Assembly and installation technology for interfloor wooden stairs. A ladder with your own hands is easy (step by step instructions for making). Types of stairs by design type

In a multi-storey and attic building, a staircase is a necessary attribute of architecture for connecting rooms located on adjacent floors. Also useful in two-storey townhouses or cottages. It is necessary that it provides convenience and safety, it fits correctly into the interior of the house. If you do not follow the necessary rules or neglect the mathematical calculations, the stairs will be built crookedly, and it will be necessary to spend a large amount of money to redo everything. The required building codes must be followed.

Modular staircases will not require huge costs from you. All you need to do is to assemble the product from finished parts, following all the necessary instructions from the supplier. There are kits for the production of spiral or mid-flight staircases. A complete set of fasteners and required structures is included. If you are a novice builder or are building a wooden staircase for the first time, then no one will advise you to make a spiral version.

With limited space in the apartment, it is better to entrust the job to professional builders. The installers will do everything for you according to GOSTs and SNiPs.

Or you can choose a shallow look. Installing a flat vehicle on the second floor will require a lot of space. But it will be convenient to go up and down. With a small space in your home, you need to make a two-flight staircase. The staircase should be at least 1 meter wide so that you can bring large furniture and large appliances into the house.

It is beyond the power of a beginner to repair even the simplest staircase himself. However, if you have already made one or more stairs according to the instructions above, you can try a more difficult task: creating a spiral staircase with your own hands.

Installation: DIY wooden stairs

First of all, you need to design a staircase. Errors in the planning and preparation of building materials are the cause of failures in the subsequent stages. We propose to make stairs that have risers so that the structure is held firmly. It is best to make a staircase using stringers.

There must be the correct dimensions for such elements:

Ladder:
Tilt angle;
The width of the steps.

We determine the height of the stairs, for this we fix the horizontal board as the beginning of the structure. Having adjusted the board, we measure the height of the stairs. To prevent the level from dangling in the air, it must be fixed with tape to the board. A suitable option would be if the angle of inclination is no more than 37 degrees. A steepness of 45 ° will be inconvenient for descending. And if the angle of inclination is less than 30 °, then it will be dangerous to walk up the stairs. The width of the step is taken along the average length of a person's foot. And the height is chosen based on the height of a simple step. The risers can be made from any coniferous tree.

Hand-made production and installation of wooden stairs

For the manufacture of stringers, we take pine boards 40mm wide. Kosoura are the main part of the stairs, on which most of the entire load falls when walking. We will draw a pattern in accordance with the projected steps. After that, the markings are applied to the boards and the teeth are cut out with an electric jigsaw. All elements must be symmetrical.

Therefore, having made one kosour, you use it as a template for making others. The more supporting structures, the better. Therefore, it is desirable to have four kosour.

When you have cut them all out, processed with a plane, you must attach the stringers.

If necessary, dismantle any obstructions to wall or floor fixing. There will be a timber at the bottom of the stairs. In it, make several indentations for the stringers, or cut out the corners in the stringers for fastening. On the ceiling, it is also necessary to securely fasten the stringers. The first stringer is attached directly to the wall. The support bars on the floor and ceiling must be properly secured. The tighter the better. The stringers should be parallel to each other. Then you can do the stairs.

Installation of a wooden staircase to the second floor

You can buy ready-made steps (or treads, the same) and risers at a building supermarket. Take a price list, choose products from high-quality and inexpensive materials. You can, as an option, cut it yourself or entrust it to installers.

A standard step must have certain standards and coincide with the width of the staircase under construction between the two stringers. That is, the width should be 30cm, the length should be in the range of 80-120cm, and the thickness should be 3-4cm.

The ladder can now be assembled. It is necessary that the risers have good strength and be protected from moisture. The workpieces must be attached to the stringers with self-tapping screws and nails. They all need to be fixed. Then you can attach the treads with nails and self-tapping screws so that the caps are deep in the wood and do not protrude.

