Russian language. What kinds of dictionaries are there? In the world of dictionaries Famous dictionaries of the Russian language and their authors

You will rarely meet a person who has not looked into a dictionary at least once in his life. With their help, we not only learn the meaning of certain words, select synonyms or antonyms, but also learn a lot of new things.

Let's talk about what kinds of dictionaries there are, what their classification is and remember the main "linguistic reference books" of the Russian language.

The Science of Dictionaries

Lexicography is one of the branches of linguistics that deals with the problems of studying and compiling dictionaries. It is she who deals with classification and puts forward requirements for the design of articles and their content.

Scientists who compile dictionaries call themselves lexicographers. It is important to note that dictionaries do not have authors, only compilers. This is due to the fact that they are compiled using special cards on which the meanings of words and their forms are recorded. In this case, the compiler can use both cards collected by him personally, and cards collected by an entire staff of linguists.

Classification of modern dictionaries

All dictionaries are divided into encyclopedic and philological, or linguistic.

Encyclopedic dictionaries provide information about various events. A striking example of such a dictionary is BES - Big Encyclopedic Dictionary. Encyclopedic ones include

What types of linguistic dictionaries are there? This group of dictionaries deals directly with words and their interpretation. They are also divided into bilingual and monolingual.

Bilingual dictionaries contain languages and their equivalent in a foreign language.

Monolingual dictionaries are divided into groups depending on their purpose.

The most used types of dictionaries

What types of dictionaries are there? Among the monolingual dictionaries, the following should be highlighted:

Famous dictionaries of the Russian language

Let's now discuss what kinds of Russian language dictionaries there are.

The most famous is the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language,” compiled by the famous scientist V. I. Dahl. This reference book contains about 200 thousand words. Despite the fact that it is already more than a century old, it is one of the most complete and widely used in our time.
The second no less important “Explanatory Dictionary”, compiled by another famous linguist S.I. Ozhegov.
The “Spelling Dictionary” was published by two different linguists - R. I. Avanesov and I. L. Reznichenko. Both dictionaries are impressive and will be useful not only for schoolchildren and students.
We also note the “Dictionary of Synonyms” by Z. E. Aleksandrova and the “Dictionary of Antonyms” edited by L. A. Vvedenskaya.

What other dictionaries are there? You can find out the history of many familiar words by turning to N. M. Shansky’s work “A Brief Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language,” and A. I. Molotkov’s “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” will help you become familiar with phraseological units and their meaning.

It is also worth noting the “Dictionary of Difficulties of the Russian Language,” edited by the famous Russian philologist, author of many monographs and a collection of rules of the Russian language D. E. Rosenthal and M. A. Telenkova.

Structure of a dictionary entry

In conclusion, I would like to add a few words about the structure of the dictionary entry.

Any dictionary entry begins with a heading word, which is often written in capital letters and highlighted in bold.

Let us note right away that the words used in dictionaries are always spelled correctly, so if you doubt the correct spelling of a particular word, it is not necessary to consult a spelling dictionary. It is enough to open any one you have at hand.

Most dictionaries also indicate the correct accent. Almost all Russian dictionaries will contain this information. What other notes are there?

After the heading word there is information about which part of speech it belongs to. Then its meaning is described or there is a list of synonyms, antonyms - it all depends on the type of dictionary. The dictionary entry ends with examples of use - quotes from books and magazines. If a given word has peculiarities in its use, this information is also indicated at the end of the article.

conclusions

We have discussed what lexicography is, what dictionaries are and their meaning, listed the main types, and also provided a list of the most useful for any educated person.

Remember, if you have difficulty writing or pronouncing a word, you can’t find the most suitable one, you just need to open one of the books we listed.

Spelling dictionaries are dictionaries containing an alphabetical list of words in their standard spelling. They differ from explanatory dictionaries in the way they describe a word, since they reveal the word only in terms of its spelling. The vocabulary of a spelling dictionary, as a rule, includes not only cases that are difficult to spell, since the task of distinguishing the latter from those that do not present spelling difficulties has no obvious solution. Also, the compilers of dictionaries usually do not limit themselves to general literary vocabulary, including in dictionaries special, terminological and other vocabulary that is not related to interstyle. Spelling dictionaries are divided into four types according to their focus: general, sectoral (for example, “Spelling Marine Dictionary.” - M., 1974), reference dictionaries for press workers, school ones, etc.

