Which judgments are factual, which are evaluative, and which statements are theoretical. Correctly determine the factual nature, value judgment and theoretical statement First indicates the factual nature of the story

The phrase “actual character” has many explanations. Each interpretation can mean completely different definitions. Some experts believe that value judgment and factual character are related concepts.

What it is?

The term usually refers to events that have already occurred. That is, a factual character is a proposition that states that a certain event has already happened and does not require any explanation. It is because of this that it will be impossible to refute any fact. Factual means certain events that have occurred or will occur. Often judgments contain certain numbers.

Signs of factual nature

All statements are different, but something common can be identified from them. Factual character is primarily a judgment that does not carry any emotional overtones. Statements can only state an event and what will happen or happened after it. Signs:

• What is being described is spoken of in the past tense. An event that happened a long time ago. For example, World War II passed.
• The presence in the judgment of some exact numbers, percentages and exact dates. For example, according to sociological studies, 60% of people do not use men's shampoo.
• Quote from a person. For example, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin said: “The less I think, the easier my life.”

What is a value judgment?

Unlike factual judgment, evaluative judgment is characterized by subjectivity. This means that opinions can be radically different and there can be a large number of them. These are various positive and negative assessments of an event, as well as a forecast or assumption regarding what will happen or has happened. Thanks to this, they understand that factual character is accurate information, and value judgment is subjective data.

Signs of a value judgment

Sometimes it is difficult to do without such expressions. After all, they allow us to explain how events can influence other objects. And also how any event that may occur may affect it. Signs:

• First of all, these are sentences that do not name something exactly, but are only speculative. Sometimes it is assumed that some event may occur.
• A large number of introductory words in a statement or sentence: presumably, obviously, it seems, on the contrary, and so on.
• There is a depersonalization of opinion. It becomes difficult to determine who exactly is speaking. The most commonly used constructions are: I believe, I think, I assume and others.

The word “fact” comes from the Latin faktum - “done, accomplished.”
A fact is knowledge in the form of a statement, the reliability of which is strictly established. Facts form the empirical basis of knowledge. A factual judgment records a real fact, a phenomenon of already existing reality that took place in real time. Judgments of a factual nature cannot be challenged.

Science distinguishes three types of social facts:

• Actions, actions of people, individuals or large social groups.
• Products of human activity (material and spiritual).
• Verbal (verbal) actions: opinions, judgments, assessments. Examples of such social facts can be: Suvorov’s crossing of the Alps, the Cheops pyramid, the words spoken by Archimedes: “Give me a fulcrum, and I will move the globe.”

So, those events that actually happened are of a factual nature and are only material for further analysis and further value judgments. For example, the text states “as consumer income grows, they repair clothes and shoes less often, preferring to buy new ones, and refuse cheap and not very high-quality food products.” The position does not provide assessments. The same is true in the sentence - “this pattern was studied by the German economist Ernst Engel” - a fact is stated.

The scientific explanation of a fact is also associated with its assessment. A person who understands social phenomena cannot be indifferent to the facts being studied; he forms his own attitude towards them, positive or negative, that is, he evaluates events in one way or another. Evaluative judgments (statements, opinions about a certain fact, object, phenomenon) express an attitude towards facts and evaluate their significance. These judgments can include both a purely evaluative component (“bad”, “good”, “immoral”, etc.), and an attitude towards the phenomenon in a broader sense, an explanation of its causes from one’s own position or an assessment of its influence on other phenomena (“can be explained”, “is an example”, etc.). As a rule, a value judgment in a text contains the following speech patterns: “in our opinion”, “in your opinion”, “from our point of view”, “apparently”, “considered”, “appeared”, “as claimed”, “as said”, “as noted” etc. Therefore, you should carefully analyze the provisions of the text presented in the task, mentally correlating them with a social fact or value judgment.

