In what century did Stepan Razin live? Stepan Timofeevich Razin. Biographical information. Popular uprisings in the Volga region and the struggle of the tsarist governors with them

Born into a Cossack family.

The biography of Stepan Razin has been reliably known only since the 1660s. By this time he had become a Cossack chieftain and gained rich military experience. After holding negotiations with the Kalmyks, in 1662-1663 he waged military operations with the Crimean Khan and the Ottoman Empire. When the conflict with Dolgorukov occurred, in Razin’s biography a campaign was undertaken in the lower Volga region, as a result of which the trade route through this area was blocked.

Razin developed a plan to overthrow feudal serfdom in Russia. The next campaign against the Volga was no longer just disobedience, but a well-organized uprising. The rebel peasants throughout the Volga region were led by local leaders. Despite the fact that Stepan Razin’s biography included several victories (Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn, Astrakhan), the campaign against Simbirsk ended unsuccessfully. Razin was wounded, and then went to the Don to the town of Kagalnitsky. It was there that in 1671 he was captured, moreover, by the Cossacks - rich horrors, and later handed over to the tsarist government. On June 6, 1671, Stepan Razin was executed, first cutting off part of an arm, a leg, and then his head.

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Biography

Razin's personality attracted enormous attention from his contemporaries and descendants; he became a hero of folklore, and then the first Russian film. Apparently, he was the first Russian about whom a dissertation was defended in the West (and only a few years after his death).

Before the uprising

Born in the Cherkasy village of Zimoveyskaya, (Emelyan Pugachev was later born there), after the suppression of the Pugachev uprising, it was renamed the Little Russian village of Potemkinskaya, currently the village of Pugachevskaya, Kotelnikovsky district, Volgograd region.

Razin appears on the pages of history in 1652. By this time he was already an ataman and acted as one of the two authorized representatives of the Don Cossacks; Apparently, his military experience and authority in the Don circle was already great by this time. Razin's older brother Ivan was also a prominent Cossack leader. In -1663, Stepan commanded Cossack troops in campaigns against the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire. In 1665, the tsarist governor, Prince Yu. A. Dolgorukov, during one of the conflicts with the Don Cossacks, who wanted to go to the Don while serving as tsar, ordered the execution of Ivan Razin, Stepan’s older brother. This event influenced Razin’s further activities: the desire to take revenge on Dolgorukov and the tsarist administration was combined with the desire for a free and prosperous life for the Cossacks under his command. Soon, apparently, Razin decided that the Cossack military-democratic system should be extended to the entire Russian state.

Hike for zipuns

Modern estimates

The main reasons for the defeat of Razin's uprising were:

its spontaneity and low organization,
the fragmentation of the actions of the peasants, as a rule, limited to the destruction of the estate of their own master,
the rebels lack clearly understood goals.

Even if the Razins had managed to win and capture Moscow, they would not have been able to create a new, just society. After all, the only example of such a fair society in their minds was the Cossack circle. But the entire country cannot exist by seizing and dividing other people's property. Any state needs a management system, an army, and taxes.

Therefore, the victory of the rebels would inevitably be followed by new social differentiation. The victory of the unorganized peasant and Cossack masses would inevitably lead to great casualties and or would cause significant damage to Russian culture and the development of the Russian state.
Thus, after the liberation of Moscow from the seven-boyars and the interventionists, the power of the proteges of the Cossacks - the House of Romanov - was established, but the enforcement of the Cossacks seemed to the peasants a more severe form of exploitation than patrimonial and landownership. The Romanovs returned the Cossacks to the traditional Cossack lands, and after the Seat of Azov (1641-1642), supposedly only to prevent the Cossacks from collecting volunteers for wars with the Ottoman port throughout Russia, the Council Code of 1649 restored what had been abolished during the Time of Troubles and the peasant war led by Ivan Bolotnikov, serfdom, the abolition of which the Razinites fought unsuccessfully.

In historical science there is no unity on the question of whether to consider Razin’s uprising a peasant-Cossack uprising or a peasant war. In Soviet times, the name “peasant war” was used; in the pre-revolutionary period, it was about an uprising. In recent years, the term “uprising” has once again become dominant.

