Classification of gas burners. Technical characteristics of burners. Types and types of gas stoves Deciphering the marking of cylinders

Special tanks are designed for storage and transportation of liquid fuels and liquefied gases. A tank for liquids (kerosene, gasoline) is called a fuel tank. The tank for gas - a gas cylinder.

Cylinders are sold empty and are metal (less often plastic) flasks with a cork. Since static electricity accumulates on the plastic from the friction of the liquid against the walls of the tank, metal is preferable as a material for making tanks.

The device of gas cylinders

gas cylinder- a cylindrical container filled with gas under pressure (up to 15 MPa). In its upper part there is a threaded hole into which a shut-off valve is screwed.

Each filler requires a special valve design, so it is important to match the type of container with the filler fuel.

High demands are placed on the tightness and reliability of containers.

The package of the metal gas tank includes:

valve;
a body consisting of a welded shell, upper and lower bottom;
support shoe - a steel ring support, to maintain stability in a vertical position;
safety cap - a plastic or metal element to protect the valve during transportation and operation;
neck ring - a metal part with a thread on which the cap is screwed;
sometimes a reducer is a device for equalizing the pressure level.

The standard valve consists of:

corps;
locking element;
flywheel.

The valve body is made of steel and has the shape of a tee.

There are threads on all three parts of the valve. The lower part is intended for attaching the valve to the cylinder, the upper for attaching the valve stem, and the side for the plug.

The locking element consists of a stem and a bypass valve. The valve regulates the flow of gas through the body, the stem transmits torque from the handwheel to the valve.

The flywheel is connected to the stem with a nut. When the handwheel is turned, the valve opens or closes the flow.

The device of the cylinder repeats the design of a gas lighter. Inside there is a substance in two phases: liquid and gaseous. The empty space above the surface of the liquefied substance is filled with it, but already in the form of gas, which enters the proper equipment.

Types of gas cylinders

Body material classification

Metal gas cylinders

A metal cylinder is the simplest and most economical solution to the problem of gas storage. Its body is made of low carbon or alloy steel. Metal containers are available with a volume of 5, 10, 12, 20, 27, 40 or 50 liters.

Fifty-liter tanks are stored only outdoors in a special metal cabinet with the appropriate marking. Smaller containers may be installed indoors.

The net weight of an empty metal cylinder, depending on the volume, is 4-22 kg.

Composite (polymer) gas cylinders

If there is no need to store a large volume of gas, then it is more reasonable to choose a composite cylinder.

Its main advantage compared to metal is its lighter weight.

The difference in this indicator is up to 70%, which makes it possible to conveniently use the container with a polymer body for lovers of sports tourism, hunting and fishing.

Additional advantages of composite cylinders compared to metal ones:

increased impact resistance and explosion safety (even when exposed to an open flame);
design that excludes the leakage of the filler;
the appearance of rust on the surface of the device is completely excluded;
the formation of sparks is excluded;
modern attractive appearance.

A composite (polymer) cylinder is a transparent flask filled with liquefied gas and placed in a replaceable plastic casing.

Fiberglass and epoxy resin are used to make the flask.

Boron is not added to the fiberglass used for the manufacture of polymer containers, which is important for people who pay great attention to the environmental safety of the product. During operation, the color of the flask may change, but this is not a defect.

Increased safety of operation of polymer containers is ensured by:

overpressure check valve;
fusible (consumable) insert.

Under the influence of temperature increase, the gas expands, as a result of which its excess appears, which creates excess pressure on the walls of the cylinder.

The check valve bleeds (releases) these excesses in equal portions, lowering the pressure.

When exposed to a particularly high temperature (for example, in a fire), the fusible link melts and releases gas, but the process is controlled. The fusible link works irreversibly, after its operation, the container will have to be disposed of.

Stable operation of the composite cylinder is possible at an ambient temperature of -40 to + 60 degrees Celsius. Net weight - up to 8 kg.

Gas cartridges

For portable gas burners, lamps, stoves, etc., compact disposable cartridges are produced with a volume of 100 to 450 g. They look like aerosol sprays.

Case material - steel, covered with tin. When buying, you need to pay attention to the temperature range suitable for a particular cartridge model. Some types of portable models do not work at temperatures below -4 degrees Celsius. This indicator depends on the composition of the mixture.

Manufacturers fill cartridges with summer, winter and all-season mixtures.

Another parameter is the connection type. It must match the type of connection on the gas appliance, otherwise an adapter will be needed or the operation of the cartridge will simply be impossible.

Classification by purpose

According to the place of installation and purpose, gas cylinders are conventionally divided into:

household - for stoves, boilers and heating appliances;
tourist - for burners, grills, barbecues, lighting and blowtorches, heaters that you can take with you on a hike or fishing;
automobile - for use in a car with an engine running on gas fuel;
medical - for the storage of respiratory mixtures in ambulances, rescuers and firefighters, as well as in intensive care units and for oxygen cocktails;
industrial - for the storage of gases used in metallurgy, pharmaceuticals, the chemical industry, etc.;
universal.

In addition to the listed areas of use of gas storage tanks, there are many more industries in which they are needed.

Classification by composition of the mixture

The gas tank by the name of the filler can be:

propane;
butane;
acetylenic;
hydrogen;
nitric;
argon;
carbon dioxide;
helium;
with compressed air;
oxygen, etc.

Propane, butane and their mixtures are most often used for domestic purposes and in tourist cylinders.

Their technical name is LPG (liquefied hydrocarbon gases).

The appropriate temperature regime depends on the composition of the gas mixture. Under normal climatic conditions, the difference is small. The parameter is important in cases where you need a cylinder to work in winter conditions, in high mountains or for specific purposes (for example, for a blowtorch).

At low temperatures, a mixture of propane and isobutane (an isomer of butane) performs best. This mixture does not damage the ozone layer.

Inhalation of propane or butane is dangerous to humans, even fatal. Direct contact of the human body with liquid butane or a jet of this gas causes cooling to minus twenty degrees Celsius.

In the food industry, these substances are used as food additives, and in the cosmetic industry in deodorants.

Propane used in the manufacture of solvents.

Butane used in lighters, as a coolant in and. Compared to the usual freon, it is less productive, but wins in terms of environmental safety.

Acetylene used for welding and cutting metals, in rocket engines, in the chemical industry for the production of explosives, rubber, plastics, acetic acid, etc. The substance is explosive when in contact with open air, so activated carbon or kieselguhr (special porous mass) is added to it.

Hydrogen used in the chemical (in the production of ammonia), food industry (for the production of margarine, vegetable oils), in welding, as rocket fuel.

