Do-it-yourself gluing technology for furniture board. Features of the manufacturing technology of furniture board Technological process of manufacturing a cabinet from glued board

Furniture board is a sheet of wood material that has a rectangular or square shape.

It is made by gluing together wooden bars in width and length (in some cases). The width of each individual bar is about 10-50 millimeters.

Furniture board production technology allows the use of conifers such as spruce and pine. Shields made of beech, oak, maple, ash and birch are quite popular.

History of furniture board production technology

Furniture panels are used for the manufacture of furniture, various building elements, as a decoration. It is an environmentally friendly and aesthetically pleasing material compared to its chipboard counterpart. The furniture board has been used for a long time.

The technology for the production of furniture boards has practically not changed over the past hundred years. In a non-conical design, the wood bars were compressed with a metal clamp. At the present time, this function is performed by the press. The mass use of this product began in the 70s of the last century.

Today, among the glued wood materials in the construction and furniture industry, there are cheaper analogues of furniture boards.

In this regard, the scope of its application is rather narrowly focused:

it is a hypoallergenic natural material, so it is environmentally friendly;

when properly processed, it looks aesthetically pleasing and elegant;

furniture board is a pretty practical material.

Advantages of furniture board production technology

Glued furniture board has significant features in comparison with other construction materials used in furniture production:

Long service life.

Panel furniture is repairable. This is due to the homogeneity of the wood structure. Even a damaged piece of furniture can be restored very easily, after which it will regain its original appearance.

Wood is a hygroscopic material that regulates indoor humidity.

Furniture made from such a board is capable of adsorbing harmful substances.

The use of new gluing technologies allows keeping the natural texture of the wooden surface intact.

The furniture board does not stick out during its operation and has minimal shrinkage.

The environmental friendliness of this material allows it to be used for interior decoration, as well as for the manufacture of furniture.

Furniture board can be obtained in any size (length, width and thickness).

Due to its numerous advantages, the furniture board is very popular not only in the Russian, but also in the world market. Edged lumber is used as a raw material for obtaining this material.

Stages of furniture board production

In any production of glued panels, drying equipment must be present without fail. Only in this version, you can be 100 percent sure that the wood is reliably and firmly glued together.

The technology for the production of furniture board allows you to obtain various types of this material, depending on the area in which it will be used.

There are two types: single-layer and multi-layer. The first type is also called massive or simple furniture board. Its thickness ranges from 14 to 60 millimeters. It is made of wood laths, beams or boards, about 18 mm wide, which are glued together in one layer parallel to the direction of the wood grain.

The multi-layer shield consists of two front sides and an odd number of inner layers. All layers are stacked symmetrically in thickness. It is she who determines the positive properties of this type of material. The thickness of a multi-layer shield can be up to 75 millimeters.

The main stages of the furniture board production technology:

Drying of workpieces.

Preliminary trimming of the product.

Opening of defects and cutting of the resulting workpiece along its width.

Cutting out defective areas.

Splicing the product along the length and obtaining lamellas.

Calibration of lamellas.

Glue application.

Bonding the shield.

Calibration and grinding.

Cutting the shield based on the specified format.

New technologies for the production of furniture panels at the exhibition

Furniture board is a product of deep processing of wood, therefore gluing can significantly reduce the cost of wood, as well as use lumber as efficiently as possible. This brings new varieties of high-quality materials to the furniture market.

Furniture board- a sheet wood material of a square or rectangular shape, made by gluing together along the width and, in some cases, along the length of planed wooden blocks, with the width of each bar from 10 mm to 50 mm. In Ukraine, most of the furniture boards are made of coniferous wood (pine, spruce), and hardwood boards (oak, beech, ash, maple, birch) are also somewhat popular. Furniture panels are used for the manufacture of furniture, decorative elements and building elements, as an environmentally friendly and aesthetically more attractive analogue of chipboard.
The furniture board has been used for a long time and the technology of its manufacture has changed slightly over the past 100 years. In the canonical version, the wooden bars were compressed together with the help of metal clamps; at present, their functions are performed by presses. A sharp increase in the consumption of furniture panels began in the 70s of the 20th century, when mass production of this product became possible.

