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Life and work of Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin 1743-1816

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I did not know how to pretend, to resemble a saint, to inflate myself with an important rank, and to assume the appearance of a philosopher: I loved sincerity, I thought that only they would like me, The human mind and heart were my genius.

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His entire life path is unusual and extraordinary.
A gallant but penniless soldier of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, who pulled the soldier's burden until he was twenty-nine years old. A loyal servant, however, daring to interrupt the empress herself in mid-sentence. Minister of Justice, an important dignitary and nobleman, owning one and a half thousand serf souls.

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Service in the Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment
A nineteen-year-old boy will become a soldier and only ten years later he will rise to the junior officer rank of ensign (“first officer rank, 14th category”). What was the reason for the slow advancement up the career ladder of a young man who was smart, energetic, and who knew his worth? Last but not least – poverty, ignorantity and lack of protection.

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Civil service
In 1777 he retired and began civilian service. Derzhavin's track record is rich and varied. Position in the Senate; Olonetsky, then Tambov governor; secretary of Empress Catherine II herself; President of the Commerce Board; Minister of Justice. He quarreled and fought with his colleagues and superiors at every place he was assigned. He looked for the truth everywhere and established fair orders. They persistently got rid of him, and at the same time he was needed. His energy was indomitable, his honesty was genuine.

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Creativity of G. R. Derzhavin
Reading and analysis of Derzhavin's poems

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Derzhavin and Pushkin
In 1815, the poet was invited as an honorary guest to a public examination at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Not a single important cultural event was complete without the presence of “old man Derzhavin.” The poet was old and decrepit. He knew that he did not have long to live and, having never suffered from modesty, was tormented by the fact that “there was no one to give the lyre to.” There is no poet in Russia who would worthily continue his work.

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Derzhavin dozed while sitting at the table of examiners and noble guests. And I didn’t immediately understand where the magnificent lines of poetry heard in the main hall came from. The curly-haired young man read them loudly and excitedly. What did the old poet think about then? That someone has appeared who is not afraid or ashamed to hand over his primacy in Russian poetry? That you can finally calmly leave the light here?

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Finally they called me. I read my “Memoirs in Tsarskoe Selo”, standing two steps from Derzhavin. I am unable to describe the state of my soul: when I reached the verse where I mention Derzhavin’s name, my adolescent voice rang, and my heart began to beat with rapturous delight... I don’t remember how I finished my reading, I don’t remember where I ran away to. Derzhavin was delighted; he demanded me, wanted to hug me. They looked for me, but they didn’t find me.”

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Presentation on the topic: G.R. Derzhavin

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G. R. Derzhavin, poet and statesman (1743-1816) Oh Russia! O generous race! O stony chest! O giant, obedient to the king! When and where could I reach you worthy of glory? What is the poet openly proud of? What are you excited about? How do you understand the meaning of the question in Derzhavin’s poem?

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Born in Kazan, he spent his childhood there. Since 1762 he has served in St. Petersburg, in the Preobrazhensky Regiment, first as a soldier, and since 1772 as an officer. In 1776−1777 he participated in the suppression of the Pugachev uprising. Literary and public fame came to Derzhavin in 1782, after writing the ode “Felitsa”, which praises Empress Catherine II. Derzhavin was appointed governor of the Olonets province, and from 1785 - of the Tambov province. In both cases, Derzhavin’s attempts to restore order and fight corruption lead to conflicts with the local elite, and in 1789 he returned to the capital, where he occupied various high administrative positions.

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But fame came to him only in 1783, after the appearance of his famous “Ode to Felice” addressed to Catherine II (from the Latin word meaning “happiness”). He combined two different types of poetry in his “Ode to Felitsa” and created an unprecedented work - an ode-satire. At the same time, in “Ode to Felitsa,” instead of the abstract, conventional and odic “singer,” a living personality of the author emerges, endowed with autobiographical features. All this became a genuine literary revolution. Under Derzhavin’s pen, high odic poetry came closer to life and became simpler. Catherine, flattered by Derzhavin’s ode, returned him to service. He reached the highest government positions - senator, state treasurer, minister of justice. In the poet's career, along with ups, there are many rapid downs. For example, he was removed from the post of governor and put on trial. The Empress, having appointed the poet as her personal secretary, soon fired him. Paul I put Derzhavin into disgrace, and Alexander I in 1803 finally removed him from government affairs.

