A message about a famous scientist. Russian scientists and inventions that shocked the world. Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev

Russian scientists have pushed back the veil of the unknown, making their contribution to the evolution of scientific thought throughout the world. Many worked abroad in world-famous research institutions. Our fellow countrymen collaborated with many outstanding scientific minds. The discoveries became a catalyst for the development of technology and knowledge throughout the world, and many revolutionary ideas and discoveries in the world were created on the foundation of the scientific achievements of famous Russian scientists.

World leaders in the field of chemistry have glorified our compatriots for centuries. made the most important discovery for the world of chemistry - he described the periodic law of chemical elements. Over time, the periodic table has gained recognition throughout the world and is now used in all corners of our planet.

Sikorsky can be called a great one in aviation. Aircraft designer Sikorsky is known for his developments in the creation of multi-engine aircraft. It was he who created the world's first aircraft with technical characteristics for vertical takeoff and landing - a helicopter.

Not only Russian scientists contributed to aviation. For example, the pilot Nesterov is considered the founder of aerobatics, and he was the first to propose the use of runway lighting during night flights.

There were famous Russian scientists in medicine: Pirogov, Mechnikov and others. Mechnikov developed the doctrine of phagocytosis (protective factors of the body). Surgeon Pirogov was the first to use anesthesia in the field to treat a patient and developed classical means of surgical treatment, which are still used today. And the contribution of the Russian scientist Botkin was that he was the first in Russia to conduct research on experimental therapy and pharmacology.

Using the example of these three areas of science, we see that the discoveries of Russian scientists are used in all spheres of life. But this is only a small fraction of everything that was discovered by Russian scientists. Our fellow countrymen have glorified their outstanding homeland in absolutely all scientific disciplines, from medicine and biology to developments in the field of space technology. Russian scientists left for us, their descendants, a huge treasure of scientific knowledge in order to provide us with colossal material for creating new great discoveries.

Alexander Ivanovich Oparin is a famous Russian biochemist, author of the materialistic theory of the emergence of life on Earth.

Academician, Hero of Socialist Labor, Lenin Prize laureate.

Childhood and youth

Curiosity, inquisitiveness and the desire to understand how, for example, a huge tree can grow from a tiny seed, manifested itself in the boy very early. Already as a child he was very interested in biology. He studied plant life not only from books, but also in practice.

The Oparin family moved from Uglich to a country house in the village of Kokaevo. The very first years of childhood were spent there.

Yuri Kondratyuk (Alexander Ignatievich Shargei), one of the outstanding theorists of space flights.

In the 60s, he became world famous for his scientific substantiation of the method of flying spacecraft to the Moon.

The trajectory he calculated was called the “Kondratyuk route.” It was used by the American Apollo spacecraft to land humans on the lunar surface.

Childhood and youth

This one of the outstanding founders of astronautics was born in Poltava on June 9 (21), 1897. He spent his childhood in his grandmother's house. She was a midwife, and her husband was a zemstvo doctor and government official.

For some time he lived with his father in St. Petersburg, where from 1903 he studied at the gymnasium on Vasilyevsky Island. When his father died in 1910, the boy returned to his grandmother.

Inventor of the telegraph. The name of the inventor of the telegraph is forever inscribed in history, since Schilling's invention made it possible to transmit information over long distances.

The device allowed the use of radio and electrical signals traveling through wires. The need to transmit information has always existed, but in the 18th and 19th centuries. In the context of growing urbanization and technological development, data exchange has become relevant.

This problem was solved by the telegraph; the term was translated from ancient Greek as “to write far away.”

Emilius Christianovich Lenz is a famous Russian scientist.

From school, we are all familiar with the Joule-Lenz law, which establishes that the amount of heat released by current in a conductor is proportional to the current strength and the resistance of the conductor.

Another well-known law is the “Lenz rule”, according to which an induced current always moves in the direction opposite to the action that generated it.

early years

The original name of the scientist was Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz. He was born in Dorpat (Tartu) and was a Baltic German by origin.

His brother Robert Khristianovich became a famous orientalist, and his son, also Robert, followed in his father’s footsteps and became a physicist.

Vasily Trediakovsky is a man with a tragic fate. As fate would have it, two nuggets lived in Russia at the same time - and Trediakovsky, but one will be treated kindly and remain in the memory of posterity, and the second will die in poverty, forgotten by everyone.

From student to philologist

In 1703, on March 5, Vasily Trediakovsky was born. He grew up in Astrakhan in a poor family of a clergyman. A 19-year-old young man went to Moscow on foot to continue his studies at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.

But he stayed there for a short time (2 years) and, without regret, left to replenish his knowledge in Holland, and then to France - to the Sorbonne, where, enduring poverty and hunger, he studied for 3 years.

Here he participated in public debates, mastered mathematical and philosophical sciences, was a student of theology, and studied French and Italian abroad.

“Father of Satan”, academician Yangel Mikhail Kuzmich, was born on October 25, 1911 in the village. Zyryanov, Irkutsk region, came from a family of descendants of convict settlers. At the end of the 6th grade (1926), Mikhail leaves for Moscow to join his older brother Konstantin, who studied there. When I was in the 7th grade, I worked part-time, delivering stacks of newspapers - orders from the printing house. After graduating from college, he worked in a factory and at the same time studied at the workers' faculty.