So, facts form the empirical basis of knowledge. A scientifically established fact is the basis of science; it is recognized as a given, as an immutable truth (one of the meanings of the word “fact” is “true knowledge”). While explanations of facts, attitudes towards them, and assessments of their role may be different.

To complete such tasks, many reference books recommend using the following recommendations:

Factual judgments Factual judgments may contain the following phrases:	Value judgments Examples of value judgments include:
Arose	It is believed that they should
Include	From the researchers' point of view
Numbers – (volume)	Apparently
Decide	I think
Intended	In our opinion
This is (some fact)	It appears
At all times there was	Must be recognized
Provide	According to a number of researchers
Therefore (statement)	From our point of view
Accepted, approved	More likely
However... (some fact)	In our opinion
Have a shape	According to another point of view
Recognizes	One can assume
Prohibits (statement)	Understatement...unjustified
Delivered (fait accompli)	It is going quite actively (some kind of process)
Entered the top ten	However…
Tied up	Has a strong tendency to persist
Held	If preserved, we can assume
Merger announced	Something is in decline today
Graduated from college	All this has the most detrimental effect on...
Wastes a lot of time	- this is the greatest achievement of civilization
More and more are using	This year it has received a topical focus
Diagnosed	The level has increased significantly
Experts have recorded	The breakup was not acceptable
This caused a significant increase	Oil company shares become a “locomotive”
The next International Design Festival took place	The shares are unlikely to be stable
In the study took part 30,000 men	She's doing the right thing
date	Habit can lead
It actually happened	It received a topical focus and became more modern.
Happened	The level of submitted work has increased significantly
	The previously existing gap between “medal” projects and all others could not be considered acceptable
	We believe that this is the distribution of responsibilities negative affects family relationships
	This is an opinion may be due to low level of education

Theoretical statement- this is such an initial statement of a single universal theory or such a statement, derived in the process of consistent reasoning from previously established statements of this theory, which does not contradict all the adjacent initial and derivational statements of a single universal theory.

Actual character it is customary to call an action in reality, some real event that can be tied to a specific time or place; phenomenon or existing state of affairs.
Signs that help you determine the actual character are:
- the presence in the sentence of numbers defining the date, quantity, percentage, etc. (VTsIOM conducted a social survey, according to the results of which 50% of respondents spoke satisfactorily about their Unified State Exam results);
- past tense of the event being described (CSKA beat PSV in the last Champions League match);
- quote from a specific person (Aristotle said: “The more I know, the more I realize that I know nothing”).

Value judgments are subjective in nature, i.e. a person’s opinion, which may contain both positive and negative feedback about the object of knowledge; various kinds of forecasts and assumptions; various kinds of comparisons and evaluations.

Signs that help you determine a value judgment are:

The presence of introductory words in the sentence (of course, undoubtedly, obviously, probably, perhaps, probably, it seems, first of all, in addition, on the contrary, on the other hand);
- the proposal is of a speculative nature, i.e. assumes the occurrence of any consequences;
- the opinion of the author, impersonal, i.e. when it is not clear who exactly is saying this (it seems to me, I think, in my opinion, etc.).

Theoretical judgment This is a description of an object or phenomenon, often capturing scientific knowledge: concepts, signs, functions, types of objects and phenomena, their connections, patterns of development. The most common mistake is to confuse a theoretical statement with a factual one. Remember!!! A fact describes an event, and a theory describes an object or phenomenon.

Recommendations to perform similar tasks:
First, carefully read the text in its entirety and comprehend its content. You should not attempt to determine the nature of a particular situation outside the overall context of the assignment.
Secondly, consistently analyze each position of the text, correlate it with existing knowledge about the fact, assessment or theory.
Third, be sure to double-check yourself.

If we look at the example above one by one,

According to the FIPI analytical report on the results of the 2012 Unified State Exam in social studies, the average rate of completion of group B assignments in the sections “Man and Society”, “Economy”, “Social Relations” is 60–61%. The indicators for the components “Law” – 55% and “Politics” – 53% are slightly worse.

