Four-pitched roof: from calculating the rafter system to DIY installation. Gable roof - how to assemble the structure yourself Installation of 4 x pitched roof

The choice of the type of roof for the project of the future structure is a very important stage of construction. A mistake in this matter is expensive: the integrity of the image is destroyed, harmony and respectability are lost. To overlap a large private house with their own hands, architects and designers often recommend a hipped roof. Its device successfully combines a recognizable appearance, reliability and practicality, which no homeowner can resist.

Appearance and design

The roof of the four-pitched type consists of four intersecting planes, slopes. Two of them, triangular in shape, are called end, they replace the pediments. The remaining two are trapezoidal, known as front. The range of the slope of the slopes lies within 15-60 degrees, and the choice of roofing material is only limited by the imagination.
The construction of a hipped roof consists of the following mandatory elements:

A ridge located at the very top of the roof, at the intersection of the slope planes.
Slopes, four surfaces at an angle to the base of the roof and covered with roofing material.
Overhangs, parts of the roof protruding beyond the perimeter of the base, necessary to protect the walls of the structure from water ingress. Overhangs are formed by lengthening the rafter legs or special parts - fillies.
A rafter system that is not visible from the outside, but it is a frame, a support for a hipped roof, which forms its geometry.
A drainage system that removes excess liquid from the surface of a hipped roof. Usually, an external gutter is installed, consisting of a gutter, a water intake funnel and a vertical pipe.
Snow holders, small sides located along the edges of the slopes, preventing the sudden collapse of the snow mass accumulated after a snowfall.

Varieties of forms

The term "four-slope" hides several types of roofs, consisting of such a number of slopes, but having a different structure:

Design

A hipped roof is a complex structure that requires accurate calculations and design. If earlier these tasks were only possible for experienced craftsmen and designers, now everyone can solve them with the help of a computer and special software. In the course of the calculations, a diagram is drawn up and it is determined:

The result of the design process is a diagram that reflects the real dimensions and the relative position of the parts of the hipped roof.

Rafter system

The hipped roof rests on a frame called the rafter system. Almost all of its elements are made from coniferous wood. Since wood is a natural material, moisture and bacteria have a destructive effect on it. To reduce it, deep penetration antiseptic treatment and fire retardant are carried out to protect against fire. Includes:

Mounting a four-pitched roof with your own hands is a great way to complement the architectural concept of a private house. By making an effort and building it yourself or by hiring professional craftsmen, the homeowner will become the owner of a comfortable, beautiful home!

Video instruction

Do-it-yourself hipped roof: drawings and photos below.

How a hipped roof is mounted

Rafter system plan drawing

Installation of lathing, vapor barrier, waterproofing

Arrangement of different layers of a hipped roof requires careful attention to each stage of work.

Each layer to be laid has its own function, all layers together form a single system, which protects the structure.

Laying the lathing

The lathing is a wooden structure consisting of beams located across the rafter legs. The optimal cross-section of the lathing bars is 50x50 mm.

Before installing the board, the sheathing requires treatment with antiseptic agents.

The lathing is mounted either in a continuous layer or in a step of 100-150 mm (depending on the outer coating).

The lathing should be fastened with nails.

Installation of lathing

Installation of vapor barrier

A vapor barrier film is installed in order to to prevent moisture from entering the thermal insulation layer... The vapor barrier film is attached to the sheathing boards with an overlapping stapler. Places of overlap are sealed with tape.

In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the film fits snugly against the boards. In places where pipes or windows are installed, rubber or polyurethane adhesive tapes can be used.

CAREFULLY!

The vapor barrier material should not bend around the sheathing boards in order to prevent the formation of places for the accumulation of water.

Water vapor has a high penetrating power, therefore installation of a vapor barrier is a very important stage of work.

Installation of vapor barrier

Installation of waterproofing

After installing the insulation, waterproofing is laid. Waterproofing does not let the moisture accumulated in the under-roof space inside the roofing cake. Like the thermal insulation film, the waterproofing is overlapped and the joints are glued.

It is especially important to correctly lay the film in the ridge part.... The ridge area is most susceptible to the accumulation of condensate vapors.

The importance of each stage in the installation of the roof of the hip roof should not be underestimated, and even more so to refuse to install any element.

