Profitable house R.P. Sablina

The Church of Peter and Paul in the village of Russian Shirdany was built in 1784 at the expense of a local landowner, retired colonel Pyotr Iakinfovich Lazarev.

There are several settlements with the name Shirdany in the Zelenodolsk region - Large and Small, Russian and Old. This word, according to linguists, has nothing to do with Russian or Tatar. According to some linguists, the name of the village came either from the distorted Mari word "shurga" - "forest", or, more likely, from the Chuvash "shirtan". This is the name of a dish of the national Chuvash cuisine, something like a modern raw smoked sausage.

However, why be surprised? The Mari and other tribes of the so-called Finno-Ugric group have lived here since time immemorial. The Trans-Volga lands of the modern Zelenodolsk region began to be actively settled by the ancestors of modern Tatars only in the 13th century, after the Mongol invasion.

THE DOOR LEADING TO ETERNITY…

The first mentions of the village Shirdan are found in the notes of the Bulgar scientist Sheref ed-din and they date back to the 13th century. As for other evidence of the ancient Bulgars, and later the Volga Tatars, living in these places, they can be found among the ancient tombstones.

"Iski zirat" - "Old cemetery". This is how the Shirdans themselves call the place, which is located about a kilometer northwest of the Small Shirdan. It is located on the slope of the terrace of the small river Syakel, which flows into the Sviyaga. On the grassy surface of the old cemetery, scientists found the remains of stone tombstones. Unfortunately, it is no longer possible to read the inscriptions on them, they have weathered and faded, however, according to a number of indirect signs, the burials date back to the 14th-15th centuries.

The inscriptions on the Shirdan tombstones indicate that the inhabitants of the village were devout Muslims, and the dates of the burials (two monuments date back to 1533 and 1539 and one to 1667) suggest that already during the time of the Kazan Khanate, both villages were quite large settlements in the district

Stone monuments in the ancient cemetery near the village of Bolshiye Shirdany have more or less survived to this day. Historians have managed to read and decipher a number of inscriptions on stone slabs. These grave epitaphs were made on the front of the monuments in the so-called naskh handwriting - graceful relief letters. In Arabic writing, several handwritings, or, more precisely, styles, are most common. These are the Naskh handwriting used to write the Qur'an, the Suls handwriting used mainly for works of art, and the Kufi handwriting for writing on buildings. The inscriptions on the Shirdan tombstones indicate that the inhabitants of the village were devout Muslims, and the dates of the burials (two monuments date back to 1533 and 1539 and one to 1667) suggest that already during the time of the Kazan Khanate, both villages were quite large settlements in the district . As a rule, stone, carved tombstones were installed over the graves of wealthy and noble people.

I don’t know how anyone else, but when I look at the intricate lace of writing on such tombstones, gloomy thoughts about the frailty of earthly existence do not haunt me at all. Looking at the calligraphic inscription, one involuntarily agrees with the words of another tomb epitaph, philosophically asserting that death is just “the door leading to Eternity”…

NATIONAL DRINK WITH A LOCAL SECRET

I remember the first time I had a chance to visit Shirdan in the summer, during Sabantuy. Forever remained in the memory of the bright colors of a cheerful holiday. But even more memorable was the taste of the local katyk served by familiar Shirdans. The first thing I immediately noticed when tasting a cool drink was its unusual color. I have never seen beetroot katyk before. The taste of an unusual drink is also special. As friends told me, they cook it according to a special recipe, adding beetroot juice to milk.

And yet, the locals assured, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin himself tried the Shirdan katyk. Don't believe? Well, I myself at first reacted to this statement with a certain degree of skepticism. However, he doubted only until the book of the Zelenodolsk local historian V. Fedotov "The City in which we live" fell into the hands. In it, the author refers to the story of Pyotr Okhotnikov, whose relative was the tutor of the high school student Volodya Ulyanov and was preparing the future leader of the revolution to enter Kazan University. But that’s the way it is…

According to his statements, in the fall of 1833, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin rode on the seatposts along the Simbirsk tract to Orenburg. The poet was traveling with the aim of collecting material for the monograph "History of the Pugachev rebellion", not even assuming then that many of the documents would form the basis of his story "The Captain's Daughter". The road was bumpy and dusty, and the travelers were irritated by the heat.