How to fix a ladder post and balusters

To ensure the strength of the stairs and fences of the structure, pillars are placed for support. Often the tree does not provide guarantees against cracks in the pillar, sometimes it is subject to deformation. Therefore, if you make the pillars of the stairs with your own hands, you will need two straight boards that must be glued to each other. Usually a standard part is used as a pillar, which is made on a machine.

The base of the post should be of such a size that handrails are fixed to the so-called square. The pillar for the support must have the following standards: the size in height is 1000 - 13000mm, and the section size is from 70 × 70mm to 120 × 120mm. It is advisable to buy poles and handrails in the store.

On the extreme parts of the steps, markings are made, where balusters and pillars for support will be installed. Next, holes are drilled. After that, dowels are inserted into them, which protrude by about 15mm. Further, holes are made in the balusters with a drill. The posts are installed at the beginning and end of the stairs. The bases of the balusters are greased with glue and placed on the dowels. Balusters are placed vertically parallel to each other. We are waiting for the glue to dry.

After that, the railing is made. The edges must be cut at an angle. The railing is glued to the balusters, then it is necessary to fasten it from below with a thin self-tapping screw. The support pillar at the bottom is installed last. At the end, varnish is applied to the wood. You can use paint to make the stairs appear dark brown.

Quick repair of a wooden staircase: conclusion

Watch the video with the repair rules again. You can always entrust the business to the builders. You will be helped to repair if something suddenly went wrong. Mistakes must not be made, because an improperly repaired staircase can lead to injuries. And when making stairs with the help of builders, you can go to court if you are injured due to a collapse of the structure.

Even if you did everything right, and the builders helped you, any thing requires repair. Wooden staircase, incl. Getting rid of old varnish is a little hassle. But sometimes it is necessary to completely renew the steps. You can dismantle them and install new ones. If you decide to renovate your staircase, then you should consider factors such as wear and tear and material capabilities.

Aluminum edging is useful to get rid of uneven steps.

One-piece profiles are difficult to use, which you cannot do yourself. The split profile makes installation easy.

Installation of wooden stairs(video)

If your steps start to creak, most likely the joining parts are moving. This may be due to increased humidity in the home. There are also such phenomena as the leakage of the roof of the house and not only. Between the two rubbing surfaces, it is necessary to lay an elastic mass on the inside of the stairs. In any case, you do it yourself or with outside help, contact the installers for help.

Successful renovation!

Installation of a wooden staircase is a long and responsible process. Incorrect calculation or incorrect installation of parts can significantly reduce the reliability and durability of the structure. For this reason, the installation of wooden stairs must be carried out in a certain order, observing certain rules. Before assembling, you need to carefully calculate all the stages.

It takes place in stages: first, some elements are mounted, the second are attached to them, then the third, fourth, etc. Therefore, before installation, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the names of the staircase parts:

steps - elements along which there is a descent or ascent;
tread - the horizontal part of the step;
riser - vertical part of the step;
kosour - a bearing beam on which the steps are installed from above;
bowstring - a bearing element with cutouts for steps;
handrail - stair railing that prevents falling;
baluster - the vertical component of the railing (in other words, a column);
handrail - horizontal part of the handrail;
platform - free space dividing the stairs to the second floor into 2 or more parts;
support bar (the so-called zero step) - a beam or crossbeam, against which the supporting elements abut;
the rack is the main bearing element of the screw structure.

Types of structures

The reliability, durability and ease of use of the stairs to the second floor largely depend on the shape of the structure.

In the modern world, screw and marching products are especially popular.

A distinctive feature of screw structures is the radial type of arrangement of steps. That is, the steps are fastened around the post (central axis) and supported on the other side by auxiliary elements (wall or load-bearing beams). However, the design and installation of such structures is particularly difficult, and the ease of use of the spiral staircase leaves much to be desired.

Marching stairs are much more common. They are more reliable and comfortable to use. Their only drawback is the high requirements for free space. Nevertheless, ease of use, reliability and a good span have made the marching varieties the most popular in the staircase market. It is much easier to build such a staircase with a spiral, even if we talk about.