Installation of waterproofing

Hip roofs are considered the most durable and durable... They were installed more than a hundred years ago, and such structures have proven to be reliable and durable.

Despite the complexity of the design, you can install it yourself, the main thing is to carry out each stage of work step by step in a clear sequence and choose high-quality, reliable material, because the roof should protect the house for more than a dozen years.

Useful video

In this video, you will learn how to build a hip roof with your own hands:

In contact with

The classic four-slope, even today, is still unaccustomed to Russian latitudes and reminds of the overseas way of life. That is why it is most often built in order to give the architecture of a residential building a special effect in terms of style and perception, it is advantageous to distinguish it from the monotonous familiar buildings. In addition, a hipped roof - built according to all the rules with your own hands - in practice has a large number of advantages, especially for the harsh Russian latitudes. Let's figure it out in more detail?

Types of hipped roofs

The hipped roof has slopes, which are made in the form of isosceles triangles and converge with their tops at one point. If a hipped roof comes out square in plan when viewed from above, then it is called a hipped roof.

If it does not come out square, but it turns out in the form of a rectangle, this is a hip roof. She got such an interesting name thanks to the ramps, which look like tongs-hips.

Dutch roof: a classic of four slopes

The Dutch or hip roof is considered a classic version, which is particularly resistant to wind and snow.

The surface of a standard hip roof forms two trapezoidal slopes along the long sides and the same number of triangular slopes along the short sides. In contrast to the hipped roof, this form, according to modern architects, is considered more aesthetic.

The rafter system of the hip roof involves the installation of four rafters - diagonal support beams that run from the two tops of the slopes to the upper corners of the building.

But the half-hip roof, in turn, is of two types: when the side slopes cut off only part of the end from above, or already at the bottom, that is, the half-hip itself can be a triangle or a trapezoid, and be called Danish or half-hip Dutch.

Dutch semi-hinged roof: extra stability

The semi-hinged Dutch roof is both a variant of both a gable structure and a four-pitched one. It differs from the classic version by the presence of truncated hips - triangular end slopes. According to the rules, the length of the Dutch roof hip should be 1.5-3 times less than the length of the side trapezoidal slopes.

The advantage of such a roof is that it is possible to install a vertical dormer window here, and at the same time there is no sharp ledge, like a gable roof, which, in turn, increases the roof's ability to withstand extreme wind loads.

Half-hip Danish roof: European traditions

But the Danish half-hip roof is a kind of purely hip design. In this case, only the lower part of the end slope is mounted, and a small vertical pediment is left under the ridge.

The advantage of this design is that it allows you to abandon the problematic in terms of waterproofing skylights in the roof and provide natural light to the attic by installing full-fledged vertical glazing, which is now especially fashionable.

Hipped roof: perfect proportions

A hipped roof is usually placed on buildings that have walls of the same length, which form a square perimeter. Such a hipped roof has all the slopes in shape - the same isosceles triangles, a roofer's dream, in a word, and a builder's nightmare.

The fact is that the construction of a classic hipped roof is even more difficult than that of a hip roof, because here the rafters must all converge at one point:

The device of the roof rafter system with four slopes

Here is the simplest example of building a standard hip roof for a small country house:

Stage I. Planning and design

Before making a hipped roof, be sure to think over all its details, to the smallest detail. Be sure to build even the simplest hipped roof device according to the finished drawing. The fact is that the finished gable roof has almost noticeable flaws and distortions, but if you make a mistake somewhere in the construction of the same hip or hipped roof, then the diagonal rafters simply will not converge in the ridge and it will be extremely difficult to fix it.

And therefore, if you own special programs, create a 3D model of the future roof directly in them, and if not, then just prepare a detailed drawing and it's good if a professional helps you with this. All the details of such a roof must be calculated - to the smallest detail!

By the way, today it is quite fashionable to make a hipped roof not only a roof, but also its individual functional elements:

Stage II. Procurement of structural elements

So, if you took a ready-made roof drawing or sketched it yourself and are sure of the future quality, it's time to prepare the necessary elements of the rafter system. And for this, first, let's figure out how they are called correctly.

