"Conflictology. Educational and methodological complex for students in the course “Conflictology Typical signs of a pathological liar

The most difficult problem is determining when the interlocutor is telling the truth and when he is deliberately lying. Most people resort to lying when they want to avoid punishment or receive a reward. With the help of lies, people try to protect themselves until remorse becomes unbearable for them or until external circumstances tell them that it is time to admit their guilt. When people lie, they experience fear, which manifests itself in certain symptoms, such as pulsation of the carotid artery, dry lips, involuntary movements of the Adam's apple, and/or excessive attempts to give the appearance of truth to their statements.

Below we give a description of some types of liars. The most typical are six of them:

Panic liar. He lies out of fear of the consequences of his confession. Such PEOPLE FEEL that they will not be able to bear THEIR HUMILIATION IN THE CIRCLE OF FRIENDS AND RELATIVES. Recognition would be a blow to their pride. This type of liar believes that confessing will make an already bad situation even worse.
Professional liar. Such people lie and deceive all the time - at work, when shopping in a store, and so on. Such people can be considered liars with great practice.
A liar for sport. He likes to lie. For him, lying is a challenge. Each new person for him is a new opponent in a kind of sporting competition. Such liars begin by deceiving their parents, gradually transferring their lies to more and more new people.
Sadistic liar. For him, lies are his only weapon. Such a sadistic liar understands that he can be accused, but he will never give the investigators pleasure with his confession. It gives such people joy to see how others and his family suffer because the law persecutes an “innocent” person.
Ethnological liar. His parents taught him that “no one likes an informer.” This way of thinking is typical for representatives of the mafia. These people like to be questioned.
Psychological liar. It seems that such people have no conscience at all, they do not regret the crime they committed. They have no outward manifestations of guilt. The hardest thing is with such liars - they are excellent actors, capable of deceiving anyone.

Lying is hard work. Telling a deliberate lie in a conversation always requires some effort. Good psychologists can recognize the struggle within a suspect with himself, his tension and the work of his thoughts. The author has identified signs, both verbal and psychological, that may indicate a deliberate lie.

Exhibiting one or more of the signs in this example is not proof that the person you are talking to is lying. Good psychologists use what we call assessment or calibration to separate deliberate lies from merely nervous reactions from a suspect. At the same time, the psychologist evaluates the behavior of the interlocutor and his answers to those questions that seem beneficial to him. These behaviors and responses are then compared to responses to questions regarding the details of the truth.

VERBAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SIGNS OF INTENTIONAL LIES

Verbal signs.

Answer to the question.
People who tell the truth try to answer the question directly; those who hide it try to talk about various side circumstances in their answers.
Time to answer the question
Those who tell lies usually take longer to answer a question; they need time to decide what exactly to say.
Repeat question
Repeating a question is a common way to gain extra time to think through the answer to a question.
Fragmentary incomplete statements
Many people who tell lies are distinguished by fragmentary speech, their sentences often remain unfinished.
Oaths and assurances
Various types of oaths (such as “I swear to God!”) are often used by liars in their attempts to make their lies more convincing. Truthful people do not need to resort to oaths and assurances.
Clarity of answer
Liars often grumble answers under their breath or get confused in their answers.
Use of words
People who tell lies try to use “streamlined” words, for example, “I did not take this money.”
People who tell the truth try to convince the other side of their innocence, while liars behave passively.
Inconsistency
Inconsistency in statements is one of the best indicators of deceit.
Directness of answers
Truthful people try to answer questions directly, while liars try to answer difficult questions indirectly.

Nonverbal signs

Signs are such signals, the meaning of which is quite clear. For example, a nod of the head. In some cases of deception, such signs are not completed and end abruptly.

Gestures are primarily hand movements that are made to add credibility to words. People who tell lies often use gestures that seem out of place.

Involuntary skills

Such skills may be habits that are not noticed by the person himself, for example, touching the earlobe, stroking hair, squeezing and unclenching fingers, etc. During times of stress, these skills become more prominent.

Stress usually manifests itself in rapid breathing, which can often indicate intentional lying.

Coughing and frequent swallowing of saliva

Such manifestations of stress may indicate a deliberate lie.

Facial expression

Elusive or difficult to detect, quickly disappearing - in a split second - changes in facial expression often indicate hidden emotional arousal. With proper training, a person can always learn to catch them.

ATTENTION!

Recognizing lies from politicians is not a science, but an art. None of the above signs can have independent significance; it is necessary to evaluate all the signs together. n

SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENON OF THE MANIPULATED

SUGGERENT MODEL OF SOCIETY

According to Marx's political economy, society was divided into exploiters and exploited due to surplus production. In other words, some worked better and more efficiently, while others worked less. Consequently, manipulators and the manipulated arose due to the harder work of potential manipulators. Is it so?

Earlier in the work, the author suggested that people are divided into rich and poor not only due to their ability to work effectively, but also to their ability to mislead each other, manipulate and deceive. This is precisely what the author’s work was devoted to.

Until now, we have considered only manipulators and in them we saw the root cause of the division of society into more and less wealthy.

Now let's consider the MANIPULATED. Who are they? WHAT IS THE SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENON OF THE MANIPULATED?

In the 90s, Russia embarked on the path of market reforms. Currently, there is an increased differentiation of society. That is why the author decided not to miss this unique opportunity and explore the underlying mechanisms of the emergence of manipulated people and manipulators.

THANKS TO SYSTEMATIC SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF THE CENTER FOR SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH, HEADED BY THE AUTHOR, THE FEATURES OF THE MANIPULATED AND MANIPULATIVES WERE STUDYED IN THIS COMPLEX TRANSITIONAL PERIOD. A SOCIAL GROUP CALLED DECEPTED VOTERS WAS TAKEN AS THE OBJECTS OF THE RESEARCH.

Here are just SOME CONCLUSIONS OF THESE RESEARCHES:

1. Suggestibility TEST SHOWED THAT 37% OF THE SUBJECTS HAVE GOOD Suggestibility, WITH 12% INCREASED.

2. MOST OF THE RESEARCHED (59%) ARE EXTREMELY TRUSTING PEOPLE AND DO NOT HAVE GOOD KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MANIPULators AND FEATURES OF THE ECONOMY. FOR THE MOST OF THEM (71%), TELEVISION IS AN AUTHORITATIVE BODY.

