Presentation 5 ground-air environment. Presentation "Habitat. Ground-air environment." Ecological plasticity of organisms

"Ground-Air Habitat"

Presentation by slides:

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The ground-air environment is of particular interest to us, since it is here - on the border of the two shells of the Earth - that the vast majority of animals and plants live. It is easy to notice that this environment is qualitatively different from water in its physical parameters. What problems did organisms encounter when exploring land and how did they learn to overcome them?

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The ground-air environment is characterized by seven main abiotic factors. Let's consider each of them.

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Low air density makes it difficult to maintain the shape of the body and therefore provokes the formation of a support system. Thus, aquatic plants do not have mechanical tissues: they appear only in terrestrial forms. Animals necessarily have a skeleton: a hydroskeleton (like roundworms, for example), or an external skeleton (in insects), or an internal skeleton (in mammals). On the other hand, the low density of the environment facilitates the movement of animals. Many terrestrial species are capable of flight. These are mainly birds and insects, but among them there are also representatives of mammals, amphibians and reptiles. Flight is associated with searching for prey or settling. Land dwellers reproduce only on the Earth, which serves as their support and attachment point.

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Due to active flight, such organisms have modified forelimbs and developed pectoral muscles, like bats, and in gliders (for example, flying squirrels and some tropical frogs) skin folds that stretch and play the role of a parachute

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The mobility of air masses ensures the existence of aeroplankton. It includes pollen, seeds and fruits of plants, small insects and arachnids, spores of fungi, bacteria and lower plants. This ecological group of organisms adapted due to the large relative surface area of their wings, outgrowths and even webs, or due to their very small sizes.

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The oldest method of pollinating plants by wind - anemophily - is characteristic of the plants known to us in the middle zone: birch, spruce, pine, nettle, cereals and sedge. Some disperse with the help of the wind: poplar, birch, ash, linden, dandelions, etc. The seeds of these plants have parachutes (dandelions, cattails) or wings (maple, linden).

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Low pressure Normally is 760 mmHg (or 101,325 Pa). Pressure differences, compared to aquatic habitats, are very small; Thus, at an altitude of 5,800 m it is only half its normal value. Consequently, almost all inhabitants of land are sensitive to strong pressure changes, i.e. they are stenobionts in relation to this factor.

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The upper limit of life for most vertebrates is about 6,000 m. This is explained by the fact that pressure drops with altitude, and therefore the solubility of oxygen in the blood decreases. To maintain a constant concentration of oxygen in the blood, the respiratory rate must increase. However, as you know, we exhale not only carbon dioxide, but also water vapor, so frequent breathing should invariably lead to dehydration of the body. This simple dependence is not typical only for rare species of organisms: birds and some invertebrates, ticks, spiders and springtails.

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The gas composition of the land-air environment is characterized by a high oxygen content: it is more than 20 times higher than in the aquatic environment. This allows animals to have a very high metabolic rate. Therefore, only on land could homoyotericity arise - the ability to maintain a constant body temperature, mainly due to internal energy. Thanks to homeothermy, birds and mammals can maintain vital activity in the harshest conditions

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Soil and topography are very important, first of all, for plants. Some of them are quite specialized. For example, saltworts (adapted specifically to salty soils, bananas prefer neutral soils rich in organic matter. For animals, the structure of the soil is more important than its chemical composition. For ungulates that make long migrations over dense soil, the adaptation is a reduction in the number of fingers and, therefore, a decrease in the surface area of the support. Inhabitants of shifting sands are characterized by an increase in the surface area of the support, as in the fan-toed gecko, for example.

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Soil density is also important for burrowing animals: prairie dogs, marmots, gerbils and others; some of them develop digging limbs.

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Water deficiency Significant water deficiency on land provokes the development of various adaptations aimed at saving water in the body: the development of respiratory organs capable of absorbing oxygen from the air environment of the integuments (lungs, trachea, pulmonary sacs); the development of waterproof integuments; changes in the excretory system and metabolic products (urea and uric acid) internal fertilization.

Ground-air habitat

The ground-air environment is characterized by seven main abiotic factors. Let's consider each of them.

Low air density
It makes it difficult to maintain the shape of the body and therefore provokes the formation of a support system. Thus, aquatic plants do not have mechanical tissues: they appear only in terrestrial forms. Animals necessarily have a skeleton: a hydroskeleton (like roundworms, for example), or an external skeleton (in insects), or an internal skeleton (in mammals).
On the other hand, the low density of the environment facilitates the movement of animals. Many terrestrial species are capable of flight. These are mainly birds and insects, but among them there are also representatives of mammals, amphibians and reptiles. Flight is associated with searching for prey or settling. Land dwellers reproduce only on the Earth, which serves as their support and attachment point.