Stepan Razin in art

Literature

songs about Stenka Razin, stylized as folk songs / A. S. Pushkin
“For whose sins?” / Mordovtsev, Daniil Lukich - historical novel (1891).
“Stenka Razin” / M. Tsvetaeva - poem (1917)
“Razin” / V. Khlebnikov - poem, (1920)
“Stenka Razin” / V. A. Gilyarovsky - poem
“Stepan Razin” / V. Kamensky - poem
“Razin Stepan” / A. Chapygin - historical novel (1924-1927)
“Stepan Razin (Cossacks)” / Ivan Nazhivin - historical novel (1928)
“Stepan Razin” / S. Zlobin - novel (1951)
“I came to give you freedom” / V. Shukshin - novel (1971)
“Stenkin’s Court” / Maximilian Voloshin - poem (1917).
“The Execution of Stenka Razin” / Evgeny Yevtushenko - poem (1964).
“The Well” / Svyatoslav Loginov - novel (1997).

Movies

Musical works

“Stenka Razin” - opera by composer N. Ya. Afanasyev
“Stenka Razin” - symphonic poem by composer A. K. Glazunov
"Anathema" - rock opera by composer Vladimir Kalle
“There is a cliff on the Volga” - Folk song
“Because of the island to the core” - folk song to the words of D. M. Sadovnikov
“Oh, it’s not evening” - folk song
“The Execution of Stepan Razin” - symphonic poem for bass, choir and symphony orchestra by D. D. Shostakovich
“The Dream of Stepan Razin” - epic for bass and symphony orchestra by G. I. Ustvolskaya
“Court” - a song by composer Konstantin Kinchev based on verses by Alexei Tolstoy)
“Ataman will be born” - song by Nikolai Emelin.

Places named in memory of S. Razin

Lake Razelm in Dobruja

The name of the largest lake in Romania (actually a group of lakes, lagoons and estuaries) in honor of Stepan Razin and the Razins is explained by oral tradition, reflected at the end of the 19th century in the Great Romanian Geographical Dictionary (Marele Dictionar Geografic Roman). The dictionary reports the temporary residence of Stepan Razin in the Yenisala fortress (several kilometers south of Sariköy), as well as the stay of Vanka Kain on the island of Popino (northeast of Sariköy) and Trishki-Rasstrizhka on the island of Biserikutsa (Tserkovka).

Settlements

The village of Razin is located in the Zemetchinsky district of the Penza region, in the place where the uprising took place.
Working village named after Stepan Razin - a settlement in the Lukoyanovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region of Russia
The village of Stepan Razin in the Volgograd region (Leninsky district).
the village of Stepano-Razinskaya in the Volgograd region (Bykovsky district).
Stepan Razin, an urban-type settlement in Azerbaijan, subordinate to the Leninsky District Council (now Sabunchu District) of Baku. Located on the Absheron Peninsula. 39.8 thousand inhabitants (as of 1975).

Avenues and streets

Stepan Razin Avenue is located in the city of Tolyatti
Streets are named after Stepan Razin in Rostov-on-Don, Perm, Arzamas, Armavir, Voronezh, Yekaterinburg, Izhevsk, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Samara, Sarapul, Saratov, Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Orel, Temirtau, Petrozavodsk, Michurinsk, Dmitrov .
Stepan Razin's descent onto the Imperial (old) bridge over the Volga River in Ulyanovsk.
Stepan Razin embankment in Tver.
In Tuapse there is also Stepan Razin Street.

Enterprises

Named after Stepan Razin

Stepan Timofeevich Razin was born in 1630, as we know from reading the works of Streis, a traveler from the Netherlands. They had several meetings. In 1670, the writer noted in his work that his interlocutor began to approach his fifth decade. We will learn a lot of interesting things about this further from the article.

Speculation regarding his birth

The Don coast became the first home that Stepan Timofeevich Razin had. A biographical certificate does not provide more accurate information. There is a version that is the most reliable and says that he was born in the Zimoveyskaya village. Now this land has been given the name Pugachevskaya.

Some researchers have refuted this version. There is still a lot of speculation surrounding the birthplace of Stepan Timofeevich Razin. His biography may vary from different authors. So, some claim that he was born in Cherkassk, which is now located in the Rostov region. So was Stepan Timofeevich Razin really from the family of Circassian sultans? Folk legends differ from each other.