Preparation for work

Installing stairs to the second floor is a long and costly process. To make it as easy as possible, you need to prepare properly.

For greater convenience, the preparatory work before the arrangement can be divided into 3 stages:

design (drawing creation);
selection of the necessary materials;
preparation of tools.

At the first stage, it is necessary to make the highest quality circuit. For more informational content, it should be performed in three projections: top, side and front. In this case, in the top view, it is necessary to indicate the localization and direction of the flight of stairs. Drawing creation is usually done on drawing paper.

Advice!
If you prefer to work at a computer, there are a couple of convenient and completely free programs for designing stairs and other structures on the Internet.

We design a staircase in the "Compass" program

The next stage is quite simple - based on the calculations, consumables are purchased in the required quantity. In this case, it is better not to stint and purchase materials with a margin.

Also, for the installation of stairs to the second floor, you will need certain tools. In particular:

pencil;
level;
square;
clamp;
plane;
hammer;
drill or screwdriver;
Grinder;
saw;
fasteners (wood screws are usually used).

Installation procedure

After the preparatory work, you can proceed with the installation of the structure. As mentioned above, the installation of the stairs takes place in a certain order.

Load-bearing beams

First of all, you should make cutouts for the steps. If you plan to install the ladder on bowstrings, it is necessary to make cutouts for the steps on each support beam (the minimum distance from the edge is 5 cm). It should be borne in mind that the grooves of the two support elements must be mirrored to each other.

Creation of cutouts on stringers is different:

the beam is divided into 2 equal parts;
in the upper half with the help of a corner and in accordance with the drawing, future cutouts are marked;
the marked recesses are cut out;
repeat steps 1-3 for another beam.

The next step is the installation of the support bar in the place where the stairs to the second floor will begin. To connect the beam and the supporting beams, you can go in two ways:

make a cutout in the beam;
make small grooves in the support bar into which the beams will be inserted.

Finally, you can start installing the kosour:

in the place where the staircase ends, install the bar and secure it with steel anchors;
connect the supporting elements with the bar on the second floor;
press the stringers tightly to the support bar on the floor;
fix the bar with steel anchors.

The installation of the ladder on the bowstrings is different. Here, the steps are first inserted, and only then the structure is moved to the wall and fixed on the supporting bars.

Steps

After firmly fixing the supporting beams, you can proceed to the installation of the steps. When creating, the length of the steps must match the width of the span. If a bowstring is used as a supporting beam - the distance between the grooves, including the depth of the hole.

First of all, you should install the risers - the vertical part of the steps. To do this, you can use self-tapping screws or special glue.

Important!
The fixation must be reliable.

Before proceeding with the installation of the treads, they must first be made and how the surface should be treated with a grinder. They are installed in the same way - using self-tapping screws or using glue. It is worth noting that for greater convenience when lifting, the treads should protrude 2-3 cm forward above the vertical elements.

Installation of steps in a ladder on bowstrings is as follows:

the grooves of the first string are greased with glue;
steps are inserted into the machined holes;
the recesses of the second bowstring are processed with glue and the beam is connected to the steps.

Railings

When descending or ascending stairs, people often lean on the railing. Therefore, the fences must be securely fixed and withstand a considerable load.

Handrail installation begins with preparatory work:

At the junctions of the steps with the supporting beam, the places for the installation of balusters are marked. In this case, the lateral edge of the column should coincide with the lateral end of the step.
A hole of the required diameter is made in the marked place.
A small wooden dowel is made. The diameter of the rod should correspond to the width of the hole, and the length of the dowel should protrude 1-1.5 cm above the surface of the step.
Holes are made in the lower and upper parts of each baluster, corresponding to the diameter of the dowel.