Mobility of air masses
Ensures the existence of aeroplankton. It includes pollen, seeds and fruits of plants, small insects and arachnids, spores of fungi, bacteria and lower plants. This ecological group of organisms adapted due to the large relative surface area of their wings, outgrowths and even webs, or due to their very small sizes.

Low pressure
Normally it is 760 mmHg (or 101,325 Pa). Pressure differences, compared to aquatic habitats, are very small; Thus, at an altitude of 5,800 m it is only half its normal value. Consequently, almost all inhabitants of land are sensitive to strong pressure changes, i.e. they are stenobionts in relation to this factor.

Gas composition
The land-air environment is characterized by a high oxygen content: it is more than 20 times higher than in the aquatic environment. This allows animals to have a very high metabolic rate. Therefore, only on land could homeothermy arise - the ability to maintain a constant body temperature, mainly due to internal energy. Thanks to homeothermy, birds and mammals can maintain vital activity in the harshest conditions

Soil and relief
Very important, first of all, for plants. Some of them are quite specialized. For example, saltworts (adapted specifically to salty soils, bananas prefer neutral soils rich in organic matter. For animals, the structure of the soil is more important than its chemical composition. For ungulates that make long migrations over dense soil, the adaptation is a reduction in the number of fingers and, therefore, a decrease in the surface area of the support. Inhabitants of shifting sands are characterized by an increase in the surface area of the support, as in the fan-toed gecko, for example.

Soil density is also important for burrowing animals: prairie dogs, marmots, gerbils and others; some of them develop digging limbs.

Water shortage
A significant shortage of water on land provokes the development of various adaptations aimed at saving water in the body:
development of respiratory organs capable of absorbing oxygen from the air environment of the integument (lungs, trachea, pulmonary sacs)
development of waterproof covers
changes in the excretory system and metabolic products (urea and uric acid)
internal fertilization.

PLAN Distribution of organisms among living environments. Distribution of organisms among living environments. Water environment. Water environment. Ground-air environment. Ground-air environment. Soil as a living environment. Soil as a living environment. Living organisms as a living environment. Living organisms as a living environment.

In the process of the long historical development of living matter and the formation of more and more modern forms of living beings, organisms, mastering new habitats, were distributed on Earth according to its mineral shells and adapted to existence in strictly defined conditions.

Water environment. General characteristics. General characteristics. Hydrosphere - occupies up to 71% of the Earth's area. In terms of volume, water reserves are estimated at 1370 million km3. The main amount of water (98%) is concentrated in the seas and oceans, 1.24% is the ice of the polar regions, 0.45% is fresh water.

The aquatic environment is home to about animal species (7% of the total number on Earth) and plant species (8%). The most diverse and rich flora and fauna of the seas and oceans of the equatorial and tropical regions.

Abiotic factors of the aquatic environment. Temperature fluctuations in the World Ocean range from -2C to +36C. In fresh water bodies – from -0.9C to +25C. Exceptions are thermal springs up to +95C. Temperature fluctuations in the World Ocean are from -2C to +36C. In fresh water bodies – from -0.9C to +25C. Exceptions are thermal springs up to +95C. Thermodynamic features of the aquatic environment, such as high specific heat capacity, high thermal conductivity and expansion during freezing, create particularly favorable conditions for life.

The density and viscosity of the aquatic environment is 800 times greater than that of air. In plants, these features are reflected in the fact that their mechanical tissue is poorly developed, so they are inherently buoyant and have the ability to be suspended in water. Animals have a streamlined body shape, covered with mucus. The density and viscosity of the aquatic environment is 800 times greater than that of air. In plants, these features are reflected in the fact that their mechanical tissue is poorly developed, so they are inherently buoyant and have the ability to be suspended in water. Animals have a streamlined body shape, covered with mucus.

Light mode and water transparency. It depends on the season, and is also determined by the natural decrease in light with depth, due to the fact that water absorbs light, while rays of different wavelengths are absorbed unequally, red ones are the fastest, and blue-green ones penetrate much deeper. Light mode and water transparency. It depends on the season, and is also determined by the natural decrease in light with depth, due to the fact that water absorbs light, while rays of different wavelengths are absorbed unequally, red ones are the fastest, and blue-green ones penetrate much deeper.

Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. Oxygen content is inversely proportional to temperature. As the temperature decreases, the solubility of oxygen and other gases increases. Oxygen content is inversely proportional to temperature. As the temperature decreases, the solubility of oxygen and other gases increases.