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All this time, Derzhavin did not leave the literary field, creating the odes “God” (1784), “Thunder of Victory, Ring Out!” (1791, unofficial Russian anthem), “Nobleman” (1794), “Waterfall” (1798) and many others. In 1803, Derzhavin retired and settled in St. Petersburg and his estate “Zvanka” in the Novgorod province. In the last years of his life he focused on literary activity. He was buried in the Varlaamo-Khutyn Monastery near Veliky Novgorod.

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What is ode? ODA (from Greek ode - song), a genre of lyric poetry and music; solemn, pathetic, glorifying works. As a choral song, the ode originated in antiquity (Pindar); in the 16th-18th centuries. the genre of high lyricism (for example, Voltaire, G. R. Derzhavin). From the 17th century also a vocal-instrumental piece of music written on the occasion of certain events, glorifying an idea or personality.

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Derzhavin develops the traditions of Russian classicism, being a successor to the traditions of Lomonosov and Sumarokov. For him, the purpose of a poet is to glorify great deeds and censure bad ones. In the ode “Felitsa” he glorifies the enlightened monarchy, which is personified by the reign of Catherine II. The smart, fair empress is contrasted with the greedy and selfish court nobles: You are the only one who does not offend, You do not offend anyone, You see through foolishness, Only you do not tolerate evil...

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His age was predominantly material, greedy for the pleasures and joys of fast-paced life, rude, wasteful and riotous, combining innocence, courage and worldly savvy. Derzhavin's last poem fully expressed his poetic self and the spirit of the times: The river of times in its rush carries away all the affairs of people and drowns peoples, kingdoms and kings in the abyss of oblivion. And if anything remains Through the sounds of the lyre and trumpet, It will be devoured by the mouth of eternity And the common fate will not leave.

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The poem “To Rulers and Judges” is equally sharp, where the poet calls on heavenly thunder to burst over the heads of “earthly gods” - not only princes and nobles, but also the kings themselves. Derzhavin became one of the founders of civil poetry - the predecessor of Radishchev, Pushkin, and the Decembrist poets. At the same time, Derzhavin’s poems vividly reflected the heroism of his time and the brilliant victories of Russian weapons. What he valued most in a person was the greatness of civil and patriotic feat. In the victorious odes “To the Capture of Izmail”, “To the Victories in Italy”, “To the Crossing of the Alpine Mountains” Derzhavin glorifies not only the wonderful Russian commanders Rumyantsev and especially Suvorov, but also Russian soldiers - “in the light of the first fighters”. In spirit you are invincible, In heart you are simple, in feeling you are kind, You are quiet in happiness, cheerful in misfortune... - he addresses the “valiant” Russian people in one of his later poems dedicated to the Patriotic War of 1812. Derzhavin is one of the first of the odographic poets vividly and imaginatively recreates the private life and way of life of his era, gives colorful pictures of nature (“Invitation to Dinner”, etc.).

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The main object of Derzhavin’s poetics is man, as a unique individuality in all the richness of personal tastes and preferences. Many of his odes are of a philosophical nature, they discuss the place and purpose of man on earth, the problems of life and death: I am the connection of worlds existing everywhere, I am the extreme degree of matter; I am the center of the living, the initial feature of the deity; I decay with my body in dust, I command thunder with my mind, I am a king - I am a slave - I am a worm - I am a god! But, being so wonderful, when did I come from? - unknown: But I couldn’t be myself. Ode "God", (1784)

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Derzhavin creates a number of examples of lyrical poems in which the philosophical tension of his odes is combined with an emotional attitude to the events described. In the poem “The Snigir” (1805), Derzhavin mourns the death of Suvorov: Why are you starting a war song like a flute, dear bullfinch? With whom will we go to war against Hyena? Who is our leader now? Who is the hero? Where is the strong, brave, fast Suvorov? Severn thunder lies in the grave.