Nitrogen used in the chemical, oil and gas, metallurgical, pharmaceutical, electronic industries.

Its specific use is purging and cleaning of containers, pipes, as well as deep freezing and fire fighting.

Argon used in incandescent, fluorescent lamps, in the metallurgical and metalworking industries in the production of many metals, in processes where it is necessary to exclude contact of the molten mass with oxygen (including during fires), in welding, for medical purposes for anesthesia and air purification, in food industry as packaging gas.

Carbon dioxide fills fire extinguishers, they pump up the wheels. It is used in trade as a refrigerant and in the food industry in the production of carbonated drinks.

Helium necessary for welding, cutting, melting metals, for filling balloons, balloons, breathing mixtures for, as a refrigerant in scientific research. Liquefied helium is the coldest liquid on the planet. Its transportation and storage must be carried out strictly in an upright position.

Compressed air It is used in many industries, but primarily for the operation of pneumatic devices and for the production of inert gases (helium, etc.).

Oxygen it is used for enrichment of reservoirs with this substance, in the production of acids and explosives, to obtain "oxygen cocktails".

Ammonia- poisonous gas, the strongest solvent, therefore, it needs increased attention to the safety of its transportation and storage.

It is used in the production of nitric acid, fertilizers, explosives and in medicine in the form of a 10% solution with a household name - ammonia.

Chlorine- another toxic substance that is used in the production of polyvinyl chloride and artificial rubber, in everyday life for bleaching fabrics, in medicine for disinfection.

Methane- LNG (liquefied natural gas), safe for humans. It is used for the production of ammonia, fertilizers, in fire extinguishers, in medicine as a sleeping pill, as a fuel.

Freons or freons - are used in air conditioners, and aerosols, as well as in the production of foam and polyurethane foam.

Classification by connection method

When buying a gas cylinder, you need to find out the type of connection of a particular container model and its compatibility with a specific device.

Connection can be:

Collet (push or clamp). The connection takes place with the help of a collet, which is a cylindrical piece that acts as a clamp for the connected pipe. To connect a cylinder with a push-in connection and equipment with a threaded connection, you will need a special adapter.
Threaded (Epi-gas). The connection is made by connecting two threaded parts. It is not reliable enough for use in gas equipment, it requires sealing gaskets.
Valved (Easy Click). Such a connection is much simpler and more reliable than a threaded one, but is used only in some models, mainly in Europe. Its main advantage is the greatest degree of protection against leakage.
The disadvantage is that such containers are sold together with burners and it is very difficult to pick up the same one after the filler has run out.
Puncture. This is a type of connection that involves piercing the cylinder shell. The disadvantage of this method is the inability to disconnect the container from the device until the gas is completely used. This type is used mainly for connecting small cartridges for tourist lamps, burners, stoves.

Which is better

The most preferred in everyday life are composite (polymer) containers. Advantages in terms of reliability, compactness and other indicators make them obvious leaders in comparison with metal counterparts.

The disadvantage of the polymer tank is only a smaller maximum volume.

If for a metal cylinder this figure is 50 liters, then for a composite one it is 33.5 liters.

That is, it is advisable to purchase a metal tank only if a large gas consumption is foreseen, since there will be less need for refueling.

The volume, connection method and other parameters must be selected individually, in accordance with the needs of the buyer.

If you need a supply of fuel for portable, including tourist, gas equipment, then you need to choose a product among compact disposable cartridges with the appropriate type of connection.

The choice also depends on the temperature at which the gas equipment will be used. The type of mixture is indicated on the container - winter, summer or all-weather.

Operation of gas cylinders

To determine what substance the cylinder is filled with, it is customary to paint its body in the color assigned to this gas. The oxygen tank is painted blue, the propane tank is painted red, the hydrogen tank is painted dark green, etc. The color of the composite tank body does not matter.

A container with a volume of 50 liters can only be stored outdoors in a special metal cabinet with ventilation holes, in an upright position.

The cabinet is installed on a fireproof base that excludes subsidence, and must be attached to the wall or base of the neighboring building at a distance of at least 50 cm from the windows and doors of the first floor and 3 m from the windows and doors of the basement, as well as cesspools and wells. The base is mounted at a height of 15-20 cm from the ground.

Cylinders with a volume of up to 40 liters are installed in a room not intended for sleeping, away from electrical wires, at a distance of at least 50 cm from, 1 meter from a heater and 5 meters from an open flame.

Do not install or store fuel tanks in the attic or basement.

The room must be free of flammable and combustible substances. Tanks with a volume of up to 40 liters can also be placed outdoors in compliance with the same requirements as for the storage of a fifty-liter cylinder.

Oxygen tanks may be installed at an angle so that the valve is located above the shoe. The rest of the models must be installed vertically.

It is necessary to connect the cylinder to the devices through a reducer, which is designed to equalize the pressure to the level necessary for the operation of a gas stove or other device.

The use of gas storage tanks by persons under the age of 14 is prohibited. Persons under the influence of alcohol or drugs are also not allowed to use.

Before you start using the cylinder, you must carefully study the instructions and the rules for the safe operation of the equipment.

Equipment must not be left unattended.
It is forbidden to use the tank if there is a smell of gas or any malfunction of the device and gas communications. Do not use an open flame to detect a leak.
It is forbidden to use gas pipelines for other purposes.
Do not connect a gas container to homemade devices.
It is forbidden to use a cylinder with a lost serial number and bar code (if they have been erased during operation). This condition is important to comply with, since it is necessary to observe the correspondence of the fuel brand to the type of container.
Periodically, the integrity of the valve must be checked, which must be tightly screwed into the corresponding hole.
In winter, a frozen valve can only be heated with hot water.
It is impossible to install containers with other gases in the same room with an oxygen tank.
It is forbidden to use the balloon filler at 100% volume. The required residual pressure is not less than 0.05 MPa, for acetylene containers not less than 0.3 MPa.

Operating procedure:

Before starting work with a gas reservoir or cartridge, you must make sure that the valve and the thread of the side fitting are in good condition, for the cartridge, that the locking device is in good condition.
Check for leakage.
Before connecting the reducer or hose of the gas appliance to the container, the adjusting screw must be loosened.
After connection, a leak test is carried out again. For this, the connection point is covered with soapy foam. If a leak occurs, bubbles will appear.
If a leak is found, it is necessary to evaluate the possibility of self-repair. Sometimes it is enough to tighten the threaded connection or change the gasket. If the leak is not eliminated in this way, the cylinder must be sent for repair.
If the cylinder is in good condition, then slowly turn the handwheel to start the gas supply.
After completion of the use of the cylinder installed in the room, the valves or cocks on it must be transferred to the “closed” position.