Hydrogen ion concentration. Freshwater swimming pools: Hydrogen ion concentration. Freshwater pools: pH 3.7-4.7 – considered acidic; pH 3.7-4.7 – considered acidic; 6.95 – 7.3 – neutral; 6.95 – 7.3 – neutral; more than 7.8 – alkaline. more than 7.8 – alkaline. Sea water is more alkaline, pH changes less, and decreases with depth.

Plankton are free floating. - phytoplankton - phytoplankton - zooplankton. - zooplankton. Nekton - actively moving. Nekton - actively moving. Neuston - inhabitants of the upper film. Neuston - inhabitants of the upper film. Pelagos are inhabitants of the water column. Pelagos are inhabitants of the water column. Benthos are bottom dwellers. Benthos are bottom dwellers. Ecological groups of hydrobionts.

Ecological plasticity of organisms. Aquatic organisms have less ecological plasticity than terrestrial ones, because water is a more stable environment and its abiotic factors undergo minor fluctuations. The breadth of ecological plasticity of aquatic organisms is assessed in relation not only to the entire complex of factors, but also to one of them. Ecological plasticity serves as a regulator of the dispersal of organisms and depends on the age and phase of development of the organism.

Ground-air environment. General characteristics. General characteristics. Organisms are surrounded by air - a gaseous shell characterized by low humidity and density, but high oxygen content. The light is more intense, the temperature undergoes greater fluctuations, and humidity varies depending on geographical location, season and time of day.

Environmental factors. Air is characterized by a constant composition (oxygen - about 21% and carbon dioxide - 0.03%). Low density does not provide significant resistance to organisms when they move in the horizontal direction. Air is characterized by a constant composition (oxygen - about 21% and carbon dioxide - 0.03%). Low density does not provide significant resistance to organisms when they move in the horizontal direction.

Air has direct and indirect meaning. Direct – has little environmental significance. Direct – has little environmental significance. Indirect - carried out through the winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, causes a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc.) Indirect - carried out through the winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, causes a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc. .d.)

Precipitation. The amount of precipitation, its distribution throughout the year, the form in which it falls affect the water regime of the environment. Precipitation changes soil moisture, provides available moisture to plants, and provides drinking water to animals. Precipitation. The amount of precipitation, its distribution throughout the year, the form in which it falls affect the water regime of the environment. Precipitation changes soil moisture, provides available moisture to plants, and provides drinking water to animals. The timing of rainfall, its frequency, duration and nature of rains are important.

Ecoclimate and microclimate. Ecoclimate is the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Ecoclimate is the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Microclimate is the climate of individual small areas. Microclimate is the climate of individual small areas.

Geographical zoning. The ground-air environment is characterized by clearly defined zonality. In this case, the combination of vegetation cover and animal population corresponds to the morphological divisions of the geographical envelope of the Earth. Along with horizontal zoning, vertical zonality is clearly expressed.

Relatively dense build. Relatively dense build. Permeated with cavities filled with a mixture of gases and aqueous solutions. Permeated with cavities filled with a mixture of gases and aqueous solutions. Temperature fluctuations are smoothed out. Temperature fluctuations are smoothed out. The composition of soil air varies with depth. The composition of soil air varies with depth. Rich in living organisms. Rich in living organisms.

Inhabitants of the soil. Microfauna - small soil animals (protozoa, rotifers, tardigrades, nematodes) Microfauna - small soil animals (protozoa, rotifers, tardigrades, nematodes) Mesofauna - larger air-breathing animals (mites, primary wingless insects, etc.) Mesofauna - more large air-breathing animals (mites, primary wingless insects, etc.) Macrofauna – large soil animals (centipedes, earthworms, etc.) Macrofauna – large soil animals (centipedes, earthworms, etc.) Megafauna – large animals, shrews. Megafauna – large animals, shrews.

Living organisms as a habitat. There is practically no species of multicellular organisms that does not have internal inhabitants. The higher the organization of the hosts, the greater the degree of differentiation of their tissues and organs, the more diverse conditions they can provide to their cohabitants.

Ecological advantages of parasites: abundant food supply, protection from external adverse factors, no threat of drying out and temperature fluctuations. Ecological advantages of parasites: abundant food supply, protection from external adverse factors, no threat of drying out and temperature fluctuations. Environmental difficulties: limited living space, difficulties in oxygen supply, protective reactions of the host body. Environmental difficulties: limited living space, difficulties in oxygen supply, protective reactions of the host body.

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PLAN

Distribution of organisms among living environments. Water environment. Ground-air environment. Soil as a living environment. Living organisms as a living environment.

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Water environment.