A number of other settlements, such as Esaulovsky or Kagalnitsky, are also called his place of birth. However, Cherkasy is called its homeland.

Life

Stepan Timofeevich Razin attracted the attention of many people for a long time. Folklore and the beginnings of Russian cinema were formed around his personality. In the West, Stenka became the first Russian on whom a dissertation was defended just a few years after his death.

Razin Stepan Timofeevich died before reaching old age. Around 1630-1671 lived and accomplished his exploits. He and his family became the subject of folk works, in which new details were introduced, making him an almost fairy-tale character.

Before the uprising happened

Timofeevich is quite interesting. The main dates of his life begin in 1652. At that time, he was an ataman and, by virtue of his powers, represented the Don warriors. Razin Stepan Timofeevich is a Cossack who even then had rich experience in military affairs and enjoyed the respect of his brothers in arms. Even in his early years, he already had the makings of a leader.

Stepan Timofeevich Razin fought in the company of his older brother Ivan as part of the Don Army. The year 1661 is significant in that negotiations were conducted with the Kalmyks. The warrior's companion was Fyodor Budan, as well as Cossacks from the Don and Zaporozhye. The establishment of peace and general steps to expel the Tatars and Nogais from Crimea were discussed.

The year 1663 is recorded in the chronicles as the moment when Stepan Timofeevich Razin led the Don and Kalmyks against the warriors from the Crimea who were near Perekop.

In 1665, the chieftain's brother was executed by Dolgorukov. This happened when a conflict broke out, during which the soldiers wanted to go to the Don, despite the tsar's service. Stepan Timofeevich Razin was filled with the desire to take revenge on the prince, as well as on the entire circle of the king. He also wanted to get a free and quiet life for his brothers who followed him. Stepan Timofeevich Razin began to hatch great ideas. was supposed to become a model of military and democratic structure for the entire Russian state.

During the uprising

He picked up his movement. The reason for this can be attributed to the aggravated social situation that reigned in the lands of the Cossacks. The epicenter of these processes was the Don. More and more runaway peasants appeared in its vicinity. This influx can be explained by the year 1647. The people were in complete captivity, tied hand and foot by the nobility.

Why was this person included in the list of “Great People of Russia”? Razin Stepan Timofeevich gave people the opportunity to breathe more freely, to become Cossacks, free warriors. At that time, everyone wanted to stop feeling like a drag force. And this opportunity was given by Stepan Timofeevich Razin. The biography of the Don Cossack does not recall that he had much property or family connections that many other governors had. On the territory of the region he lived on equal terms with others. The term “golutvenny” Cossack was applied to him. He stood apart from the old-timers, felt affection for the common people, did not have significant property, and did not boast of titles.

Who is Stepan Timofeevich Razin? He is both a hero and a robber. He was a savior to his loved ones and a natural disaster to those he attacked. Together with the Golytba, he went to the Volga for the purpose of robbery. At that time he needed fame and material resources. The richer and more famous Cossacks sponsored these campaigns with the condition of subsequent division of the loot. All armies - Yaik, Don and Terek - were involved in these operations.

Razin Stepan Timofeevich from the family of Egyptian sultans became the center around which the poor gathered, thanks to which they could feel like important and necessary people, being an integral part of the Cossack army.

The popular mass grew rapidly and became increasingly visible thanks to the fugitive serfs who wanted to join the uprising.

The year 1667 was the moment when Razin led the Cossacks. In the spring, about 700 soldiers gathered for the Volga-Don transport. New rebels were also added, so that there were already two thousand of them. They passed near the Volga and Yaik. The goal was to express disagreement with the policies of Moscow's rule and to blockade the trade route that passed through the river. The royal commanders responded to the call and a clash occurred.

Growing strength of the Cossacks

Stepan Timofeevich Razin devoted the years of his life to many campaigns, and this was one of the most important. It began in May 1667. His army went to the Volga. The fleet of Shorin, a guest of the country, as well as other merchant figures, was located near Tsaritsyn. Patriarch Joseph also stationed several of his ships here, which he later regretted. Stenka and the robbers attacked the ships, plundered them, and carried out bloody reprisals against the clerks and heads of the courts.