3. MOST OF THE DECEPTED VOTERS (68%) WERE OBVIOUS FANS OF A.M. KASHPIROVSKY’S HEALTH SESSIONS. AND HALF OF THEM FELT THE INFLUENCE OF THE PSYCHOTHERAPIST THROUGH THE SCREEN.

4. 51% OF THE DECEPTED VOTERS HAVE ALREADY FREQUENTLY “BUYED” INTO VARIOUS KINDS OF TEMPITING ADS.

5. AMONG THE DECEPTED VOTERS, 4% KNEW THAT THEY WERE PLAYING A DANGEROUS GAME AND FELT THE “MMM” SCAM. THIS GROUP WILL BE CALLED TRUE PLAYERS IN THE FUTURE.

6. AMONG THE DECEPTED VOTERS, 16% ARE CAPABLE OF AGGRESSIVE ACTIONS, WHICH CAN GROW INTO STRONG SOCIAL CONFLICT.

BASED ON THE ABOVE RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS, THE AUTHOR DEVELOPED A SUGGERENT* MODEL OF SOCIETY, BASED ON ADVANCED SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL POSTULATES. (The suggestible subject is understood as a suggestor):

* Suggerent - derived from the word suggest (English) - “to inspire.” In this book, a suggestor will only be understood as a Suggested SUGGERENT.

1. In all societies, regardless of their number, there are snow -eating social entities with increased suggestibility and susceptibility to the word, speech, communications, ideologies (etc.) produced by snowdrivers. IT IS THIS PHENOMENON THAT ALLOWS SOCIETY TO BE DIVIDED INTO MANIPULATERS (SUGGESTORS) AND MANIPULATED (SUGGERENTS).

Suggestibility (SUGGERENCE OR SUGGESTIVITY) OF SUBJECTS IS A MANIFESTATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF MANIPULATIVE SELF-delusion, CHARACTERIZING THE DESIRE AND ABILITY OF SUBJECTS TO BE ELIGIBLE WITH THEIR OWN CONSENT (SECOND PRINCIPLE OF THE CONCEPT OF IL LUSIONISM).

2. THIS SOCIAL EDUCATION OF SUGGERENTS IS FROM 7 TO 15% OF THE TOTAL SOCIETY. IT IS THIS PART OF SOCIETY, AS THE MOST EASILY MANIPULATED, THAT IS THE INITIATOR AND CARRIER OF SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS AND RELIGIONS. IT IS THANKS TO THIS PART OF SOCIETY THAT THE INITIAL ACCUMULATION OF CAPITAL TAKES PLACE BY MANIPULators, WHO SUBSEQUENTLY TURN INTO THE MOST FINANCIALLY WEALTHY PART OF SOCIETY.

3. IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MANIPULATOR’S CAPITAL, THREE STAGES OF MANIPULATION CAN BE DISTRIBUTED:

1st stage MANIPULATOR word MANIPULATED

(suggestible)

2nd stage MANIPULATOR word MANIPULATED

money (non-suggestible and suggestible)

3rd stage MANIPULATOR money MANIPULATED

(regardless of suggestibility)

AT THE FIRST STAGE, the manipulator has no capital (money) and influences only suggestible and gullible people.

AT THE SECOND STAGE, the manipulator has capital (money), and thanks to it he begins to influence the unsuggestible.

AT THE THIRD STAGE, the manipulator ceases to be a suggestor, i.e. ceases to engage in suggestion, and influences the manipulated only through money. At this stage, interpersonal communication between the manipulator and the manipulated disappears.

4. SOCIAL EDUCATION OF SUGGERENTS ON OUR PLANET - THE MOST GIFTED PART OF SOCIETY. IT IS THANKS TO THEM THAT ART EXISTS AND LIVES. THE REST OF THE PLANET IS JUST TRYING TO LEARN TO PERCEIVE ART AS SUGGERENTS.

5. SOCIAL EDUCATION OF SUGGERENTS CONSTITUTES THE BASIS OF VARIOUS RELIGIOUS SECTS. IN POLITICS, THEY DETERMINE THE SUCCESS OF ANY NEWLY FOUNDED PARTY. IN SUGGEREN MAFIOSA COMMUNITIES YOU ARE ZOMBIES.

6. SOCIAL EDUCATION OF SUGGERENTS OFTEN ACTS AS A SEED FOR VARIOUS SOCIAL PHENOMENA. (For example, only a small part felt the success of Kashpirovsky’s sessions, but this provoked the whole society to watch health-improving sessions on TV).

7. Scientific and psychological research into the social phenomenon of a society of suggestible subjects should take place within the framework of the systematic approach put forward by the author in Chapter 3.

8. The 20th century is the century of the discovery of the third method of manipulation (two methods were previously considered: electronic and conventional communications and money). This third method is psychotic substances (drugs). Criminal manipulation and zombification of society in this way threatens all of humanity (see Chapter 5).

CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE PERSONALITY OF THE POLITICIAN AS A MANIPULATOR

(Are political manipulators born or made?)

Rough manipulation techniques (12%)
Professional manipulation (21%)
Manipulation as survival and everyday manipulation (55%)

The percentage of people who use this type of manipulation is shown in brackets.

The respondents came to the FIRST, gross, manipulation (for example, criminal deception in politics) purposefully (19%) and spontaneously (36%). Therefore, the true manipulators are, perhaps, those who organize their manipulations according to a specific program. For example, when analyzing economic crimes committed by various banks and firms, it turned out that manipulative (illegal) actions were committed as a necessity for survival purposes. The realization that this was a crime came later, i.e. after a “look from the outside” (This is spontaneous and random manipulation). Unfortunately, later spontaneous manipulations developed into purposeful ones. Thus, in most cases, there is an initial stage of SPONTANEOUS BLUFF AND DECEPTION, WHICH FURTHER GROWS INTO PURPOSE, WITH ALL ELEMENTS AND STAGES OF ILLUSIONISM.

Crude techniques of bluff and deception are used not only in politics, but also in security, fraud, business, commerce, etc.

PROFESSIONAL MANIPULATION is most often not recognized by its carriers due to the fact that this is the norm of their professional activity. Employees of the State Security Service and internal affairs bodies are manipulators due to their duties and responsibilities. This is a necessity caused by the criminal manipulations taking place in our country. Criminal manipulation can only be overcome by other manipulations.