Currently, both in the furniture industry and in construction, a large number of cheaper analogs to this material have appeared among glued wood materials, therefore wood boards are used in highly specialized cases, namely:

for reasons of environmental safety: furniture board is a hypoallergenic natural material;
for reasons of aesthetics: this natural material, when properly processed, looks more refined than substitutes;
for reasons of practicality.

Advantages of the furniture board over other board materials:

a) furniture made of wooden panels lasts longer than furniture made of chipboard or MDF;
b) this furniture is repairable: since the tree is homogeneous in its structure, even a damaged piece of furniture can be restored (not replaced, namely restored) and it will look like new;
c) wood is a hygroscopic material, i.e. it regulates the humidity in the room;
d) furniture made of glued board has properties to adsorb harmful substances.

The use of coniferous and deciduous species makes it possible to produce furniture boards of various types and designs with an individual texture and different properties. Glued board is divided into quality grades from A to C. The grade is determined on two sides: A / A, A / B, A / C, B / B, B / C, C / C

grade A is selected according to the pattern, even in tone, uniform in texture, without defects (knots, sapwood, etc.);
grade B - without selection by pattern, even in tone, uniform in texture, without defects;
grade C - without selection by pattern, tone and texture, minor defects (knots no more than 5 mm, sapwood). Mechanical damage is not allowed in all grades.

In the production of furniture boards, you can get a different board, depending on the area of its application. Two types are mainly distinguished here. It is a single layer glued board, which is also called a solid board, a glued board, or simply a single layer board. A single-layer board has a thickness of 14 to 60 mm, made of wooden blanks (slats, boards or beams) with a width of 18 mm, which are glued to each other in one layer parallel to the direction of the fibers.

The second type of glued board is a multi-layer board, consisting of two face layers and a desired, but odd number of middle layers. The layers should be laid symmetrically in thickness, which determines the positive properties of the multilayer board. Multilayer glued board usually with a thickness of 12 mm to 60 mm (special size up to 75 mm), three- or five-layer, with symmetrical laying and glued from several single-layer boards, representing the front and middle layers.

The main stages of the technological process of manufacturing a furniture board are:

1) drying of blanks;
2) transverse cutting;
3) trimming and cutting;
4) preliminary planing;
5) trimming and sorting;
6) splicing;
7) planing;
8) gluing;
9) formatting;
10) grinding;
11) packing

Drying of workpieces

Drying of workpieces is the main stage of the technological process for the production of furniture boards. It determines the further adaptation of shield materials to the place of their use. Drying of the material takes place in three stages. The first one is preliminary drying of wood in the open air, in a natural way. Drying time for workpieces depends on climatic conditions (temperature, air humidity and air movement). Climatic factors can fluctuate depending on the season, affecting the drying time. On average, wood loses 3-5% of its moisture, and these values vary depending on the type of wood. The second stage is drying lumber in a drying chamber under the influence of high temperatures over 100 ° C. The most common is the convective chamber drying method, i.e. in a room equipped with electric heating or steam heating batteries with mandatory temperature control and humidity measurement inside the drying chamber. Along the access roads, a stack is placed inside the dryer with obligatory spacers between the layers of the stack. Also, an important point of the drying chamber is the regulation of the air flows inside, so that the air saturated with moisture is constantly drawn out of the chamber. The third stage is the uniform cooling of the wood after evaporation. After the direct drying process is completed, the wood dries up in places, other areas, on the contrary, are too wet; It is necessary to plan a conditioning phase, during which the unevenly distributed residual moisture in the wood is distributed over the cross section of the workpiece. This increases the relative humidity of the air, while the temperature in the drying chamber does not change. In addition, stresses in the wood decrease, after conditioning, the dried material must be cooled to a temperature of 30-40 ° C; before the chamber is opened, the heating is turned off, but the climate is still there. You need to know that after drying and in the future, the percentage of moisture in the wood for the manufacture of furniture boards should be 9-11%.