Dictionaries-reference books are devoted to any spelling difficulties. The vocabulary of such a dictionary includes only words that contain a given spelling. For example, the dictionary B.Z. Bukchina "Spelling dictionary: Together? Separately? Hyphenated?" (M., 1999), is devoted to the problem of continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of words. It contains over 45,000 words of all parts of speech. Dictionary D.E. Rosenthal "Capital or lowercase?; Dictionary-reference book" (Moscow, 1986) contains about 8,500 words and phrases. This dictionary is dedicated to one of the difficult sections of modern Russian orthography - writing words with capital or lowercase letters. It includes the names of states, political parties, organizations, institutions, holidays, geographical names, names of literary characters, common nicknames, etc. The dictionary is compiled on the basis of the “Rules of Spelling and Punctuation” of 1956. In some cases, the author offers his recommendations. The necessary corrections and some additions have been made to the dictionary to reflect the dynamics of modern life.

The first spelling dictionary was the "Reference Index", attached to the "Russian Spelling" by Y.K. Grot and containing about 3000 words (St. Petersburg, 1885). On this basis, the “Student's Pocket Spelling Dictionary” by V. Kimental (1900), the “Spelling Companion Dictionary” edited by M. Altabaev (1913), and the “Detailed Spelling Dictionary” by V.A. were published. Zelinsky (1914).

In Soviet times, “My Dictionary. A Brief Guide to New Spelling. For Students” was published by V. Flerov (1918, went through 9 editions), “A New Spelling Guide with a brief interpretation of obscure and incomprehensible words and spelling exercises in connection with the development of speech” by I. IN. Ustinov (1921, went through a number of editions), “New reference spelling dictionary for proofreaders, publishing and literary workers” by Ya.S. Khomutov, which included about 100,000 words (1927 and 1929), “Spelling Dictionary” by D.N. Ushakova and S.E. Kryuchkov, intended for secondary school students (1933, reprinted many times), “Spelling Dictionary” by S.P. Redozubov for primary school students (the last edition was published in 1957), “Spelling Dictionary” by P.A. Grushnikov (19th ed. M., 1985), etc. In 1945, a special dictionary-reference book by K.I. Bylinsky, S.E. Kryuchkova and M.V. Svetlaev "The use of the letter E". Large application dictionaries are available in the “Proofreader’s Handbook” by K.I. Bylinsky and L.I. Sluzhivova (1950), in the “Handbook of Spelling and Punctuation for Print Workers” by K.I. Bylinsky and N.N. Nikolsky (1952; 4th ed. M., 1970), in the “Reference Book of the Proofreader” by K.I. Bylinsky and A.N. Zilina (1960).

A fundamental textbook is the academic "Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by S.G. Barkhudarova, I.F. Protchenko, L.I. Skvortsova (1956; 23rd ed. M., 1984), on the basis of which the “Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language: 80,000 words” was compiled by S.G. Barkhudarov. This dictionary contains 80,000 words. It includes words that are rarely used, but are found in fiction and specialized literature (scientific and technical terms, historicisms, etc.). Also in the publication there are some derivatives, complex and compound words. The dictionary contains a list of male names and the patronymics (female and male) derived from them are given in brackets.

"Dictionary of English surnames" by A.I. Rybakin (2nd ed. 2000) contains about 22,700 English surnames common in Great Britain. USA and other English speaking countries. Information is given about the Russian spelling and pronunciation of the most common surnames and their origin. The dictionary is addressed to everyone who works with English literature, translators, scientific and library workers, journalists, radio and television workers.

Dictionary N.P. Kolesnikov's "Words with double consonants" (1990) contains about 27,000 words with double consonants. In separate dictionary entries, words with single consonants are given for comparison. The dictionary also provides a list of personal names and rules for spelling words with double consonants. The dictionary is intended for philologists, Russian language teachers and students, and can also serve as a reliable reference tool for a wide range of readers.

In 1997, N.V.’s dictionary was published. Solovyov "Russian spelling: Spelling reference book".