So, the first thing you have to take care of before building a hipped roof is mauerlat... This is a square or rectangular beam that you will lay on the top of the walls around the entire perimeter of the house. It will become a support for the rafters, which will transfer the load to it, and it is this board that will evenly distribute the weight of the entire roof on the walls of the house and the foundation. The ideal option is to use a bar with a section of 15 by 10 cm as a Mauerlat.

Next, you will build rafter legs- this is the main element that will create the slope of the roof. Standard rafters are made from 50 x 150 mm boards, and diagonal rafters are 100 x 150 mm.

You will need and tightening, the main task of which is to prevent the displacement of the rafter legs to the sides. You will fix and connect the puffs themselves with the lower ends, and for this, stock the boards with a parameter of 50 by 150 meters.

But on top, both diagonal rafter legs and standard rafters will converge and be fixed to each other in skate... To do this, take a bar 150 x 100 mm.

Further, in the center of two opposite sides there should be a transverse beam - sill, which serves as a support for the racks, and they, in turn, support the ridge girder. For this purpose, a beam with a section of 100 by 100 mm or 100 by 150 mm is suitable.

Slopes become a support for the rafters, which prevents them from sliding. Such, you must install them at an angle to the rack, for this, take the same material as on the bed.

Do not forget also about wind board- This is a horizontal element that connected all the lower ends of the rafters. You will need to nail it to the rafters along the inner perimeter of the roof and in this way emphasize the slope line. For this purpose, a 100 x 50 mm board is suitable.

But for the outside you will need another board - filly, from the same material. This board has received such a strange name since the times when it was made carved in the form of horse muzzles.

But the most unusual and complex element of the hipped roof is sprengel, which gives rigidity to the entire structure. Its main task is to link all horizontal and vertical elements. It is also mounted at an angle, and is made of 100 x 100 mm timber:

And finally, if we are talking specifically about a hip roof, then the only element that is present exclusively in hip roofs is wives... They are shortened rafters that rest on a diagonal rafter leg. You can make them from a 50 x 150 mm board.

In life, all these elements look like this:

Think also about insulation, waterproofing foil and additional roofing elements:

Stage ІІІ. Installation of an attic floor

Often, the headstock of hanging rafters or hangers, which work in tension in a hip roof, must be made of steel. To do this, special wooden girders are suspended perpendicular to the tightening of wooden rafters on clamps.

And already perpendicular to the girders, wooden beams are suspended, after which non-beam lightweight fillings are laid between them. Therefore, if you want to reduce the roof load on hanging rafters or truss, you need to choose suspended floor designs.

For steel trusses, the suspended ceiling must be made fireproof, along the steel beams. Between such beams, prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs should be laid, and already on them - light insulation. To increase the fire resistance and durability of such load-bearing structures, they must be made of reinforced concrete. Moreover, the most reinforced concrete supporting structures are best made from large-sized prefabricated panels so as not to risk it.

Stage IV. Installation of a ridge girder

When calculating a ridge run, start from the following nuances:

If the building has capital longitudinal walls, or at least two rows of internal pillars, then two runs are made. At the same time, many rafter structures can be composite in length, and crossbars are used to increase rigidity.
If the building does not have internal supports, then sloped rafters cannot be made here. And therefore, special construction trusses are used, to which the attic floor is simply suspended. In this case, the rods, which are located along the upper contour of the trusses, form the upper belt of the construction truss, and along the lower contour, already the lower belt. The lattice of the truss itself now forms vertical rods and braces - inclined rods that are located between the upper and lower chords. Moreover, such farms are not necessarily made only of wood, on the contrary, today steel reinforced concrete ones are quite popular. During the construction process, the trusses are installed at a distance of 4-6 meters from each other. The simplest version of such trusses is truss, which consist of rafter legs, vertical suspension, headstock and puffs.
If the width of the building is large enough, construction trusses or truss supports are used during installation. But then the attic floor cannot be covered with beams, which will rest on the walls alone. Such a structure must be suspended on steel clamps to the lower chord of the truss, or to a tie, in order to form, thus, suspended ceilings.

This photo illustration clearly shows how exactly the rafters need to be attached to the ridge and ridges:

Stage V. Installation of standard and diagonal rafters

So, the diagonal rafter legs rest directly on the ridge, depending on the following conditions:

If there is only one ridge girder in the middle of the roof, then the diagonal leg needs to be stuffed on the girder console. They are specially released for this 15 centimeters behind a fake frame, and then saw off the excess.
If there are two girders, then they need to install a truss structure from a horizontal beam and a rack, and then fix the rafters themselves.
If at the same time the beam is strong, from a bar, and not from boards, then it makes sense to make a surf - a short board with a thickness of at least 5 centimeters. And on it already to support the rafters of the hip roof.