MAI student. Beginning of a professional career

In 1931, he went to study at the Moscow Aviation Institute, majoring in “aircraft engineering,” and graduated in 1937. While still a student, Mikhail Yangel got a job at the Polikarpov Design Bureau, later as his scientific supervisor for his thesis project: “High-altitude fighter with a pressurized cabin.” " Having started his work at the Polikarpov Design Bureau as a 2nd category designer, ten years later M.K. Yangel was already a leading engineer, developing projects for new modifications of fighters.

02/13/1938, M.K. Yangel, as part of a group of Soviet specialists in the field of aircraft construction, visits the United States on a business trip. It is worth noting that the 30s of the twentieth century was a fairly active period in cooperation between the USSR and the USA and not only in the field of mechanical engineering and aircraft manufacturing; in particular, small arms were purchased (in fairly limited quantities) - Thompson submachine guns and Colt pistols.

Scientist, founder of the theory of helicopter engineering, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Mikhail Leontyevich Mil, winner of the Lenin and State Prizes, Hero of Socialist Labor.

Childhood, study, youth

Mikhail Leontyev was born on November 22, 1909 - in the family of a railway employee and a dentist. Before settling in the city of Irkutsk, his father, Leonty Samuilovich, searched for gold for 20 years, working in the mines. Grandfather, Samuil Mil, settled in Siberia after completing 25 years of naval service. From childhood, Mikhail showed versatile talents: he loved to draw, was fond of music and easily mastered foreign languages, and was involved in an aircraft modeling club. At the age of ten, he participated in the Siberian aircraft modeling competition, where, having passed the stage, Misha’s model was sent to the city of Novosibirsk, where she received one of the prizes.

Mikhail graduated from primary school in Irkutsk, after which in 1925 he entered the Siberian Technological Institute.

A.A. Ukhtomsky is an outstanding physiologist, scientist, researcher of the muscular and nervous systems, as well as sensory organs, laureate of the Lenin Prize and member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Childhood. Education

The birth of Alexey Alekseevich Ukhtomsky took place on June 13 (25), 1875 in the small town of Rybinsk. He spent his childhood and youth there. This Volga city forever left the warmest and most tender memories in the soul of Alexei Alekseevich. He proudly called himself a Volgar throughout his life. When the boy graduated from primary school, his father sent him to Nizhny Novgorod and assigned him to the local cadet corps. The son obediently graduated from it, but military service was never the ultimate dream of the young man, who was more attracted to such sciences as history and philosophy.

Passion for philosophy

Ignoring military service, he went to Moscow and entered the theological seminary in two faculties at once - philosophical and historical. Deeply studying philosophy, Ukhtomsky began to think a lot about eternal questions about the world, about man, about the essence of being. Ultimately, philosophical mysteries led him to the study of natural sciences. As a result, he settled on physiology.

A.P. Borodin is known as an outstanding composer, the author of the opera “Prince Igor”, the symphony “Bogatyrskaya” and other musical works.

He is much less known as a scientist who made an invaluable contribution to science in the field of organic chemistry.

Origin. early years

A.P. Borodin was the illegitimate son of the 62-year-old Georgian prince L.S. Genevanishvili and A.K. Antonova. He was born on October 31 (11/12), 1833.

He was recorded as the son of the prince's serf servants - the spouses Porfiry Ionovich and Tatyana Grigorievna Borodin. Thus, for eight years the boy was listed in his father’s house as a serf. But before his death (1840), the prince gave his son his manumission, bought him and his mother Avdotya Konstantinovna Antonova a four-story house, having previously married her to the military doctor Kleineke.

The boy, in order to avoid unnecessary rumors, was presented as Avdotya Konstantinovna’s nephew. Since Alexander’s background did not allow him to study at the gymnasium, he studied at home all the subjects of the gymnasium course, in addition to German and French, receiving an excellent education at home.

Everything that surrounds us now, everything we know and can do, is their merit. Who are we talking about? That's right, about the most famous scientists. Only their extraordinary work and greatest discoveries contribute to the progress of humanity!

Great thinkers of antiquity

Ancient Greece is famous for its famous philosophers who tried to determine the essence of existence, interpret human thoughts and actions, and think about the problems of nature.

A striking example is the Greek philosopher Democritus. He was the first to introduce the idea of ​​the presence of an atom as the basis for the structure of substances. Afterwards, Epicurus began to develop his thought. They wrote down all their assumptions in a scientific treatise, which was burned during the dominance of the religious worldview. Only small fragments of their notes have survived to this day, testifying to the greatness of the ancient Greek thinkers. Lucretius Carus became a follower of the atomists (as Democritus and Epicurus are called). He wrote an essay “On the Nature of Things,” which traced the theory of atomic structure.

Plato created his own school for the most gifted people, where he talked with them on various philosophical topics. His best student was Aristotle. This man had amazing curiosity and was incredibly smart. He wrote dozens of books on almost all branches of modern science: physics, metaphysics, meteorology and even zoology.

Archimedes also contributed significantly to the development of physics. The story of his discovery of the law of buoyant force is quite popular. As he plunged into the full bathtub, water flowed over the edges. With a cry of “Eureka,” Archimedes ran to write down computational formulas and proved the existence of buoyant force. In addition, the scientist developed the “golden rule of mechanics” and the theory of simple mechanisms.