The new academic normative "Russian Spelling Dictionary" (M., 1999) belongs to the general type of spelling dictionaries. This dictionary reflects the vocabulary of the Russian literary language in its state that developed by the end of the 20th century. Compared to the previous "Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language", published in 1956-1998. (edition 1-33), the volume of the dictionary has been increased by more than one and a half times (now it contains about 160,000 words and phrases). An innovation that distinguishes the dictionary from the previous edition is the inclusion of words written with a capital letter and combinations with such words, including words written with different meanings and uses in both capital and lower case letters. Vocabulary units are given in their standard spelling, indicating stress and the necessary grammatical information. The dictionary is intended for a wide range of users, including Russian language teachers, publishing and editorial workers, as well as all those who study the Russian language.

June 8, 2009 The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation issued an order “On approval of the list of grammars, dictionaries and reference books containing the norms of the modern Russian literary language when used as the state language of the Russian Federation.” Among the list was the "Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language" (Bukchina B.Z., Sazanova I.K., Cheltsova L.K. -M.: "AST-PRESS", 2008. - 1288 pp.), which includes over 100,000 words of modern Russian language. It provides as complete information as possible about the correct spelling of those words and grammatical forms in which errors are most often made. The dictionary provides the necessary grammatical information: words are provided with grammatical markings, the types of declension of nouns and the types of conjugation of verbs are indicated. Comparisons, explanations, and examples are provided to warn the reader about the danger of incorrectly spelling words and phrases. The dictionary contains information about the spelling of any grammatical form of a word. The dictionary contains an appendix - Tables in which the reader will find general information about the declension of all grammatical types of names, the conjugation of verbs, the formation of imperative and past tense forms, as well as participles and gerunds. All this information can really help many who want to write competently in Russian.

The study of the peculiarities of Russian spelling, observations of the types of spelling errors that are most often encountered among writers, lead the authors to the conclusion that it is necessary to create a spelling dictionary in which the “dangerous zones” of spelling - words, grammatical forms, phrases that generate typical spelling errors. This explains why there are so many dictionaries these days.

Spelling dictionaries help the reader obtain information about the correct spelling of any grammatical form of a word, and find the answer to the question about the correct spelling of words in all difficult cases.

Spelling dictionaries are dictionaries containing an alphabetical list of words in their standard spelling.

Spelling dictionaries are divided into four types according to their focus: general, sectoral (for example, “Spelling Marine Dictionary” M., 1974), reference dictionaries for press workers, school.

The new academic normative “Russian Spelling Dictionary” (M., 1999) belongs to the general type of spelling dictionaries. This dictionary reflects the vocabulary of the Russian literary language in its state that developed by the end of the 20th century. Compared to the previous “Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language”, published in 1956-1998. (editions 1-33), the volume of the dictionary has been increased by more than one and a half times (now it contains about 160,000 words and phrases). An innovation that distinguishes the dictionary from the previous edition is the inclusion of words written with a capital letter and combinations with such words, including words written with different meanings and uses in both capital and lower case letters.

* Large spelling dictionary: With grammar application. OK. 70,000 words. M., 1999.

* Bukchina B.Z. Russian spelling dictionary. M., 1999.

* Tikhonov A.N., Tikhonova E.N., Tikhonov S.A. Dictionary-reference book for the Russian language: Ok. 26,000 words / Ed. A.N. Tikhonov. 4th ed., stereotype. M., 1999.

* Tikhonov A.N. Spelling dictionary of the Russian language: Ok. 70,000 words. 2nd ed., stereotype. M., 1999.

Large spelling dictionary of the Russian language. 3rd ed., rev. and additional

Protchenko I. F., Skvortsova L. I., Kazak M. Yu., Skvortsov L. I., Tikhonov A. N., Ed. Barkhudarova S.G., Barkhudarov Stepan Grigorievich, Barkhudarova, series: Dictionaries, Publisher: AST, PUBLISHING VO "ONIX", World and Education, Onyx Publishing House, ONIX, Onyx, Harvest, World and image, Harvest 2010

Large spelling dictionary of the Russian language. AND I

Medvedeva Anna, series: Big dictionaries, Publisher: Polyus, CenterPolygraph 2007

Large spelling dictionary of the Russian language. Seven main dictionaries in one book. Over 50,000 words

Tikhonov N. N., Tikhonov Alexander, Kazak Maria, series: BIBLIO, Publisher: AST, Astrel, AST Publishing Group 2010

Large spelling dictionary of the Russian language: More than 106,000 words

Barkhudarov Stepan, series: Dictionaries, Publisher: AST, Peace and Education, ONICS 2007

Large spelling dictionary of the Russian language: about 60,000 words: about 200 comments. Soloviev N.V.