In addition, for reliability, the rafters are fixed with a metal wire, twisted several times.

On the ribs, the installation of the ridge elements must be carried out in the same sequence as on a regular roof ridge. Those. install the rib element with a closed end, put the ridge elements in the lock and fix them mechanically. But at the intersection of the ribs and the ridge of the hip roof, it is customary to install Y-shaped ridge elements, although the initial and final ridge elements can also be used instead.

But only cut them along the contour when they are fixed on the edge, and mechanically fix the joints. Be sure to treat with a primer and mineral dressing from the standard repair kit. Do not forget also when installing the ridge elements, finally, on the ribs or ridge of the four-pitched roof, leave a gap for air exhaust from the under-roof space.

All the same principles must be observed when building a hipped roof of a complex shape:

You can do it!

Do-it-yourself hipped roof: device, types, how to do it yourself

We understand how a hipped roof is built with our own hands: types of structures, their features and the installation process of each subspecies. Step-by-step master classes.

Types of hipped roof do-it-yourself installation

Pitched roof structures are very often used in private houses. Their four-slope version is ideal for tall buildings, since the roof looks more compact and neat without a massive gable. The hipped roof structure contains many constituent elements. It can be both relatively simple and more complex due to dormer and dormer windows. But in the latter case, it looks more interesting and varied.

Varieties

The four-pitched roof, in comparison with its two-pitched counterpart, better withstands wind loads, precipitation and protects the walls of the building well. Its design is more complex, but you can build such a roof yourself on a small house or gazebo. In the photo on the network, you can see how beautiful and harmonious the 4-pitched roof looks. She decorates both single-storey houses and higher buildings.

Before you make a hipped roof with your own hands, you need to decide on its type. There are the following types of such systems:

The hip structure consists of two trapezoidal slopes and two triangular slopes called hips. The first two slopes are joined to each other in the skate. During installation, the technique of arranging layered rafters is used, as in a gable system, and nesting rafter legs from a 4-slope system.
The half-hip design has the same structure, only the hip slopes are shortened. Below them is a pediment, in which large windows can be made to illuminate the attic or attic floor without losing the strength of the roof.
You can also build hipped roofs with your own hands if you make four slopes in the form of an isosceles triangle. They converge at one point.
The most difficult thing is to independently build a four-pitched roof of a complex configuration with many valleys, gables, abutments and attic windows. In this case, it is better to entrust the construction to specialists, since only they will be able to correctly calculate the structure, execute its plan, diagram and assemble it on site.

Attention! In addition to the supporting frame of the roof, it is necessary to decide on the roofing, waterproofing and thermal insulation materials, since different roof structures and the slope of the slopes require the use of different materials.

Component elements

Since the device of a hipped roof is practically no different from a gable system, it consists of the same constituent elements, but with the addition of some additional details. A 4-pitched roof includes the following details:

Mauerlat. This is a wooden beam of square or rectangular cross-section, which is laid along the top of the external load-bearing walls, on which the rafters will rest. It takes all the loads and distributes it evenly for transfer to the walls. Houses with a hipped roof are made with a Mauerlat with a section of 100x100 mm or 150x100 mm.
The beds are internal support elements that are laid on the load-bearing walls inside the house or on the supports. The material and section of the bed is the same as that of the Mauerlat.
Rafters are divided into slant and side rafters. The latter of them form a trapezoidal slope, and the slope ones are needed for hip slopes. Side rafters are not used in the hipped roof. The side rafters are assembled from a bar with a section of 5x15 cm, and the diagonal ones are 10x15 cm. The optimal pitch of the rafter system is 800-900 mm, but it can be less or more depending on the selected roofing and roof design features.
Racks are needed to support the frame of the four-slope structure.
A ridge girder is a horizontal element that simultaneously connects the rafters and serves as a support for them. The pitched structure of the hipped roof does not have a ridge. It is better to make it from a bar with a section of 150x100 (50) mm.
Puffs are a horizontal element that connects paired side rafters, preventing them from moving apart. Material - board with a section of 5x15 cm.
Narodniks are shortened rafters that are attached to the diagonal leg. They are made from a board measuring 150x50 mm.
The struts are special struts that increase the strength and load-bearing capacity of the roof.
The filly are elements that form the overhang of the roof and are attached to the rafters from below. It is made from a bar with a section of 120x50 mm.