Once every five years, the metal gas storage tank must be checked to ensure that all parts are in good working order.

Composite products can be checked once every 10 years. A current check of the condition of the tank must be carried out each time before, during and after filling the tank with fuel.

The marking of a suitable product must contain the following information:

manufacturer's trademark;
date of manufacture;
mark of the quality control department of the manufacturer;
balloon number;
operating pressure;
Net weight;
volume;
date of the last control;
test point mark;
test pressure;
the year of the next inspection.

For cylinders with acetylene, the following must be additionally indicated:

filling date;
stamp of the filling station;
date of inspection of the filler;
a stamp confirming the fact of checking the filler.

After inspection, a decision is made on the suitability of the device for further use. If defects and malfunctions are found, the empty gas tank is sent for repair.

Faults and repairs

Warranty and post-warranty repair of the gas cylinder must be carried out by a qualified specialist.

Attempts to fix problems on your own lead to tragic consequences.

The reasons why the gas tank is recognized as unsuitable for operation during the current check and sent for repair:

malfunction of the valve, pressure gauge (including cracks on the glass that prevent readings);
damage, displacement or absence of the shoe;
wear or malfunction of the thread of the neck ring;
seal failure, leakage;
for metal containers discrepancy or discoloration.

The gas storage tank is subject to disposal and not repair if the following deficiencies are found:

significant external damage: corrosion, dents, bulges, fistulas, cracks, risks, with a depth of more than 10% of the container wall thickness;
lack of passport data, marking in whole or in part (if, according to residual information, it is not possible to restore the marking);
cracks in and around the weld more than 0.2 mm wide and more than 30% of its length.

All other containers after warranty or post-warranty repair are suitable for further use.

Guarantee

Gas cylinders are guaranteed for 1-2 years from the date of sale, depending on the body material. The service life of the tank is up to 30 years.

Conditions for fulfillment by the manufacturer of warranty obligations:

the presence of a passport;
safety of the factory marking and serial number on the device;
strict observance of the instructions for transportation, storage, installation, operation and maintenance of the device, as well as the user manual;
the presence of a warranty card filled out by the seller;
for some manufacturers, a prerequisite is the registration of a guarantee on the official website of the plant;
no traces of an attempt to self-repair or re-glue the marking.

The manufacturer is responsible for fulfilling the warranty obligations.

They include:

testing;
free repair;
replacement with equipment of adequate quality similar in terms of technical characteristics;
financial compensation.

The warranty does not apply to the casing of the composite cylinder, as well as to containers with the following external defects that occurred during transportation and operation by the consumer:

mechanical damage to the cylinder from contact with a sharp object or resulting from a fall, impact - scratches, gouges, dents, deformation, cracks, abrasions that caused a decrease in the thickness of the cylinder wall;
darkening of the color of the valve or the appearance of inclusions on its body.

Gas cylinder manufacturers

The company is a French manufacturer of goods for recreation and tourism. Production is located in China.

One of the directions of its activity is the manufacture of shish kebabs, grills, blowtorches, burners, stoves, portable lighting lamps. All these devices are equipped with gas cylinders-cartridges of our own production.

The long history of the company confirms the high level of quality, reliability and safety of its products. Type of connection - collet, puncture or valve. Guarantee for cartridges - 6 months.

This American company is a partner of Campingaz. creates its products using the experience and knowledge accumulated by lovers of tourism, hunting and fishing from all over the world.

The company's product range includes portable, burners, lamps and cartridges for them. Connection type - threaded. Warranty - 1 year.

A young company producing goods for tourism. The factory is located in China. The credo of the brand is quality for reasonable money. The company's products are certified and fully comply with international standards.

Fire-Maple offers customers 230 and 450 g threaded cartridges. The warranty period for them is 2 years.

The credo of the American company is a completely rethought mobile cooking process.

For its products, Jetboil produces 100, 230 and 450 g gas cartridges with a mixture of propane and isobutane, which is suitable for use in winter.

Kovea

The South Korean company Kovea manufactures gas equipment and related products. The company itself and its products have received numerous awards, which confirms the high level of quality of the products of this brand.

The company's product range includes cylinders with a collet connection with a volume of 220 g and with a threaded connection with a volume of 230 and 450 g. A guarantee for all types of products is 12 months.

MSR

The American brand MSR produces goods for tourism and mountaineering. Production is located in South Korea.

Cylinders of this brand are filled with a mixture of butane and propane in a ratio of 80:20, which showed good results at low temperatures. The built-in float sensor will help determine the remaining gas. Cartridge volume 110, 226 and 450 g.

The Swedish brand for the production of equipment for tourism produces several types of gas cartridges with a threaded connection. Among them there are mixtures for summer, winter and all-weather. The volume of cylinders is 100, 135, 190, 230 and 450 g.

Russian brand of goods for tourism and outdoor activities. All products of this brand are tested in real conditions before they go on sale. The company's product range includes two types of mixtures for gas cylinders: all-weather and winter. The volume of tanks is 220, 230, 336, 450 g. The method of connection is threaded and push collet.

Tramp

The South Korean brand Tramp produces portable gas cylinders with an all-weather mixture with a collet and threaded connection in volumes of 220,230 and 450 g.

Gas cylinders are in great demand both in industry and in medicine, aviation, space industries, in everyday life, as an autonomous source of energy. They can be used for both heating and lighting, cooking.

To eliminate all sorts of troubles associated with the operation, you need to choose the right type of equipment. Let's try together to understand the types of gas cylinders, the features of their design and connection.

Both for storage and transportation of compressed and liquefied gas, gas cylinders have been created - special vessels in which these substances are under high pressure. The first type of gas under any pressure is in a gaseous state, and the second, with an increase in this parameter, passes into the liquid phase.

Nitrogen, fluorine, oxygen, methane, hydrogen, as well as chlorine, carbon dioxide, ammonia are transported and stored in a compressed and liquefied state.

The container itself is an all-welded construction with walls at least 2 mm thick with a cylindrical geometry. It is made of steel or polymer.

Its components:

shell;
neck;

The neck of the cylinder has a conical thread under, hermetically blocking the outlet. In the case when, for some reason, the gas expands, under the influence of pressure the valve will break, and the pressure inside the vessel will return to normal.

The gas inside such a vessel is under pressure of a maximum of 15 MPa. The cylinder body or shell has a welded single seam.

The volume of the cylinder depends on the material from which it is made, the type of filler and purpose. Oxygen cylinders are both small - from 2 to 10 liters, and medium - 20 - 40 liters

In order for the gas inside the vessel to exert the same pressure on its walls, each cylinder has a convex bottom - upper and lower. For greater stability, the cylinder is equipped with an annular support - a shoe. In addition, the gas tank has a metal or plastic cap in its kit, which protects the valve during operation and transportation.

