the main stages of drawing up an estimate for the construction of a private house and you will be able to download it.

In our example, we will not take into account all possible complicating construction factors; we will assume that the cost estimate takes place under standard construction conditions. Let's take the area of the house to be 100 m2 (10*10).

Of course, if you are not going to put up a tent or temporary shelter, then you cannot do without taking into account the cost of excavation work in the estimate. After all, to lay a foundation it is necessary, in the literal sense of the word, to “prepare the ground.”

We will excavate the soil for the foundation using a mechanized method. The volume of the pit is 100 m 3 (10*10*1), where 10 is the length of the side of the house, and 1 is the depth of the pit. To calculate the cost of these works, let's take the price:

FER01-01-013-03 Development of soil with loading onto dump trucks using excavators with a bucket capacity: 1 (1-1.2) m 3, soil group 3 - 100 m 3

Pay attention to "soil group 3". In the Technical Part of the collection FER01 Earthworks, all groups of soils are indicated, in our case these are “gravel sands”, which are more common in the central part of Russia. By the way, it’s not in vain that we are digging a pit 1 m deep, because the depth of soil freezing in the same area is 900 mm.

Foundation

Let us take as a basis a strip monolithic reinforced concrete foundation. We design the foundation for external walls, i.e. along the perimeter of the house, as well as under load-bearing walls - conventionally, these are two walls that intersect in the center of the house. Let's calculate the volume: 10 * 6 * 0.5 = 24 m 3, where 10 m is the length of the external and internal walls, 6 m is the number of load-bearing walls (4 - along the perimeter of the house and 2 - intersecting in the house), and 0.5 m - this is the thickness of the foundation. Now let’s select a price for our estimate for building a house:

FER06-01-001-22 Construction of strip foundations: reinforced concrete with a top width of up to 1000 mm - 30 m 3

Columns

The most optimal and common option is to install reinforced concrete columns at the intersections of load-bearing walls. Firstly, the columns add strength to the structure, in our case, the house, and secondly, having built a one-story house, you can fearlessly rebuild it into a two-story one.

Let's calculate the volume of our columns: 9 * 3.5 * 0.4 * 0.4 = 5.04 m 3, where 9 pcs. - the number of columns (8 along the perimeter and 1 in the center), 3.5 m is the height of the column, and 0.4 m is the length and width of the column. For an estimate for the construction of our house, we take the following price:

FER06-01-026-15 Construction of reinforced concrete columns in wooden formwork with steel cores (rigid reinforcement) perimeter: up to 2 m - 5.04 m 3

Load-bearing walls

Before calculating the amount of work involved in constructing the walls, let’s determine for ourselves that we will make all the load-bearing walls (remember, we made the foundation for them) from common cinder block (w19*h19*d39) and place it in two rows, i.e. The wall thickness will be 400 mm.

With all known parameters (the length of the walls is equal to the length of the foundation, the height of the walls is equal to the height of the columns, and the thickness is equal to the thickness of the masonry), we obtain the volume of the masonry 60 * 3.5 * 0.4 = 84 m 3 .

Let's continue to draw up our estimate for building a house and take the following price for laying load-bearing walls:

FER08-03-002-01 Laying walls of lightweight concrete stones without cladding: for floor heights up to 4 m - 84m 3

Beams

For structural rigidity, our columns must be connected at the top with a beam. The construction of the beams could be carried out simultaneously with the columns or a stage after the columns, but then there would be difficulties with the installation of formwork for them. And so, at this stage, the walls act as the lower part of the formwork, which greatly simplifies the work of tying reinforcement and laying the concrete mixture.

Let's calculate the amount of work. The length of the beams is equal to the length of the foundation, and the section of the beam is equal to the section of the columns - 400 * 400 mm. From here we get 10.6 m3. For an estimate for building a house, choose the price:

FER06-01-034-02 Construction of beams for ceilings, cranes and strapping at a height from the supporting platform: up to 6 m with a beam height of up to 500 mm - 10.6 m 3

By the way, it was not for nothing that we postponed the process of installing beams. We combine the tying of the reinforced frame of the beams and the pouring of concrete with the tying of the reinforced frame of the floor and its concreting.

The ceiling, in addition to being the ceiling of the first floor in our house, can also, in the future, serve as the floor of the attic or second floor. That's why we'll make it reinforced concrete!

For our estimate for building a house, the volume is calculated very simply - the area of the house is multiplied by the thickness of the floor - 100 * 0.16. Let's choose a price:

FER06-01-041-01 Construction of beamless floors with thickness: up to 200 mm at a height from the supporting area up to 6 m - 16 m 3

Roof

At the first stage, we will add rafter installation to the estimate at the following price:

FER10-01-002-01 Installation of rafters - 5 m 3

On the second, we will cover our roof with galvanized iron. Let's add about 30% to the area of the house and get the area of our roof, taking into account the overhangs and slope. Let's take the following estimate:

FER12-01-007-09 Installation of galvanized steel roofs: with wall gutters - 130 m 2

Conclusion

Well, that's all - our home is ready! The author should not be blamed for the fact that he did not take into account all aspects of this construction and drawing up an estimate; the task was simply to show how an estimate is drawn up and the amount of work is calculated.

And, as promised at the beginning of the article...

Every time a construction project is started, one has to calculate the financial costs, regardless of whether the house is being built with one’s own hands, with the help of neighbors, or by professional builders. Significant differences will be in the timing, quality of work performed, but most importantly - in the price of the entire event.

You can reduce risks and get high-quality results by engaging a certified professional contractor. The preliminary cost of building a house can be calculated using an online construction calculator.