Completing group B assignments requires graduates not only to have theoretical knowledge, but also the ability to transform it, correctly use concepts in a certain semantic context, classify concepts, and relate them to each other. Let us turn to the most typical tasks from this point of view.

Task B5 contains as a condition a small set of interrelated judgments. Graduates are tested on their ability to distinguish between objective statements and subjective-evaluative components in any social messages. In 2012, the fulfillment of task B5 was 60% (in 2011 the figure was higher - 86%). The task of differentiating facts and opinions in social information (refers to the basic level of difficulty).
Correct completion of this task is assessed as follows: complete correct completion of the task – 2 points; completing a task with one error (one incorrectly specified symbol) or incomplete completion of the task (missing one character while other characters are correctly specified) – 1 point; incorrect completion of the task (when two or more incorrect characters are indicated) – 0 points. Each task in Part 2 is considered completed correctly if the correct answer is written in the form indicated in the instructions for completing the task.

In 2013, the model of task B5 will be complicated; it is planned to include a third component in the mini-text - judgment - a theoretical postulate. This will make it possible to identify the ability to distinguish in texts with a social orientation an important and widely represented component in them - the provisions of the theory on which modern scientific social science is based.
What are the specifics of tasks to determine evaluative, factual judgments and the nature of theoretical statements?

Task B5 1

Read the text below, each position indicated by a specific letter.
(A) A good is a good whose demand increases as the income of buyers increases. (B) It is quite natural that the population strives to purchase more high-quality food, clothing, household appliances, and cars. (B) People buy more goods of inferior quality if incomes fall, and people refuse to purchase them as incomes rise. (D) Thus, as consumer income increases, they repair clothes and shoes less often, preferring to buy new ones, and refuse cheap and not very high-quality food products. (D) This pattern was studied by the German economist Ernst Engel.

Determine which provisions of the text have:
1) factual nature;

A	B	IN	G	D

Let's try to figure out which judgments are factual, which are evaluative, and which statements are theoretical.
The word “fact” comes from the Latin faktum - “done, accomplished.”
A fact is knowledge in the form of a statement, the reliability of which is strictly established. Facts form the empirical basis of knowledge. A factual judgment records a real fact, a phenomenon of already existing reality that took place in real time. Judgments of a factual nature cannot be challenged.

Science distinguishes three types of social facts:

Actions, actions of people, individuals or large social groups. Products of human activity (material and spiritual).
Verbal (verbal) actions: opinions, judgments, assessments. Examples of such social facts can be: Suvorov’s crossing of the Alps, the Cheops pyramid, the words spoken by Archimedes: “Give me a fulcrum, and I will move the globe.”

So, those events that actually happened are of a factual nature and are only material for further analysis and further value judgments. For example, the text states “as consumer income grows, they repair clothes and shoes less often, preferring to buy new ones, and refuse cheap and not very high-quality food products.” The position does not provide assessments. The same is true in the sentence - “this pattern was studied by the German economist Ernst Engel” - a fact is stated.

Consequently, in our example, the provisions of a factual nature will be judgments (D) and (D).

The scientific explanation of a fact is also associated with its assessment. A person who understands social phenomena cannot be indifferent to the facts being studied; he forms his own attitude towards them, positive or negative, that is, he evaluates events in one way or another. Evaluative judgments (statements, opinions about a certain fact, object, phenomenon) express an attitude towards facts and evaluate their significance. These judgments can include both a purely evaluative component (“bad”, “good”, “immoral”, etc.), and an attitude towards the phenomenon in a broader sense, an explanation of its causes from one’s own position or an assessment of its influence on other phenomena (“can be explained”, “is an example”, etc.). As a rule, a value judgment in a text contains the following speech patterns: “in our opinion”, “in your opinion”, “from our point of view”, “apparently”, “considered”, “appeared”, “as claimed”, “as said”, “as noted” etc. Therefore, you should carefully analyze the provisions of the text presented in the task, mentally correlating them with a social fact or value judgment.