Soloviev Nikolay, series: Pocket Library of Dictionaries, Publisher: AST, Astrel, AST Publishing Group 2009

Large universal dictionary of the Russian language /Ivanov I.S.

Ivanov I. S., Ivanov Anatoly, series: Big dictionaries, Publisher: CenterPoligraph 2010

Grammar dictionary of the Russian language: Inflection. 5th ed., revised

Zaliznyak Andrey, Publisher: AST, AST-Press Book, AST-PRESS. EDUCATION 2008

How to write correctly Norms of spelling and punctuation of the Russian literary language - (“We speak and write correctly”)

Solovyova Natalya Nikolaevna, series: We speak and write competently, Publisher: AST, IZD-VO "ONIKS", World and Education, Onyx Publishing House, ONYX 2009

Which is correct? Two consonants or one? orthographic dictionary

Ilya Sazonov, series: Educational literature, Publisher: AST, Astrel, AST Publishing Group 2002

Ushakov. Spelling dictionary of modern Russian language

Ushakov Dmitry, series: Pocket Library, Publisher: Dom. XXI century, Ripol Classic 2010

Comprehensive spelling dictionary

Maksimov Vladimir, Maksimova V.I., Maksimova Antonina, Maksimov A.L., series: Dictionaries, Publisher: ACADEMICS (YURIST-GARDARIKA) 2007

A short spelling dictionary for schoolchildren

Yatsenko T., series: Pocket Guide, Publisher: Leader LLC, Peter 2010

A short reference book on spelling and punctuation with a spelling dictionary - (“Pocket Guide”) / Radion A.

Radion Alexandra, series: Pocket Guide, Publisher: Leader LLC, Peter 2010

A short guide to the modern Russian language: Textbook

Lekant Pavel Aleksandrovich, Kasatkin Leonid Leonidovich, Klobukov Evgeniy Vasilievich, Publisher: AST, AST-Press Book, AST-PRESS. EDUCATION 2010

Mini spelling dictionary of the Russian language (20009)

Goncharova E. D., series: Dictionaries, Publisher: DROFA, Russian language. Courses Publisher 2010

Morphemic-spelling dictionary of the Russian language

Tikhonov N. N., Tikhonov Alexey, Tikhonov Alexander, series: BIBLIO, Publisher: AST, Astrel, AST Publishing Group, Harvest 2007

The latest spelling dictionary of the Russian language: 120,000 words - 3rd edition. - ("Library of encyclopedic dictionaries") / Kurenkova E.

Kurenkova Elena, series: Library of encyclopedic dictionaries, Publisher: House XXI century, House. XXI century, Ripol Classic 2007

Who is Vladimir Ivanovich Dal? Every student will answer that this person is the author of the Russian language dictionary. But not everyone knows that such information books are intended not only for pupils and students. Dictionaries are used by experienced specialists in their field: teachers, philologists, translators and representatives of other professions. That’s why there are a great many types of them. This article will discuss the main ones.

Story

Speech is constantly changing. And the language spoken by the people who inhabited the territory of modern Russia four to five hundred years ago differs significantly in grammatical and lexical composition. Lavrenty Zizaniy is the author of a dictionary published at the end of the 16th century. The next edition appeared in 1627. Its author was Pamvo Berynda, and the purpose of this book was the interpretation of book expressions. In 1704, Polikarpov-Orlov compiled the first translation dictionary, which included lexical units of three languages: Russian, Latin, Greek.

The phrase “author of a dictionary of the Russian language” is associated with the name of Vladimir Dahl, because the work of this man is the most significant in the history of Russian linguistics. His book contains more than two hundred thousand words. However, the first explanatory dictionary is usually called the Dictionary of the Russian Academy, which, however, is more etymological.

After Vladimir Dahl, such outstanding philologists as Grot, Ushakov, and Ozhegov also worked in this area. These names are familiar to everyone. And everyone whose activity is at least somehow related to writing texts resorts to the help of Ozhegov’s dictionary.

Spelling dictionaries

The purpose of these dictionaries is to clarify the spelling of various lexical items. They do not contain interpretations of words, set expressions or phraseological units. A spelling dictionary of the Russian language can be school, general or industry-specific. Authors: Ushakov, Ozhegov. Similar reference books have also been published under the editorship of such authors as O. E. Ivanova and V. V. Lopatin.