He made a huge contribution to mathematical science by discovering the number Pi, which is currently used by all scientists for calculations. He proved the theorem about the intersection of 3 medians of a triangle at one point, discovered the properties of a curve named in his honor as the Archimedes spiral. Calculated the formula that determines the volume of the ball and wrote the formula for the sum of a decreasing geometric progression. He helped the defense of his island of Sicily by finding a way to set enemy ships on fire during the war. When the warriors of the besieged city held mirrors in their hands and pointed them at the enemy ship, the sunbeams were focused into a single beam that ignited the ships.

Thanks to his calculations, it was possible to launch the huge ship Syracosia at that time using block systems that were controlled by only 1 person. The death of Archimedes is also surrounded by legend: when a Roman soldier stepped on the scientist’s drawings written on wet sand, Archimedes rushed to defend them. Unaware of the great abilities of the brave enemy, the warrior shot an arrow straight into the chest of the scientist, who died in his drawings, bleeding. What was written in the sand is still not known, but it is assumed that it was another brilliant discovery.

And how famous Hippocrates became, who made a huge contribution to the development of medicine. Despite the fact that in those days people believed in the occurrence of diseases from the curse of evil spirits, the scientist incredibly accurately described many diseases, symptoms and methods of treating them. In addition, he described human anatomy by examining the corpses of the dead. Hippocrates was the first to introduce the idea of ​​treating not a disease, but a specific person. In the course of his observations, he came to the conclusion that the same disease occurs differently in everyone. It was then that he began to research types of temperament, human psychology and sought to find an individual approach to each patient. And today, graduates of medical universities traditionally swear to be merciful, selfless and to help the sick always and everywhere, as the great Hippocrates bequeathed.

Socrates was also a popular philosopher of antiquity. He sought to draw knowledge from all possible sources, after which he willingly shared it with his students. It was thanks to them that the world learned about the thoughts of the great Socrates, because the philosopher himself was quite modest and never wrote down his thoughts, renounced wealth and did not recognize his fame.

Herodotus is rightfully considered the father of history. A man who traveled throughout the entire civilized world at that time and published his observations in 9 volumes of a treatise called “History.”

Confucius is considered the most famous thinker of China to this day. He himself grew up as a very obedient child who respected his elders, honored his parents and helped his mother in everything. He explained such simple fundamentals of education and human relationships to his students. It is Confucius’ conclusions about the rules of human upbringing that are the basis of any society.

The famous Pythagoras is a brilliant scientist of antiquity who made many discoveries that are used by mathematicians. The theorem on the equality of the sum of the square of the legs to the square of the hypotenuse, the division of numbers into even and odd, the measurement of geometric figures relative to a plane - all these are the discoveries of Pythagoras. In addition to mathematics, he made enormous contributions to the development of natural science and astronomy.

The best Russian scientists

The legend of Russian science is Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. A person who always strived for knowledge and criticized previously made discoveries. He made a huge contribution to natural science and physics, formulating the corpuscular-kinetic theory. Being on the verge of discovering oxygen and hydrogen molecules, he significantly accelerated the development of chemical science. He suspected a connection between chemical and physical phenomena, recording them in a single branch of “physical chemistry.”

Lomonosov opened his own laboratory, created according to his drawings, where he conducted experiments with glass, improving the technology of its production. Mikhail Vasilyevich was also interested in astronomy, studying the movements of planets in the solar system. He opened a school of scientific and applied optics, where devices for night observation and an optical bathoscope were created. Together with I. Brown, Lomonosov was the first to obtain mercury in the solid state. Developed a prototype of a modern helicopter. He studied atmospheric electricity. Lomonosov developed a geographical globe and a circumpolar map. In addition, Mikhail Vasilyevich became famous in developing the rules of grammar and literary art.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov made a huge contribution to the development of medicine. During the Crimean War he worked as a surgeon, saving the lives of hundreds of wounded and developing surgical techniques. He was the first to use a plaster cast to fix bone fractures. He developed tactics of medical care depending on the severity of the patient’s condition. Pirogov first proposed the idea of ​​​​using anesthesia during operations, because Before this, all surgical procedures were performed live. And people died not so much from disease as from painful shock. Pirogov also developed modern pedagogy, changing the approach to students from dictatorial to humane. Arguing this by saying that students should learn not through force, but of their own free will. To do this, you just need to interest them.

No less famous scientist of medical sciences is Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. He introduced physiology into the category of clinical disciplines and studied biological processes in the human body. Scientifically substantiated the importance of work and rest schedules, studied the unconditioned reflexes of the brain. Stated the importance of considering the individual at the cellular level in order to better understand the etiology of the pathological condition.

Important discoveries in the field of biology were made by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. He studied embryology and developed the phagocytic theory of immunity, proving the ability of humans to remain resistant to various infectious pathogens. For which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. In addition, he studied the causative agents of cholera, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, etc.

He stated the importance of intestinal microflora and studied lactobacilli in the body.

The discovery of the famous Pavlov reflex brought Ivan Petrovich enormous popularity. Through long experiments, he was able to prove the ability of higher living organisms to develop new reflexes during life. Many of his works are devoted to the study of the brain and higher nerve centers. And for his research into the functions of the digestive system, Pavlov became a Nobel Prize laureate.

Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin devoted himself to the study of plants. Thanks to his many years of work, he ate new varieties of plants: apple trees, pears, plums, apricots, blackberries, rowan berries, gooseberries - named in his honor.

It is impossible not to mention the legendary scientist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev. Everyone knows his periodic table of the arrangement of chemical elements. He studied the chemical properties of various substances and conducted numerous experiments, disassembling this or that object into its components. In addition, he made a significant contribution to the development of physics, thinking about the relationship between the volume of gases and their molecular weight. He was the first to develop a model of a stratospheric balloon and a balloon. In addition, Mendeleev was interested in issues of shipbuilding and the basics of ship movement on water.

The list of Russian scientists is incredibly long. Our science is famous for such legendary people who, through their labors, helped humanity rise to a higher standard of living. But even modern Russian specialists are actively involved in the development of science and are among the top ten according to Forbes magazine

The most famous scientists in the World today

Today, the most popular scientists are physicists Andrei Geima and Konstantin Novoselov. They are currently conducting their research at the University of Manchester in the UK. They have more than 20,000 scientific papers to their credit. Geim and Konstantinov are the 2010 Nobel Prize winners for their discovery of graphene, which they created using a pencil and duct tape.

Second place goes to Maxim Kontsevich, mathematician. Works at the Institute of Higher Scientific Research in Paris. Winner of the Poincaré, Fields, and Crafoord prizes. Has membership in the French Academy of Sciences. He studies superstring theory and is the author of more than a thousand scientific papers.

In the field of modern astrophysics, Andrei Kravtsov, who works at the University of Chicago in the USA, is famous. He studies the emergence and formation of galaxies, as well as compares the astrophysical properties of new and old galactic systems. Author of 9,000 publications.

Evgeny Kunin, employee of the National Center for Biotechnology Information in the USA. Published 50,000 scientific papers on the study of evolution. He works in computational biology, namely the study of genomes using computer analysis.

Another famous biologist working in the USA at Yale University and joining the National Academy of Sciences is Ruslan Medzhitov. He is engaged in immunology and the study of the Toll protein, which he discovered in mammals.

Artem Oganov is a famous geologist at the American University of Stony Brook. He studies the structure of a crystal based on its chemical formula. For this he created an entire algorithm. It was this sequence that helped him predict the structure of a magnesium silicate crystal more than 2,500 km underground. The famous physicist of the Catalan University of Advanced Studies is Sergei Odintsov. He described the dark energy that saturates our Universe by 70%. For this he was awarded the attention of the Nobel Committee.

Grigory Perelman made a great discovery in the field of mathematics by solving one of the most difficult mathematical problems: the Poincaré conjecture. But he did not publish his decisions and refused a cash award of $1 million.

Stanislav Smirnov, an employee of the University of Geneva, also became famous in the field of mathematics. In 2010 he received the Fields Medal. He studies the emergence of infinite connected structures.

Gleb Sukhorukov, professor of chemistry at the University of London. He is developing polymer capsules that can deliver drugs to the body in a targeted manner without being destroyed by accompanying substances.

Some discoveries of outstanding thinkers can turn into real cataclysms. .
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Outstanding scientists are presented here, on the basis of whose discoveries and works the specialties in which students are trained at AVTI were developed.

John von Neumann

A brilliant Hungarian-American mathematician who made significant contributions to quantum physics, quantum logic, functional analysis, set theory, and computer science.
He is best known as the forefather of modern computer architecture. Under his leadership, several principles of computer construction were substantiated: the use of the binary number system to represent data and commands, software control of the computing process, memory homogeneity and its addressability, program control sequence, etc.

Norbert Wiener

American outstanding mathematician and philosopher, founder of cybernetics, the science of control patterns, information transfer in various systems, and the theory of artificial intelligence.
For the first time he substantiated the fundamental importance of information in the management of various systems.

Alan Turing

English mathematician, logician, cryptographer, who had a significant influence on the development of computer science. In 1936, he proposed the abstract computing “Turing Machine,” which made it possible to formalize the concept of an algorithm. It is still used in many theoretical and practical studies.
One of the founders of the theory of artificial intelligence.

Viktor Mikhailovich Glushkov

Outstanding Russian scientist, mathematician. He developed methods for calculating tables of improper integrals, made a significant contribution to domestic cybernetics, to the theory of digital automata, the theory of programming and systems of algorithmic algebras, the theory of computer design, and to the creation of multiprocessor macro-pipeline supercomputers. He developed the first personal computer “Mir-1” for engineering calculations, a system for automated control of technological processes and industrial enterprises.

Dmitry Alexandrovich Pospelov

Russian scientist, mathematician, major specialist in the field of artificial intelligence, control of complex systems, and in the field of parallel computing. He laid the foundations for a new scientific direction - modeling the reasoning of expert specialists making decisions in various subject areas. From 1956 to 1968 he worked at MPEI. Head of the UNESCO International Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence. Winner of the prestigious A. Turing Award.

Isaac Newton

English physicist, mathematician, astronomer. One of the founders of classical physics. The author of the fundamental work “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy,” in which he outlined the “law of universal gravitation” and the three laws of mechanics. He developed differential and integral calculus, color theory and many other mathematical and physical theories.