The cap is screwed onto the neck ring. Sometimes a cylinder is supplied, designed to balance the pressure. The valve is a unit, which includes a steel body in the form of a tee, a flywheel, a locking element.

The assembly consisting of a check valve and a stem is called a shut-off element. Each of the parts of the assembly performs its function.

The valve is necessary to regulate the gas supply through the body, and the stem is necessary for the interaction of the flywheel with the valve through torque. By turning the handwheel, you can close or open the gas flow.

All 3 parts of the valve are threaded. At the bottom, it is needed to attach the part to the cylinder, at the top, the valve stem is attached by means of a threaded connection. Plug screwed onto side thread

Types of gas cylinders

Gas vessels are classified according to many criteria: body material, volume, purpose, filler name, connection method. Both metal and composite materials are used to make the case. Both have their pros and cons. You should familiarize yourself with them for the right choice.

Body material classification

For the manufacture of the body of a metal cylinder, alloyed or low-carbon steel is used. The capacity of metal vessels is from 5 to 50 liters. Cylinders with a capacity of less than 50 liters are allowed to be installed inside the house, and 50 liters - only outside.

The latter needs protection from direct sunlight. To do this, they are placed in a lockable metal cabinet with markings on it corresponding to the type of gas. An empty metal cylinder weighs from 4 to 22 kg.

The vessel is filled with gas to a maximum of 85%. Depending on the volume, from 2 to 22 kg of gas is filled into the cylinder. This gas equipment is explosive and flammable. Temperatures over 50⁰ are contraindicated for him. With sudden changes in temperature and in the event of a fire, a powerful explosion occurs. It is impossible to turn such a balloon sharply, because. this causes an increase in pressure.

The composite gas cylinder is a newer option. Its main advantage is complete explosion safety, even if a gas leak occurs. Liquefied gases are transported and stored in such tanks. When exposed to an open flame, the gas leaves through the body gradually and simply burns out.

They are light in weight - 70% lighter than metal counterparts, they are distinguished by a stylish design. Thanks to the transparent body, you can always control the gas level. In contrast to metal, the composite material is not subject to corrosion, therefore, is more durable.

The polymer has excellent dielectric properties, 100% excluding sparking. The operating temperature range is -40 - 50⁰. Cylinders are recommended to operate up to 30 years. They must be recertified every 10 years. The mass of the cylinder is 8 kg maximum.

The operation of a cylinder made of polymeric materials does not harm the environment, because. boron is not added to the material

Composite gas cylinders are of two types: made by blowing technology and by winding fiberglass on a mandrel. In the first case, the flask is made of polyethylene terephthalate. Further, manufacturers cover the vessel made of fiberglass filaments with epoxy resin. The container is placed in a polymer case.

In the production of cylinders of the second type, a special mandrel is used. Fiberglass is wound on it, then the workpiece is impregnated with resins. First, two halves of the vessel are obtained. After curing, they are glued together and placed in a tight polyethylene casing.

Due to the presence of an overpressure valve and a fusible rate, they have increased safety. In the event of a fire, the fusible link trips. Melting, it gradually releases gas, with full control of the process. After actuation of the insert, the cylinder is not subject to further operation.

Separation according to the place of installation and purpose

All existing gas cylinders, depending on where they are installed and what they are intended for, are divided into the following types:

household. They are used for heating, stoves, boilers.
Automotive. They are used on cars in which the engine runs on gaseous fuel.
Tourist. Suitable for mobile appliances such as blowtorches, burners, barbecue grills, heaters.
Industrial. This category includes containers in which gases are stored. Such cylinders are used in metallurgy, the chemical industry, and in pharmaceutical enterprises.
Medical. They are filled with respiratory mixtures and carried in ambulances, used in hospital wards for intensive care and where oxygen cocktails are prepared. Use such cylinders and rescuers, firefighters.

There are also universal cylinders that are used in many industries. For mobile gas appliances, disposable cartridges are produced that can hold 100 - 450 g of gas. Visually, they resemble aerosol sprays.

Features of classification by filler

Based on the composition of the mixture, cylinders are called propane, butane, hydrogen, nitrogen, acetylene, carbon dioxide, argon, oxygen, helium, etc. Each of the compositions has its own temperature regime.

For standard conditions, the difference between them is small. When the cylinder is needed for use in high altitude areas or in conditions of very low temperatures, this parameter plays a decisive role.

Butane isomer - a mixture of isobutane and propane, well suited for low temperatures. It is safe for the ozone layer. Both propane and butane are very dangerous for humans. If they are inhaled, serious consequences for the body are inevitable. Direct contact with liquid butane causes the body to cool down to -20⁰.

Butane is used in lighters, and is sometimes used as a refrigerant in air conditioners and refrigeration units. Propane is essential in the production of solvents. Acetylene is required for metal work related to welding and cutting. It is also used in the production of explosives, acetic acid, rubber, all kinds of plastics, for rocket engines.

Nitrogen is used by the electronic industry, chemical, oil and gas, pharmaceuticals, and metallurgy. Hydrogen is needed by the food industry, the chemical industry. It is also used as fuel for rockets, for welding.

Bicycle wheels, fire extinguishers are pumped with carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. In the food industry, carbonated drinks are produced with its use. In the form of dry ice, carbon monoxide is used as a refrigerant.

Cylinders of carbon dioxide are present in catering establishments where drinks are cooled to a predetermined temperature, soda is made and sold on tap.

In the metallurgical, metalworking industry, in processes where the interaction of the molten stream with oxygen is unacceptable, argon is used. It is also used in medicine for anesthesia, with its help they purify the air. Helium cylinders are needed not only for filling balloons, but also for cutting, welding, and melting metal.

This gas is part of the breathing mixtures used in diving, it can be a refrigerant in scientific experiments. Ammonia is a strong solvent. Since it is highly toxic, cylinders with it must be transported and stored very carefully. The same applies to containers with chlorine.

Oxygen tanks can be found near welding machines, where explosives, acids are produced, and oxygen cocktails are prepared. Compressed air transported in cylinders is most often used in the operation of pneumatic devices.

Liquefied natural gas methane is used as a sleeping pill in medicine, for the production of fertilizers, in the form of fuel. For humans, this gas is safe.

Types of cylinders by connection method

Different models of gas cylinders are connected to the devices through four connection standards. The most popular is threaded standard that meets all safety requirements. Products have a 7/16″ thread. A hose or a burner is attached to such cylinders by winding.