General characteristics. Hydrosphere - occupies up to 71% of the Earth's area. In terms of volume, water reserves are estimated at 1370 million km3. The main amount of water (98%) is concentrated in the seas and oceans, 1.24% is the ice of the polar regions, 0.45% is fresh water.

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About 150,000 species of animals (7% of the total number on Earth) and 10,000 species of plants (8%) live in the aquatic environment. The most diverse and rich flora and fauna of the seas and oceans of the equatorial and tropical regions.

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A characteristic feature of the aquatic environment is its mobility. The movement of water ensures the supply of aquatic organisms with oxygen and nutrients, leading to equalization of temperatures throughout the reservoir.

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Abiotic factors of the aquatic environment.

Temperature fluctuations in the World Ocean range from -2C to +36C. In fresh water bodies – from -0.9C to +25C. Exceptions are thermal springs up to +95C. Thermodynamic features of the aquatic environment, such as high specific heat capacity, high thermal conductivity and expansion during freezing, create particularly favorable conditions for life.

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Since the temperature regime of water bodies is characterized by great stability, the organisms living in them are characterized by a relative constancy of body temperature and have a narrow range of adaptability to fluctuations in environmental temperature.

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Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. Oxygen content is inversely proportional to temperature. As the temperature decreases, the solubility of oxygen and other gases increases.

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Hydrogen ion concentration. Freshwater pools: pH 3.7-4.7 – considered acidic;

6.95 – 7.3 – neutral;

more than 7.8 – alkaline. Sea water is more alkaline, pH changes less, and decreases with depth.

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Ecological groups of hydrobionts.

Plankton are free floating.

- phytoplankton - zooplankton.

Nekton - actively moving.

Neuston - inhabitants of the upper film.

Pelagos are inhabitants of the water column.

Benthos are bottom dwellers.

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Ecological plasticity of organisms.

Aquatic organisms have less ecological plasticity than terrestrial ones, because water is a more stable environment and its abiotic factors undergo minor fluctuations. The breadth of ecological plasticity of aquatic organisms is assessed in relation not only to the entire complex of factors, but also to one of them. Ecological plasticity serves as a regulator of the dispersal of organisms and depends on the age and phase of development of the organism.

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Direct – has little environmental significance. Indirect - carried out through the winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, cause a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc.)

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Ecoclimate and microclimate.

Ecoclimate is the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Microclimate is the climate of individual small areas.

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Geographical zoning.

The ground-air environment is characterized by clearly defined zonality. In this case, the combination of vegetation cover and animal population corresponds to the morphological divisions of the geographical envelope of the Earth. Along with horizontal zoning, vertical zonality is clearly expressed.

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Soil environment.

General characteristics. It is a loose surface layer of land in contact with the air. Soil is a complex three-phase system in which solid particles are surrounded by air and water. Soil inhabitants.

Microfauna – small soil animals (protozoa, rotifers, tardigrades, nematodes) Mesofauna – larger air-breathing animals (mites, primary wingless insects, etc.) Macrofauna – large soil animals (centipedes, earthworms, etc.) Megafauna – large animals, shrews.

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Living organisms as a habitat.

There is practically no species of multicellular organisms that does not have internal inhabitants. The higher the organization of the hosts, the greater the degree of differentiation of their tissues and organs, the more diverse conditions they can provide to their cohabitants.

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environmental factors. Basic living environments.

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Distribution of organisms among living environments. Water environment. Ground-air environment. Soil as a living environment. Living organisms as a living environment.

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Water environment.

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Abiotic factors of the aquatic environment.

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Hydrogen ion concentration. Freshwater pools: pH 3.7-4.7 – considered acidic; 6.95 – 7.3 – neutral; more than 7.8 – alkaline. Sea water is more alkaline, pH changes less, and decreases with depth.

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Plankton are free floating. - phytoplankton - zooplankton. Nekton - actively moving. Neuston - inhabitants of the upper film. Pelagos are inhabitants of the water column. Benthos are bottom dwellers.

more than 7.8 – alkaline. Sea water is more alkaline, pH changes less, and decreases with depth.

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Plankton are free floating.

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Neuston - inhabitants of the upper film.

General characteristics. Organisms are surrounded by air - a gaseous shell characterized by low humidity and density, but high oxygen content. The light is more intense, the temperature undergoes greater fluctuations, and humidity varies depending on geographical location, season and time of day.

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Ecological plasticity of organisms.

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Ecoclimate and microclimate.

Ecoclimate is the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Microclimate is the climate of individual small areas.

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Geographical zoning.

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Soil environment.

General characteristics. It is a loose surface layer of land in contact with the air. Soil is a complex three-phase system in which solid particles are surrounded by air and water.