Carl Friedrich Gauss

Great German mathematician, astronomer and physicist. The name of Gauss is associated with fundamental research in many areas of mathematics: algebra, differential and non-Euclidean geometry, mathematical analysis, theory of functions of a complex variable, probability theory, as well as in astronomy, geodesy, and mechanics. Gauss was called the king of mathematics. He published fully completed and accurate studies. Many of his unfinished ideas were used in subsequent research by other scientists.

Pafnutiy Lvovich Chebyshev

Internationally recognized Russian mathematician and mechanic. He was the founder of the theory of approximate functions. He made major contributions to number theory, probability theory, and mechanics. With his works he had a great influence on the development of Russian artillery science. He was an honorary member of more than 25 different foreign academies and scientific communities.

Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov

An outstanding Russian mathematician, one of the founders of modern probability theory. He obtained fundamental results in topology, mathematical logic, the theory of turbulence, the theory of complex algorithms and a number of other areas of mathematics and its applications. He was interested in philosophical problems. He formulated the epistemological principle of cognition, which was named after him. He was awarded prizes: Boltzmann Prize, Wolf Prize, Lenin Prize. Awarded the Lobachevsky medal.

Andre Marie Ampere

French physicist and mathematician. Formulated a rule for determining the direction in which an arrow deviates near a conductor carrying current (Ampere’s rule), the law of interaction of electric currents (Ampere’s law), developed a theory of magnetism, according to which all magnetic interactions are based on circular molecular currents (Ampere’s theorem), thus In this way, he first pointed out the connection between electrical and magnetic processes. He discovered the magnetic effect of a coil with current - a solenoid.

James Clark Maxwell

English physicist. Creator of classical electrodynamics, one of the founders of statistical physics. His scientific activities cover problems of electromagnetism, kinetic theory of gases, optics, elasticity theory and much more. Conducted a theoretical study of the rings of Saturn. He was a major popularizer of science.

Nikolai Sergeevich Akulov

Russian physicist. A major specialist in the field of ferromagnetism. Formulated the law of induced anisotropy, which plays an important role in the modern theory of magnetic materials. He proposed (independently from F. Bitter) the method of magnetic metallography. He created equipment for non-destructive methods of testing industrial products - flaw detectors, magnetic anisometer, magnetic micrometer, etc. He has many works on combustion physics, plasticity theory, and biophysics.

Andrey Petrovich Ershov

Russian scientist. He made a great contribution to the development of theoretical and system programming, the founder of the school of computer science in the USSR, one of the pioneers of Russian corpus linguistics. Under his leadership, several programming languages ​​were created and a translation scheme was created to develop fragments of optimized translators. Made significant contributions to the theory of mixed computing.

Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev

Russian scientist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He was involved in the development of homing torpedoes and stabilization systems for tank guns, for which he was awarded state awards. Considered the founder of computer technology in the USSR. He developed a whole series of computers that were used for calculations during the launches of artificial earth satellites, the first spacecraft with a person on board, and in the country's air defense systems.
The result of his activities was the development of a computer called BESM-6, the best machine in Europe in those years. Awarded the international medal “Pioneer of Computer Engineering”. He was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. The Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences named after S.A. was established. Lebedeva.

Mikhail Alexandrovich Kartsev

Outstanding Russian designer of domestic computing systems, author of the world's first multi-format vector computer structure. For the first time in the world, he proposed and implemented the concept of a completely parallel Computing system with parallelization at all four levels: programs, commands, data and words. A project was developed for the first vector-conveyor computer in the USSR. MPEI graduate.

Yakov Zalmanovich Tsypkin

Outstanding Soviet scientist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, laureate of the Lenin Prize, A.A. Andronov Prize, Cauzza Prize, awarded the Hartley Medal. He made a significant contribution to the development of the theory of systems with delay, generalizing the Nyquist criterion to cases of delay, to the study of pulsed (discrete) control systems, developing an adequate mathematical apparatus for such systems, called Z-transforms. Founder of the theory of linear discrete systems. He did a lot in the field of relay systems, proposed a unified approach to the study of adaptive systems based on recurrent stochastic algorithms and the apparatus of stochastic approximation. He has achieved significant success in solving the problem of management under conditions of uncertainty and in other areas of management.

Vladimir Sergeevich Semenikhin

Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of Lenin and two State Prizes, awarded many orders and medals of the USSR. MPEI graduate.
A prominent scientist in the field of automation and telemechanics. Creator of powerful automated and special-purpose information systems for the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, control systems for the country's armed forces. The founder and main ideologist of a powerful domestic world-class school in all aspects of complex automation of the process of managing heterogeneous structures.

Claude Elwood Shannon

American scientist, mathematician, engineer. Founder of information theory, information transmission, channel capacity theorem. He made a great contribution to the theory of probabilistic circuits, to the theory of automata and control systems. He did a lot in the field of cryptography, defining the fundamental concepts of cryptography and coding theory.
His works are a synthesis of mathematical ideas with a specific analysis of the problems of their technical implementation.

Sergey Lvovich Sobolev

Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, one of the outstanding Russian mathematicians of the twentieth century. He made fundamental contributions to modern science, and in his fundamental research laid the foundation for scientific directions in modern mathematics.
Together with academician V.I. Smirnov, he opened a new area in mathematical physics (the Smirnov-Sobolev method) - functionally invariant solutions that allow solving problems related to wave processes in seismology.
He developed the areas of functional analysis and computational mathematics. He developed the theory of spaces of functions with generalized derivatives, which entered science as Sobolev spaces, which played an exceptional role in the formation of modern mathematical views. He made significant contributions to the development of many areas of mathematics.