While Alexander Sergeevich was savoring the unusual drink that the local Tatars offered him, he managed to get acquainted with an ancient old man who came out of the hut to stare at the Russian master. As it turned out from the conversation of the poet with the relatives of the woman, he, while still a very young guy, took part in the Pugachev uprising. I wanted to return to my native village on a good horse, in morocco boots, but was captured near Kazan, sat in casemates and returned home with ... cut off ears. Was it not this incident that prompted Pushkin to the memorable episode of the story "The Captain's Daughter"?

To the poet's question, what kind of village with a church is this, the coachman answered briefly:

- Shirdans.

“And what is the village opposite?” the poet asked.

“Also Shirdans,” the coachman answered just as curtly.

- How? the poet was surprised. – Two villages with the same name?

“These are Russians, and those are Big, Tatar,” the coachman poked with a whip, first in one and then in the other direction.

- If you want to drink, master, you will not find a better drink than in Shirdan.

- Kvass, right?

- Where is the kvass! Cleaner kvass will be! It's called Katyk...

And while Alexander Sergeevich savored the unusual drink that the local Tatars offered him, he managed to get acquainted with an ancient old man who came out of the hut to stare at the Russian master. As it turned out from the conversation of the poet with the relatives of the woman, he, while still a very young guy, took part in the Pugachev uprising. I wanted to return to my native village on a good horse, in morocco boots, but was captured near Kazan, sat in casemates and returned home with ... cut off ears.

Was it not this incident that prompted Pushkin to the memorable episode of the story "The Captain's Daughter"? Recall the chapter in which gentlemen officers of the Beloretsk fortress interrogate a captive "Bashkir" who distributed Pugachev's "outrageous sheets." And during the interrogation, they suddenly find out that their prisoner cannot speak - his tongue and ears were cut off for participating in the riot that preceded the Pugachev uprising.

HOMELAND OF THE MERCHANT KAZAKOV

A native of the village of Malye Shirdany is the famous Kazan merchant, philanthropist and philanthropist Mukhammadzyan Kazakov. As a teenager, he left his native places and settled in Kazan - he got a job with distant relatives and studied trade. He started small: he served as a clerk in a shop, then, having accumulated initial capital, he managed to open, albeit small, but his own profitable business. He started out in the fish business. Things were going well, which was to a large extent accompanied by the perseverance and hard work of a rural boy, which were combined in him with thrift and ingenuity. And soon Muhammadzyan Kazakov declares himself a merchant of the second guild. In Kazan, he opens a brisk trade in groceries and tea leaves, which brings him considerable profit. Already in 1853, he built a spacious two-story house in the Novo-Tatarskaya Sloboda at the beginning of Zakharyevskaya Street. And ten years later, Muhammadzyan becomes a merchant of the first guild and enters the circle of the Kazan merchant elite. Family ties also contribute to this to a large extent, after the merchant marries his son Muhammadshakir to Bibimagrui Usmanova, the daughter of another merchant and the “soap king” of Kazan, Dzhiganshi Usmanov.

Later, Muhammadshakir Kazakov began to build and actively buy tenement houses in Kazan. Soon he acquired a three-story handsome house on the corner of Moskovskaya and Evangelistovskaya streets, which eventually became the center of Kazan culture. Gabdulla Tukay lived in the rooms of the Bulgar Hotel located in it, the poet Sagit Ramiev stayed, and the educator Ahmet Maksudi opened the first national library. Subsequently, the editorial offices of the El Islah newspaper, headed by Fatih Amirkhan, and the Yalt-Yolt magazine, of which Tukay was the executive secretary, were also located here. The Kazakovs were known not only as rich, but also as educated people, and in every possible way encouraged any manifestation of advanced national thought.

Despite the huge wealth, they were not particularly boasted. Which, in general, was characteristic of most Tatar merchants. Being deeply religious, they, following the suras of the Koran, often forgave the debts of their debtors and, characteristically, never engaged in usury - they did not lend money on growth at dashing interest. The merchants Kazakov donated a huge part of their income for the construction of mosques and other charitable institutions. So, in 1877, with the money of Mukhammadzyan Kazakov, a beautiful stone mosque was built at the intersection of Evangelistovskaya and Zadnaya streets. Unfortunately, she did not decorate the Novo-Tatarskaya Sloboda for long. This remarkable architectural monument was demolished, broken into bricks, in 1975.