By and large, the Cossacks were often engaged in robbery. However, later simple theft grew into an uprising; they opposed the government, defeated the Streltsy and took the Yaitsky town. The winter was spent on the territory of Yaik. When 1668 began, the Caspian Sea became the new battlefield. More and more Don Cossacks, Cherkassy and residents from other districts of Russia arrived. A battle took place against the Shah's forces near Rashta, a city of the Persians.

It was a tough fight that ended in negotiations. During this process, Shah Suleiman was visited by the messenger of the Tsar of Russia and reported that the thieves' detachments were going to sea. The Persians were called upon to defeat the Razins. It was then that the negotiations broke down. The Cossacks were chained. One of them died from being bullied by dogs. The rebels had no choice but to take Farabat and stay there for the winter, fenced off from the enemy troops.

Legendary Events

The year 1669 came, several battles were held on the territory of the “Trukhmensky lands”. There the life of Razin’s friend, a Cossack nicknamed Crooked, was interrupted. When the army reached Skina Island, they were attacked by the Shah's sailors, commanded by Mamed Khan. They fought to the death.

The enemy linked his fleet with a chain and surrounded the Don army, but the strategy did not justify itself. The enemy's flagship ship sank. Then the Razins dealt with the rest of the fleet. They managed to capture the daughter and son of the commander of the Persian naval forces.

Peasants' War

A new decade has arrived. As always, hostilities began in the spring of 1670. A trip to the Volga was made again. Now it was not just robbery, but a real uprising, which was positioned under precisely this status. Everyone who wanted freedom and freedom was called up by Razin to serve.

The ataman’s goals were not to overthrow the tsar, but he wanted to overcome the then system, which made cattle out of peasants. It was planned to eliminate the highest ranks, personified by clerks, governors and clergymen who allegedly betrayed the royal power. A rumor was spread about the presence of Tsarevich Alexei among the Razinites, who in fact had been dead since January.

They also claimed to have power over life. In reality, he simply went into exile. The Razins occupied fortresses and cities, introduced their own system there, dealt with local rulers, and destroyed documents. If they came across a merchant on the Volga, they grabbed him and robbed him.

“Certificate from Stepan Timofeevich, from Razin” - that was the title at that time of the document that was sent to the mob. It was proposed to serve God and the state, as well as support the army and its leader, and hand over all traitors and people who drink the blood of the people. It was necessary to come to the council of the Cossacks.

The peasants rebelled en masse and accompanied the ataman during his Volga campaign. The local areas were recently enslaved and ordinary people did not agree to put up with imprisonment. The battles were fought under the leadership of the Cossack commanders of these places. The fighting began with the Mari, Tatars, Chuvash and Mordovians.

Tsaritsyn was captured, as well as Samara, Astrakhan was taken, Saratov and other fortresses were subjugated. In the fall of 1670, the siege operation near Simbirsk ended in failure. The king sent an army of 60 thousand people to these places in order to suppress the popular upsurge. The Razins were defeated as a result of the battle near Simbirsk.

The governor then was Yuri Baryatinsky. Razin himself was seriously wounded, and trusted people took him to the Don. For some time his refuge was the town of Kagalitsky. It was from there that he set out on a campaign a year earlier. The chieftain still cherished plans to gather a new army. The situation was escalating, and the king’s anger was no longer an illusory threat. Military ataman Yakovlev Kornila and other Cossacks betrayed their leader, surrendering him on April 13, 1671 during the assault on Kagalitsky. Razin was given to Russian troops.

Captivity and death

The month of April 1671 was remembered for the fact that the ataman and Frolk’s brother, who was younger than him, found themselves in the hands of the tsar’s henchmen. They were captured. They were received by Grigory Kosogov, the steward, and Andrey Bogdanov, the clerk.

The rebels were brought to Moscow in the middle of June and were brutally tortured. That same month, Stepan was led to the scaffold and quartered. The whole square witnessed this. The sentence was long. The rebel listened calmly. His farewell gesture was to bow in front of the church. The executioner first cut off his right arm up to the elbow. Then the left leg was cut off at the knee, and finally the head. Before Stepan was beheaded, his brother Frol tried to beg for mercy, but he received only a short reprieve of death. He was executed there and in the same way.

The military operations in the Volga region did not end there. The leaders of the Cossacks were Vasily Us and Fyodor Sheludyaka. Astrakhan was taken from the Razins by government troops only in November 1671. It was a particularly brutal fight that ended the standoff.