George Boole

English scientist. Founder of mathematical logic. Found a deep analogy between the symbolic method of algebra and the symbolic method of representing logical forms and syllogisms.
Based on this analogy, he laid the foundations of the algebra of logic, which was later called Boolean algebra. Widely used when using solving logical problems on a computer. Boole outlined the main results of his works in the works: “Mathematical Analysis of Logic”, “Logical Calculus” and “Study of the Laws of Thought”.

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kotelnikov

Academician, Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, outstanding Russian scientist, MPEI graduate. Developer of the famous sampling theorem (Kotelnikov’s theorem), which was fundamental in the theory of digital systems and the theory of computer science. Created a classic presentation of the theory of noise immunity of communications. The ideologist of the creation of a planetary radar and radar research of planets, which made it possible to clarify the scale of the Solar system by more than 100 times. He deserves great credit for the development of radio systems, radio physics, and quantum physics.
He created the famous OKB MPEI, which played a key role in the creation of space technology in the USSR, was its director for many years, and was the head of the MPEI department for many years. Hero of socialist labor, member of academies in many countries of the world, winner of numerous awards, including the E. Rhine Prize, A. Bell Gold Medal.

Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov

Corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, one of the first domestic scientists who appreciated the importance of cybernetics, made a great contribution to its formation and development. General and mathematical foundations of cybernetics, computers, programming and theory of algorithms, machine translation and mathematical linguistics, cybernetic issues of biology, philosophical and methodological aspects of the development of science - this is an incomplete list of the main areas of science that have received intensive development on the initiative and with his participation.
His main works relate to set theory, theoretical issues of programming, and mathematical linguistics.
Awarded prestigious medals “Computer Society” and “Computer Pioneer”, government awards of the USSR.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky

Outstanding Russian mathematician, creator of non-Euclidean geometry (Lobachevsky geometry). Rector of Kazan University (1827 – 1846).
Lobachevsky's discovery (1826), which did not receive recognition from his contemporaries, revolutionized the idea of ​​the nature of space, which was based on the teachings of Euclid for more than 2 thousand years, and had a huge impact on the development of mathematical thinking. His works on algebra, mathematical analysis, probability theory, mechanics, physics and astronomy are very important.

Leonard Euler

Swiss by birth, he is an outstanding mathematician, physicist, mechanic and astronomer. Since 1726, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. From 1741 he also worked at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. Author of more than 800 scientific papers on mathematical analysis, differential geometry, number theory, approximate calculations, celestial mechanics, mathematical physics, optics, ballistics, shipbuilding, music theory and other areas of science that have had a significant impact on the development of science.

David Gilbert

German scientist, founder of modern mathematics, predecessor of Einstein. Hilbert's work is characterized by his conviction in the unity of mathematical science, in the unity of mathematics and natural science. Hilbert's works had a great influence on the development of many branches of mathematics in which he worked (the theory of invariants, the theory of algebraic numbers, foundations of mathematics, mathematical logic, calculus of variations, differential and integral equations, number theory, mathematical physics). Since 1922, honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
In 1900, at the International Mathematical Congress in Paris, he formulated 23 problems that became the program for the development of mathematics in the 20th century. To date, only some of Hilbert's problems have been solved.

Vladimir Semenovich Pugachev

Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, outstanding Russian scientist and teacher. One of the founders of the statistical theory of control systems, the author of a number of fundamental scientific works on flight dynamics, ballistics, the theory of ordinary and stochastic differential equations, stochastic control, computer science, statistics of random processes and many other areas of modern applied mathematics. He was the author of the scientific project “New architectures and algorithms for information processing” within the framework of the program “Computing systems of new generations.”

Vladimir Viktorovich Solodovnikov

Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the Russian Federation, Honorary Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, outstanding cyberneticist, one of the founders of automation in the USSR. He was the first to pose the problem of the quality of an automatic control system, developed the initial principles of an original frequency method for solving this problem, and subsequently developed and extended it to a wide class of typical impacts on systems with distributed and variable parameters. Developed the theory of analytical self-adjusting systems. He had a great influence on the development of management theory in our country. He published over 300 scientific papers, many of which were translated in many countries around the world.

Lev Semenovich Pontryagin

Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor, winner of many awards, outstanding mathematician.
In topology, he discovered the general law of duality and, in connection with this, constructed a theory of characters of continuous groups, and obtained a number of results in the theory of homotopies (continuous family of mappings) (Pontryagin classes). In the theory of oscillations, the main results of his research relate to the asymptotics of relaxation oscillations. He is the creator of the mathematical theory of optimal processes, which is based on Pontryagin’s maximum principle. Obtained fundamental results on differential games. He had a great influence on the development of the calculus of variations in the world. Honorary member of many academies and societies around the world.

Alexander Aronovich Feldbaum

Outstanding scientist - theorist and engineer, Doctor of Technical Sciences, graduate of Moscow Power Engineering Institute, laureate of state prizes.
For the first time he formulated the optimal control problem as a variational problem and gave its solution for a whole class of practical cases. The result of this work was the discovery of the famous maximum principle in the theory of optimal control. He laid the theoretical foundations and formulated the ideas of the theory of dual control. His numerous monographs on control theory and computer technology have been published in many languages.