The next balloon standard is collet. This type of connection is also called push or clamp. A cylinder with this type of connection is considered the cheapest. Here, the role of the clamp when connected is performed by a cylindrical part. The collet cylinder can be connected to threaded equipment, but an adapter is required for this.

The pierced type of balloons is the most common in the world. These disposable cylinders have the disadvantage that it is not possible to detach the container until all the gas has been used. The latest models of pierced cylinders with the SGS system do not have this disadvantage.

Here it is possible to block gas leakage when disconnected from the burner and turn off a tank that is not completely empty. They are used for soldering, lighting lamps, portable stoves.

Most often, gas burners are designed for threading, but if a collet cylinder is available, you can use it by purchasing an inexpensive adapter

Valve connection is the type that is used mainly in Europe. The connection is simple and reliable with a high degree of leakage protection.

Deciphering the marking of cylinders

By reading the label correctly, you can get complete information about the gas cylinder. If this is a propane cylinder, then its passport is in the area of \u200b\u200bthe valve, on a metal mug.

The passport of the propane cylinder indicates: working pressure in MPa, test pressure in the same units, volume of the tank in fact in l, serial number, date of manufacture in the form "MM.YY.AA", where the first characters indicate the month, the second - the year , third - the year of the upcoming certification.

This is followed by the weight of the empty cylinder in kg, the mass of the filled cylinder. The last line is the letters "R-AA". "R" - the stamp of the recertification site or the plant. The combination of the characters "AA" reveals information about the year until which this certification will be valid.

The decision on the suitability of the cylinder should be taken only after a complete decoding of all data about it. If defects are found on it, then it is emptied and sent for repair.

The marking of the oxygen cylinder has its own order and consists of four lines. The first contains information about the manufacturer, as well as the container number. The second contains the release date and the recommended review date. In the third - hydraulic and working pressure. In the fourth - the volume of gas and the mass of the cylinder without a valve and a cap.

When buying a balloon, you should pay attention to how information is applied to it. It is not painted on the body, but beaten out, and then covered with a special colorless varnish in order to protect against corrosion. Often the last line contains the brand of the manufacturer.

Features of coloring gas cylinders

Cylinders with compressed gas in Russia and abroad are painted differently. At the same time, each type of gas corresponds not only to a certain color of the body, but also to the color of the strip, inscriptions.

The table shows the identification colors of cylinders with some types of gases, as well as the color of the inscriptions and stripes.

Gas	Balloon color	Inscription	Band
Ammonia	Yellow	Black	Brown
Nitrogen	Black	Yellow	Brown
Argon technical and pure	Black, gray respectively	Blue; green	Blue; green
Acetylene	White	Red	Green
Butylene	Red	Yellow	Black
Butane	Red	White	Black
Hydrogen	dark green	Red	Black
compressed air	Black	White	Black
Helium	Brown	White	Black
Oxygen	Blue	Black	Black
hydrogen sulfide	White	Red	Red
Carbon dioxide	Black	Yellow	Yellow

Nitrous oxide is pumped into a gray cylinder with a black inscription and the same stripe. A protective-colored phosgene cylinder has a yellow inscription and a yellow stripe, and a cylinder of the same color, but with a black inscription and a green stripe, contains chlorine. Aluminum coloring of the cylinder, black inscription on it and two yellow stripes indicate that it is filled with freon-22.

For sulfur dioxide, a black cylinder with a white stripe and a yellow inscription is intended. Ethylene is enclosed in a purple bottle with a red inscription and a green stripe. For other combustible gases, red vessels with a white inscription and a green stripe are intended. Non-flammable gases are indicated by a yellow inscription on a black background of the case and a green stripe.

Types of cylinder malfunctions and their elimination

All existing gas cylinder malfunctions are divided into two types: to be eliminated and not to be eliminated.

The first type includes:

incorrect operation of the cylinder valve and pressure gauge;
shoe damage or displacement;
damage to the threaded connection;
gas leak;
peeling body paint in many places.

The second type of malfunctions is a significantly damaged surface of the case in the form of dents, cracks, swelling, lack of marking. In this case, the balloon is rejected. The decision on the possibility or impossibility of repair is made by a specialist with the appropriate qualifications.

When repairing gas cylinders, a simple replacement of defective elements is often performed. Sometimes it is necessary to flush the tank internally and check for corrosion from the inside. Periodic inspection includes all these works, and upon its completion a certificate is issued.

The gas cylinder in the photo is in need of repair. It needs to be painted and the valve replaced. The first work can be done independently, and the second should be entrusted to a specialist.

This should not be done at home. All you can do yourself is paint the cylinder body. This must be done very carefully so as not to paint over the inscriptions and not to damage the markings. All other faults can only be repaired by a specialist workshop or the manufacturer.

Popular manufacturers of gas cylinders

Among the many manufacturers of cylinders, the Russian brand should be distinguished "Sledopyt". Here they offer two types of gas cylinders with threaded and collet connections - for all-weather mixture and winter. American firm Jetboil supplies to the market cartridges filled with propane and isobutane, which can be used in winter.

Mobile gas cylinders are produced by Tramp, a South Korean brand. They are filled with all-weather gas. Connection - threaded and collet

French company campingaz produces all kinds of devices, equipped with gas cylinders. The type of connection they have is collet, valve or puncture. Primus- produces gas cartridges of several types. Connection in all carving.

Composite vessels of good quality are supplied by the Czech brand Research. The package includes special valves that protect the container from overfilling. All of these cylinders are explosion-proof.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

Video on the correct use and inspection of gas cylinders. Expert advice:

About Composite LPG Cylinders:

A gas cylinder is a useful thing in the household. So that its operation does not lead to undesirable consequences, it is necessary to study the issue properly. And most importantly, adhere to elementary safety rules.

Methods for stabilizing the burner flame in the furnace

The limits of the stable operation of the burners are the separation of the flame from the burners and the breakthrough of the flame into the burner.

Stabilization of the flame is carried out using special devices and creating conditions to prevent separation or breakthrough:

· Maintaining the DHW output rate within safe limits;

· Maintaining the temperature in the combustion zone is not lower than the ignition temperature of hot water.

When clean gas without air enters the burner, then the flame in this case is the most stable, because. there can be no breakthrough, and a gap is unlikely, because. such devices operate at low gas pressure.

In burners in which there is a ready-made gas-air mixture, i.e. gas and air, separation and slippage are possible. Flashback into the burner can be prevented if:

· Reduce the DHW outlet;

· At the mouth of the burner, install a slotted stabilizer with a slot size of no more than 1.2 mm or fine-mesh nets with a size of no more than 2.5 mm;

· If you cool the outlet of the burner.