SURVIVAL MANIPULATION is the most widespread; the entire population is subject to it, depending on talent and “degree of depravity.” People deceive each other, mislead at work, at home, etc.

In the process of analysis, it became clear that the level of manipulativeness of a person, beyond which internal mental conflicts begin, is different for different manipulative politicians.

THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR HARMONY BETWEEN CONSCIENCE AND MANIPULATIVITY IS A PSEUDO PROBLEM, SINCE IT IS FUNDAMENTALLY UNSOLVABLE. EVEN THE WISE MIXING OF THESE PHENOMENA OF THE HUMAN SOUL EVENTUALLY LEADS TO CONFLICTS. A MANIPULATIVE POLITICIAN MANIPULATES THOSE WHO WISH TO BE MANIPULATED.

THE MOST IMPORTANT JUSTIFICATION FOR THEIR MANIPULATIONS AND DECEPTION FOR MANY MANIPULATORY POLITICIANS IS THE DESIRE OF THEIR VICTIMS TO BE DECEPTED.

“You yourself wanted deception, so I satisfied you with deception,” was how many outstanding political adventurers justified themselves before their death.

“Pathological liars. If the need to attract attention to oneself and dazzle other people with the brilliance of one’s personality is combined, on the one hand, with an overly excitable, rich and immature fantasy, and on the other hand, with moral defects more sharply expressed than in hysterics, then a picture of that psychopathy arises. which Delbruck called pseudologia phantastica, Dupre - mythomania and whose representatives Kraepelin more roughly and more correctly designates as “liars and rogues.”

Most often, these are people whose abilities cannot be denied. They are smart, resourceful, quickly learn everything new, have the gift of speech and know how to use for their own purposes every knowledge and every ability that they possess. They may seem well-educated, even learned, with only a superficial store of information gleaned from encyclopedic dictionaries and popular pamphlets. Some of them have some artistic and poetic inclinations, write poetry, draw, play music, and have a passion for the theater. Quickly making acquaintances, they adapt well to people and easily gain their trust. They know how to behave with dignity, are dexterous, often graceful, take great care of their appearance and the impression they make on others: often a smart suit represents the only property of such a psychopath.

The important thing is that, although they have good abilities, these people rarely show genuine interest in anything other than their personality. , and suffer from a complete lack of diligence and endurance. They are superficial, cannot force themselves to exert themselves for a long time, are easily distracted, and scattered. Their spiritual interests are shallow, and work that requires perseverance, accuracy and thoroughness thereby produces a repulsive effect on them.

“Their thinking,” says Kraepelin, “there is a lack of planning, order and coherence, judgments lack maturity and thoroughness, and their entire perception of life lacks depth and seriousness.” Of course, one cannot expect moral stability from them: being frivolous people, they are not capable of deep experiences, are capricious in their affections and usually Not forge strong relationships with people. They have no sense of duty, and they love only themselves. Their most fatal feature is their inability to control their imagination.

With their passion for drawing, for showing off dust, they are completely unable to fight the temptation to use for this purpose the richly detailed and lavishly decorated images of fantasy that easily arise in them. Hence their irresistible and often colossal harm passion for lying. They lie artistically, masterfully, being carried away by their lies and almost forgetting that it is a lie. Often they lie completely senselessly, without any reason, just to show off something, to capture the imagination of their interlocutor with something.

Most often, of course, their inventions concern their own personalities: they willingly talk about their high origins, their connections in “spheres,” about the significant positions they have held and hold, about their colossal wealth. With their rich imagination, it costs them nothing to paint in the smallest detail the furnishings of a non-existent villa that supposedly belongs to them, even more - to go with doubters and show them, under the guise of their own, someone else’s villa, etc., as proof of the truth of their words. But they They do not always limit themselves to lies: only some of them lie naively and innocently, like children, spurred on by the desire to show off more and more new images that arise in the imagination. The majority derives tangible benefits from their lies.

Such are the numerous swindlers who pose as important people traveling incognito, such are the charlatans who assume the title of doctors, engineers, etc. and often manage to keep those around them under the hypnosis of their deception for some time, such are the swindlers and forgers of documents, such, finally, are even many small street swindlers who lure money from gullible people with stories about the misfortune that happened to them, promises to provide some important service with the help of acquaintances, etc. Their self-control in this case is often amazing: they lie so self-confidently, without being embarrassed by anything, they get out of it so easily, even when they are pushed against the wall, which involuntarily arouse admiration. Many do not lose heart and being caught. Kraepelin talks about one such swindler who was in a clinic on probation and, returning to prison at the end of his term, so impressed with his proud lordly appearance the policeman sent to accompany him that he forced the latter to obligingly carry his things. However, in the end, they are still distinguished by reduced resistance to the effects of “blows of fate”: having been caught and no longer seeing any way out, they easily fall into complete despair and then completely lose their dignity.

A number of traits make psychopaths of the described type similar to the previous group of hysterics. The main difference is that their deceitfulness overshadows all other personality traits. In addition, hysterics in their antics rarely cross the boundaries defined by criminal law, while both forensic and prison psychiatrists often encounter pseudologists. A much sharper difference separates pseudologists from dreamers, with which they have only one thing in common - excessive excitability of the imagination: according to Kronfeld’s very witty definition, While the dreamer deceives himself about the outside world, the pseudologist deceives others about himself. The fact that the latter sometimes begins to succumb to his own deception is only a side effect that does not lie in the essence of the main tendency of his behavior.”

Quoted from: Gannushkin P.B., Clinic of psychopathy: their statics, dynamics, systematics, in Sat.: Psychology of individual differences / Ed. Gippenreiter Yu.B., Romanova V.Ya., M., “CheRo”, 2000, p. 575-577.

There are more of these people than we think, and they are found not only in cliched plots of Hollywood films. Such characters may be among your friends and acquaintances, and my close friend was married to such a person for four years. We are talking about pathological liars - people suffering from the so-called Munchausen syndrome. And although the name of a literary character evokes pleasant associations, meeting a similar person in life does not bring pleasure.