Aksel Ivanovich Berg

Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor, admiral-engineer, one of the largest scientists and radio specialists. He had many government awards. Initiator of the creation of SKB MPEI at the Department of Automation and Telemechanics of AVTF.
He created methods for calculating receiving, amplifying and transmitting devices, the theory of tube generators, and the theory of deviation of ship radio direction finders. On his initiative, the Institute of Radio Engineering and numerous laboratories of this profile were created in the USSR. He made a great contribution to the development of radar and navigation.

Scientists, their contribution to the development of biology .

Scientist

His contribution to the development of biology

Hippocrates 470-360 BC

The first scientist to create a medical school. The ancient Greek physician formulated the doctrine of four main types of physique and temperament, described some skull bones, vertebrae, internal organs, joints, muscles, and large vessels.

Aristotle

384-322 BC

One of the founders of biology as a science, he was the first to generalize the biological knowledge accumulated by humanity before him. He created a taxonomy of animals and devoted many works to the origin of life.

Claudius Galen

130-200 AD

Ancient Roman scientist and doctor. Laid the foundations of human anatomy. Physician, surgeon and philosopher. Galen made significant contributions to the understanding of many scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic.

Avicenna 980-1048

An outstanding scientist in the field of medicine. Author of many books and works on oriental medicine.The most famous and influential philosopher-scientist of the medieval Islamic world. From that time, many Arabic terms have been preserved in modern anatomical nomenclature.

Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519

He described many plants, studied the structure of the human body, the activity of the heart, and visual function. He made 800 precise drawings of bones, muscles, and the heart and scientifically described them. His drawings are the first anatomically correct depictions of the human body, its organs, and organ systems from life.

Andreas Vesalius

1514-1564

Founder of descriptive anatomy. He created the work “On the structure of the human body.”

Studying the works and his views on the structure of the human body, Vesalius corrected over 200 errors of the canonized ancient author. He also corrected Aristotle’s mistake that a man has 32 teeth and a woman 38. He classified teeth into incisors, canines and molars. He had to secretly obtain corpses from the cemetery, since at that time the autopsy of a human corpse was prohibited by the church.

William Harvey

1578-1657

Opened the blood circulation.

William HARVEY (1578-1657), English physician, founder of the modern sciences of physiology and embryology. Described the systemic and pulmonary circulation. Thanks to Harvey,
in particular, is that it is he
experimentally proved the existence of a closed
human circulation, in parts
which are arteries and veins, and the heart is
pump. For the first time he expressed the idea that “all living things come from eggs.”

Carl Linnaeus 1707-1778

Linnaeus is the creator of a unified system of classification of flora and fauna, in which the knowledge of the entire previous period of development was generalized and largely streamlined . Among the main achievements of Linnaeus is the introduction of precise terminology when describing biological objects, the introduction into active use , establishing a clear subordination between .

Karl Ernst Baer 1792-1876

Professor of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy. He discovered the egg in mammals, described the blastula stage, studied the embryogenesis of the chicken, established the similarity of the embryos of higher and lower animals, the theory of the sequential appearance in embryogenesis of characters of type, class, order, etc. Studying intrauterine development, he established that the embryos of all animals in the early stages of development are similar. The founder of embryology, formulated the law of embryonic similarity (established the main types of embryonic development).

Jean Baptiste Lamarck 1744-1829

Biologist who created the first holistic theory of the evolution of the living world.Lamarck coined the term "biology" (1802).Lamarck has two laws of evolution:
1. Vitalism. Living organisms are governed by an internal desire for improvement. Changes in conditions immediately cause changes in habits and through exercise the corresponding organs are changed.
2. Acquired changes are inherited.

Georges Cuvier 1769-1832

Creator of paleontology - the science of fossil animals and plants.Author of the “catastrophe theory”: after catastrophic events that destroyed animals, new species arose, but time passed, and again a catastrophe occurred, leading to the extinction of living organisms, but nature revived life, and species well adapted to new environmental conditions appeared, then again those who died during the terrible disaster.

T. Schwann and M. Schleiden

1818-1882, 1804-1881

C. Darwin

1809-1882

Created the theory of evolution, evolutionary doctrine.The essence of evolutionary teaching lies in the following basic principles:
All types of living beings inhabiting the Earth were never created by anyone.
Having arisen naturally, organic forms were slowly and gradually transformed and improved in accordance with environmental conditions.
The transformation of species in nature is based on such properties of organisms as heredity and variability, as well as natural selection that constantly occurs in nature. Natural selection occurs through the complex interaction of organisms with each other and with factors of inanimate nature; Darwin called this relationship the struggle for existence.
The result of evolution is the adaptability of organisms to their living conditions and the diversity of species in nature.

G. Mendel

1822-1884

The founder of genetics as a science.

1 law : Uniformity first generation hybrids. When crossing two homozygous organisms belonging to different pure lines and differing from each other in one pair of alternative manifestations of the trait, the entire first generation of hybrids (F1) will be uniform and will carry the manifestation of the trait of one of the parents.
2nd law : Split signs. When two heterozygous descendants of the first generation are crossed with each other in the second generation, splitting is observed in a certain numerical ratio: by phenotype 3:1, by genotype 1:2:1.
3rd law: Law independent inheritance . When crossing two homozygous individuals that differ from each other in two (or more) pairs of alternative traits, the genes and their corresponding traits are inherited independently of each other and are combined in all possible combinations.