Attention from abroad

European politicians closely watched Razin's actions. The most important trade routes were at stake in this battle. They connected Europe with Persia and Russia. At that time, rebel battles took place in parallel in Germany, England and the Netherlands. In these countries, articles and books were published about the adventures of the chieftain. Some had fantastic details along with important data.

Foreigners watched as the Cossack was brought to the capital as a prisoner and executed. It was especially beneficial for the king to show that power was completely in his hands, and no one could shake it. Moreover, some kind of bandit, coming from a poor background.

Although the victory was not yet final, the death of the Cossack leader still looked very impressive. One of the literary works on this topic is “Three Voyages”, which was written by Jan Streis. He witnessed the uprising and visited the territory controlled by Razin. To create this story, we used our own observations and materials that the writer gleaned from information presented by other authors.

Scientific and literary works

In 1674, within the walls of the Wittenberg Institute, historians defended a work that told about the exploits of the chieftain. The work was reprinted many times in the 17th and 18th centuries, Pushkin showed great interest in it.

Subsequently, many legends began to be made about the rebel hero. For example, we can read about him in the work “How Stepan Timofeevich Razin left the prison.”

Folk songs were composed about the ataman in Russia. In some, he was idealized as a hero winning epic battles. Sometimes the image was identified with Ermak Timofeevich, another famous Cossack who conquered Siberia. There are more accurate works that dryly present documentary facts, biography and historical events.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin dedicated three of his works to Razin. D.M. also wrote about him. Sadovnikov. In 1908, the first Russian-made feature film appeared. They called him “Ponizovaya Volnitsa”. Gilyarovsky V.A. wrote the poem “Stenka Razin”.

Any revolutionary movement needs a strong leader who can put aside fear and lead large masses. Against the backdrop of general enslavement, people needed a person who could gather and organize them in order to achieve general freedom. Stepan Razin made the Cossacks a real family, a united force that fought for their rights. It is this way, fearless and purposeful, that he comes to us from the pages of history. Even on his deathbed, he did not show a single sign of fear and adhered to his views until his last breath. It was these traits and actions that made him a significant historical figure and hero of folklore.

Razin Stepan Timofeevich (about 1630-1671), Cossack ataman, leader of the peasant war of 1670-1671.

Don Cossack from a wealthy family. He knew Polish, Tatar and Kalmyk languages, was elected by the Don people three times to the embassy in Moscow and once to the Kalmyks. In 1663, as a punishable ataman, he defeated the Krymchaks near Perekop.

“He was a tall and sedate man, of strong build, with an arrogant, straight face. He behaved modestly, with great severity,” a contemporary wrote about 33-year-old Razin.

In 1666, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich demanded a census on the Don and the return of fugitive serfs. Angered by the Cossacks’ answer “there is no extradition from the Don!”, the tsar blocked their trade and the supply of food.

In the spring of 1667, a thousand “golutvenny” - poor but well-armed Cossacks - followed Razin from the Don to the Volga. Having boarded a rich caravan of ships and recruiting new fighters, the ataman made his way to the Caspian Sea by force and cunning and, with an army of one and a half thousand, wintered on the Yaik River (Ural).

In the spring of 1668, having carefully prepared the fleet, Razin began a campaign with 3 thousand soldiers. Having passed from Derbent to the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, the Cossacks obtained a lot of valuables from Iranian ships. By the spring of 1670, the army, well organized, was rushing to the Volga. The chieftain called: “To go to Rus', to the boyars.”

Razin took Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd) and defeated a thousand-strong army of archers rushing towards the city. Near the city of Black Yar, archers with drums beating and banners unfurled went over to his side. Near Astrakhan, the royal governor gave battle, but the city rebelled and on June 22 allowed Razin in.

The chieftain sent 2 thousand soldiers to the Don, and with the rest he went up the Volga. Saratov and Samara opened the gates for Razin; in Samara, the strong army of Ivan Miloslavsky and Prince Yuri Baryatinsky was locked in the Kremlin by differences. By besieging him, Razin lost a month and lost the initiative in the war.