The separation of the flame from the burner can be prevented by installing a constantly burning pilot burner at the mouth of the burner, using refractory tunnels of various designs, installing a dissecting stabilizer, and installing a refractory hill made of refractory bricks in the boiler furnace. A slide (refractory) in the furnace prevents the flame from breaking off and maintains the temperature in the boiler furnace.

Gas-burners

A gas burner is a device that ensures stable combustion of gaseous fuel and regulates the combustion process.

The main functions of the burners:

· Supply of gas and air to the combustion front;

· mixture formation;

· Flame front stabilization;

· Ensuring the required intensity of the gas combustion process.

1. Diffusion burners.

2. Medium and low pressure injection.

3. Kinetic - with forced air supply of low and medium pressure.

4. Combined oil and gas burners of low and medium pressure.

All burners must pass state tests in special testing centers and have a "Certificate of Compliance with Russian Standards"

(Tests: Shakhty, Rostov region, Sverdlovsk region: "Ural testing center for burners".

Diffusion burner. Diffusion is the process of spontaneous penetration of one substance into another.

In diffusion burners, all the air necessary for gas combustion is secondary. Diffusion burners are practically not used anywhere. The diffusion burner is a pipe with holes for gas outlet, the distance between the holes is determined taking into account the spread of the flame from one hole to another. Pure gas without air admixture is supplied to such a burner. The burners are low-power, they require a large amount of furnace space or air supply to the furnace by a fan.

In industry, at old factories, a hearth-slot diffusion burner is used, which is a pipe Æ 57 mm with holes drilled in 2 rows on it.

The advantages of diffusion burners include simplicity of design and a stable flame.

Injection burner.The suction of air due to the rarefaction created by the jet of outflowing gas is called injection, or the suction of air is carried out due to the energy of the gas jet. Injection burners come with incomplete (50 ... 60%) air injection and full injection.

In injection burners, primary air (50 ... 60%) and secondary air from the furnace volume participate in combustion. These burners are also called self-regulating (i.e., the more gas supply, the more air is sucked in).

Disadvantages of these burners: they need stabilization of the flame from separation and breakthrough. Burning - with noise during operation.

Advantages of burners: simplicity of design, reliability in operation, the possibility of complete combustion of gas, the ability to work at low and medium pressures, air supply due to the energy of the gas jet, which saves electrical energy (fan).

The main parts of injection burners are:

· Primary air regulator (1);

· Nozzle (2);

· Mixer (3).

The primary air regulator is a rotating disc, washer or damper that regulates the primary air supply.

The nozzle serves to convert the potential energy of gas pressure into kinetic (speed), i.e. to give the gas jet such a speed that would provide the necessary air flow.

The mixer burner consists of 3 parts:

· Injectors (4);

· Confuser (5);

· Diffuser (7).

A vacuum is created in the injector and primary air is sucked in.

The narrowest part of the burner is the confuser, in which the gas-air mixture is equalized.

In the diffuser, the final mixing of the gas-air mixture and an increase in its pressure due to a decrease in speed take place.

Burner with forced air supply. This is a kinetic or two-wire torch. Air for gas combustion is supplied to the burner forcibly by a 100% fan, i.e. all air is primary. The burner is efficient, high power, does not require a large furnace space. Works at low and medium gas pressure, needs to stabilize the flame from separation and breakthrough.

The burner has an air swirler designed to completely mix the gas with air inside the burner.

The burner has a ceramic tunnel that acts as a stabilizer.

Combined gas and oil burners.These burners, in addition to the gas part, have a nozzle for spraying liquid fuel. Simultaneous combustion of gas and liquid fuels is allowed for a short time when switching from one type of fuel to another.

The nozzle is a pipe-in-pipe design. Liquid fuel is supplied through the central pipe, atomizing air or steam is supplied through the annular space.

Electromagnetic armature.

These are KG-70,40,20,10 valves and SVMG valve designed for automatic switching off and on of burners.

They work in a system of auto-locks and regulation, designed to turn off the gas supply to the boiler in case of deviation of any parameter of the boiler from the normally set one.

Solenoid valves KPEG-100p, KPEG-50p are also designed to work in the automatic blocking system for power off. Enabled only manually.

Valve device.

KG valves operate on gas pipelines with a pressure of not more than 0.5 kg/cm. The valve consists of a body, a cover, between which the membrane is clamped.

There is a metal disk on top of the membrane, and a sealing gasket on the bottom that acts as a valve. The gasket and the metal disc are bolted together.

In the upper part of the cover there is a cap, under which there is a bolt limiting the deflection of the membrane.

The KG valve includes a servo valve and an electromagnet coil. There are two holes in the servo valve, in the upper part it is bypass, and in the lower part it is reset, which in turn are open and closed by a spool connected through a rod to the core of the electromagnet coil.

The servo valve has a short stiff spring above the spool, which, when the voltage is turned off, is pressed tightly against the seat of the spool bleed hole.

In the absence of voltage on the electromagnet coil, the spool of the servo valve, under the influence of the weight of the electromagnet core, the force of the spring closes the discharge hole, i.e. sits on the saddle of the discharge hole.

Through the discharge hole, closed by the spool, the discharge of gas from the supra-membrane cavity of the ECG into the atmosphere is stopped. The bypass hole in the servo valve is left open. The submembrane cavity of the valve communicates with the supramembrane cavity through the slots in the body, through the open bypass hole, according to the principle of communicating vessels. The gas pressure in the submembrane and in the supramembrane becomes equal. At the same time, the membrane, under the influence of the weight of the disk on it and the force of the spring, blocks the passage of gas.

When voltage is applied to the electromagnet coil, the core is drawn into the coil, through the stem it lifts the spool from the seat of the discharge hole, opening it and closing the bypass hole in the upper part of the servo valve.

The gas from the supra-membrane cavity of the KG valve is discharged into the atmosphere through an open discharge hole through the impulse tube. In this case, the pressure in the supra-membrane cavity becomes equal to atmospheric pressure.

The membrane, under the action of the inlet gas pressure below it, will bend upwards along with the sealing gasket from below, and provide the passage of gas to the burner. And the bypass hole of the servo valve is closed with a spool and connections O membrane and supramembranous space of the valve - no.

KG valve malfunctions:

1. Leakage of the valve to the seat. Passing gas to the burner in the furnace.

2. Leakage of the fit between the spool of the servo valve and the seat of the discharge hole. In this case, if the discharge pipe is cut into the outlet gas pipeline of the burner, according to the passport for the manufacturer's valve, then gasification of the furnace will also occur.