When arranging a more complex 4-pitched roof, the drawing and structural diagram may contain other additional elements, for example, cornices, protective strips, additional lathing, etc. In order to accurately calculate the required amount of material, it is necessary to perform a sketch or drawing to scale, and carry out all the necessary calculations on it.

Important: the material of all the constituent elements of the roof is coniferous wood of at least grade 2 with a moisture content of no more than 15%.

Installation sequence

We will study how a hipped roof is made with our own hands using the example of the simplest hip structure. The step-by-step process of installing the constituent elements of the roof looks like this:

To transfer and evenly distribute the load from the roof frame, snow and the roofing itself, Mauerlats are laid on the load-bearing walls. The bars are fixed to the enclosing structures by means of anchor pins, which are laid even at the stage of wall construction. If the house is built of wood, then the last crown of the log house plays the role of Mauerlat. The Mauerlat timber is necessarily protected from brick, concrete and stone walls by means of waterproofing. To do this, it is wrapped in two layers of roofing material.
The beds are laid on the load-bearing internal walls. They are needed where there are racks in the rafter system. If the house does not have internal load-bearing walls or they are in the wrong place, then reinforced beams must be provided under the racks, which perform the functions of floors. As a rule, the beams have a section of 20x5 cm, so the supporting elements are increased to a section of 20x10 cm.
After that, they begin to install the racks on the supporting beams or beds. The racks are leveled or plumb and temporarily fixed by means of supports from the boards. For reliable fixing of the rack, metal corners or steel plates are used. For a simple hip system, you will need one row of posts centered directly under the ridge. The pitch of the racks is not more than 2 m. When arranging a hipped roof, the racks must be installed under the diagonal legs at the same distance from the corner of the house.
Next, girders are placed on the installed racks. With a conventional hip system, this run is the ridge. At a hipped roof, all girders form a rectangle with a smaller perimeter than the house itself. All girders in this design are fastened with metal corners and self-tapping screws.
Now you can start installing the rafter legs. In this case, the installation of side rafters in a simple hip system is performed in the following sequence:
- A board (150x25 mm) along the width of the rafters is applied to the ridge at the installation site of the extreme rack and a template is made. On it, they mark the upper cut (the place with which the rafter leg will rest on the skate) and cut it out.
- Next, the template is applied to the ridge and the bottom cut is cut (the one with which the rafter element will rest on the Mauerlat beam).
- After that, the finished template is applied to the ridge at the place of installation of the rafters and the need for adjustment for each rafter element is checked.
- The rafters are marked out and the recess is cut out according to the template.
- Now the rafter legs can be installed and fastened to the Mauerlat and the ridge bar. For fixing, metal corners and self-tapping screws or staples are used.

For the manufacture of diagonal reinforced rafters, you can use two spliced boards of a conventional side rafter. A template for diagonal legs is made in the same way. The upper part of these elements rest on the rack, and the lower part - on the corner part of the Mauerlat. That is why the cuts should be done at 45 degrees.
Further, between the two diagonal rafters, the beads are installed. The step of installing these elements is equal to the step of installing the rafters. The upper part of the wrist rests on the diagonal leg, the lower part - on the Mauerlat. Washed down on the upper part of the knobs in half of the elements is done in a mirror image. The bottom cut is usually performed locally. After the installation of the element, an overhang is formed, which is aligned with the tensioned cord and cut.
The constructed rafter system does not yet guarantee the reliability of the roof. Since the diagonal legs have the maximum load, additional racks must be installed under them - springs. They must be supported by reinforced floor joists.
Under the side rafter legs, struts are installed, which with their lower edge rest on a bed or a floor beam, and their upper edge should abut against the rafter at an angle of about 45 °.
A do-it-yourself four-pitched roof can be made with any roof covering, for example, from ondulin, corrugated board, metal tiles, flexible tiles. But it is worth remembering that under a soft coating you need to make a continuous crate of moisture-resistant plywood or OSB. If you plan to make an attic floor, then it is necessary to lay insulation between the rafters, and hem everything with a vapor barrier from below. If the attic is cold, then only the floors are insulated. Waterproofing must be laid under the roofing and a ventilation gap is made.