Calculation methods for construction work

Calculations for the construction of a private house can be made in three ways:

Measurements based on the design area.
Calculations based on built-up area.
Determination based on construction volumes.

The first two methods result in an inflated estimate. It includes additional costs for the expected overconsumption of material and an acceptable increase in its cost. The possibility of additional unforeseen costs is taken into account.

The third approach (calculation based on real volumes) is more accurate and objective. He takes into account the work that will be directly carried out. The volume of completion for each construction segment is calculated. Therefore, at the stage of drawing up estimates, the customer has the opportunity, without disturbing the project, to make his wishes for individual structures (for example, for floors, roofing). Deviations from the total cost are possible within 15%.

According to the latter principle, unlike many other resources, a unique mathematical calculator for calculating the construction of a house from the website works.

Calculation algorithms for an online calculator for building a house

The calculation is based on simple mathematics. First, to determine the volume, you need to set the width, length and height (thickness) of a certain structure.

Secondly, the building codes and regulations that apply to the specific structures chosen for the project are taken into account.

Thirdly, the current price of the materials used, the tools used, the equipment used, and the labor of specialists is taken into account. It is important that our prices for building materials are stable and there are no sudden jumps. This is possible thanks to the presence of our own warehouse store with materials.

Fourthly, the calculations are based on existing and tested drawings. Therefore, when designing a private house using our construction calculator, you get a result that is associated with actually implemented projects. The constant practice of contracting work allows us to take into account all, even small, current costs. That is why construction cost calculations using this online calculator are more accurate than those obtained from similar services.

Fifthly, the reliability of the result is ensured by adding up separate calculations for each segment of house construction:

laying the foundation;
construction of walls and ceilings;
roofing work with chimney installation;
installation of stairs, windows, doors;
façade design.

In addition, you can use our calculator to calculate the cost of building or repairing individual structures of your home.

Features of the formation of the price of work for different elements of the structure

Foundation

Before starting calculations, you need to decide on the type of its design. The settings of our computer provide the following foundation options:

strip on stilts;
tiled monolith;
monolith with a base;
with a ground floor.

The design is selected taking into account the mass of the designed structure and the geological features of the soil at the site.

Next, for calculations, you need to indicate the dimensions of the desired building (width, length) and the thickness of the foundation. We get three numbers: the price of the work, the cost of materials, the final cost. This result will appear at every stage.

Walls

The scheme is similar. We choose which walls we will build and the height of the floor.

We suggest paying attention to:

cellular concrete blocks;
walls made of ceramic bricks;
porous ceramic blocks.

It is worth knowing that the calculator will calculate the construction of a house from blocks to be slightly more expensive than in the case of brickwork. But we advise you to initially choose material based on characteristics, not price.

Floors

The construction of floors is of particular interest due to its ability to combine various options. The online calculator for calculating the construction of a private house suggests selecting floors for the basement and floor separately.

Also note the difference in design:

wooden or glued beams;
concrete slabs or monolith.

In your choice, it is important to proceed from the general requirements for the structure under construction and financial capabilities. With proper selection of floors, you can even save money. For example, it is better to use concrete between the basement and the first floor. The house will be better protected from moisture coming from below, and the floors will withstand more weight. Wood can be used as the basis for the attic floor, which is less durable than concrete, but cheaper. This will also improve thermal insulation.

If you want to be as safe as possible in terms of fire safety, it is better to turn to concrete partitions. However, here it is important to take into account the capabilities of load-bearing structures (foundation, walls) in terms of withstanding significant loads.

Roof and chimney

The difference in their range is only in price and aesthetics. The elements fully perform their functions, regardless of price.

Pay attention to the following types of tiles:

natural;
composite;
bitumen (soft);
metal.

The latter option is characterized by the greatest prevalence in modern construction. The chimney pipe can be chosen from brick, ceramics or stainless steel.

Ladder

The staircase is one of the elements of the house that cannot be defined by volume. An online calculator for calculating the construction of a house determines the price of stairs based on the material of manufacture and the number of floors. They can be wooden, metal, monolithic (made of reinforced concrete).

Windows, doors

A unique feature of the site’s house construction calculator is that it takes into account the areas allocated for window and door openings. When you indicate the number of windows and doors, the final price of building a house according to the calculator will be lower due to the reduction in the calculated volumes of materials for the walls.

Facade

External finishing is needed not only for the exterior, but also for the heat and sound insulation of the building. An online calculator for determining the cost of building a house shows options for facade design using:

clinker tiles;
facing bricks;
“wet façade” technologies;
ordinary plaster.

The latter option is cheaper, but the plaster must be applied to walls whose thickness provides thermal protection.

Using a construction calculator on the site will help you not only imagine the cost of the work, but also develop a preliminary detailed design for a private house made of aerated concrete. The accuracy of the calculations is guaranteed by a combination of theoretical calculations with real experience in carrying out many construction projects.

The choice of foam blocks for building a house indicates reasonable savings for the developer. To assess the benefits of such a solution, you should first calculate the turnkey estimate. This will help plan future expenses and find out whether there is enough savings for construction in the family budget. In addition, a detailed listing of materials gives an objective picture of the upcoming construction and suggests ways to save money without damaging the house.

Estimates are drawn up based on the house design. As an example for independent calculation of materials, consider a small building made of foam blocks on a strip foundation, consisting of three rooms, a kitchen and a terrace.

Estimate for the foundation

Since foam concrete is a lightweight material, screw piles can be used when constructing a bathhouse, summer kitchen or small cottage. According to experts, for building a house of 1-2 floors, a strip foundation is more suitable. It can be monolithic or prefabricated, recessed or shallow. Such a foundation for a house looks quite labor-intensive and expensive, but it has a big advantage. A strip foundation makes it possible to lay a basement or cellar under a residential building made of foam block.