Merchants Cossacks. Pre-revolutionary photo.

But even now, for more than a century, a mosque has been standing in the village of Malye Shirdany, built with the financial assistance of a representative of the glorious Kazakov family.

TEMPLE BY THE ROAD

It is no secret that most of the Orthodox churches built even before the revolution were built at the expense of wealthy people. What drove them? Seeking to atone for your sins? Brought up in Orthodoxy, they all knew the words of Jesus about how difficult it is for a rich man to enter the Kingdom of Heaven. After all, wealth, albeit an honest way, is also a path to idleness and sinful temptations. So wealthy people donated a lot of money for charitable causes.

The two-story stone church of Peter and Paul in the village of Russian Shirdany was built in 1784 at the expense of a local landowner, retired colonel Pyotr Iakinfovich Lazarev. Before that, there was a small wooden church in the village. The brick temple was completed and consecrated after the death of the old master, under his son Nikolai Petrovich Lazarev.

For many years, the three-altar church in Russian Shirdan, built in the Baroque style, delighted the eye of every passer-by. Even today it can be seen from the windows of trains passing by, hurrying from Kazan towards Tyurlema ​​and Kanash.

Alas… The church, closed in the thirties of the last century, looks gloomy and unfriendly. The Soviet government, which decided to build "heaven on earth", did not need the "fairy tales" of churchmen. But then they failed to build a happy society without God.

What about today? Which of the modern tycoons-oligarchs or high-ranking officials will turn their eyes through the windows of tinted foreign cars to an abandoned rural temple by the road?..

In the early 1970s, Svyatoslav Richter and Nina Dorliak settled on the sixteenth floor of 2/6 Bolshaya Bronnaya Street, not far from the Conservatory. This house is a typical brick tower. But going upstairs and entering the apartment, you find yourself in a special world. No luxury, no fuss of things. In everything, one can feel the character and lifestyle of the owner, the special energy of a person whom Yuri Bashmet calls “the safe-conduct of truth in art.” In a large room, called the old hall, Richter studied himself or rehearsed with other musicians. There are two Steinway&sons grand pianos, two antique Italian floor lamps donated by the Mayor of Florence, a tapestry, and paintings. Listening to operas or watching favorite films took place in the hall. In the office, or, as Richter himself called this room, “wardrobe”, there are cabinets with books, records, and cassettes. The most valuable thing here is a cabinet with notes, on which the maestro's notes have been preserved. There is also a wooden figurine of the Infant John the Baptist, this is a memory of the Musical Festivities organized by Richter in Touraine in France. On the wall is a plaster counter-relief with a profile of Boris Pasternak from the monument in Peredelkino - like an imprint, a trace left by a man on the ground, an image wonderfully found by Sarah Lebedeva. Nearby hangs a small landscape of Saryan, donated by Elena Sergeevna Bulgakova. The secretary contains the manuscript of Sergei Prokofiev's Ninth Sonata, dedicated to Richter, a photograph by Heinrich Neuhaus, a drawing by Picasso, "Tiny" by Solzhenitsyn. Such was Richter's social circle. The "Green Room" is a relaxation room, during the days of concerts it turned into an artistic one. On the wall hangs a portrait of his father, Teofil Danilovich, an elegant, reserved man. He graduated from the Vienna Conservatory as a pianist and composer. Teofil Danilovich and Anna Pavlovna (Svyatoslav's mother) failed to leave Odessa in 1941, when Nazi troops approached the city. Teofil Danilovich was arrested and shot on the night of November 6-7 as a "German spy". Anna Pavlovna went to Romania, and then to Germany, forever leaving Russia and her only son, who at that time was in Moscow and was also awaiting arrest. They met only after 20 years. The artistic interests and passions of Svyatoslav Richter were varied, he not only loved painting, but was also an artist himself. His pastels are on display in a small room. In them, Robert Falk noted "an amazing feeling of light." In the former kitchen of Nina Lvovna, there are photographs telling about the life of a musician.

In a residential area of ​​Kazan, the restaurant is not for ruble millionaires, but for billionaires. A bright building, next to the overpass - not to say that the palace is on the way. Carpets on the street, a cow with a calf and a parking lot, a porter opens the door, staff dressed in the uniform of 22nd century steward guides, waiters are complemented by white seals, and a guard with a whole hat. The show has begun!