Dictionaries

A few words have already been said about this type of dictionary. It should be added that such reference literature is intended not only to explain the meaning of a particular word or phrase, but also includes stylistic or grammatical characteristics, examples of use and other information.

Lavrenty Zizaniy.
Pamvo Berynda.
Vladimir Dal.
Dmitry Ushakov.

The above list is in chronological order.

Dictionaries of synonyms

A good knowledge of the stylistics of a language is, first of all, the ability to correctly select words that are close in meaning. A slight semantic connotation can make a lexical unit inappropriate in a particular context. In order to avoid such difficulties, special reference literature has been created. The author of the dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language, published in the 18th century, is D. I. Fonvizin. But the work of this writer and playwright should not be used to work on a modern text. It is better to resort to the publication on which such an author of the Russian language dictionary as Kozhevnikov worked.

Other types of dictionaries

Dictionaries can also be terminological, phraseological, and grammatical. Such reference materials may consist exclusively of neologisms or foreign words. There are also very highly specialized dictionaries. For example, researchers whose activities are devoted to the work of Dostoevsky have compiled a dictionary of the language of this writer. This book includes words and phraseological units consisting of lexical units that were most often used by the author of Crime and Punishment.

As for translation dictionaries, every person who studies a foreign language should have several options in stock. And at a certain level, when a sufficient lexical base has already been accumulated, it is better to more often resort to the help of translation explanatory dictionaries.

Which publications are a must-have on your bookshelf? Who is the best author of a Russian language dictionary? These questions are difficult to answer, because everyone selects the necessary reference literature for themselves based on their type of activity. However, Ozhegov and Ushakov’s dictionaries should certainly be available to a schoolchild, student or any person who speaks Russian.

Spelling dictionaries are dictionaries containing an alphabetical list of words in their standard spelling. O. s. are an objective indicator of contemporary spelling (see). Since the 19th century, when the publication of O. dictionaries began, four types of such dictionaries have emerged in accordance with their focus: school dictionaries, reference dictionaries for press workers, general dictionaries (with a subtype of dictionaries for individual spelling problems), and industry-specific O. dictionaries. dedicated to special terminology. Such differentiation of O. s. accepted in modern times. lexicographic practice.

Volume of school O. s. varies depending on the recipient - secondary school or primary school students. The dictionary is usually accompanied by spelling rules in accordance with the school curriculum. The first school “Spelling Dictionary with the addition of a repeat course of Russian spelling” was compiled by A. Spitsyn (1883). School dictionaries were sometimes accompanied by methodological instructions on how to use this manual in Russian lessons. language. Modern standard dictionary for secondary school - “Spelling Dictionary” by D. N. Ushakov (1934, since 1944 jointly with S. E. Kryuchkov; 27-40th edition prepared by L. A. Cheshko) went through 41 editions. (1990); standard dictionary for primary school - “Spelling dictionary. A manual for elementary school students" by P. A. Glushnikova

(1963) went through 21 editions. (1989). In 1994, M. Baranov’s “School Spelling Dictionary” was published.

The specifics of publishing required special dictionaries and reference books for press workers. Their content, in addition to a dictionary of difficult cases of writing common and proper nouns, includes detailed spelling rules and information related to proofreading and editorial work. The first manual of this type was published in 1869 by A. Studensky (“700 words that most require the same spelling”). Modern normative reference book - “Handbook of spelling and punctuation for press workers” by K. I. Bylinsky and N. N. Nikolsky (1949; 4th ed., 1970).

To general O. s. include dictionaries designed for all writers. The first “Dictionary of Russian Orthography or Spelling” was published in 1813. Since 1881, when the “Russian Spelling Dictionary” by P. Romashkevich was published, St. 100 O. s, however, up to owl. period, they were prepared in the absence of a single authoritative scientific guide and contained many spelling variations.

The task of creating an academic O. s. was first staged in the 30s. 20th century, however, the publication of such a dictionary, guaranteeing the reliability of recommendations, turned out to be possible only after the release of the unified “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation” (M., 1956) (see); such a dictionary was the “Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language,” prepared by the Institute of Linguistics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1956). Since 1963, the Institute of Russian continued work on the dictionary. language of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now the Russian Academy of Sciences; by 1994, 31 editions had been published, 3 of which - 1963, 1974 and 1991 - were revised).