A monolithic base, which is difficult to manufacture and reliable in operation, is well suited for the sample. The estimate for construction work will contain all the costs of its installation.

1. For an area with non-heaving soil, we select a shallow foundation 0.6 m deep. The trench needs to be dug 20 cm deeper to make a sand cushion.

For blocks measuring 600×300×200 mm, we set the width of the base to 0.5 m. The foundation for the house will be poured from the outside into the formwork, so its final height is 0.6+0.4=1.0 m.

2. Determine the length of the tape:

(8×2)+(6×2) = 36 m, external walls;
8+6=14 m, internal partitions;
4+(1.3×2) = 6.6 m, terrace.

The total length is 48.6 running meters.

3. We calculate the volume of concrete required to pour a monolithic foundation: 48.6 (length of the tape) × 1.0 (height of the base) × 0.5 (width of the base) = 24.3 m 3.

4. In the construction estimate, we list the components necessary for mixing it yourself (if desired, you can order a ready-made, factory-made solution). Their quantity is determined based on the concrete grade M300. For 1 m 3 of mixture you will need:

385 kg of cement M400;
1080 kg gravel/crushed stone;
705 kg of coarse sand;
200-220 liters of water.

To find out how much of each material is required, we multiply the standard filling parameters by the filling volume:

385×24.3= 9.367 t cement;
1080×24.3= 26.244 tons of crushed stone;
705×247.3= 17.132 t sand;
540 l water (depending on the moisture content of the components).

5. We calculate the amount of sand for filling under the foundation of a house made of foam blocks:

48.6 (tape length) × 0.5 (width) × 0.2 (pillow thickness) = 4.86 m 3. We round the result to 5 and in total we get 17.132 + 5 = 22.132 tons of sand.

6. When building a monolithic foundation, reinforcement is always necessary. For our sample, we select a frame from two longitudinal rows, 2 rods each with a diameter of 12 mm. For transverse rows, reinforcement with a cross section of 10 mm will be required. With a jumper pitch of 0.5 m, the cross section of the frame is 30 × 0.65 m, the length of the rods is 0.35 m (horizontal) and 0.7 m (vertical). In total, for one structure (ring) you will need 0.35 × 2 + 0.7 × 2 = 2.1 m. In addition, for the joints on the jumpers you need to provide tires 3 × 4 = 12 pcs. 1 m each. Total 12 meters or 2 rods 6 m each.

7. We determine the total amount of reinforcement for the estimate for the construction of a house made of foam concrete: 48.6 × 4 + 12 = 206.4 m or 35 rods of 6 m each with a diameter of 12 mm.

8. Calculate the number of rings for jumpers: 48.6/0.5+1=98 sets or 35 rods of 6 m each.

9. To knit the reinforcement, use soft steel wire at the rate of 0.5 m for each connection. For jumpers you will need 98 × 4 = 392 pcs, for tires 12 × 4 = 48 pcs, a total of 440 ties × 0.5 m = 220 meters.

Estimate for foam concrete blocks for building a box

In the 6x8 house project, we plan to lay load-bearing walls in half a block. For internal partitions, a quarter of a stone is enough.

0.06 m – area of the spoon or side of the foam block (200×300=60000 mm);
0.18 m – area of the bed or base of the block (300×600=180000 mm).

1. In a house made of foam blocks, choose a wall height of 2.8 m. It will require 14 elements in half a block. Taking into account the seam joints (14 pieces, 0.5 cm each), we get 2.87 m. In fact, the height of the walls inside the room will be 2.6-2.7 m (reduced due to the ceiling and screed).

(8+7.3+8+6+4+1.3)×2.8 m=96.88 m2 – area of load-bearing walls.

For construction you will need: 96.88/0.06 (S spoon) = 1615 pieces of half-stone foam blocks.

2. Determine the area of the internal partitions: (8+3+3)×2.8m=39.2 m2. For their construction, foam blocks of a quarter of an element are required: 39.2/0.18 (S bed) = 218 pieces.

3. In total, in the construction estimate we indicate the following number of foam concrete blocks: 1615+218=1833 pieces.

4. Find out the volume of dry glue for seams in load-bearing foam block walls. We have 14 horizontal (2.8/0.2=14) and 58 vertical (34.6/0.6=57.6 m) connections with a thickness of 0.005 m.

The total length of horizontal seams: 34.6 × 14 = 484.4 m, the amount of glue for it: 484.4 × 0.3 × 0.005 = 0.7266 m 3.
The length of the vertical seams is 58 × 2.87 = 166.64 m, respectively, the glue required is 166.64 × 0.3 × 0.005 = 0.24969 m 3.

The total consumption is 0.7266 + 0.2499 = 0.9765 m 3 or 1000 kg.

5. We calculate the glue for the construction of internal partitions with a total length of 14 m. We have 10 horizontal (2.8/0.3=9.3) and 24 vertical (14/0.6=23.4) seams.

Total length of connections: (14×10)+(24×2.8)=207.2 m.

Volume of adhesive for interior walls: 207.2×0.2×0.005=0.2072 m 3 or 270 kg.

6. Total consumption of dry adhesive solution for a house made of foam blocks: 1000+270=1270 kg or 51 bags of 25 kg each.

When drawing up estimates for the roof, it is better to involve specialists. This is a complex structure, the construction of which is difficult to cope with on your own. The opinion of professionals will also be needed when calculating the costs of plumbing, insulation and cladding of the house.