Interior rich, out of one style, the veranda - so quite a Malvinian house, the main hall is stricter, the second is warmer, with photographs and sideboards. The main thing is that everything is rich, the key word that knocks, the dishes of a very interesting collection, even the tea cup is so unusual, I have never seen it. A little not metropolitan, but definitely pathos. Surprised, even though I read the site. From the menu.

Menu large, with national dishes in each section. You read, you think everything ... and then there are more mentions of Tatar dishes. More. One of the most expensive restaurants in Russia where I have been. Most of the dishes cost twice as much as I'm used to seeing. 60 gr. roast beef for a snack -1200 rubles, steak - 2400 rubles, ordinary manti - 800 rubles. I asked the taxi driver: no, we have more expensive restaurants. But manti, sir, manti...

Everything is good here, except for control. You feel like you're in the Gulag. Twice the guard called and then the admin came to ask why I was taking pictures on the phone? Not guests and a wedding, but a pie and a cow at the entrance. Are people stuck in the last century, when there were no social networks, or the year before, when there were no cameras, people did not travel? I have to explain that “just imagine, now it’s customary to capture travel, you know, going to the store, cats and a baby cat? Or you probably took a picture on the beach in Turkey, and if there are problems, I can leave right now. Apparently, I was able to prove my right to the footage of my dinner.

The first complement - katyk in a cup with fried cheese, I decided to mix it - it turned out very well. You need to find out exactly what this cheese is called, fry at home and grate, add to thick St. Petersburg kefir. The second - mini versions of the three national pies - a complete failure. Refrigerator cold, viscous and dead. Bread is served in pieces, also not a fountain, too similar to ready-made. Both were better not to give. But tea with huge dried fruits, "lemon press" and jam.

Soup kiau pilmyane (400 rubles) - Groom's dumplings (I conveyed the legend in a review of D.T.K.) in a wonderful broth. I don’t remember when I ate better, and masterful dumplings. Sour cream for every spoon, and the broth becomes softer ...

Samsa with lamb (65 rubles) is somewhat different than the Uzbek one, the dough is thinner, it is easy to tear from the back. Not bad, but I like the coarser and fatter “boxes”, the Uzbek gift.
Gubadia (60 rubles) rice and raisins - that's a joy. Balance makes a very simple product.

Before the azu, “beauty” is served with the comment “this is an additional garnish for the azu” - a strange thing - egg salad, two quail, red crispy, fennel and cherry on a transparent pedestal with smears of cake cream. I didn’t quite understand, but it’s necessary to justify the class with these special stages. Azu (750 rubles) unusual and unexpected - a modern bowl with thinly sliced ​​​​meat and vegetables, equally divided, in the best gravy. Simply the best. When in St. Petersburg, in Soviet canteens, they made basics, didn’t they stuff meat with pickles before stewing? I remember this version of the last era. Tasty? Very. Simple, decomposable into products, but absolutely beautiful. Somewhat universal in its tradition, but I have no pretensions.

Total. I don't think I need to explain why I didn't go a second time. After the described incident in the restaurant "Insomnia", such humiliating showdowns did not happen to me, they did not ask me why I was photographing my pie. A place with an average check of 4000 rubles. must be impeccable and must be left with complete satisfaction. Two tables were occupied that day. I think there are more rich people in Kazan. What's the matter? An expensive restaurant, but they are trying to justify these prices with attitude, ritual, portions, excess quality. For example, tea, as it should, is filled with boiling water each time. They poured it into a mug, left wet tea leaves, went to the kitchen, add for another mug: it’s not worth an hour to overinfuse burda.

Restaurant address: Kazan, Amirkhana st., 31

Aron Ilyich Katyk (Sariban-Katyk) (April 25 (May 7), 1883, Evpatoria - May 20, 1942, Leningrad) - an outstanding Karaite writer, teacher and public figure, the first gazzan (priest) with a higher education.

Aron Ilyich Katyk was born into the family of a midrash teacher (a Karaite elementary school). He graduated with honors from the Alexander Karaite Theological School in Evpatoria, where he was a student of the great Karaite educator I.I. Casas. From 1902 to 1904 A.I. Katyk served as a midrash teacher in Sevastopol. In 1911 he graduated from the philological faculty of the Novorossiysk University in Odessa and received a diploma of the 1st degree (the theme of the thesis is "Will according to the teachings of Schopenhauer").