Marking a place for balusters

Then you can start installing:

support pillars are mounted at the beginning and end of the stairs to the second floor;
1-2 intermediate balusters are installed (not on dowels!);
the compliance of the angle of inclination is checked by attaching the handrail to the balusters (if necessary, the height of the posts is adjusted);
a dowel is inserted into the grooves from above to fix the handrail;
the base and grooves of the balusters are greased with glue;
the posts are installed on dowels;
the upper rod of the baluster is lubricated with glue;
the handrail is tightly attached and fixed on the balusters.

Installing balusters a drawing is drawn up;

based on calculations, structural elements are made;

in the selected place, the lower support unit is installed and fixed to the floor;

a vertical rack is inserted into the node;

in the tripod the steps are pinched (or put on);

a platform is installed at the floor level of the second floor and a support rod is fixed;

balusters are inserted into the holes on the steps, onto which the railing is put on.

Installation of a finished spiral staircase

Installation of a wooden staircase requires a careful approach and care from the master. Incorrect calculation or poor quality fixing of elements can negatively affect the strength and durability of the structure. For this reason, the assembly of the staircase must be done with special care.

Wooden stairs in the house are a very attractive element that can decorate or, conversely, spoil the appearance of any room. Beautiful carved stairs, like the one shown in the title photo, are the prerogative of professional assemblers and carvers, but this does not mean at all that simple self-assembled structures cannot look spectacular.

In today's article, we will analyze the installation of wooden stairs step by step. This material will allow you to assemble a solid structure with your own hands, without spending a lot of money on hiring specialists and material.

The first thing any builder faces is the design of future work. In the case of building a staircase, you will need to create a real drawing to scale.

It is a drawing, not a sketch on a piece of cardboard or a pack of cigarettes. This approach will avoid the occurrence of common mistakes in the manufacture and assembly of parts.

Terminological dictionary

Before starting the story about assembling a wooden staircase with your own hands, let's plunge a little into the world of terms and concepts.

Our task is to study the main details that make up a wooden staircase:

Bowstring- a support beam that stands at a slope and holds the steps. A peculiarity of bowstrings is that the steps are inserted into the grooves sawn in the body of the board. In the diagram, this detail is shown on the left side of the viewer.
Kosour- the purpose is similar to the bowstring, but there is a difference in the structure of the part. If in the first case the steps were installed in the grooves, then here the support is cut right on the upper edge of the board, and the steps are laid on top. It is located on the right in the diagram.
Tread or step- this is the part of the structure that the moving person steps on. You can also hear the name - step cover.
Riser- this is the side decorative part of the step, installed vertically. It is not a supporting element, therefore, individual structures do not provide for its presence at all.
Support pillars- there are start, finish and pivots. They are the main load-bearing element for stair railing. Rotary are installed if the structure has more than one flight.
Handrails- this is a holder on which a person rests when going up or down.
Balusters- vertical elements that form the filling of the railing. Unlike pillars, they are not supports, however, firmly fixed, they significantly increase the strength of the entire structure of the fence.
Ordinary stage- a standard march step with fixed dimensions.
Frieze steps- the first and last flight steps. They can differ from ordinary ones in size and shape, compensating for the remainder of the distance, when dividing the height of the span by the number of steps.

Explanation! It means that the distance between the floors of the first and second floors is rarely a multiple of the height of the steps. Because of this, the lower step has different dimensions. And the upper frieze step goes into the same plane with the upper platform, and, depending on the fastening of the kosour, it can be completely retracted or protruding, with a greater tread.

The designs that we will look at today are called marching. They are characterized by the presence of straight, even sections of the rise. Depending on the height of the span, the space for the stairs and the number of floors, single-march and multi-march structures are arranged.

Multi-flight stairs must have a turn: 90, 180 or 270 degrees. The degree of rotation, again, depends on the space in which the staircase is located. In the first two options, the number of marches is two, and in the last, three.

The more turns, the more compact the ladder can be made. To connect the marches, intermediate platforms and winder steps are used.

The turntable is a horizontal plane. It is usually located in the middle of the span, dividing the rise into two equal sections.