Hipped roof: device and how to do it yourself

Varieties of hipped roofs for a house, device and structural elements. The sequence of installing the roof with your own hands.

Friends, we hope that this information will be really interesting and useful to you! People who have started the construction of a structure should have an idea of what is needed for what, what parts the structure consists of, what materials they need and how much this or that material costs. Before starting construction, you need to develop a plan of the structure and indicate all the parameters. Consider one of the important details of the structure and it will be a hipped roof and its rafter system.

Hipped roof structure

There are several types of roofs, the most aesthetic and durable is the hipped roof.

Such a roof will withstand strong winds, snowfalls and heavy rainfall. A four-pitched roof may not be complex in design and has some elements.

The gable roof differs from the gable roof in external data and in design. The design of the four-slope is somewhat more complicated, but for small buildings you can build it yourself.

Standard roof has trapezoidal slopes and triangular slopes.

Semi hip- two trapezoidal slopes, two cut hip. This design makes it possible to equip an attic with large windows in the attic.

It differs from the hip roof.

The complex four-slope has windows, valleys.

The construction of this roof can only be done by professionals, or take a project with calculations of materials.

A four-pitched roof includes the same details as, but due to some complexity of the structure, additional frame details are required for its construction.

Details of the hipped roof:

- this is a timber placed on the upper part of the main walls;

Beds- these are support beams that are located inside and laid on load-bearing walls;

- these are diagonal, slant or side beams;

Sprengels and racks- these are the supports that support the rafter structure;

Girder or ridge bar- this is a horizontal support for the rafters located on top of the roof;

Crossbars and tightening- these are horizontal parts that connect the side rafters;

Narodniks- parts that are placed on the diagonal rafters;

Wind beams and struts- these are struts that increase the strength of the roof;

Filly- these are boards that form the desired overhang of the roof.

The design of the roof determines what parts can be used in construction, for example, cornices over windows or a porch, lathing.

Before starting construction, it is necessary to calculate the amount of raw materials, it will also be determined what the roof will be in size and shape, then make a drawing.

Construction technology.

To distribute the load of the rafter system and external factors, a Mauerlat and beds are laid on the main walls.

For them, a bar with a section of 100 × 150 mm or 150 × 120 mm is used, in some cases, reinforced concrete beams are laid.

Installation of the rafter group and lathing

On a regular hipped roof, the side rafters are placed in the same way as those sent on a gable roof.

A board with a width identical to the width of the rafter board (150 mm) is applied to the ridge bar in the place where the extreme post is located and a template is made along it.

The distance between the rafters should be between 0.5 and 1.5 m.

Diagonal rafters are made of two connected boards, so they carry an increased load. A blank for diagonal rafters is performed in the above way.

The cuts on the boards for diagonal rafters must be made at an angle of 45 degrees to the plane of the board, since from below they rest on the corner of the Mauerlat, and from above on the rack. Narodniks fill the gaps between the diagonal rafters on the hip slopes.

We make the crate

Presentable appearance, reliability, durability - all this is a hipped roof, drawing, calculation and installation of which, of course, is quite difficult to do on your own, but you can always turn to qualified specialists for help.

A noticeable advantage of hipped roofs is that in such buildings it is very convenient to equip attic floors. The premises are very comfortable and spacious, ideal for living in contrast to houses, for example, with gable roofs.

Currently, more and more buildings began to appear, made according to this plan. Plus a multi-pitched roof - the ability to use it on completely different buildings, from a bathhouse to a large private cottage.

Houses with hipped roofs look really solid and expensive, and therefore, you should not spare the time and money for its arrangement.

The main types of hipped roofs

There are no pediments (these are triangular ends of the facades of the building, bounded on the sides by two roof slopes, and at the base by a cornice) on such a roof, and attic windows are placed in the slopes.

This roof is much more economical than a gable roof in terms of the cost of wall building materials, but the inclined ribs at the joints of the hips and frontal slopes require the installation of a very complex rafter structure and additional measurement and adjustment of the roofing material.