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Before his death, Derzhavin begins to write an ode to the RUIN OF HONOR, from which only the beginning has reached us: The river of times in its rush carries away all the affairs of people and drowns peoples, kingdoms and kings in the abyss of oblivion. And if anything remains Through the sounds of the lyre and trumpet, It will be devoured by the mouth of eternity And the common fate will not leave!

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Derzhavin boldly spoke out against abuses and lawlessness in his poems. “It is the poet’s duty to broadcast the truth to the world,” he declared. Having become convinced during personal communication with Catherine that the image of the queen created in “Ode to Felitsa” was idealized, he refused to write poems of praise to her. In the wonderful satirical ode “The Nobleman,” the poet ridicules the “gilded dirt” that is proud only of the coats of arms of its ancestors: A donkey will remain a donkey, Although you shower him with stars; Where he should act with his mind, He only flaps his ears.

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In May 1784, Catherine II signed a decree appointing actual state councilor Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin to the post of ruler of the newly formed Olonets governorship. A short stay as the first Olonets governor (mid-September 1784 - October 1785) gave G.R. Derzhavin the opportunity to put into practice his views on power: “not to bend before the throne, to stand and speak the truth.” Portrait of the poet G.R. Derzhavina. Artist S. Tonchi

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Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin in 1785 became the first governor of the newly created Olonets province and lived in Petrozavodsk for a little over a year. But during this time he managed to do a lot: he founded a hospital, established a new city of Kem on the shores of the White Sea, and made a long summer trip around northern Karelia. He traveled a lot around our region, visited Pudozh, Povenets, Kemi. He recorded his observations in his diary “Day Note”.

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The ode was first published in 1798. In 1791, the outstanding statesman, commander and favorite of Catherine II, Prince G. A. Potemkin, died. Soon after this the poem was begun. The first edition of the ode (it has not reached us) consisted of 15 stanzas, but Derzhavin, who worked on it for a very long time, brought it to 74 stanzas. The completion of the final edition of “Waterfall” dates back to the end of 1794.

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In the summer of 1785, G.R. Derzhavin himself went to survey the Olonets region. He traveled by boat and on horseback for about two thousand kilometers. During this difficult and dangerous journey, a diary was kept - a daily note, the original of which is kept in St. Petersburg. This note contains valuable information for understanding the life of our region in the 18th century: the first description of the Kivach waterfall, provincial and district cities, the originality of Karelian culture and language is noted, the first description of the “five-string gusli” is given - the Karelian kantele, talks about the northern Old Believers, etc. .d. The time of G.R. Derzhavin’s stay in Petrozavodsk and Karelia is firmly etched in the poet’s memory. The famous ode “Waterfall”, which is the beginning of the Karelian theme in Russian poetry, the poem “Storm”, and the libretto of the opera “Miners” are closely associated with our region. The question quite legitimately arises about what the poet wrote directly in Karelia. In Petrozavodsk, he wrote only one poem, “To one who trusts in his own strength,” dedicated to his tense relationship with the Arkhangelsk and Olonets governor-general T.I. Tutolmin. Here, in 1785, he began working on the poem “Immortality of the Soul,” which he completed only in 1796. On December 15, 1785, Catherine II issued a decree appointing G.R. Derzhavin as ruler of the Tambov governorship.

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The first stop on the way, the Kivach waterfall on the Suna River, is especially etched in Derzhavin’s memory. It was formed in ancient times, when the Suna gradually eroded its clay-sand bed until four rocks made of strong stone were exposed. The water, rolling over them, began to deepen the softer bed, and over time, four high steps were created from which the foaming river collapses. Kivach then presented a much more impressive sight. Nowadays it has become shallow, because more than half of the water is used through a special canal for a hydroelectric power station built nearby.