The stair steps, like a part of a spiral staircase, provide a smooth ascent during a turn. They can be located both in the middle of the span and closer to the level of the first floor, reducing the first flight, down to several steps. In this case, most often the spread is placed in the corner of the room.

The step itself is a trapezoid of irregular shape and is mounted around the pivot support post, observing the total height of the risers and a certain degree of offset.

Drawing up a drawing

So, we became aware of the main elements that make up a wooden flight staircase. As you already understood, we will collect it in this article. Now you can safely proceed to creating a drawing.

First of all, we advise you to contact a professional designer for help, who will correctly calculate the amount of material, dimensions of the structure, optimal shape and other design features. Naturally, you have to spend money, but sometimes the savings can get even more expensive.

If you do not have the opportunity to spend extra money, then you can use the free online stair builders.

To work with these tools, you do not need specific knowledge of communication with a computer. Everything is extremely simple and intuitive. All you need to do is to accurately carry out all measurements in place and indicate them on the calculation page.

In any building with a height more than a floor, a staircase is installed. Such a design requires a detailed calculation of all its components, the ability to work with locksmith and carpentry tools, and some design skills. After studying this manual, you will learn how to design and manufacture a wooden staircase with your own hands.

A wooden staircase for a private house most often consists of one or more flights (flights), which are located between floors or intermediate platforms.

The design of the staircase is a combination of various components with different functional purposes:

Kosour. It is a load-bearing timber beam with a sawn comb. Risers with steps are fixed to it, so the part must be strong.
Bowstring. In some cases, it becomes an alternative to kosour, performing load-bearing functions (especially if one side of the structure is adjacent to the wall). Before installing the bowstring, you need to mark it out in detail so that the steps are at a horizontal level.

Step. The main element of any staircase, which is attached to one of the load-bearing beams. In addition to the usual ones, there are run-in and radius steps. Winders have a non-standard shape and are mounted at the starting point of the march. Radius steps are characterized by a curved front edge; they can be semicircular, wavy or with rounded corners.
Riser. The part is optional, but it provides the ladder with high strength by keeping the tread centered. A spacer sleeve is used to fix the riser. A radius type is installed under the semicircular steps, and the curved version is mounted under the corresponding steps or under the platform between the flights of stairs.
Support posts. They are placed at the starting and ending points of the stairs, as well as at the edges of intermarch sites. Elements increase the strength of the fence and serve as a support for the handrails.
Balusters. These are supporting posts for handrails, from which the side rails are formed, can have different configurations.
Handrails. They are an obligatory part. They rest on balusters and support posts. The main requirement for the element is a smooth surface.
Spacer sleeve. Such a stand is required for any design with several flights (even when using stringers).

When choosing a staircase, the main factor is the size of the area required for its construction. In second place is the convenience and comfort of ascent and descent. Here you need to take into account the frequency of use, the presence of children and the elderly in the house.

Aesthetics is also an important criterion. The staircase should match the interior of the room. In addition, you need to take into account the material possibilities: the manufacture of wooden stairs with a complex configuration requires more time and financial costs than options that are simpler in form and execution.

Marching

They are the most popular. They got their name thanks to the marches (flights) - a group of combined steps. The stairs can have one or more flights.

Allocate straight structures (one-march and two-march, with a recreation area). They can be free-standing or placed against a wall. But straight models require a lot of space, so in order to save usable space, two-march options are provided with a turn at an angle of 90 to 180 degrees.

The march has a curvilinear shape with an optimal ascent angle, then rotary steps are used, which are also available for structures with two and three flights without platforms.

The most popular types of wooden stairs for a country house are:

Ordinary one-march. They have a simple design with a span in the center of the room or near the wall - the most durable with reliable support.
Curvilinear one-march. Installed in large rooms to emphasize spaciousness. They are distinguished by a smooth turn and steps widened from the outside.
Marching with lower turning steps. Sometimes this option is provided by the layout of the room, it can support the chosen architectural style.
Simple 2-march system. A staircase with two flights and with an interfloor turning platform can be mounted above the door and save space.
2 marching L-shaped structure. It is located in a rectangular opening along the perpendicular walls and saves space.
2-marching U-shaped staircase with an upper platform and turning steps. The structure is being installed in luxurious mansions with a large hall.
3-march system with two platforms. This type of staircase saves space, but requires a significant ceiling height.