What is pathological lying? Chronic liars who lie for their own benefit or for profit, as well as people who talk with an authoritative air about unfamiliar subjects are not pathological liars. These are ordinary liars, pretenders and masters of showing off. It is unpleasant to encounter such a person, and to catch him in a lie is disgusting, but not difficult. All these liars have one thing in common: they know very well that they are lying. If they have good acting skills, they can put on a whole performance in front of you - but to themselves they always remember that they are not telling the truth.

It’s a completely different matter - pathological liars. These people have been living in their castles in the air for so long that they already consider them real. Have you ever met adults who suddenly, under the guise of revelation, began to tell exciting stories from their lives - moreover, so incredible that they were difficult to believe? You might believe it: you never know what adventures life throws at you? - yes, the facts don’t add up, and there are too many alarming details.

My friend liked to talk “in secret” about how he flew airplanes in his youth, although he did not have a private pilot certificate and did not graduate from flight school. How did he do it? - Yes, illegally, connections and acquaintances at the airport helped. - That’s great, but won’t you take us? - No, I don’t fly anymore. I lost all contact with my friends... Now there are stricter checks, terrorist attacks have become more frequent... It seems that the story is not so unreal - you never know how many people earn extra money illegally. In addition, my friend’s husband was really well versed in aviation, knew all the intricacies of aircraft construction and could name every lever on the dashboard. But how did he manage to get illegally into such a responsible job? And why was there no connection left with good friends who risked taking him on the flight? And the most incredible thing: his close relatives, as well as friends whose work was related to aviation, did not know about the “secret flights”. “They won’t understand,” he sighed, and forbade even raising this topic in the presence of the mentioned persons. And now it was already quite suspicious.

Another acquaintance promised young musicians who dreamed of creating a rock band to get an amplifier for an electric guitar for free, citing friendship with the owner of a prestigious recording studio. Weeks and months passed, nothing was heard about the amplifier... When the guys reminded him of the promise, he told incredible stories: the owner of the studio went abroad for a long time, and then went bankrupt and was forced to sell all his property.

All of the above signs are alarm bells, and when they appear, you should think about the adequacy of your counterpart. Take the story with the amplifier: having lied once, an ordinary person would come up with the simplest excuse the next time. For example, the owner of the studio is arrogant and does not want to lend equipment for free, is afraid for its safety, or simply does not answer calls. And everyone would forget about the story in a week. But a person with Munchausen syndrome needs the scope of events, drama.

Telling fantastic stories to make oneself feel important is a behavior typical of four to six year olds. Having met him with someone his own age, an adult gets lost and... sometimes believes what he is told. Firstly, it is difficult to imagine that an over-aged, seemingly adequate person would invent a story with so many details from beginning to end. This smells like something unhealthy. Secondly, the emotions of a pathological liar are sincere: he himself has long believed in what he is saying. That is, some part of his consciousness is aware that the events described did not happen, but it is blocked. And most importantly, if someone close to you is a pathological liar, it is difficult for you to come to terms with the thought of his constant lies.

A close acquaintance, and even more so a marriage with a person suffering from Munchausen syndrome, can become a real psychological trauma. The reality in which your loved one exists does not fit in with the usual reality. Events happen there that cannot actually happen. They will assure you that black is white, and vice versa, and if you try to figure it out, they will cause you a scandal or a boycott.

Typical signs of a pathological liar:

The story about one event changes from time to time. Your interlocutor is confused about details, dates and names. The new company may tell the same story with different details.

In addition to large, detailed lies, he lies about little things where it has no obvious practical benefit. For example, he can name different cities where he was born.

He does not see anything terrible in his lies (with a lesser severity of the disorder), or does not recognize it at all under any circumstances (most often this is the case).

A pathological liar cannot be pinned to the wall. When trying to expose him, he will ingeniously get out, coming up with even more implausible excuses, which, however, are difficult to verify. Witnesses of the events will turn out to be emigrated, dead, fled with forged documents. He may put pressure on you emotionally and try to shift the blame, make you feel ashamed for not believing him.

Nothing is sacred to a pathological liar. He can lie about someone’s serious illness or death, denigrate his loved ones, and easily say nasty things about a mutual friend.

Emotional assessments of the same facts will change depending on the situation and environment. One may say about the same acquaintance a month later that he is a wonderful person. If you remind him of his negative assessment, he will flare up and accuse you of exaggeration, or, on the contrary, he will indifferently say that he was wrong and changed his mind.

The only time a pathological liar is able to admit to lying is when exposure could actually harm his work, family or life - that is, make an unpleasant reality even worse. Moreover, recognition usually occurs in a form that cannot even be called recognition.

If at least three or four signs are present, we can confidently assume that a person suffers from Munchausen syndrome. What to do if you recognize him as one of your loved ones?

First of all, acknowledge the problem. If your friend or spouse often tells such “artistic lies,” deep down you already guessed it. Stop believing in his (her) fables, they destroy your own reality. Don’t justify him and don’t hope that she (she) will change for your sake, don’t try to convince him. Munchausen syndrome is a rather serious behavioral disorder that must be corrected by a psychotherapist. If possible, separate psychologically and spatially, or better yet, break all contacts altogether. The friend mentioned at the beginning of the text divorced her husband. She wanted to live in a world where white is white.

Home > Educational and methodological complex

Antsupov A.Ya., Shipilov A.I. Conflictology: Textbook. Moscow, 1999 Zerkin D.P. Fundamentals of conflictology. Rostov-on-Don, 1998. Conflictology: Textbook / Ed. A.S. Karmina. St. Petersburg, 1999. Couser Lewis. Fundamentals of conflictology. Textbook, St. Petersburg, 1999. Antsupov A.Ya., Shipilov A.I. Conflictology: theory, history, bibliography. M., 1996. Topic 3. Characteristics and diagnosis of conflicts. Questions for the seminar:

The main features of the conflict and its definition. How does conflict differ from other types of social contradictions? Basic functions of conflict. Methods used in diagnosing conflicts. Their weaknesses and strengths.

Key words: conflict, functions of conflict, activation of social connections, means of innovation, prevention of destructive confrontations, methods for diagnosing conflicts. Recommended reading:

Moscow, 1999.

Kibanov A.Ya., Vorozheikin I.E., Zakharov D.K., Konovalova V.G. Conflictology. M., 2007

Babosov E.M. Conflictology. Minsk. 2000

St. Petersburg, 2000.