R. Koch 1843-1910

One of the founders of microbiology. In 1882, Koch announced his discovery of the causative agent of tuberculosis, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize and world fame. In 1883, another classic work by Koch was published - on the causative agent of cholera. This outstanding success was achieved by him as a result of studying cholera epidemics in Egypt and India.

D. I. Ivanovsky 1864-1920

Russian plant physiologist and microbiologist, founder of virology. Discovered viruses.

He established the presence of filterable viruses that were the causes of the disease along with microbes visible under a microscope. This gave rise to a new branch of science - virology, which developed rapidly in the 20th century.

I. Mechnikov

1845-1916

Laid the foundations of immunology.Russian biologist and pathologist, one of the founders of comparative pathology, evolutionary embryology and domestic microbiology, immunology, creator of the doctrine of phagocytosis and the theory of immunity, creator of a scientific school, corresponding member (1883), honorary member (1902) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Together with N.F. Gamaleya, he founded (1886) the first bacteriological station in Russia. Discovered (1882) the phenomenon of phagocytosis. In his works “Immunity in Infectious Diseases” (1901), he outlined the phagocytic theory of immunity. Created a theory of the origin of multicellular organisms.

L. Pasteur 1822-1895

Laid the foundations of immunology.

L. Pasteur is the founder of scientific immunology, although before him the method of preventing smallpox by infecting people with cowpox, developed by the English physician E. Jenner, was known. However, this method has not been extended to the prevention of other diseases.

I. Sechenov

1829-1905

Physiologist. He laid the foundations for the study of higher nervous activity. Sechenov discovered the so-called central inhibition - special mechanisms in the frog’s brain that suppress or inhibit reflexes. This was a completely new phenomenon, which was called “Sechenov braking.”The phenomenon of inhibition discovered by Sechenov made it possible to establish that all nervous activity consists of the interaction of two processes - excitation and inhibition.

I. Pavlov 1849-1936

Physiologist. He laid the foundations for the study of higher nervous activity. Created the doctrine of conditioned reflexes.Further, the ideas of I.M. Sechenov were developed in the works of I.P. Pavlov, who opened the way for objective experimental research of the functions of the cortex, developed a method for developing conditioned reflexes and created the doctrine of higher nervous activity. Pavlov in his works introduced the division of reflexes into unconditioned, which are carried out by innate, hereditarily fixed nerve pathways, and conditioned, which, according to Pavlov’s views, are carried out through nerve connections formed in the process of individual life of a person or animal.

Hugode Frieze

1848–1935

Created the mutation theory.Hugo de Vries (1848–1935) - Dutch botanist and geneticist, one of the founders of the doctrine of variability and evolution, conducted the first systematic studies of the mutation process. He studied the phenomenon of plasmolysis (the contraction of cells in a solution whose concentration is higher than the concentration of their contents) and eventually developed a method for determining the osmotic pressure in a cell. Introduced the concept of “isotonic solution”.

T. Morgan 1866-1943

Created the chromosomal theory of heredity.

The main object with which T. Morgan and his students worked was the fruit fly Drosophila, which has a diploid set of 8 chromosomes. Experiments have shown that genes located on the same chromosome during meiosis end up in one gamete, i.e., they are inherited linked. This phenomenon is called Morgan's law. It was also shown that each gene on the chromosome has a strictly defined location - a locus.

V. I. Vernadsky

1863-1945

Founded the doctrine of the biosphere.Vernadsky's ideas played an outstanding role in the formation of the modern scientific picture of the world. The center of his natural science and philosophical interests is the development of a holistic doctrine of the biosphere, living matter (organizing the earth's shell) and the evolution of the biosphere into the noosphere, in which the human mind and activity, scientific thought become the determining factor of development, a powerful force comparable in its impact on nature with geological processes. Vernadsky's teaching on the relationship between nature and society had a strong influence on the formation of modern environmental consciousness. 1884-1963

Developed a doctrine of the factors of evolution.He authored numerous works on questions of evolutionary morphology, on the study of patterns of animal growth, on questions about the factors and patterns of the evolutionary process. A number of works are devoted to the history of development and comparative anatomy. He proposed his theory of the growth of animal organisms, which is based on the idea of ​​an inverse relationship between the rate of growth of an organism and the rate of its differentiation. In a number of studies he developed the theory of stabilizing selection as an essential factor in evolution. Since 1948 he has been studying the question of the origin of terrestrial vertebrates.

J. Watson (1928) and F. Crick (1916-2004)

1953 The structure of DNA has been determined.James Dewey Watson - American molecular biologist, geneticist and zoologist; He is best known for his participation in the discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

After successfully graduating from the University of Chicago and Indiana University, Watson spent some time conducting chemistry research with biochemist Herman Kalkar in Copenhagen. He later moved to the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, where he first met his future colleague and comrade Francis Crick.

Watson and Crick came up with the idea of ​​a DNA double helix in mid-March 1953, while studying collected and Maurice Wilkins experimental data. The discovery was announced by Sir Lawrence Bragg, director of the Cavendish Laboratory.