Table of main construction costs

By combining all the cost items together, we get an estimate for building a turnkey house from foam blocks.

If you carry out the construction work yourself, then greater accuracy in the calculations is not necessary. It is enough to take into account the main cost items and find out the prices in force in the region.

Construction materials	Quantity	Price RUR/unit	Total price, rubles
Box at home
Wall foam block	40.82 m3	3000	122460
U-shaped blocks	20 pcs	300	6000
Adhesive for laying foam blocks	650 kg or 26 bags	220	5720
Reinforcing rod d10	512 m	15	7680
Mineral insulation 50 mm thick	5.5 cubes	2450	13475
Facing brick	122.5 sq.m.	1000	122500
Cement mortar	2 cubic meters	2300	4600
Net	120 sq.m.	80	9600
Foundation
Concrete	30 cubic meters	3800	114000
Reinforcing rod d12	200 m	20	4000
- d10	270 m	16	4320
Steel wire	220 m	0,50	110
Ruberoid	4 rolls	300	1200
Sand	2.8 cubic meters	500	1400
Crushed stone	2.8 cubic meters	1700	4760

Beam 150×150	0,65
— 120×150	0,15
— 100×150	1,5
— 50×150	0,6	5000	14500
Board 30×100	5 m 3	5500	27500
Mineral wool 100 mm	8 m 3	2300	18400
Vapor barrier	1 roll	1500	1500
Metal tiles	68 m2	350	23800
Total			507 525

How to save money on building a house made of foam concrete?

First of all, the correct choice of dimensions of foam concrete blocks will help reduce the budget. In cold regions, the main task of construction is to maintain heat in the house. Foam blocks 600×300×200 mm are best suited for these purposes. They are convenient to lay in any way, varying the thickness of the box at home to the desired size. The number of blocks will always be the minimum possible and without unnecessary costs.

To reduce the construction estimate for the cost of foam blocks and other materials, it is better to contact the manufacturer directly. Prices for wholesale quantities can be reduced by 5-15%. You should not save money by buying cheap foam concrete of dubious quality for construction. The additional cost of correcting uneven walls in the house will cover the difference and may even exceed the estimate.

The price of ready-made factory-produced concrete looks more expensive than homemade mortar for building a house. But saving on manual kneading can result in large losses of working time and unnecessary labor costs.

When calculating the approximate cost of building a house made of foam concrete, you always need to add more bulk materials. When unloading, sand, crushed stone or gravel usually crumbles and remains on the ground. Additional procurement and transportation increase the cost of the entire construction.

When choosing a mixture for laying blocks, it is advisable to give preference to special-purpose adhesives. Their price is certainly higher than cement mortar. But the consumption is an order of magnitude less. In addition, foam concrete masonry with glue retains heat much better.

When building a house from foam blocks with brick cladding, you can make calculations easier by using an on-line electronic calculator. When ordering an estimate for a turnkey house made of foam blocks, it is advisable to contact several contractors at once. Prices for services are different for everyone, so it is not difficult to choose an option that is acceptable in terms of cost and delivery time. If necessary, you can always make amendments to the home estimate.

The construction of a house or building begins with calculations and drawing up an estimate, taking into account the materials used, the work performed and the cost of renting special equipment. That is why in construction it is customary to use estimates that clearly reflect the financial costs of constructing a specific object. The estimate applies to all types of buildings. In this article we will tell you what a house estimate is and how it can be calculated, as well as how much it costs to calculate an estimate.

Composition of the construction estimate

An estimate for the construction of a house is the main document for specialists; without it, not a single developer will carry out the construction of a building. The main financial costs fall on the purchase of building materials and additional elements for them. When calculating estimates, you should take into account such parameters as:

volume of planned work;
technology used;
construction time;
number of specialists on the project;
volume and terms of financing of the facility.

These criteria will allow the customer to monitor the timing of the construction process and check certain types of work. The main task that the estimate for building a house solves is:

adherence to a clear work schedule;
amount of financing during the period of work.

To perform calculations, the customer can submit applications to several companies at once; to do this, it is necessary to conclude an agreement for the preparation of the document. As a result, a house estimate compiled by different specialists will differ in the final cost, this is due to the fact that each company contributes its suppliers of materials and specialists performing the work. After reviewing several documents, you can compare and choose for yourself the most optimal option in terms of money and without compromising the future design.

Be sure to include minor or unexpected expenses at 15% of the total cost of the property. This may include transportation costs, payment for obtaining various certificates related to construction.

Acquisition of land and performing calculations

Construction costs, as a rule, begin with the inclusion of the cost of the land plot in the expenditure part of the document. Land is acquired in several ways that do not contradict the law:

purchase of a plot from the previous owner;
redemption from state property;
obtain a plot of land free of charge, subject to the availability of free land.

When purchasing a plot of land, be sure to draw up an agreement; this document will help you avoid fraudulent transactions and protect you legally. The contract must contain:

subject of the agreement: purpose of the site, its category and total area;
the price of the plot agreed upon by the sellers and the buyer.
When the transaction has already been completed, state registration of the transfer of ownership rights is carried out. For this, the following documents are submitted to the justice system:
application-registration;
receipt of payment for registration of the site;
purchase and sale agreement;
passport and additional identity documents;
cadastral plan.

The entire package of documents is accepted by the relevant authority and the decision is made within the period established by law, which is one month.

For information! When several construction processes are carried out by different contractors, it is necessary to prepare estimates for construction work for each type of work.

The price of such a document can vary from 9 to 40 dollars, because... The calculation depends on the number of positions in the document. The period for drawing up documentation is from 1 day, depending on the urgency.