Topic 4. Development of the conflict. Questions for the seminar:

Differences between structural and procedural models of conflict description. A conflict situation as a phenomenon and the main elements of its structure. Description of the incident. Stages and phases of the conflict stage. The essence of the cyclical development of conflict at the conflict stage. The most widely used methods for preventing conflicts in an organization. Main features of a strike as an extreme form of social and labor conflict. Styles of conflict behavior. The value of the Thomas-Killman grid for classifying behavioral styles in conflicts.

Key words: structure of a conflict situation, conflict space, subjects of conflict, object (subject) of conflict, dynamics of conflict, conflict prevention, conflict resolution strategy, styles of conflict behavior, conflict resolution methods. Recommended reading

Antsupov A.Ya., Shipilov A.I. Conflictology: Textbook.

Moscow, 1999.

Kibanov A.Ya., Vorozheikin I.E., Zakharov D.K., Konovalova V.G. Conflictology. M., 2007

Babosov E.M. Conflictology. Minsk. 2000

Topic 5. Intrapersonal conflicts. Questions for the seminar:

What is intrapersonal conflict and why is it social? Main types of intrapersonal conflicts. What is unconscious internal conflict? Specifics of the analysis of intrapersonal conflict according to S. Freud. Basic types of human behavior in conflict situations. Which type would you consider yourself to be? Ways to resolve intrapersonal conflicts. How can you resolve an unconscious intrapersonal conflict? Stress, distress and the causes of their occurrence. Austress.

Key words: Adaptability and socialization of personality. Needs, interests, values and motives of individual behavior. Types of trends. Causes and sources of intrapersonal conflicts. Stress and protection from stress. Ways to resolve intrapersonal conflicts. Recommended reading

Kibanov A.Ya., Vorozheikin I.E., Zakharov D.K., Konovalova V.G. Conflictology. M., 2007

Babosov E.M. Conflictology. Minsk. 2000

Grishina N.V. Psychology of conflict.-

St. Petersburg, 2000.

Topic 6. Interpersonal conflicts. Questions for the seminar:

Interpersonal conflict and its essence. Structure and features of interpersonal perception. The role of stereotypes and attitudes in interpersonal perception. Transactional analysis in interpersonal perception according to E. Berne. The main causes of interpersonal conflicts. The main types of conflict people. What is “readiness to resolve conflict” and how is it expressed?

Key words: interaction and interdependence of people. statuses and roles. Dominance problem. Socio-psychological reflection, transactional analysis. Typology of relationships: ideas, stereotypes, attitudes. Prevention of interpersonal conflicts. Resolving interpersonal conflicts. Establishing communications. Recommended reading

Antsupov A.Ya., Shipilov A.I. Conflictology: Textbook. Moscow, 1999.

Kibanov A.Ya., Vorozheikin I.E., Zakharov D.K., Konovalova V.G. Conflictology. M., 2007

Babosov E.M. Conflictology. Minsk. 2000

Topic 7. Group and conflict. Questions for the seminar: 1.1 Small social group and its distinctive features. 1.2 Main types of small groups and their characteristics. 1.3. Principles of formation of formal and informal groups and their functions. 1.4 Internal structure of the group and its formation. The concepts of “group place” and “zone of uncertainty” in a group. 1.5 The main causes of intragroup conflicts. 1.6 The main causes of intergroup conflicts. Key words: Types of groups. Intragroup structures and functions. Leadership problems. Causes of group conflicts. Their classification. Personification of the conflict. Functions of group conflicts. Recommended reading

Antsupov A.Ya., Shipilov A.I. Conflictology: Textbook.

Moscow, 1999.

Kibanov A.Ya., Vorozheikin I.E., Zakharov D.K., Konovalova V.G. Conflictology. M., 2007

Babosov E.M. Conflictology. Minsk. 2000

Grishina N.V. Psychology of conflict.-

St. Petersburg, 2000.

Gromova O.N. Conflictology: a course of lectures. M., 2000

Topic 8. Conflicts in the organization. Questions for the seminar: 1.1 The main stages of the development of an organization from the point of view of its conflict. 1.2 The main types of conflicts in an organization and the reasons for their occurrence. 1.3 Main functions and possible consequences of organizational conflicts. 1.4 How is social tension in an organization measured? 1.5 Methods for resolving and resolving organizational conflicts. 1.6 “Participatory management” and “social partnership system” and their role in preventing and resolving conflicts. Key words: Organizations. Types of organizations, its structure. Classification of conflicts arising in an organization. Causes of conflicts in an organization. Prevention of conflicts in the organization. Diagnosis of conflict. Conflict Management. Development of communications. Participatory management. Recommended reading

Antsupov A.Ya., Shipilov A.I. Conflictology: Textbook.

Moscow, 1999.

Kibanov A.Ya., Vorozheikin I.E., Zakharov D.K., Konovalova V.G. Conflictology. M., 2007

Babosov E.M. Conflictology. Minsk. 2000

Topic 9. Social conflicts in the sphere of labor and distribution of material wealth. Questions for the seminar: 1.1 Concepts: “social-labor”, “socio-economic”, “socio-political” conflicts. 1.2 The process and transformation of social and labor conflicts into socio-political ones. 1.3 The main lines of contradictions in social and labor conflicts and the forms in which these conflicts manifest themselves. 1.4 Basic methods of resolving and resolving social and labor conflicts. Key words: Social and labor conflict. The causes and essence of social and labor conflicts. The active forces of the conflict. Methods for predicting social and labor conflicts. Conflict monitoring. Recommended reading

Antsupov A.Ya., Shipilov A.I. Conflictology: Textbook.

Moscow, 1999.

Kibanov A.Ya., Vorozheikin I.E., Zakharov D.K., Konovalova V.G. Conflictology. M., 2007

Babosov E.M. Conflictology. Minsk. 2000

Grishina N.V. Psychology of conflict.-

St. Petersburg, 2000.