Slopes are often made with different levels of inclination, due to which the silhouette of a sloping roof is created.

Half-hip (Danish) design. It differs from the previous one by the presence of a pediment, which has a small hip at the top. Protection against wind loads at such a roof is provided by a ridge (the upper horizontal edge of the roof formed due to the intersection of two slopes). Most often, such a roofing device is found in regions with frequent strong winds.

Hip design. It looks like a pyramid: four triangular slopes, converging tops in one place. Such roofs do not have gables; they are erected on small buildings in the form of an equilateral polygon or square. Installation of a rafter system at such a roof is very difficult.

Creating a hipped roof project

Before starting work on the arrangement of the roof, it is necessary to design it, carry out calculations for the structure, and also create its drawing.

The project of a hipped roof provides that the slope of the slopes of such a roof can be in the range from 5 to 60 degrees. It depends on atmospheric loads, the purpose of the attic and the type of roofing materials used.

In areas with frequent and heavy precipitation, the slope of the slopes should be significant (from 45 to 60 degrees). In regions with strong winds and rare rainfall, the slope of the slopes is usually much less.

If the angle of inclination is approximately 5-18 degrees, the use of a roll cover is recommended; 14-60 - asbestos-cement sheets, roofing metal; 30-60 - shingles.

The height of the roof ridge is calculated using a trigonometric expression for right-angled triangles.

Calculation of rafters - the beginning of drawing up the entire project of the house. Their cross-section is determined depending on the expected load (weight of roof structures, roof pie, external influences), and the degree of inclination of the roof. With the help of calculations, the step between the rafters is also determined, their bearing capacity is checked.

The plan of the rafters of the hipped roof provides for which rafters it is advisable to use - layered or hanging. It also turns out if additional elements are needed: braces, tightening, etc.

If it happens that the standard parameters of lumber are not suitable for the future roofing, you can modify them. For example, you can lengthen the rafters or double the beams. You can also use glued or inlaid rafter legs (they are noticeably more powerful and longer than usual).

Impact of loads on the rafter system

The rafters are subjected to constant (the mass of the roof, battens, rafters, etc.) and temporary (wind, precipitation) loads. The main calculated parameter of the snow load, adopted in Russia for the middle lane, is 180 kg / m2. A snow bag can increase this figure to 400-450 kg / m2.

If the roof slope is greater than 60 degrees, the snow load is not taken into account.

The standard design value of the wind load for central Russia is 35kg / m2.

If the roof slope is less than 30 degrees, the wind correction is not taken into account in the drawing.

The load parameters are adjusted for local climate conditions using special factors. The total mass of the roof is calculated based on the amount of materials used and the total area of the structure.

The calculations include indicators of the payload on the system, if ceilings are suspended from the farms, water heating tanks, ventilation chambers, etc. are installed.

It is mandatory to calculate the strength of the rafters and the degree of possible deformation under various conditions.

Most often used as rafters: a rectangular beam with a section corresponding to the calculated loads, boards with parameters 5 × 15, 5 × 20 cm.

Most often, the choice is made on coniferous sawn timber (spruce, pine) with a moisture content in the range of 18-22%, treated with antiseptics and fire retardants.

To increase the rigidity and stability of the geometry of the rafter system of the pitched roof, steel elements are sometimes introduced.

Installation and installation of the rafter system

Before proceeding with the installation, you need to select the necessary materials and tools. In addition, it would be nice to get a drawing of the entire structure on paper. Of the materials you will definitely need: thermal insulation (mineral wool, for example), waterproofing, vapor barrier, wooden beams, roofing material, wood for the lathing. Required tools: drill, screwdriver, hammer, nails, screws, level, tape measure, measuring stick, etc.

The scheme of a hipped roof assumes the presence of rafters, support beams, braces, and other elements necessary to impart rigidity to the entire structure.

Rafters with a cross section of 5 × 15 cm will add reliability to the structure. When shopping for lumber for rafters, do not choose wet, twisted, or severely flawed.

The roof is always installed from the bottom up. The first step is to lay the support beams (Mauerlat), on which the rafters are subsequently installed. So you get a lower frame, which should extend beyond the walls by 40-50 cm. It is not desirable that the bulging of the rafters from the edges of the walls exceeds the limits specified above, otherwise the object will look inharmonious.