How to make an estimate

Calculating future construction costs is a matter for specialists, but if you are confident in your abilities, you can draw up an estimate for construction yourself. The photo shows an example of an estimate for the construction of a frame house. Procedure for drawing up the document:

decide on the amount of materials;
find the necessary equipment;
negotiate with construction specialists.

When you already have an idea of what the house will be built from, what it will look like, in which part of the site it will be located, what materials will be used, it will not be difficult to calculate the final amount. It is worth noting that there are now a large number of construction forums on the Internet where you can download a blank estimate document form or compose it yourself in an office program.

So, how to make an estimate for the construction of a wooden house? To prepare a cost estimate you must:

Decide on the sequence of actions, understand what work should be entrusted to construction organizations, and what you can do yourself.
The following is the calculation of the estimate, depending on the use of construction technologies. It consists of determining the volume of building materials and structures and their application.
When all this data is already available, you can find a company providing construction services, look at the prices, and find out the cost of materials and work.
Next, the component takes all the obtained values and transfers them to its table, where the totals will be summed up for each type of work or product.
When all the data is filled in in the columns: name, cost of work, unit of measurement, you can perform a general summation of the project. For convenience, you can put the final figure on the right side of the table; for this you need to configure the formula. This calculation can be performed for a structure made of any material and design.

In a similar way, they calculate the amount of materials and the amount of work for all types of houses, regardless of what they are built from.

Cost calculation for foundation, roofing and finishing materials

The estimate for construction work must necessarily contain information about the foundation, roofing and finishing materials; these items are the most expensive. In order to understand how to calculate the volume of material for the foundation of a house, you should multiply the perimeter, height and thickness of the foundation. As a result, we will get the volume and find out the cost of 1 cubic meter. m of concrete and multiply it by the resulting value. It is very easy to calculate the roofing material; for this you need to take the total roof area and the cost per 1 sq.m. from the project for the house. material, and then multiply them together. Calculating the cost of finishing is the most troublesome task; for this you will need to multiply the wall area by the cost of 1 sq.m. each type of product.

We invite you to watch a video that shows how to calculate estimates

Types and features of estimates

Budgeting methods

Calculation of construction estimates for landscaping

Cost estimate (costs) is intended to group the upcoming expenses of an enterprise aimed at carrying out any activity. In addition, there are estimates aimed at financing the activities of any enterprise or organization. The purpose may be to carry out design or construction work and the like. In our article we will talk about the types of estimates, methods for drawing them up, and give an example of calculating a construction estimate for landscaping.

Many facts of economic activity require estimates. There are different types of estimates, it depends on the type of activity of the organization, its organizational and legal form. Thus, manufacturing companies prepare cost estimates for production, non-profit organizations - estimates of income and expenses, construction companies - specialized construction documentation, which includes estimates for construction and installation work (construction and installation works) and for the development of design documentation.

Types of estimates

Production cost estimate

Includes planned costs for manufacturing products and is compiled for each type of product produced.

It indicates direct, or variable, costs that depend on the volume of output:

material costs;
wages of production workers and insurance premiums;
depreciation deductions;
other expenses directly related to the production of products.

Here is formed partial cost of the product.

Such cost estimates are used to calculate the standard cost of finished products at which they will be accounted for in the warehouse, and the selling price at which these products will be sold to customers.

The production cost estimate allows you to control the use of resources - to prevent overexpenditure of material costs, timely identify deviations of actual indicators from planned ones, analyze and eliminate the causes of deviations. Without a production estimate, it is impossible to control actual costs.

Estimates of income and expenses

In the income and expense estimates of HOAs (homeowners' associations), TSN (real estate owners' associations), garage cooperatives, and gardening non-profit partnerships, the income indicates the amount of membership and (or) targeted contributions that go to the maintenance of the non-profit organization, and the expenses indicate all expenses incurred. her expenses.

The expenses of such organizations include, among other things, the salaries of the accountant and the chairman, security costs, costs of utility bills, garbage removal, fire safety, etc. Estimates are approved by the general meeting of owners.

At the end of the year, the audit commission checks the validity of the expenses incurred, their documentary evidence, and the compliance of actual expenses with the expenses indicated in the estimate.

Construction estimates

Compiled for construction and installation work on repairs, major overhauls of buildings and equipment, for reconstruction and construction of new facilities (buildings, residential buildings, cottage communities), landscaping of courtyard areas, laying roads, etc., as well as for design and survey work construction work.

3 components of the estimate for construction and installation work:

1) direct costs;

2) overhead costs;

3) estimated profit.

The estimates for investment projects include the costs of design, survey, construction and installation work, and the profit that the contractor should receive from the work.

As a rule, the price in investment contracts and construction contracts is negotiable (that is, free, not tied to anything).

The cost of construction is determined at the stage of preparing design and estimate documentation, taking into account economic, geographical and natural factors, and local conditions. Subjects of investment activity (investors, customers-developers, contractors) are independent and equal in rights, therefore the price for capital construction projects is set by mutual consent of the parties.

The cost of construction can be determined at different stages, for example:

design work (drawing up a general plan, sketches, etc.);
construction and installation work (direct execution of construction work);
commissioning work to put into operation the necessary equipment at the facility under construction.

Prices in construction estimates are determined on the basis of a variant and flexible approach without strict regulations and excessive centralization. Contract bidding allows you to choose the optimal cost, timing and quality of project implementation.

The cost of construction products and the volume of production depend on demand: the more housing is in demand, the more expensive 1 m 2 of living space is and the more residential buildings are built.