Shalekno V.P. Conflicts in work collectives. M., 1992

Topic 10. Conflicts in the social and pedagogical process. Questions for the seminar: 1.1 The main lines of contradictions in the socio-pedagogical process. 1.2 Causes of conflicts in the socio-pedagogical process. 1.3 Options for preventing and resolving conflicts in the pedagogical process. 1.4 What is the essence of the general crisis of the education system? Key words: Social and pedagogical process. Conflict factors in domestic education. School and society, conflicts “teacher-teacher”, “teacher-student”, “teacher-parent”, “student-student”, etc. Complex conflicts. Recommended reading

Antsupov A.Ya., Shipilov A.I. Conflictology: Textbook.

Moscow, 1999.

Kibanov A.Ya., Vorozheikin I.E., Zakharov D.K., Konovalova V.G. Conflictology. M., 2007

Babosov E.M. Conflictology. Minsk. 2000

Grishina N.V. Psychology of conflict.-

St. Petersburg, 2000.

Lishin O.V. Conflicts at school age: ways to overcome and prevent them. M., 1986.

Rybakova M.M. Conflict and interaction in the pedagogical process. M., 1991.

Topic 11. Interethnic conflicts. Questions for the seminar: 1.1 Main subjective and objective indicators of ethnicity. 1.2 The main causes of ethnic conflicts. 1.3 Features of the development of interethnic conflicts. 1.4 Ways to resolve interethnic conflicts. 1.5 Conflict monitoring. Key words: “ethnicity”, national-ethnic characteristics and stereotypes. Classification of interethnic conflicts. Causes of occurrence. Ideological “support”, “mythological” thinking, emotiogenicity, “confrontation funnel”, image of the “enemy”, anti-doubles. Recommended reading

Antsupov A.Ya., Shipilov A.I. Conflictology: Textbook.

Moscow, 1999.

Kibanov A.Ya., Vorozheikin I.E., Zakharov D.K., Konovalova V.G. Conflictology. M., 2007

Babosov E.M. Conflictology. Minsk. 2000

Topic 12. Spousal and family conflicts. Questions for the seminar: 1.1 The main factors of conflict in family relationships. 1.2 The main causes of child-parent conflicts. 1.3 Psychotraumatic consequences of marital conflicts. 1.4 Ways to prevent marital conflicts and resolve them. Key words: Family. Crisis periods in family development. Family conflicts. Psychotraumatic consequences of marital conflicts. Socio-psychological and role differences between spouses. Causes and sources of marital conflicts. Recommended reading

Antsupov A.Ya., Shipilov A.I. Conflictology: Textbook.

Moscow, 1999.

Kibanov A.Ya., Vorozheikin I.E., Zakharov D.K., Konovalova V.G. Conflictology. M., 2007

Babosov E.M. Conflictology. Minsk. 2000

Topic 13. Political conflicts. Questions for the seminar: 1.1 Specifics of political conflict? 1.2 What is the main integral object of the political conflict? 1.3 Types of political conflicts and their differences. 1.4 Basic ways to resolve political conflicts. 1.5 Features of the legitimate use of violence in a political conflict. Key words: “political conflict”. Power. Political regime. Social stratification. Typology of political conflicts. General legal field. Forceful methods. Revolutions and civil wars. Functions of political conflicts. Recommended reading

Antsupov A.Ya., Shipilov A.I. Conflictology: Textbook. Moscow, 1999.

Kibanov A.Ya., Vorozheikin I.E., Zakharov D.K., Konovalova V.G. Conflictology. M., 2007

Babosov E.M. Conflictology. Minsk. 2000

Grishina N.V. Psychology of conflict.-

St. Petersburg, 2000.

Gromova O.N. Conflictology: a course of lectures. M., 2000

Topic 14. Legal conflicts. Questions for the seminar: 1.1 What is a legal conflict? 1.2 Subjects or participants in a legal conflict. 1.3 The main reasons for the emergence of a legal conflict. 1.4 Basic methods and procedures for resolving a legal conflict. Key words: Legal conflict. The third side. Dynamics of legal conflict. Recommended reading

Antsupov A.Ya., Shipilov A.I. Conflictology: Textbook.

Moscow, 1999.

Kibanov A.Ya., Vorozheikin I.E., Zakharov D.K., Konovalova V.G. Conflictology. M., 2007

Babosov E.M. Conflictology. Minsk. 2000

7.2 METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTING CURRENT, INDEPENDENT AND FINAL CONTROL

P./ P.	form of control	Control method	Type of occupations for which control is carried out	Criterion
		Verbal response	Lectures and seminars
	Independent		Independent work	Knowledge of the main issues and problems of conflict management
	Final		Classroom classes and independent work	Knowledge of the main issues and problems of conflict management

7.3 Guidelines for students

on organizing independent work in the discipline “Conflictology”.

« Conflictology" is one of the most relevant sciences today. People's relationships, industrial conflicts, behavior in extreme situations, wars and local clashes - all this is studied by science; the problem of contradictions in the world has been studied since ancient times. It is important for the teacher that students combine interpretations of the concept of conflict in the Middle Ages, Modern times and the scientific postulates of the modern science of conflictology. The thorny path of development of the world history of mankind has given rise to multiple theories of conflicts and students need to know the re-education of the formation of various theories (social Darwinism, sociology of conflict, conflict functionalism, modern theories of R. Dahrendorf and M. Deutsch) in order to use the acquired knowledge in social contacts when solving complex social problems. The purpose of students' independent work is to fully assimilate the educational material and develop self-education skills. This allows you to implement:

the cognitive component of higher education (acquisition of the necessary amount of knowledge in a given discipline, the ability to independently replenish them); the developing component of higher education (development of analytical and logical thinking skills, the ability to professionally assess the situation and find the right solution); the educational component of higher education (the formation of professional consciousness, the development of the general level of the individual). Independent student work involves:

work with texts, normative materials, primary sources, additional literature, Internet information, study of lecture notes; writing reports, abstracts, term papers and theses, drawing up graphs, tables, diagrams; participation in seminars, scientific and practical conferences; preparation for tests and exams. When conducting independent work, it is important for students to be able to deepen into the methodology of the discipline by performing creative work in an individual mode based on the characteristics of the educational needs of each. Tasks for independent work should correspond to the content of the proposed discipline and be aimed at developing the personal qualities of students, at the formation of search-research and analytical-cognitive activities. For this, a list of control questions and tasks is proposed that allows you to prepare well for a practical lesson, show your interests in various aspects of the subject (prepare a report, draw up a table, diagram, write an essay, make an analysis of additional literature). When preparing discussions, disputes, speeches, the student forms the skills of public speaking, competitive communication, the ability to get in touch in the presence of an extreme situation (unexpected questions, the difficulty of withstanding resistance, sometimes avoiding solving the situation). When preparing reports, writing essays, an internal need is formed to develop one's own potentials, the degree of desire to master new knowledge, to develop personally and professionally.