3. Leaky overlapping of the bypass hole of the servo valve by the spool (voltage is applied to the coil, the valve is open). With such a leak, the valve may close due to the fact that the gas from the O membrane cavity through the slots in the body and the leaky closed bypass hole will enter the supra-membrane cavity of the valve and it will close. To eliminate leaks (of the above), it is necessary to replace the sealing surfaces, while showing an extraordinary imagination, because. Spare parts are not supplied by Russian enterprises. To eliminate leaks in the servo valve, the stroke of the spool can be adjusted by a device located in the connection of the solenoid core with the spool rod of the servo valve.

4. Gas leaking out through the servo valve seal (drawn in blue).

5. Gas leakage through the bolt in the valve cover under the cap.

6. Leaky assembly in the center of the valve diaphragm. If the leak is strong, then the pressure above the membrane and below the membrane will equalize, then the valve will close and shut off the gas.

7. Membrane rupture. With the valve open, when voltage is applied. The pressure above and below the diaphragm equalizes and the valve closes. The membranes usually break around the perimeter, where the membrane is clamped with bolts.

8. The plastic bushing is bent at the top of the servo valve. The tightness of the closure of the bypass opening is broken.

9. Gas leaks through micropores in the housing, covers.

10. Electromagnet coil burnt out.

The advantages of gas heating for the owner of a private house are obvious. This is the minimum cost of fuel, affordable price of equipment, ease of installation and high energy efficiency.

In addition, a gas boiler eliminates the need for firewood and a labor-intensive furnace. And although the installation of such equipment is a matter for specialists, the choice of a gas boiler for a private house always remains with the owners. Given the variety of proposals for natural gas heating devices, it is not easy to make it.

Therefore, we offer a brief excursion on the topic of the variety and technical characteristics of domestic gas boilers. It will help you make your choice more meaningful and accurate.

Varieties of gas boilers

The first criterion by which the buyer judges this technique is the manufacturer. Imported brands tend to be more expensive than domestic models. At the same time, according to a number of indicators - reliability, maintainability, service life and efficiency, they surpass the products of less well-known companies.

Well-known brands actively compete with each other, trying to attract the attention of the buyer with modern design, compactness and reliability. Here, as in other categories of household equipment, the main indicator, other things being equal, is the price.

Turning to the technical area, we note that all household gas boilers are divided according to the type of installation into wall and floor. The main difference here is the weight.

You can’t hang a heavy floor boiler on the wall, and it makes no sense to put a light unit on the floor, taking up extra space. The large weight of the outdoor equipment (from 150 to 200 kg) indicates not only high power, but also durability.

Wall-mounted heating equipment (weight from 20 to 30 kg) is not more powerful than 45 kW, while the thermal performance of floor-standing boilers is measured in hundreds of kilowatts.

The heating area is another important characteristic of a gas boiler, which manufacturers specifically indicate for buyers. Power is a term for specialists. In everyday language, the heating area sounds much clearer. Knowing the geometric parameters of the premises of your home, you can easily choose the right unit.

The following basic technical characteristics of a gas boiler are the number of circuits and the type of burner.

Circuit - a vicious circle (heat exchanger-pipes-radiators), or an open line (water supply-heat exchanger-mixer), through which water moves. A single-circuit boiler is simpler in design and cheaper, but at the same time it is not able to provide hot water for domestic needs.

Double-circuit, on the contrary, is universal. It not only heats batteries, but also heats water for the bathroom and kitchen. It is abbreviated as AOGV (heating unit + hot water supply).

Having decided to buy a single-circuit boiler, do not forget about an additional heat source (electric boiler or gas water heater) that will provide your home with hot water. If you make a choice in favor of versatility, then double-circuit heating technology will fully meet your expectations.

The type of burner is an important parameter, which determines the method of flue gas removal and the efficiency of the installation.

Atmospheric burners appeared first. They are simple in design, silent and reliable in operation.

It will not be able to work with an atmospheric unit without a high chimney. Inside it should be a pipe made of acid-resistant stainless steel.

For a city apartment of a new layout, the lack of a chimney is a serious problem. Combustion products must not be discharged into the ventilation ducts. Therefore, a new type of burner was introduced into the design of the boiler - pressurized and called it turbocharged.

The presence of a pressurized burner is indicated by the name of the combustion chamber. For atmospheric burners, it is open, and for inflatable burners, it is closed. Why? We explain. In a turbocharged boiler, air is supplied and flue gases are removed according to the “pipe in pipe” system. Flue gases are discharged through the inner channel of a smaller diameter, and clean air is sucked in by the external fan. Such a scheme requires a closed design of the combustion chamber.

Solving the eternal question of the developer, which gas boiler is better, we can say that a turbocharged installation is more economical in gas consumption and does not know problems with traction. It does not require the construction of a chimney and the installation of powerful forced ventilation of the furnace room. The disadvantage of all turbo boilers is the freezing of the outer outlet of the coaxial pipe, where warm, humid and cold air meet.

Taking into account the characteristics that we have told you about, do not forget to ask about the material from which the heat exchanger is made. There are two options for floor standing boilers: cast iron or steel. The former is more resistant to corrosion and (according to the brochures) more durable.

Note that the durability of cast iron is a very relative concept. It will last you 25-30 years only if treated water (purified from salts) is used and the four-way mixing valve is working properly. It is introduced into the system to protect brittle cast iron from the temperature difference between the heating zone and the entry point of the cooled water from the return line.

Given these risks and add to them the high cost of boilers with cast-iron heat exchangers, then the option with a steel combustion chamber should be considered. Steel is a strong yet ductile material. She is not afraid of sudden changes in temperature in the combustion chamber. Provided reliable protection against corrosion or the use of stainless steel, such a heat exchanger will serve you for a very long time.

Copper heat exchanger is good in every way. It is lighter than steel and cast iron, has high heat capacity, ductility and corrosion resistance. Therefore, it can be recognized as the best option for a wall-mounted boiler.

Summarizing our review, we will briefly repeat how to choose the right gas boiler for your home:

Heating area, m2 or power;
Floor or wall;
Number of circuits (1 or 2);
Type of combustion chamber (atmospheric or closed);
heat exchanger material.

Manufacturers, reviews, estimated prices

The task of the seller is to sell the boiler. Therefore, do not expect that you will objectively point out the shortcomings of each model. Read user reviews carefully before buying. They clearly reveal the weaknesses of the design.

A well-known brand is a strong argument in favor of choosing. It is a concentrated expression of production experience, level of technology, quality of materials and workmanship.

When choosing an economical gas boiler for home heating, pay attention to such popular German brands as Vaillant (Wailant) and Bosch (Bosch).