Analyzing the above text, we can conclude that provision (B) is evaluative in nature.

So, facts form the empirical basis of knowledge. A scientifically established fact is the basis of science; it is recognized as a given, as an immutable truth (one of the meanings of the word “fact” is “true knowledge”). While explanations of facts, attitudes towards them, and assessments of their role may be different.

To complete such tasks, many reference books recommend using the following recommendations:

Factual judgments may contain the following phrases:	Examples of value judgments include:
Arose	It is believed that they should
Include	From the researchers' point of view
Numbers – (volume)	Apparently
Decide	I think
Intended	In our opinion
This is (some fact)	It appears
At all times there was	Must be recognized
Provide	According to a number of researchers
Therefore (statement)	From our point of view
Accepted, approved	More likely
However... (some fact)	In our opinion
Have a shape	According to another point of view
Recognizes	One can assume
Prohibits (statement)	Understatement...unjustified
Delivered (fait accompli)	It is going quite actively (some kind of process)
Entered the top ten	However…
Tied up	Has a strong tendency to persist
Held	If preserved, we can assume
Merger announced	Something is in decline today
Graduated from college	All this has the most detrimental effect on...
Wastes a lot of time	- this is the greatest achievement of civilization
More and more are using	This year it has received a topical focus
Diagnosed	The level has increased significantly
Experts have recorded	The breakup was not acceptable
This caused a significant increase	Oil company shares become a “locomotive”
The next International Design Festival took place	The shares are unlikely to be stable
In the study took part 30,000 men	She's doing the right thing
date	Habit can lead
It actually happened	It received a topical focus and became more modern
Happened	The level of submitted work has increased significantly
	The previously existing gap between “medal” projects and all others could not be considered acceptable
	We believe that this is the distribution of responsibilities negative affects family relationships
	This is an opinion may be due to low level of education

A theoretical statement is an initial statement of a single universal theory or a statement derived in the process of consistent reasoning from previously established statements of this theory, which does not contradict all adjacent initial and derivational statements of a single universal theory.

So the correct answer is:

A	B	IN	G	D
3	2	3	1	1

Now let's decide?!

Examples of tasks B5 2

№1.

(A) In modern society, situations arise when a person consciously participates in various cultural traditions. (B) Obviously, they are associated with population migrations and modernization. (B) The consequence may be psychological splitting, the formation of a “split” personality type. (D) Sociologists call the position of such an individual marginal. (D) The danger of a marginal position is the impact on a person of conflicting norms of values.

Determine which provisions of the text are
1) factual nature
3) the nature of theoretical statements.

Write down in the table under the letter indicating the position a number expressing its character.

A	B	IN	G	D

№ 2. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.

(A) A group of scientists led by A. Peccei organized the so-called Club of Rome - an international non-governmental organization whose goal is to study the problems of the modern world. (B) Uncontrolled population growth, environmental problems, modern achievements of science and technology have raised the problem of assessing the direction of the quality of social progress. (B) The aggravation of global problems indicates, in our opinion, the crisis of modern civilization. (D) At the same time, we admit that attempts to resolve global problems strengthen the unity of countries and peoples. (D) Experts from different countries take part in the work of the Club of Rome.

1) factual nature;
2) the nature of value judgments;

A	B	IN	G	D

№ 3. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.

(A) Sociologists identify several factors of social mobility. (B) Some of them are objective - the state regime, the socio-economic and political situation in society, the processes of modernization. (C) Some factors are associated with the activity of the individual himself - level of education, career, etc. (D) But no matter how external circumstances develop, individual mobility is obviously determined by the level of aspirations and the activity of a person. (D) In ​​modern society, a person probably has every chance to realize himself and achieve a high social position.