A variety of common O. s. are dictionaries devoted to individual spelling problems. The subject of such dictionaries are groups of words whose spellings or do not fit under the k.-l. generalized regulations and are defined in dictionary order, or groups of words, the writing of which is particularly difficult, despite the existence of corresponding rules. These are, for example, many pre-revolutionary dictionaries containing lists of words with the letter “b”, the dictionary by I. I. Ogienko “Where to write two n, and where one” (1913), the dictionary “Use of the letter e” by Bylinsky, Kryuchkov and M. V Svetlaev (1945), dictionary “Integrated or separate? (Experience of a dictionary-reference book)” B. Z. Bukchina, L. P. Kalakutskaya, L. K. Cheltsova (1972; from the 3rd ed., 1982, authors Bukchina and Kalakutskaya; 7th ed., 1988), "Words with double consonants. Experience of a reference dictionary" by N. P. Kolesnikov (1990), "Capital or lowercase? Experience of a reference dictionary" by D. E. Rosenthal (1984; 5th ed. ., 1989).

The main problem of the dictionary O. s. is the distinction between words that present and do not present spelling difficulties. The intentions of the compilers to include in the dictionary only words that are difficult to spell were usually not carried out in practice. The need for O. s. the widest circles of readers makes such strict restrictions in the dictionary impossible. Since O. s. is a reference book for spelling itself, and not a dictionary that normalizes modern times. word usage, modern O. s. include, except for public housing. vocabulary, as well as vocabulary of various stylistic layers, special and terminological. Structure of the dictionary entry O. s. took shape gradually. In the dictionaries, differences were observed in the arrangement of words, their grammatical characteristics, in the presentation of variants, etc. The basis of academic O. s. based on the principle formulated by S.I. Ozhegov: “The arrangement of the material and auxiliary apparatus, which would most facilitate the provision of specific spelling references.”

To industry O.s. refers to the “Spelling 303 Marine Dictionary. Experience of a reference dictionary" by R. E. Poretskaya (1974), the first dictionary in Russian lexicography that provides information about the spelling of words related to one branch of special terminology.

The first serious attempt to encode Russian spelling was the work of Y.K. Grot “Russian Spelling”, as an appendix to the book a “Reference Index” was given, containing about 3 thousand words. Based on the “Grotian” spelling at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. a number of spelling dictionaries were developed and published: “Student’s pocket dictionary for spelling” by V. Kimental, “Spelling dictionary-companion” edited by M. Altabaev, “Detailed spelling dictionary” by V.A. Zelinsky.

In Soviet times, “My Dictionary” was published. A quick guide to the new spelling. For students" A.V. Flerova, “New spelling reference book with a brief interpretation of obscure and incomprehensible words and spelling exercises in connection with the development of speech” I.V. Ustinova, “New reference spelling dictionary for proofreaders, publishing and literary workers” Y.S. Khomutov, which included about 100 thousand words, “Spelling Dictionary” by D.N. Ushakova for secondary school students, “Spelling Dictionary” by S.B. Redozubov for primary school students, “Spelling Dictionary” by P.A. Grushnikova.

In 1945, a special dictionary-reference book by K.I. was published. Bylinsky “Using the letter e”, in 1972 - the dictionary-reference book “Together or separately?” edited by D.E. Rosenthal, “Capital or lowercase?” D.E. Rosenthal.

Large application dictionaries are available in the “Proofreader’s Handbook”, in the “Handbook of Spelling and Punctuation for Print Workers” and in the “Proofreader’s Reference Book” by K.I. Bylinsky.

A fundamental textbook of this type is the academic “Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by S.G. Barkhudarov (1956).

In 1997, N.V.’s dictionary was published. Solovyov “Spelling reference book”, and in 1999 – “Russian spelling dictionary” edited by V.V. Lopatina. The dictionary includes 160 thousand words and currently most fully represents the orthographic material of the Russian language, taking into account growing trends.

In 1999, the AST-Press publishing house prepared and published a series of spelling dictionaries under the motto “Spelling Traps.” Among them: “Spelling dictionary of the Russian language. Uppercase or lowercase? V.V. Lopatina; “Spelling dictionary of the Russian language. One or two n? I.K. Sazonova; “Spelling dictionary of the Russian language. Together? Apart? Hyphenated? B.Z. Bookchina. These dictionaries reflect the most complex cases of modern Russian spelling.