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“Waterfall” Almazna mountain pours down from the heights with four rocks, Abyss and silver pearls Boils below, shoots up in mounds; From the splashes, the blue hill stands, In the distance the roar in the forest thunders... It makes noise, and in the middle of the dense forest It gets lost in the wilderness then; A ray through the stream sparkles quickly; Under the unsteady arch of trees Covered as if in a dream, the waves flow quietly, Drawn by a milky river. Gray-haired foam along the banks Lies in mounds in the dark wilds; The knocking of hammers on the winds is heard, The squeal of saws and the groan of lifting bellows: O waterfall! in your mouth, everything is drowning in the abyss, in darkness!

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The heroes of Derzhavin's odes and messages are real people from his inner circle, outstanding statesmen and writers - Potemkin, Shuvalov, Suvorov, Rumyantsev, Khrapovitsky, Lvov, Meshchersky, there are already portrait features, a living resemblance of faces and characters. Even “Waterfall” (1791-1794), which talks about the death of Potemkin (already sung during his lifetime in the ode to “Reshemysl”), turns from an ordinary ode to chance into a detailed philosophical reflection on the vicissitudes of fate, the role of a remarkable personality in history, the perishability of all earthly titles, ranks and wealth: Do we not see graves every day, Gray hairs of a decrepit universe? Do we not hear the voice of death in the chiming of the clock, or the creaking of underground doors? Doesn't the king and friend of kings fall from his throne into this mouth? The painting of this poem, the grandiose picture of the famous waterfall, is far from the abstract landscape of the classicist ode. Next to the gifted statesman Potemkin we see the famous commander P. Rumyantsev. There is a place for personal feelings and thoughts here.

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Materials used http://russia.rin.ru/pictures/5120.jpg - slides 5,13 http://ref.zeyn.ru/images/05_06.jpg - slide 2 http://pushkin.niv.ru/ images/people/derzavin_g_r.jpg -slide16 http://writerstob.narod.ru/images/derjavin.jpg -slide13 http://www.tourblogger.ru/blog/ostrova.html- slide 12 http://karelia- turizm.ru/development/kivach - Kivach http://heninen.net/kivatsu/ - Kivach http://ptzonline.ru/blog/map_karelia/847.html - slide 22 http://tvil.ru/entity/attractions /view/5526 -slide 25 http://www.museum-online.ru/Romanticism/Ivan_Konstantinovich_Aivazovsky/Canvas/1377 -storm http://levkonoe.dreamwidth.org/2010/07/13/ -storm http:// socialism-vk.livejournal.com/1351645.html -Suvorov http://www.suvorov.velchel.ru/ -Suvorov http://varvar.ru/arhiv/texts/morozov5.html -Potemkin http://az. lib.ru/d/derzhawin_g_r/ -sl1 http://www.megabook.ru/DescriptionImage.asp?MID=460474&AID=628724- –slide15

In the manuscript section of the Saltykov-Shchedrin library, the figure of Gavrila Romanovich appears slightly to the side, holding a sheet of paper in his hands. It is here, fifty steps from the monument on the shelves of the library, that almost the entire archive of the Russian poet is stored. There are 39 volumes of his manuscripts in high-quality leather bindings. Papers, papers, papers... Plain, lined, with watermarks in the form of coats of arms and monograms.

G.R. Derzhavin was born in July 1743 in the Kazan province. His parents - Roman Nikolaevich and Fekla Andreevna - were poor nobles. Derzhavin's father served in the army and the family often had to move due to his military transfers. In 1754, Roman Nikolaevich retired and died. Caring for the children and the household fell on Fekla Andreevna’s shoulders.

A good education at that time was practically inaccessible to the children of poor provincial nobles. So Derzhavin, until the age of 16, received fragmentary knowledge from random teachers. From 1759 to 1762 he studied at the Kazan gymnasium. For his success, he was enrolled in the engineering corps, but due to confusion with papers, he ended up as a soldier in the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment. Soon, together with the regiment, he became a participant in the coup that replaced Peter III on the Russian throne with Catherine II. Due to poverty, Derzhavin's career progress was slow and only in 1772 was he promoted to ensign. His first minor successes in poetry date back to the same period.