Determine which provisions of the text are:
1) factual nature;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.

Write down in the table under the letter indicating the position a number expressing its character.

A	B	IN	G	D

№ 4. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.

(A) Ivan successfully passed the interview for a job as a lawyer. (B) But the employer refused to enter into an employment contract with him after learning that he was 48 years old. (B) The advertised vacancy did not specifically specify the age of the applicant. (D) The correct thing for Ivan to do would be to appeal this decision in court. (D) Labor disputes are considered by courts of general jurisdiction within the framework of civil proceedings.

Determine which provisions of the text are:
1) factual nature;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.

Write down in the table under the letter indicating the position a number expressing its character.

A	B	IN	G	D

№ 5.

(A) Global problems of the modern world threaten the survival of humanity as a biological species. (B) Downplaying the danger of a new world war in modern conditions is unjustified. (B) According to official information, there are about 70 thousand nuclear weapons on Earth. (D) Calculations show that this arsenal is capable of completely destroying life on the planet. (D) We believe that an appeal to the world community with a call for disarmament is extremely necessary.

Determine which provisions of the text are:
1) factual nature;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.

Write down in the table under the letter indicating the position a number expressing its character.

A	B	IN	G	D

№ 6. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.

(A) The family as a social institution ensures reproduction and primary socialization of new generations. (B) The study involved 1503 people - boys and girls over 18 years of age. (B) They were asked various questions: about marriage, divorce and raising children. (D) Every second respondent stated that early marriages often end in divorce. (D) In ​​our opinion, such marriages destabilize society and aggravate the crisis of family values.

Determine which provisions of the text are:
1) factual nature;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.

Write down in the table under the letter indicating the position a number expressing its character.

A	B	IN	G	D

№ 7. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.

(A) The emergence of family legal relations is associated with the official registration of marriage in the manner prescribed by law. (B) Adults Ivan and Natalya came to the registry office to submit an application for state registration of marriage. (B) The civil registry office employee refused to accept this application because Ivan was declared incompetent by the court. (D) Natalya, who knew about this and was guided by the desire to register in Ivan’s apartment, acted immorally. (D) Ivan's guardians should monitor him better.

Determine which provisions of the text are
1) factual nature
2) the nature of value judgments
3) the nature of theoretical statements.

Write down in the table under the letter indicating the position a number expressing its character.

A	B	IN	G	D

№ 8. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.

(A) The middle class in modern Western societies is the most numerous part of society. (B) Apparently, it is impossible to identify a single, universal criterion for belonging to the middle class. (B) The criteria used include income level, consumption standards, level of education, and ability for skilled labor. (D) The middle class includes small entrepreneurs, highly skilled workers, service sector specialists, administrative personnel, intellectuals and other groups. (E) The middle class seems to be the basis for the stable development of society.

Determine which provisions of the text are:
1) factual nature;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.

Write down in the table under the letter indicating the position a number expressing its character.

A	B	IN	G	D

№ 9. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.

(A) The process of depreciation of money, i.e. inflation is manifested in an increase in prices that is not justified by an increase in the quality of goods and services (B) The increase in prices in country Z in the winter months turned out to be “more modest” than the forecasts of most economists. (B) Inflation was 2.1% (3.4% in the winter of the previous year). (D) Most likely, the slowdown in the indicator is facilitated by the decline in oil prices on world trading floors. (D) Perhaps the stabilization of gasoline prices on the domestic market also played a role in the statistics.

Determine which provisions of the text are:
1) factual nature;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.

Write down in the table under the letter indicating the position a number expressing its character.