From 1912 to 1916 A.I. Katyk served as a senior gazzan and teacher in Feodosia.

In 1916, A. I. Katyk moved to Evpatoria, where he was appointed to the position of inspector and teacher of general subjects at the Alexander Karaite Theological School, established in 1895, as well as a junior gazzan and a member of the Tauride and Odessa Karaite Spiritual Board.

From 1917 to 1918 he edited the News of the Tauride and Odessa Karaite Spiritual Board.

In the early 1920s A.I. Katyk moved to Moscow with his family, fleeing the terrible famine that gripped the Crimea. In Moscow, from 1922 to 1928, he acted as a senior gazzan and a teacher in a Karaite elementary school.

A.I. Katyk took an active part in the life of the Feodosia, Evpatoria and Moscow Karaite communities, as well as in Karaite meetings and national congresses, from 1917 until the abolition of the Karaite spiritual government in the Crimea. Speaking with reports, he made a great impression on the audience due to his versatile education and outstanding oratorical talent.

Living in Moscow, A.I. Katyk worked first as a teacher of Russian language and literature, then as a proofreader at the publishing houses of the Society of Former Political Prisoners and North Asia. In 1932, he and his family moved to Leningrad, where he worked as a mathematics teacher in educational institutions, as well as a proofreader at the Young Guard and Fiction publishing houses.

The last place of his work was the Leningrad Law Institute, and since 1938 he taught Latin.

A.I. Katyk died in 1942 from exhaustion at the age of sixtieth in besieged Leningrad.

Creation

In 1911, for the magazine "Karaite Life" A.I. Katyk wrote his Notes of the Midrashnik and the story The Teacher. His comic poem "Sultan of Thoth" ("Aunt Sultan", ("Karaite Life", 3-4 books, 35-36 pages, 1911, Moscow) was especially popular in Evpatoria, the cultural center of the Karaites of the world. I. Katyk was the author of the unpublished story “Musa Burma”, which was a continuation of the “Notes of the Midrashnik.” He wrote a beautiful poem in memory of I. I. Kazas.

In mixed Karaite with Russian, under the pseudonym “We”, Aron Ilyich published “The Song of the Evpatorian Pie-maker Kara-Moshu” // “Karaim Life”, books 8-9, 58 pages, 1912, Moscow.

In 1912, he wrote his first play, the drama Who's Right. In it, he displayed the problems of the struggle of two generations: fathers and children. Initially, the play was written in Russian and published in Feodosia, and was subsequently translated into the Karaite language.

In the play “Alyshmagan bashka kalpak yarashmaz” (“A hat does not fit on an unusual head”), he ridiculed those people who strive only for purely external European manners and costume. In 1913, in the journal "Karaite Word" he published "Notes of the Groom", full of satire and humor.

In 1918 A.I. Katyk wrote his famous comedy Yaddes (in 2 acts, published in Evpatoria in Russian transcription in 1919). For the first time it was staged in the hall of the Alexander Karaite Theological School and since that time it has enjoyed great success among the Karaites. It contained a lot of Karaite folklore: proverbs and sayings, songs and dances. A.I. Katyk wrote about his play:

“At present, when among us the love for the works of our native antiquity is dying so quickly, when these works are forgotten and disappear, I would like my little Yaddes to arouse at least some readers an interest in the treasures of the Karaite mejums (manuscript collections of folklore) . If, in addition, "Yaddes" gives someone a little fun, I'll be quite satisfied."

The struggle of young Karaite teachers for new, European ways of education was devoted to the one-act play "Yany Yaka Seki Ton" ("A New Collar to an Old Fur Coat"), written by him in 1918.

The grave consequences of an unequal marriage are presented in his play "Mettanasyz" ("Dowry", 1920, in 3 acts). The comedies of A.I. Katyka: "Amma da kiyuv" ("That's the groom", 1923, in the 1st act), "Dynsyznyn hakyndan imansyz kelyr" ("Unbelief comes from godlessness" or "Found a scythe on a stone", 1924). The last two plays were written by the author already in Moscow.