Test materials for the course.

Exercise 1. Question 1. What is conflict? 1) this is a special type of interaction of social forces, in which the actions of one side, faced with the opposition of the other, make it impossible to realize its goals and interests *; 2) this is a special type of influence of a manager on a subordinate; 3) this is a mass clash of workers caused by their discontent over the delay in payment of wages; 4) this is a special measure of influence on employees who do not perform the work assigned to them; 5) the science of the ability to manage in production. Question 1. What conflict leads to a decrease in personal satisfaction, group cooperation, and organizational effectiveness? 1) functional; 2) interpersonal; 3) group; 4) dysfunctional*; 5) personal. Question 3. At what stage of the conflict does some external event set the conflicting parties in motion? 1) conflict; 2) preliminary; 3) conflict resolution; 4) pre-conflict*; 5) post-conflict. Question 4. What happens in the post-conflict stage? 1) search for ways to completely resolve the conflict; 2) accumulation and aggravation of contradictions in the system of interpersonal and group relations due to the emerging divergence of interests, values and attitudes of the subjects of conflict interaction; 3) conflict of interests at this stage takes the form of acute disagreements, which individuals and social groups not only do not seek to resolve, but also aggravate in every possible way; 4) efforts are being made to finally eliminate contradictions of interests, goals, attitudes, socio-psychological tension is eliminated and any struggle ceases*; 5) some external event sets the conflicting parties in motion. Task 2. Question 1. What are the causes of interpersonal conflicts? 1) shortcomings associated with the organization of labor, rationing, and the use of moral and material incentives; 2) difficulties and tensions associated with interpersonal relationships within the team; 3) shortcomings in the field of management activities, selection and placement of personnel in accordance with qualifications and psychological characteristics; 4) wrong leadership style; 5) all of the above*. Question 2. What allows you to prevent conflict situations? 1) frankness and simplicity of the leader; 2) the ability to notice positive and negative reactions to one's behavior; 3) a sober assessment of one's abilities and achievements; 4) content of paragraphs 1,2, 3* Question 4. What is conflict prevention? 1) conducting medical research among subordinates; 2) timely assistance of the employee to the manager in his work; 3) timely implementation of measures to limit the likelihood of conflict and regulate its development in a given direction*; 4) a pre-planned event to introduce new work rules and new working conditions in production; 5) professional training of an employee who is moving up the career ladder. Question 5. What should be considered when choosing measures to overcome the conflict? 1) economic situation in the country; 2) interests of the parties in confrontation*; 3) goals of the organization; 4) interests of one of the conflicting parties; 5) all of the above. Task 3. Question 1. How are conflicts classified according to their communicative nature? 1) interpersonal, group; 2) horizontal, vertical, mixed*; 3) simple, complex; 4) active, passive, constructive; 5) emotional, psychological, moral. Question 2. What type of conflict is that involving persons who are subordinate to one another? 1) interpersonal; 2) mixed; 3) vertical*; 4) horizontal; 5) emotional. Question 3. The presence of what three factors presupposes the process of communication? 1) disagreement, agreement, interest; 2) perception, emotions, information exchange*; 3) unanimity, simplicity, sincerity; 4) curiosity, resourcefulness, exchange of opinions; 5) dependence, modesty, experience. Question 4. On what factors does constructive conflict resolution depend? 1) openness and effectiveness of communication; 2) adequacy of perception of the conflict; 3) creating an atmosphere of mutual trust and cooperation; 4) readiness for a comprehensive discussion of problems; 5) all of the above*. Question 5. What type of conflicts can be generated by subjective reasons? 1) destructive*; 2) constructive; 3) business; 4) vertical; 5) horizontal. Task 4. Question 1. What does conflictology do? 1) searching for new types of conflicts; 2) searching for answers to the question of what conflict exists in various areas of life*; 3) searching for answers to the question of how to make sure that the resolution of conflictual relationships brings harm to both parties; 4) searching for socio-psychological, economic, or other relations of subjects; 5) all of the above. Question 2. Who or what is the object or subject of the conflict? 1) what causes opposition from the participants is the basis of their dispute*; 2) those who challenge each other’s opinions, interests, goals; 3) those who enter into conflict; 4) individuals, social groups; 5) organizations. Question 3. What is confrontation? 1) denial; 2) confrontation*; 3) agreement; 4) compromise; 5) all of the above. Question 4. What are the main areas of conflict “prevention” activity you know? 1) compliance with the ethics of relationships; 2) compliance with laws; 3) constant work to improve working conditions; 4) taking into account the expectations of subordinates; 5) all of the above*. Question 5. What is the style of compromise? 1) you act jointly with the other party, but do not try to defend your own interests in order to smooth out the atmosphere and restore a normal working environment; 2) the parties are trying to resolve differences by making mutual concessions*; 3) I want to gain time to study the situation and get additional information before making any decision; 4) in the desire for one-sided gain, for victory, and primarily for satisfying one’s own interests; 5) Question 6. Why is it necessary to draw up a conflict map? 1) to raise your authority; 2) to reduce the number of conflict situations; 3) with its help, you can outline a general strategy, the most characteristic stages and methods of resolving conflict situations*; 4) to study the statistics of conflict situations and prevent them in the future; 5) with its help, the manager can then quickly and reliably identify the culprits of subsequent conflicts. Task 5. Question 1. Who or what are the second rank opponents? 1) environment; 2) group*; 3) organization; 4) an individual working out a solution with himself; 5) individuals. Question 2. What can happen to a conflict situation over time? 1) can disappear if the object itself that gave birth to it ceases to exist; 2) remain in the same state; 3) escalate under the influence of an incident, that is, a clash between opponents; 4) transform into another; 5) all of the above*. Question 3. What is “the utmost aggravation of contradictions”? 1) conflict*; 2) emergency situation; 3) conflict model; 4) self-expression; 5) agreement. Question 4: If you are trying to work out a solution that satisfies both parties, what conflict resolution style do you use? 1) compromise; 2) coercion; 3) device; 4) evasion; 5) cooperation*. Task 6. Question 1. What types of difficult people do you know? 1) know-it-alls; 2) silent; 3) complainants; 4) “aggressiveists”; 5) all of the above*. Question 2. Who are “naive liars”? 1) those who cover their tracks with lies or a series of deceptions, so that there is a misunderstanding of what to believe and what not to believe; 2) those who want something right now, even if it is not necessary; 3) those who consider themselves superior to others because, as they themselves believe, they know everything in the world; 4) those who keep everything to themselves, do not talk about their grievances, and then suddenly attack a colleague when it is believed that everything is going well; 5) those who supposedly do good, but deep down regret it. Question 3: How does dealing with difficult people make you feel? 1) chagrin; 2) depression; 3) anger; 4) confusion; 5) all of the above*. Question 4: What principles should you use when dealing with a difficult person? 1) do not fall under the influence of a “difficult” person, his point of view, attitude, while maintaining calm and neutrality; 2) avoid communicating with such a person and try to talk with him and identify the reason for his “difficulty”; 3) realize that a person is difficult to communicate and decide what type he belongs to; 4) try to find a way to satisfy his hidden interests and needs; 5) items 1, 2, 3 *. Task 7. Question 1. What concept defines the conflict that arises in the mind of an individual (or group of individuals) located at the junction of two cultures that have norms, standards, and requirements that contradict each other? 1) cultural conflict*, 2) role conflict, 3) social conflict Question 2. What concept defines the conflict that is associated with an individual’s fulfillment of incompatible, contradictory social roles? 1) cultural conflict, 2) role conflict*, 3) social conflict Question 3. What concept defines the type of social interactions characterized by the opposition of social actors, caused by the contradiction of their needs, interests, values, as well as social statuses, roles and functions? 1) cultural conflict, 2) role conflict, 3) social conflict* Question 4. The conflict between subjects occupying the same status level in a social system is called: 1) cultural conflict; 2) role conflict; 3) social conflict; 4) horizontal conflict*; 5) vertical conflict. Question 5. The conflict between subjects occupying an unequal status level in the social system is called: 1) cultural conflict; 2) role conflict; 3) social conflict; 4) horizontal conflict; 5) vertical conflict*. * - correct answer