Any participant in the investment process can draw up an estimate:

designer working under a contract with the customer. In this case, the estimate is usually prepared using the resource method or at the basic level using a fixed price;
customer - determines the preliminary cost of the investment project or draws up an investor estimate for a package of tender documentation;
general contractor - determining the cost through contract bidding.

Depending on which of the subjects of investment activity compiled the estimate, the following types are distinguished (Table 1).

Table 1

Types of construction estimates

Type of construction estimate	Who makes up	At what stage is it compiled?	How is the amount of investment determined?	Calculation accuracy
Conceptual estimate	Designer	When developing investment proposals together with a feasibility study of the project	Based on the collected information regarding the unit cost of consumer properties or facility capacity
Investor estimate	Investor	At the pre-project stage, the starting price of the investment project is determined	The starting price is calculated based on the master plan or sketch of the construction project. The specification and volume of building materials and equipment are calculated using aggregated indicators
Contractor's estimate (estimate for construction and installation work)	Contractor	At the stage of concluding a contract based on design documentation	The estimated cost includes the cost of materials and construction and installation works, losses from inflation, the contractor’s profit, and other issues related to construction
Customer's estimate		Developed on the basis of a finished project or master plan, working drawings taking into account elemental estimate standards, unit prices, average values of the cost of resources used in construction	The estimated cost includes the cost of all stages of construction
Executive estimate	Customer or contractor	After completion of construction. The question of its necessity is resolved in the process of concluding a contract	All actual expenses incurred are taken into account, including additional ones that arose during the implementation of the project for both the contractor and the customer.

The methodology for determining the estimated cost of an investment project, the regulatory framework used and the procedure for carrying out mutual settlements are agreed upon by the customer and the contractor and are recorded in the signed contract.

Local estimates

The summary estimate calculation of a facility under construction is drawn up on the basis of local estimate calculations (estimates), which, in turn, are drawn up on the basis of the physical volumes of work, structural drawings of elements of buildings and structures, accepted methods of work and, as a rule, for each building and structure according to types of work

Contract agreements may provide for enlarged stages of work - technologically complete complexes of construction and installation work. Separate local estimates can be drawn up for them. For example, in estimates for buildings, underground and above-ground parts are distinguished. This allows the customer to pay the contractor for the completed stage of work. For relatively simple objects, the estimated cost may not be grouped into sections.

The result of the estimate calculation in the local estimate is direct costs. Next, the size of overhead costs and profits is determined. Overhead costs are added to the total direct costs as a percentage. After this, the total cost is calculated. Profit is accrued on it (also as a percentage).

Determination of construction costs

The cost of construction can be determined by:

in the project - according to enlarged estimate standards (price lists, enlarged estimate standards - USN, enlarged prices - UR), integrated indicators of construction costs (UPSC) and cost indicators of analogous objects;
according to estimates for standard, reusable and individual projects, tied to local construction conditions, and estimates drawn up according to working drawings, using price lists intended for this purpose (USN, UR).

Local estimates for the purchase of technological and engineering equipment are compiled on the basis of specifications for the equipment of the manufacturer, drawings of the technological part of the design documentation, factory price lists and stock exchange lists of wholesale prices for equipment.

Note!

The cost of equipment, determined on the basis of wholesale prices for industrial products, includes the costs of delivering equipment to the construction warehouse, costs of containers, packaging, supply and marketing margins, costs of completing equipment and procurement and storage costs.

Due to high inflation and instability, it is impossible to develop unit prices for certain types of work, the cost of machine hours, operated machines and mechanisms, and determine the level of wages. In this regard, coefficients for estimated prices approved by the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation in 2001 are applied.

The coefficients show the change in value relative to the specified price level, taken as the base.

Correction coefficients (indices) are developed by regional construction pricing centers (RCCP), which publish a Collection of coefficients for recalculating the estimated cost of construction and installation work once a quarter, and in Moscow - monthly.

Our dictionary

Current price level— the level of cost determined on the basis of prices in force at the time of determining the cost.

Basic cost level— cost level determined on the basis of estimated prices. Designed to compare the results of investment activities over different periods of time, economic analysis and determination of value at current prices.

The method of drawing up estimates using previously approved unit prices and bringing them to the price scale of the current period using indices is called base-index.

Another common budgeting method is resourceful: for each type of work, according to the GESN-2001 collections, the necessary material and technical resources, the time spent on operating machines and mechanisms, and the labor costs of workers are determined in natural meters. Prices and tariffs for the specified resources are accepted current, that is, at the time of drawing up the estimate, or with a forecast for their possible change.

The resource method allows you to fairly accurately determine the estimated cost of construction at any point in time. The required resources are established based on the project documentation.

In this case, a local resource statement is first compiled, and then, based on it, a local estimate calculation is made.

Object estimate calculations

Object estimate calculations (estimates) are compiled for the construction of each individual building and structure on the basis of local estimates (estimates) for individual types of work and costs for buildings, structures and general site work and determine the total amount of all costs associated with the construction of the facility.

Estimated calculations (estimates) included in the site estimates, agreed upon with contracting construction organizations, are the basis for determining the estimated cost of the facility under construction.

Object estimates take into account the cost of all types of construction and installation work, the cost of equipment, fixtures and inventory.

To determine the full estimated cost of an object, funds to cover limited costs are additionally included in the object estimate at current prices:

to increase the cost of work performed in winter, and other similar costs included in the estimated cost of construction and installation work;
other work and costs, which are determined as a percentage of the cost of each type of work, costs or the total of construction and installation work according to all local estimates;
a reserve of funds for unforeseen work and costs, provided for in the consolidated estimate of the cost of construction, to reimburse the contractor’s costs, the amount of which is determined by separate agreement between the customer and the contractor.