Do not forget to check the correct installation with a building level.

If the building has wooden walls, support beams are not needed, since the upper crown of the frame will act as a Mauerlat.

After that, frame rafter legs are installed from each corner of the building, they are called diagonal (diagonal) legs. The upper parts of the rafter legs, if necessary, can be supported by a system of braces and struts. Their main task is to unload the rafters by redistributing the load along the inner walls or support pillars, and also to give the entire structure sufficient rigidity.

You should be especially careful about the nodes for attaching the rafter legs to the Mauerlat. These are the main points that are responsible for the strength of the rafter system as a whole. The overhang of the hipped roof is adjustable by the length of the diagonal rafters.

A special table of coefficients with the ratios of length and laying of rafters for different slopes of the roof slope will help in the work. In one column, the coefficients for the intermediate ones are indicated, in the other - for the corner rafter legs.In order to calculate the required rafter length, multiply the laying by the coefficient. You can easily find such a table on the Internet.

In places where there are no load-bearing walls, the heels of the rafters can be placed on the longitudinal beams (side girders). In addition, a beam is mounted in the center, it is mounted on three supports: in the middle and at both ends.

If you have a large roof area, you cannot do without arranging truss trusses, which will take on part of the load from the rafters. Truss trusses need a tightening device on which they will be supported. Sometimes they can be attached to existing transverse or longitudinal beams.

The parameters associated with the height and degree of the roof slope are determined precisely by the height of the slanting rafters and the horizontal upper beam (ridge run).

After you have installed the rafter guides, proceed with the construction of the main frame. Fasten the inclined (rafter) rafters to the support beams, as well as to the ridge girder.

They should be installed in increments of 40-50 cm, no more. If the gaps are too large, the rafter system may not withstand the loads from the snow that has fallen. The diagram of the rafter system of a hipped roof must take this fact into account.

Fasten the inclined rafters together at a distance of about a meter from the upper rafter beam using boards with a cross section of at least 4 * 12 cm.

It is not necessary to select rafters strictly in length, because they will most likely have to be cut. The main thing is to make sure that they are not too short.

in order to reduce the likelihood of errors to a minimum, use not a tape measure for measurements, but a special measuring rod;
mark the centerline along the top trim of the end wall. After that, measure half the thickness of the ridge bar, draw a line for the placement of the first of all central intermediate rafters;
Align the end of the rail with the line for the placement of the rafter that you marked a little earlier. On the other end of the measuring rod, copy the line of the inner contour of the side wall (thereby you will lay the intermediate rafter). Transfer the line of the outer contour of the wall and the overhang of the roof to the measured rail;
to determine the future location of the second of the central rafters, move the measuring rail to the side of the wall, transfer the desired position of the rafter to it from the inner corner of the upper strapping;
repeat the entire algorithm of actions in each of the corners. By adhering to this diagram, you will determine the location of the ends of the ridge bar, as well as all the center intermediate rafters.

After installing the rafter system in accordance with the plan, the crate, vapor barrier, waterproofing, counter-lattice, as well as roof insulation are made.

The final stage of the construction of a hipped roof

After the installation of the entire structure, a hipped roof (like any other) provides for the creation of a crate. For this purpose, wooden boards with a thickness of 50 or 40 mm are used. The main thing is that the material is of high quality and well dried.

Before the installation of the lathing, it is necessary to lay a film that insulates the roof from steam and moisture. This film is attached with a stapler. In addition, in no case should you lose sight of the thermal insulation, which should be equipped in the attic. Thermal insulation is necessary to maintain a normal temperature in the building. And after that, a four-pitched roof is installed.

And the last stage is the laying of the roofing. You are not limited in your choice, be guided by your own taste, material capabilities and design features of your roof. The main thing is to attach the material firmly enough, carefully so that rain cannot penetrate into the room through the joints, and the wind cannot tear off fragments of the roof.

The scheme of the rafter system of the hip roof is very complicated, as mentioned above more than once, but you should not be afraid of it. The most important thing is to make all calculations and measurements correctly, and also not to be mistaken with the markup. Having thoroughly understood this once, you can easily repeat a similar construction. Of course, it will be quite difficult for one person to cope with the upcoming volume of work, so a couple of assistants will not hurt.