In 1773, the rebellion led by Pugachev assumed proportions that were dangerous for the state. To suppress the uprising, Catherine II entrusted the leadership of the troops to General A.I. Bibikov. Derzhavin, realizing that he had no other chances to advance in his career, achieved an appointment with Bibikov to the investigative commission. During the suppression of the rebellion, Derzhavin showed himself to be a brave and energetic officer, but his inability to please his superiors led to him being passed over for awards.

The Derzhavin villages were devastated during the uprising, and even Gavrila Romanovich had the imprudence to act as guarantor for his friend, Lieutenant Maslov, whose debts began to be demanded from Derzhavin. Winning forty thousand rubles at cards saved the day. Derzhavin’s attempts to achieve a well-deserved reward ended with his dismissal from the civil service with the rank of collegiate adviser and the receipt of 300 peasants in Belarus. This was negligible compared to other officers who served worse than Derzhavin. During these years, Gavrila Romanovich, as a poet, moved from translations to creativity, and his poetic style began to be defined.

Having found patronage from Prince Vyazemsky, Derzhavin in 1777 entered service in the Senate. The following year he married Ekaterina Yakovlevna Bastidon (). By this time, financial affairs had improved and, in addition to the Senate salary, Derzhavin had more than a thousand peasant souls. In 1780, Gavrila Romanovich received the rank of state councilor. The ode "Felitsa", which praised Catherine II, was published in 1783. Derzhavin's poem moved the empress to tears and as a reward the poet was sent a gold snuffbox studded with diamonds with five hundred ducats.

The conflict with Vyazemsky, who hid state revenues, led to Derzhavin’s resignation from the Senate service, but since 1784, by the will of Catherine II, he was appointed governor of the Olonets region. The struggle for legitimacy with the governor-general Tutolmin ended in the defeat of Derzhavin, who did not spend a year in this post. A new appointment followed - as Tambov governor. Derzhavin managed to do a lot to educate the Tambov region, but attempts to defend justice and unwillingness to “get along” with the highest nobles led to his removal from office in 1788. During the years spent as governor, G.R. Derzhavin’s poetic fame increased. The first wife of G.R. Derzhavin Ekaterina Yakovlevna Bastidon ()

In an effort to limit the power of the Senate, Catherine II in 1791 appointed Derzhavin as her cabinet secretary with the task of identifying violations of the law in Senate documents. But even in this post, his character remained the same: not pleasing the empress, Derzhavin was dismissed from office in 1793 and appointed senator. Given the small role played by the Senate, this was a sign of disfavor. Being awarded the Order of Vladimir II degree and being awarded the rank of Privy Councilor was little consolation. And in the Senate, Gavrila Romanovich made many enemies for himself with his love of truth.

In 1794, Derzhavin’s wife, Ekaterina Yakovlevna, died. In 1795, Gavrila Romanovich married a second time, to Daria Alekseevna Dyakova (). Dyakova’s sisters, Alexandra and Maria, were married to two other poets of that time, Vasily Vasilyevich Kapnist and Nikolai Aleksandrovich Lvov, with whom Derzhavin was connected not only by family relations, but also by friendship. Daria Alekseevna Dyakova (), wife of G.R. Derzhavin

During the reign of Paul I, Derzhavin held the positions of ruler of the Senate Chancellery and state treasurer. After Alexander I came to power, Gavrila Romanovich was the Minister of Justice. After retiring in 1803, Derzhavin spent a lot of time on the Zvanka estate (Novgorod province), purchased in 1797 with Daria Alekseevna’s dowry. While on vacation, the poet began working on a collection of his works, the first four volumes of which were published in 1808. Derzhavin participated in the work of Beseda, a society of lovers of Russian literature. In 1815, the poet took an exam at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum and was moved while listening to Pushkin. Derzhavin died in July 1816 on the Zvanka estate in Novgorod and was buried in St. Petersburg.