If the cost of an object can be determined from a local estimate, an object estimate is not drawn up. In this case, the role of the object estimate is played by the local estimate, which indicates funds to cover limited costs in the same order as for object estimates.

For your information

In the object-based estimate, indicators of unit cost per 1 m 3 of volume, 1 m 2 of area of buildings and structures, 1 m of network length, etc. are ultimately given.

Site estimates drawn up according to working drawings, agreed upon with the construction contractor and approved by the customer, are the basis for payments for work performed. The correctness of determining the price of construction products, and therefore the results of the production and economic activities of contractors, depends on the quality of object estimates.

Summary estimate

The consolidated estimate of the cost of construction of enterprises, buildings and structures or their queues determines the estimated limit of funds required to fully complete the construction of all objects provided for by the project. It is compiled on the basis of object estimates (object estimate calculations) and estimates for additional costs not taken into account in object and local estimates.

Based on the approved consolidated estimate of the cost of construction, the limit of capital investments in financing construction is determined.

Each line of the summary estimate corresponds to the data of the object estimate (object estimate) for individual objects, work and costs and has a link to the number of the specified documents.

In the consolidated estimate, a separate line provides for a reserve of funds for unforeseen work and costs:

no more than 2% - for social facilities;
no more than 3% - for industrial facilities.

When compiling a summary estimate, current prices are used.

An approximate list of chapters of a consolidated estimate of the cost of industrial and housing and civil construction:

Preparing the construction site.
Main construction objects.
Objects for auxiliary and service purposes.
Energy facilities.
Transport and communication facilities.
External networks and structures of water supply, sewerage, heat supply and gas supply.
Improvement and landscaping of the territory.
Temporary buildings and structures.
Other work and costs.
Contents of the directorate (technical supervision) of the enterprise under construction.
Training of operational personnel.
Design and survey work, designer's supervision.

An explanatory note is attached to the summary estimate submitted for approval as part of the project, which contains:

reference to the territorial area where the construction is located;
the level of estimated prices in which the calculation was made;
a list of catalogs of estimate standards adopted for drawing up estimates for the construction of facilities;
name of the general contractor;
features of determining the estimated cost of construction work;
features of determining the estimated cost of equipment and its installation.

Note!

In practice, when constructing large facilities, in addition to capital investments in the construction of the facility itself, capital investments are provided in the construction of a base for the needs of the construction of this structure.

For this purpose, separate consolidated estimates are drawn up for housing and civil construction and for the creation of a construction industry base, which are included in the cost summary along with the consolidated estimate for industrial facilities. The total estimated cost of construction in these cases is determined by a cost summary combining two or more summary estimates.

If several investors are involved in the construction of objects, then based on the results of the consolidated estimate, the costs of each shareholder's share in the construction are indicated.

We make an estimate

Let's look at the methodology for drawing up cost estimates using an example.

Example

The customer of the work on landscaping the courtyard area is the district government, the contractor is a contracting organization that is engaged in landscaping and landscaping of the territory.

Work on the facility is carried out on the basis of a contract and estimate documentation.

Road work and landscaping of the area are planned.

At the first stage, the contractor draws up a list of planned types of work, indicating their volume and method of execution (Table 2).

table 2

List of planned types of work

Name of work and costs	Unit	Quantity	Technique
Men at work
Construction of driveways covered with asphalt concrete:
soil development h = 0.60 m
installation of a sand base layer h = 0.30 m			Sandblasting machine ABSC-1028, compressor TM
installation of a layer of rigid laid concrete h = 0.16 m			Mechanical compactor IE-4502, dump truck KAMAZ-6520, concrete pump BN-80
installation of a layer of bitumen mastic 0.6-0.8 l/m 2			Bitumen pump DS-125
installation of an asphalt concrete layer h = 0.07 m			Mixing plant, paver, dump truck
installation of side stone
landscaping
Lawn installation
soil development h = 0.40 m			59 kW (hp) bulldozer, excavator with 0.25 m 3 bucket, dump trucks
			Dump truck, milling cutter, self-propelled electric milling cutter

sowing lawn grass seeds
			Watering machine ZIL, lawn mower
Tree planting
Cutting down dried and diseased trees and shrubs			Chainsaws
Including delivery of planting material			Dump trucks
Improving the mechanical composition and fertility of plant soil			Mounted tiller, cultivator
planting trees with a clod measuring 0.8×0.8×0.5 m, including:
Norway maple with crown (4-6 years, height - 1.5-3 m)
jasmine (height - 3.0-3.5 m)
post-planting care			Watering machine ZIL

Based on the list of planned types of work, material costs (Table 3) and wages of workers participating in the project (Table 4) are calculated.

The statement of material costs indicates the amount of materials needed for landscaping work and their cost at current prices.

Table 3

Material cost calculation sheet

Type of material	Unit	Quantity	Unit cost, rub.	Total cost, rub.
Directions
fine-grained asphalt concrete
rigid concrete


Total
Lawns
fertile soil
lawn grass seeds
Total
Trees
Norway maple

Total

The payroll statement indicates:

volumes of work performed by the contractor's employees;
hourly tariff rate;
additional salary;
wage fund (payroll) for each type of work. Calculated using the formula:

Additional wages are calculated only for heavy work and amount to 15% of the basic wage.