A	B	IN	G	D

Answers: 3

Job No.	A	B	IN	G	D
№ 1	1	2	3	1	3
№ 2	1	3	2	2	1
№ 3	1	3	3	2	2
№ 4	1	1	1	2	3
№ 5	3	2	1	1	2
№ 6	3	1	1	1	2
№ 7	3	1	1	2	2
№ 8	1	2	3	3	2
№ 9	3	2	1	2	2

According to the FIPI analytical report on the results of the Unified State Exam 2012, task B6 is also difficult for graduates, which involves the inclusion of concepts and terms in a certain semantic context. Data from the 2012 Unified State Examination results show that this applies to all sections of the course. The greatest difficulty is the use of legal terms. The average percentage of completion of task B6 is 45.4% 4. This is the lowest rate of completion of Part 2 assignments by graduates. The extremely low result of assignment B6 indicates a lack of systemic knowledge of the course and a low communicative culture of this group of graduates.

The issue of this type of assignment has already been discussed. Information can be viewed.

Notes:
1 Unified State Examination - 2013: Social studies: the most complete edition of standard versions of tasks / author. – comp. O.A. Kotova, T.E. Liskova. – Moscow: Astrel, 2003. (FIPI).
2 Ibid.
3 Unified State Examination - 2013: Social studies: the most complete edition of standard versions of tasks / author. – comp. O.A. Kotova, T.E. Liskova. – Moscow: Astrel, 2003. P.146 - 148
4 Analytical report on the results of the Unified State Exam 2012 P.6.

When compiling the article, the following materials were used:
1. Analytical report on the results of the Unified State Exam 2012 (http://www.fipi.ru).
2. Unified State Examination - 2013: Social studies: the most complete edition of standard versions of tasks / author. – comp. O.A. Kotova, T.E. Liskova. – Moscow: Astrel, 2003. (FIPI)

How to correctly solve tasks where it is necessary to distinguish between the factual nature, the nature of value judgments and the nature of theoretical statements.

In order to successfully perform such tasks, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the factual nature, the nature of value judgments and the nature of theoretical statements.

Actual character it is customary to call an action in reality, some real event that can be tied to a specific time or place; phenomenon or existing state of affairs.
Signs that help you determine the actual character are:
- the presence in the sentence of numbers defining the date, quantity, percentage, etc. (VTsIOM conducted a social survey, according to the results of which 50% of respondents spoke satisfactorily about their Unified State Exam results);
- past tense of the event being described (CSKA beat PSV in the last Champions League match);
- quote from a specific person (Aristotle said: “The more I know, the more I realize that I know nothing”).

Value judgments are subjective in nature, i.e. a person’s opinion, which may contain both positive and negative feedback about the object of knowledge; various kinds of forecasts and assumptions; various kinds of comparisons and evaluations.

Signs that help you determine a value judgment are:

The presence of introductory words in the sentence (of course, undoubtedly, obviously, probably, perhaps, probably, it seems, first of all, in addition, on the contrary, on the other hand);
- the proposal is of a speculative nature, i.e. assumes the occurrence of any consequences;
- the opinion of the author, impersonal, i.e. when it is not clear who exactly is saying this (it seems to me, I think, in my opinion, etc.).

Theoretical judgment this is a description of an object or phenomenon, often capturing scientific knowledge: concepts, signs, functions, types of objects and phenomena, their connections, patterns of development. The most common mistake is when a theoretical statement is confused with a factual nature. Remember!!! A fact describes an event, and a theory describes an object or phenomenon.

Recommendations to perform similar tasks:
First, carefully read the text in its entirety and comprehend its content. You should not attempt to determine the nature of a particular situation outside the overall context of the assignment.
Secondly, consistently analyze each position of the text, correlate it with existing knowledge about the fact, assessment or theory.
Third, be sure to double-check yourself.

If we analyze the example given above sequentially, it is worth noting that the sentence under the letter A is factual in nature, as it reflects the facts of the study. The sentence under the letter B is also a fact, complementing the previous information about the event, in particular, it reflects what question was asked during the study. The sentence marked with the letter B contains a definition of the concept of tax and is a theoretical statement. Sentences D and D are value judgments, as they reflect the author’s attitude to the mentioned problem.