In 1923, he wrote the play "Achlyk" ("Hunger"), which describes the picture of starvation of the family of a Karaite teacher in Evpatoria. Subsequently, this play was also translated into the Karaite language.

A play by A.I. Katyka "Donme" ("Apostate"). In 1926 he wrote the comedy The Train. In 1927, his last play “Sanki the Proletarian” (“False Proletarian”) came out from under his pen in Moscow, which depicts businessmen, under the guise of proletarian origin, doing their dirty deeds. A.I. Katyk tried to show the life of the Karaites “as it is, with all its positive and negative sides, without taking the side of either the fanatical ultra-nationalists or the irreconcilable detractors of the Karaites” (Note “A Brief Review of My Literary Activities” // Journal “ Bizim Yol" ("Our Way") - 77 pages, 1927, Simferopol).

Plays by A.I. Katyka was placed in Crimea not only by Karaites, but also by Krymchaks and Crimean Tatars. He was the author of a number of humorous poems, one of which - "Aiyruv Turkusy" ("Ode in honor of divorce") - was published in 1927 in the Simferopol magazine "Bizym Yol" ("Our Way"), pp. 70-72. He wrote the play "Bakhchi-Bazyrgany" ("Fruit Dealer"), as well as many articles and speeches. His remarkable report “Poetic and Philosophical Works of I.I. Casas as a reflection of his bright personality.

In addition, the pen of A.I. Katyka owns a historical essay for youth "The Roman Circus", dedicated to his teacher I.I. Kazasu (published in 1909 in Odessa), a number of articles, editorials, speeches, original poems in Russian, as well as the story "Notes of a Karaite schoolboy".

Katyk published his works in the journals “Karaite Life”, “Karaite Word”, “Bizim Yol”, “News of the Tauride and Odessa Karaite Spiritual Board”, published under the actual editorship of A.I. Katyk in 1917-1919. in Evpatoria, and other Crimean periodicals. But not all of his works have been published. Many of them, mainly his plays and poems, remained in manuscript. Katyk’s report “The Poetic and Philosophical Works of Ilya Ilyich Kazas as a Reflection of His Bright Personality”, made by him on January 15, 1917 in the assembly hall of the AKDU in honor of I. I. Kazas, on the occasion of the fifth anniversary of his death, remained unpublished.

Based on materials from http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_Ilyich_Katyk

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Sleeves of Katyk.
Advertising cigarettes, cigarettes, tobacco.

The founder of the trading house Katyk Abram Ilyich (1860, Evpatoria - 1936, Moscow) was born into a poor Karaite family.

Together with his brother Joseph in the late 1880s. opened a cigarette-sleeve factory, which soon became the largest in Russia.

In the summer of 1891, Katyk, together with his countryman Duvan, opened the famous tobacco factory "Dukat" (the name of this factory is derived from two surnames: DUvan and KATyk).

Interestingly, A.I. Katyk is the actual founder of the city of Shakhtyorsk. At the end of the 19th century, he bought land and opened the first coal mines in the area of ​​modern Shakhtyorsk.

After 1917 A.I. Katyk entered the Soviet service and for several years was a commercial director at Sovpoltorg in Moscow, from where he was later fired.

The last years of A.I. Katyk spent in poverty, which served as the main cause of his death.

The text of the advertisement: "IF CHILDREN SMOKING, and you cannot wean them from this either by requests or punishments, then advise them, at least, to smoke only Katyk Sleeves."

The text of the advertisement: “I can’t find purchased cigarettes to my taste, I’ll have to quit smoking,” many say. Here's some good advice. Let them choose tobacco according to their taste, buy Katyk's cartridge cases and order them to be stuffed. Then they will smoke cigarettes to taste."

published in Rodina magazine in 1910.
Advertisement text: "Dress a good man in a badly tailored dress: he will look disgusting. That's right! And try stuffing a bad cartridge with good tobacco: you get a bad cigarette. Isn't that right? And therefore, if you want to have good stuffed cigarettes, then buy only cartridges Katyka".

published in the Niva magazine in 1910.
Advertisement text: "Got caught again. I like to smoke good shell casings, so I went into a tobacco shop yesterday and politely asked, 'Give me a box of Katyk's shell casings.' See that the box always bears the inscription KATYK'S SLEEVE".

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