Table 4

Employee payroll sheet

Name	Scope of work	Standard time, h	Hourly tariff rate, rub.	Additional payments, rub.	Payroll fund, rub.
Construction of driveways covered with asphalt concrete
soil development h = 0.60 m (m 2)
installation of a sand base layer h = 0.30 m (m 2)
installation of a layer of rigid laid concrete h = 0.16 m (m 2)
installation of a layer of bitumen mastic 0.6-0.8 l/m 2 (m 2)
installation of an asphalt concrete layer h = 0.07 m (m 2)
installation of side stone (rm)
Total
Lawn installation
soil development h = 0.40 m
creating a soil layer h = 0.2 m
preparation of the root layer of soil with the addition of plant soil h = 0.2 m
sowing lawn grass seeds
lawn care (watering, double mowing)
Total
Tree planting
cutting down dried and diseased trees and shrubs
including delivery of planting material
improving the mechanical composition and fertility of plant soil


Total
Total

The estimate also includes the costs of maintenance and repair of special equipment used in construction - bulldozers, excavators, dump trucks.

Here is a calculation of the cost of 1 machine-hour of bulldozer operation. The initial data are presented in table. 5, calculation results are in table. 6.

Table 5

Data for calculating 1 machine-hour of bulldozer operation

Indicators	Unit	Sum
Book value
Useful life
Number of hours worked per month
Annual cost of machine maintenance and repair
Tariff rate for wages

Cost of 1 liter of fuel
Consumption rate of lubricants per 100 liters of fuel consumption
Cost of 1 liter of lubricants
Overhead rate		90% of the wage fund

Table 6

Calculation sheet for 1 machine-hour of bulldozer operation

No.	Indicator name	Unit	Calculation	Total
	Initial cost
	Depreciation
	Useful life
	Monthly depreciation
	Hourly depreciation		129 032,26 / 166
	Maintenance and repair costs
	Annual norm
	Annual costs		8,000,000 × 0.24
	Monthly costs
	Hourly costs
	Salary (driver salary)
	Tariff rate, rub./hour
	Insurance premiums
	Hourly wage
	Fuel costs
	Fuel consumption rate per 1 machine-hour
	Cost of 1 liter of fuel
	Hourly fuel cost
	Lubricant costs
	Oil consumption rate per 100 liters of fuel
	Oil consumption rate in accordance with fuel consumption rate
	Hourly costs for lubricants
	Overheads
	Total cost of 1 machine-hour		777,30 + 963,85 + 190 + 476 + 57,8 + 135

The standard working time for a bulldozer for constructing driveways covered with asphalt concrete is 20 hours, for landscaping the area - 5 hours. Accordingly, the costs for maintenance and repair of the bulldozer will be:

when performing road work - RUB 51,999. (RUB 2,599.95 × 20 hours);
lawn installation - RUB 12,999.75. (RUB 2,599.95 × 5 hours).

An excavator and dump trucks were also involved in the improvement work. Maintenance and repair costs will be:

when performing road works:

excavator - 48,250 rubles;

dump trucks - 60,230 rubles;

lawn installation work:

excavator - 10,150 rubles;

dump trucks - 12,350 rubles;

tree planting work:

dump trucks - RUB 12,350.

Based on the calculations, we will draw up local estimates for each type of work (Table 7-9), taking into account that:

overhead costs - workers;
other expenses - ;
estimated profit - 15% of total costs;
VAT - 18% of total costs + estimated profit.

Table 7

Local estimate for the installation of asphalt concrete pavement of the roadway, sidewalks and paths

expenditures	Amount, rub.	Note
Material costs		Page 1 statement of material costs
		Page 1 payroll statements


Overheads		20% of labor costs
other expenses		2% of workers' compensation costs
Total costs:
Estimated profit		15% of the total cost

Total according to estimate	273 367,24

Table 8

Local estimate for lawn installation

expenditures	Amount, rub.	Note
Material costs		Page 2 statements of material costs
Labor costs		Page 2 payroll statements
Social service contributions		Calculation of insurance premiums from wages
Costs for maintaining construction equipment		Sheets for calculating machine hours of equipment operation
Overheads		20% of labor costs
other expenses		2% of workers' compensation costs
Total costs		The sum of all the above costs
Estimated profit		15% of the total cost
		15% × (total cost + estimated profit)
Total according to estimate	148 742,94

Table 9

Local estimate for planting trees and shrubs

expenditures	Amount, rub.	Note
Material costs		Page 3 statements of material costs
Labor costs		Page 3 payroll statements
Social service contributions		Calculation of insurance premiums from wages
Costs for maintaining construction equipment		Sheets for calculating machine hours of equipment operation
Overheads		20% of labor costs
other expenses		2% of workers' compensation costs
Total costs:		The sum of all the above costs
Estimated profit		15% of the total cost
		15% × (total cost + estimated profit)
Total according to estimate	21 174,81

Local estimates are combined into an object estimate, which summarizes the amounts of expenses for each type of work from the local estimates.

The object estimate for landscaping the courtyard area is presented in table. 10.

Table 10

Object estimate for landscaping the courtyard area

expenditures	Amount, rub.
Material costs
Labor costs
Social service contributions
Costs for maintaining construction equipment
Overheads
other expenses
Total costs:
Estimated profit

Total according to estimate	443 284,98

So, the cost of improvement work according to the site estimate amounted to 443,284.98 rubles.

Based on the winning tender, the contractor entered into an agreement with the municipality for the improvement of the yard area in the amount of RUB 443,284.98.

Conclusion

Preparation of estimates is important for the business activities of a company. The main purpose of the estimate is to determine the amount of standard resources to complete the task. Well-written estimate documentation with a clear template and understandable structure, especially for the construction industry, is the basis for the success and profitability of the company.