Personal characteristics and their influence on the occurrence and behavior in conflict

Personality types and characteristics of their behavior in conflict

Personality types: Very often, conflicts cannot be resolved, or legal battles unfold over trivial matters only because so-called criminals are involved in them. "difficult people" They are characterized by such qualities as rudeness, aggressiveness, increased self-esteem and aspirations, stubbornness or, conversely, low self-esteem (Napoleon complex). Very often these are people suffering from neuroses. Most people tend to avoid direct conflict, but for some types of people, aggression is a common and even desirable behavior style.

To choose the optimal model of behavior with such subjects, it is advisable to study them in more detail.

Rude goes ahead, not paying attention to external circumstances. In a conversation, his task is to express everything that he thinks; your opinion does not interest him at all. Your best bet is to avoid unwanted conversation, but if it is unavoidable or, worse, you need to have the conversation yourself, be prepared to listen more, keep it short and concise, and constantly try to attract his attention. You can call him by name, touch his shoulder or arm, look him straight in the eyes, in general, do everything so that his gaze stops at you. Make concessions, admit that he is right wherever possible, remain calm, because... fighting will not bring you any closer to your goal.

Rude - "screamer" constantly breaks into a scream for any reason, and if you raise your voice, he can be severely offended by you. Therefore, speak quietly and politely, show empathy, even if they are yelling at you. It will seem to your interlocutor that by doing this you are discrediting your respect, and he will make concessions to you. A “grenade” person belongs to this type; his outbursts of emotions are rare, but can be quite intense. They are often caused by a feeling of loss of control over the situation. The main thing here is not to fuss, but to calmly understand the situation, which will gradually defuse the atmosphere.

"Habitual screamer." He communicates this way because his mom, his dad and all his relatives did it. This is normal, so don't pay attention to his mannerisms.

Very competent and always a specialist - a “know-it-all”. You shouldn’t argue with him, much less criticize him (often he is actually competent). “If you are in a hurry, I don’t dare...” - phrases that are not devoid of servility will attract his attention to you.

"Pessimist" in a heap of shortcomings and difficulties, he is not able to see ways to solve the problem. It is worth using his ability to reveal shortcomings, correct them and maintain his psychological attitude at a high level, and you, as allies, will be able to solve many problems.

A common and therefore especially unpleasant type "passive-aggressive". Outwardly, he is “into battle” even tomorrow; he does not argue or resist. His hostility has hidden forms, he did not have time, forgot, did his job poorly. He always has an excuse for his “no”; usually anyone is to blame for his failures, but not himself. Most of all, this type is afraid of clearly defined tasks, and they are best posed in numerical form. Monitor his work, clearly outline the sanctions that will follow for failure to complete assigned tasks, indicate deadlines and strive for open communication, avoiding behind-the-scenes intrigues.

"Super flexible". He really wants to please you and really wants to help you, but the problem is that it’s not just you, so he’s usually not able to help anyone. Don't try to criticize him, he will be very offended, because... his intentions were absolutely sincere. When communicating with him, try to understand the reality of his promises, do not put pressure on him, but on the contrary, invite him to determine for himself the real tasks and scope of work.

There are personality types that do not provoke conflict, but clearly contribute to its occurrence.

"Complainers"- they are always unhappy, but cannot or do not want to do anything to solve the problem.

"The Silent Ones". Aloof and taciturn individuals. Their secrecy creates tension in the communication process.

"Stoppers", "indecisive"- unable to make a decision, afraid to make a mistake.

"Maximalists"- their motto is “all or nothing”, and right away and right now.

"Innocent Liars"- “white lies” help them justify their failures, but subsequently it is difficult to draw the line between truth and lies.

These are not all “difficult types”, but we should not forget that each of us in difficult moments of our lives can become prone to aggressive reactions, and it is very important to remember that a loyal attitude towards each other, a desire to make concessions and tolerance towards strangers shortcomings facilitate communication and reduce the number of conflict situations.