To select a specific configuration, you should correctly calculate and measure the free area for installation, draw up a drawing. A detailed guide on how to do this will be below.

Screw

Screw-type structures are used less often, as a rule, with a limited area or for aesthetic reasons of the owner of a private house. They are not as convenient as marching ones; it is difficult to transport furniture along them. To install a ladder, you will need to perform complex calculations, since with a small error, it may lose its functional capabilities.

Spiral staircases sometimes perform just a decorative function, especially with a fence made of artistic forging. The device of such options is possible in almost any room, because they take up less space than pivot structures. The following types are distinguished:

with cantilever pinching of steps on the inner post;
with the support of steps on the inner pillar and perimeter walls;
with cantilever support of the steps to the casing;
supported by a fence and bent bowstrings.

Spiral staircases save space

Types of structures

Before making a wooden staircase, you should choose the best design option for your room.

The following popular design types exist:

The simplest is a straight-shaped staircase, which provides straight-line movement along the march.

Making a wooden staircase with your own hands with visual step-by-step instructions will be considered in more detail. The process includes two main stages: design and installation.

Calculations of the dimensions of the staircase

Before starting the design, you need to make accurate calculations, draw a diagram and put all the data on it. If you are not sure of the correctness of the calculations, then it is better to entrust the work to professionals who will make a competent drawing, which will allow you to complete the installation step by step without errors.

Ladder overall height

You can determine the height by measuring the distance from the floor of the first to the second floor, taking into account the thickness of the ceiling. For example, if on the 1st floor, the ceiling height is 2700 mm, and the thickness of the interfloor ceilings is 300 mm. As a result, the total height will be 3000 mm.

If there is no finished floor, then its dimensions should be laid approximately.

Number of steps

If you know the height of the stair and riser, you can determine the number of steps in the structure. To do this, you need to divide one indicator by the second. For example, with a total staircase height of 3000 mm, and a riser height of 175 mm, the calculation will be as follows: 3000: 175 = 171 mm.

After that, you need to round off the value, the result is 170 mm. The table shows an example of calculation:

Dependence of the height of the steps on their number at a given floor height

Riser height

On the recommendation of experts, the optimal riser height should be 150–180 mm, in fact, this is the size of a human step. This height can be 150-200 mm. Usually the average value according to the standard is 160-170 mm.

The optimal slope range of the stairs is highlighted in green.

Step width

To avoid injuries as a result of the incorrectly selected step width, you need to calculate it correctly. Based on many years of practice, the width of the part should be in the range of 220 - 400 mm.

To determine a more accurate value, you can use a specific formula. You need to take the average width of a human step (600 - 640 mm) and subtract from it the height of the riser multiplied by 2, i.e. 640 - 2x175 = 290 mm. This indicator will be optimal for moving.

March width

According to safety rules, for the convenient movement of people, the span should be at least 80 cm wide, but it is better to take at least 90 cm.For convenient transportation of furniture, this indicator for a private residential building should be 100 - 120 cm.

Stair plan length

To calculate this parameter, you need to multiply the number of steps and the width of the tread. In our example, it will turn out to be 29x17 = 493 cm.That is, the staircase comes out quite long and when arranging one march, a room of at least 6 meters will be required. In a small log house or a village house, you will need to make 2 marches with a 90 or 180 degree turn.

Between the marches, a platform is mounted or rotary steps are placed. If you cannot perform the calculation yourself, you can use a special program presented below, which will clearly reflect the localization of the staircase parts.

Ceiling opening size

When building a staircase from a wooden array, you need to remember about calculating the ceiling opening so that you do not have to bend down when you go upstairs. Such an indicator will depend on the slope, which affects the convenience when moving and is selected individually.