They are reliable and consume a minimum amount of gas. Feedback on their work is mostly positive. The minimum price of a wall-mounted 2-circuit boiler Vaillant (atmospheric) with a capacity of 24 kW (heating area up to 240 m2) starts from 35 thousand rubles. A Bosch boiler with similar characteristics is much cheaper (from 23 thousand rubles). The estimated price of atmospheric units of these companies (floor-mounted version, heating area up to 320 m2) starts from 60 thousand rubles.

Italian brands Baxi (baxi), Ariston (Ariston), Ferroli (Ferroli), Korean Navien (Navien), with a sufficiently high quality of equipment, are affordable for most homeowners. In customer reviews, you will find more positive ratings than outright negative.

Prices for wall-mounted atmospheric models (24 kW) start here at 25,000 rubles. Floor installations of these companies (heated area up to 300 m2) cost customers in the amount of 50 thousand rubles.

The heating equipment of the domestic company Lemax and the Slovak Protherm (Proterm) have proven themselves well. Floor-standing Proterm models with an atmospheric burner (power 35 kW) can be purchased for 40 thousand rubles, and wall-mounted 24-kilowatt double-circuit boilers for 25-26 thousand rubles.

Lemax outdoor atmospheric units with a capacity of 35 kW (single-circuit) can be bought for 34,000 rubles. For a wall-mounted atmospheric double-circuit unit of this company (heating area 250 m2), sellers ask from 19,000 rubles.

Unlike other brands, Lemax also works in the category of low-power floor standing single-circuit boilers (from 7.5 to 16 kW), offering them at prices ranging from 12 to 16 thousand rubles.

Liquid and gaseous. Almost any liquid can acquire each of the remaining two. Many solids, when melted, evaporated, or burned, can replenish the contents of the air. But not every gas can become a component of solid materials or liquids. Different types of gases are known, which differ from each other in properties, origin and application features.

Definition and properties

A gas is a substance that is characterized by the absence or minimum value of intermolecular bonds, as well as the active mobility of particles. The main properties that all types of gases have:

Fluidity, deformability, volatility, striving for maximum volume, the reaction of atoms and molecules to a decrease or increase in temperature, which is manifested by a change in the intensity of their movement.
They exist at a temperature at which an increase in pressure does not lead to a transition to a liquid state.
Easily compressed, decreasing in volume. This simplifies transport and use.
Most are liquefied by compression within certain limits of pressure and critical heat values.

Due to the research inaccessibility, they are described using the following basic parameters: temperature, pressure, volume, molar mass.

Field classification

In the natural environment, all types of gases are found in air, land and water.

Air components: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, nitric oxide with admixtures of neon, krypton, hydrogen, methane.
In the earth's crust, nitrogen, hydrogen, methane and other hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, sulfur oxide and others are in a gaseous and liquid state. There are also gas deposits in the solid fraction mixed with water layers at pressures of about 250 atm. at relatively low temperatures (up to 20˚С).
Reservoirs contain soluble gases - hydrogen chloride, ammonia and poorly soluble gases - oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, etc.

Natural reserves far exceed the possible number of artificially created ones.

Flammability classification

All types of gases, depending on the behavioral characteristics in the processes of ignition and combustion, are divided into oxidizers, inert and combustible.

Oxidizing agents promote combustion and support combustion, but do not burn themselves: air, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, nitrogen oxide and dioxide.
Inert ones do not participate in combustion, however, they tend to displace oxygen and influence the decrease in the intensity of the process: helium, neon, xenon, nitrogen, argon,
Combustibles ignite or explode when combined with oxygen: methane, ammonia, hydrogen, acetylene, propane, butane, ethane, ethylene. Most of them are characterized by combustion only under conditions of a certain composition of the gas mixture. Due to this property, gas is the type of fuel, by far the most common. In this capacity, methane, propane, butane are used.

Carbon dioxide and its role

It is one of the most common gases in the atmosphere (0.04%). At normal temperature and atmospheric pressure, it has a density of 1.98 kg / m 3. May be in solid or liquid state. The solid phase occurs at negative heat and constant atmospheric pressure, it is called "dry ice". The liquid phase of CO 2 is possible with increasing pressure. This property is used for storage, transportation and technological applications. Sublimation (transition to a gaseous state from a solid, without an intermediate liquid phase) is possible at -77 - -79˚С. Solubility in water in the ratio 1:1 is realized at t=14-16˚С.

Types of carbon dioxide are distinguished depending on the origin:

Waste products of plants and animals, emissions from volcanoes, gas emissions from the bowels of the earth, evaporation from the surface of water bodies.
The results of human activities, including emissions from the combustion of all types of fuel.

As a useful substance, it is used:

in carbon dioxide fire extinguishers.
In cylinders for arc welding in a suitable CO 2 environment.
In the food industry as a preservative and for carbonation of water.
As a refrigerant for temporary cooling.
in the chemical industry.
in metallurgy.

Being an indispensable component of the life of the planet, man, the operation of machines and entire factories, it accumulates in the lower and upper layers of the atmosphere, delaying the release of heat and creating a "greenhouse effect".

and his role

Among the substances of natural origin and technological purposes, there are those that have a high degree of flammability and calorific value. The following types of liquefied gas are used for storage, transportation and use: methane, propane, butane, as well as propane-butane mixtures.

Butane (C 4 H 10) and propane are components of petroleum gases. The first one liquefies at -1 - -0.5˚С. Transportation and use in frosty weather of pure butane is not carried out due to its freezing. Liquefaction temperature for propane (C 3 H 8) -41 - -42˚C, critical pressure - 4.27 MPa.

Methane (CH 4) - the main component. Types of gas source - oil deposits, products of biogenic processes. Liquefaction occurs through gradual compression and heat reduction to -160 - -161˚С. At each stage, it is compressed 5-10 times.

Liquefaction is carried out in special plants. Propane, butane, as well as their mixture for domestic and industrial use are produced separately. Methane is used in industry and as a fuel for transport. The latter can also be issued in compressed form.

Compressed gas and its role

Recently, compressed natural gas has gained popularity. If only liquefaction is used for propane and butane, then methane can be produced both in a liquefied and in a compressed state. Gas in cylinders under high pressure of 20 MPa has a number of advantages over the well-known liquefied one.

High evaporation rate, including at negative air temperatures, absence of negative accumulation phenomena.
Lower level of toxicity.
Complete combustion, high efficiency, no negative impact on equipment and atmosphere.

Increasingly, it is used not only for trucks, but also for cars, as well as for boiler equipment.

Gas is an inconspicuous, but indispensable substance for human life. The high calorific value of some of them justifies the widespread use of various components of natural gas as a fuel for industry and transport.