The Tsar sent the 60,000-strong army of Prince Yu. A. Dolgorukov against the Cossacks and assembled new armies in Kazan and Shatsk. But every day brought news of the capture of cities and fortresses, of the terrible death of nobles, officials, service people and local nobility. Sviyazhsk, Korsun (now Korsun-Shevchenkovsky), Saransk, Penza and other cities fell to the rebels; Nizhny Novgorod and Kokshaysk were under siege.

In winter, the Razins suffered a number of defeats from government troops.

In the spring of 1671, the homely Don Cossacks, having received help from the tsar with troops, weapons and supplies, took the town of Kagalnitsky and captured Razin and his brother Frol.

The last stronghold of the rebels - Astrakhan fell.

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Don Ataman, leader of the largest Cossack-peasant uprising. Stepan Timofeevich Razin was born in 1630 in the village of Zimoveyskaya-on-Don. Stepan's father is the noble Cossack Timofey Razin, and his godfather was the military ataman Kornila Yakovlev. Stepan had two brothers: the elder, Ivan, and the younger, Frol. Already in his youth, Stepan occupied a prominent place among the Don elders. In 1652 and 1661 he made two pilgrimages to the Solovetsky Monastery. As part of the winter villages - the Don embassies - he visited Moscow in 1652, 1658 and 1661. Knowing the Tatar and Kalmyk languages, he repeatedly successfully participated in negotiations with Kalmyk leaders. In 1663, leading a Cossack detachment, he, together with the Cossacks and Kalmyks, made a campaign near Perekop against the Crimean Tatars.

The idea of an uprising against the feudal-serf system in Russia arose from Razin in connection with the autocracy’s attack on the liberties of the Don Cossacks and, in particular, in connection with the brutal reprisal in 1665 of Prince Yuri Dolgorukov of Stepan’s elder brother Ivan for attempting to leave without permission with a detachment of Cossacks theater of military operations against the Poles. Thanks to his luck and personal qualities, Stepan Razin became widely known in the Don. A verbal portrait of Razin was compiled by the Dutch sailing master Jan Streis, who saw him more than once: “He was a tall and sedate man of strong build with an arrogant, straight face. He behaved modestly, with great severity.”

The return of the Cossacks to the Don in August 1669 with rich booty strengthened Razin’s fame as a successful chieftain; not only Cossacks, but also crowds of fugitives from Russia began to flock to him from different directions.

Tsaritsyn, Astrakhan, Saratov, Samara were taken, and the entire Lower Volga region was in his hands. Beginning as a Cossack uprising, the movement led by Razin quickly grew into a huge peasant uprising that covered a significant part of the country. A riot flared up throughout the entire space between the Oka and Volga. The rebels put the landowners to death, overthrew the governors, and created their own authorities in the form of Cossack self-government.

The tsarist government took emergency measures to suppress the uprising. The main forces of the rebels were unable to take Simbirsk; government troops managed to defeat Razin in October 1670. The ataman himself, wounded in battle, barely had time to be rescued and taken to the Kagalnitsky town.

Having recovered from the wounds received near Simbirsk, Stepan Razin had no intention of laying down his arms. He hoped to gather a new army and continue the fight.

But in 1671, different sentiments already prevailed on the Don, and the authority and influence of Razin himself fell sharply. The confrontation between Razin and the lower-ranking Cossacks intensified. As the success of the government troops developed, the wealthy Don Cossacks were inclined to think about the need to capture Razin and transfer him to the royal court.

After an unsuccessful attempt by the leader of the rebels to take Cherkassk, military ataman Yakovlev struck back. In April 1671, the lower-ranking Cossacks captured and burned the town of Kagalnitsky, and the captured Razin was handed over to the Moscow authorities. After torture, Stepan Razin was publicly executed (quartered) on June 16 (June 6, Old Style) 1671 in Moscow near Lobnoye Mesto. Three days later, Razin’s remains “for everyone to see” were “lifted up into tall trees and placed across the Moscow River on (Bolotnaya) Square until they disappeared.” Later, the remains of Stepan Razin were buried at the Tatar cemetery in Zamoskvorechye (now the territory of the M. Gorky Park of Culture and Leisure). The burial in a Muslim cemetery is explained by the fact that the leader of the Peasant War was excommunicated from the church during his lifetime.

Razin's personality left a deep mark in people's memory. A whole cycle of songs is dedicated to him; a number of tracts along the Volga are named after him.

The material was prepared based on open sources