A slope of 23-36 degrees is considered optimal, but it is often impossible to maintain the required angle due to the small area of the room (the steeper the slope, the less area it will occupy).

The size of the opening in the ceiling area will depend on the angle of the flight of stairs. So, for a folding structure, a small opening will be required, and for a larger slope, a more significant one (up to 2 m) will be required.

The size of the opening in the ceiling is determined based on the minimum allowable value for a person's passage

Stringer length

To determine the length of the stringer, the Pythagorean formula is used: (length of the stairs in the plan) ² + (height of the stairs) ² = (length of the stringer) ².

That is, with a length of 493 cm and a height of 300 cm, we get the following: L = √ (4932 + 3002) = 577 cm (the indicator is taken with a margin of 580 cm).

Online calculator for calculation

For your convenience, you can use the convenient and visual.

Material selection

After all the calculations have been completed, you need to purchase materials. This will require boards of different lengths and densities: for steps, the thickness is 3-4 cm; for risers - 2-2.5 cm; for a bowstring or kosour, the thickness is 5 cm, and the height is 150-250 mm. It is better to buy handrails and balusters ready-made, since for their production you will need a lathe and a beam of 10x10, 15x15 cm in size.To fix the components, you will need screws and nails, as well as metal corners for reinforcement.

Manufacturing of parts and installation of stairs

Installation technology includes the manufacture and installation of all elements of the staircase in accordance with the drawing.

Assembling bowstrings or stringers

On the prepared boards, you need to mark the length and cut off the excess. On the bar, using a square, mark the height of the sub-step and the width of the tread with a decrease of 2-4 cm.

Marking a solid stringer

Assembling the bowstring with stiffeners

The recesses for the steps are cut out with a jigsaw or a saw. Next, the workpiece is placed at the installation site so that the lower edge rests against the floor, and the upper edge against the overlap. The cuts under the steps should be horizontal, without "blockages". After that, it is recommended to grind the surface of the bar, perform milling, rounding off the outer edges.

For optimal rigidity, sometimes 2, 3 or 4 stringers may be required, the number of which is selected depending on the width of the ladder. Sometimes it is easier to order a ready-made supporting frame, which will include all elements with cutouts, indicated by numbers for joining in accordance with the diagram.

Installation of steps and risers

The risers are mounted in the prepared kosour cuts, leveled and sanded. Fastening is performed using self-tapping screws, which can then be putty or closed with a finishing material.

Options for attaching steps to a bowstring

After fixing the risers, pre-milled steps are installed, the length of which should exceed the distance between the pair of extreme stringers by 1-2 cm. The width of the elements should be 2-3 cm larger than the comb ledge. The fastening of the steps to the risers and kosoura is carried out on self-tapping screws, the caps of which must be sunk into the tree.

Fastening the stringer to the upper floor. Methods for connecting the elements of the stairs.

Fastening the stringer to the floor

Installation of fences

You can give the structure a complete look using auxiliary parts. For this, carved, straight, curly wooden and metal fences can be used.

The installation of poles with balusters is considered a difficult task, where accurate marking with a fit is required. In the step, the hole for the dowel is marked at a distance from the edge equal to ½ the width of the base of the baluster. Then holes are made on the steps and dowels are glued into them (they should protrude 1-1.5 cm from the surface).

After that, holes must be made in the base of the posts and balusters along the diameter of the dowel, grease them with glue. All elements are pushed onto dowels with vertical level adjustment. Next, the handrails are prepared by cutting the edges at the desired angle and milling them from the bottom side. To dock with the supports, holes are drilled on the element cut. The handrail is installed on a dowel glued into the support post.

After the glue has dried, the stairs must be covered with an antiseptic primer, then the surface is treated with transparent or paint. You can put a decorative skirting board. In a spiral staircase, you can design with an axial support in the form of a log or a beam, install a bent bowstring to support the steps. The price of such a structure will be high, since viscous flexible wood is used in the production, but the final effect is worth it.