Cross cut

Cross cutting, or preliminary trimming, curvature trimming - this stage of the technological process is decisive in terms of the output and cost creation of raw materials. This is where the profit per shield is determined. Cross-cutting, trimming and trimming are considered together for maximum yield and value creation. Thus, a sequence of optimization steps is calculated for each new board. Mostly dried and bent wood is subjected to cross cutting. After drying, lumber often has curvature, twisting, which are difficult to optimize for a higher wood yield. In order to minimize deformation, a so-called trimming is performed, which reduces the loss of material during subsequent processing of the workpieces. For cross-cutting, mainly cross-cutting machines with a bottom saw arrangement are used.

The length of the grooved sections is chosen so that from them it is possible to obtain a continuous lamella of a fixed length and so that it is easy to handle. In this case, only large defects are cut out of the workpiece and trimming is performed at the ends. In the further technological process, the cut boards or lamellas have a rectilinear arrangement of fibers directed parallel to the cut edge.

Pruning and cutting

Trimming involves removing the rounded parts of the board (wane) from the board or timber. There are different types of pruning. One of them is parallel cropping. The workpiece is cut in one pass so that the sides and edges are parallel to each other. In this case, at least one of the two processing units must be regulated, since otherwise the material is not optimized in width. When cutting narrow workpieces from edged sawn timber parallel to the edge, the resulting workpieces have a straight arrangement of fibers.

Cutting is cutting a wide workpiece (we are talking about lumber) in the longitudinal direction into narrow workpieces. In most cases, a core is cut from the blanks, which is located directly in the center of the log and surrounds the core tube. Cutting sawn timber, especially very wide workpieces, relieves most of the internal stresses. Thus, an improvement in quality is achieved, the boards are less cracked and warped. For this technological operation, depending on the size and productivity of the company, both technically simple and very complex machines are used. Simple installations include longitudinal edging circular saws, which, using a processing unit, cut round lumber, separating useful material and strips from wide workpieces.

Pre-planing

During preliminary planing, a certain layer is removed from the workpiece released from the sawmill, which allows visual inspection of the surface. Four-sided preliminary planing is carried out after cutting. It is necessary if inspection of all sides is carried out, for example with a scanner, and high requirements are imposed on the surface of the material. It is difficult to detect wood defects, discoloration and grain direction under the contaminated surface that came out of the sawmill of the workpiece. For the scanner, which is used in the next technological operation with optimizing trimming, the recognition of defects can be difficult due to the weak contrast of the wood.

Trimming and sorting

Trimming or trimming is the cutting of workpieces into certain lengths. In the production of furniture boards, it is mainly an optimization process that takes into account the quality characteristics and thus sets the length of the workpieces. The so-called wood flaws, such as fallen knots, blue, tarring, etc. are cut out, as a result, defects-free cuts are obtained. The short sections are then joined to form workpieces of the required length, for example, by splicing onto a mini-tenon. A further option is cutting to fixed lengths. In this case, the long board is cut to the required lengths without much regard for major defects. Some types of wood may be free of blemishes for several meters. This way you can get fixed lengths that do not contain defects. Such blanks are subsequently sorted mainly by length and color. In the production of furniture panels, trimming and sorting are optimizing operations that can be carried out manually or fully automatically.

During manual processing, defects are recognized by the worker, who marks the defective spot with fluorescent chalk or a laser. The machine reads the markings and makes a cut in this section of the board. The cut-off workpiece is then fed to the sorting station, where it is sorted according to certain criteria.

With full automation of the trimming process, the scanner scans up to four sides of the passing workpiece, captures the material data and transfers it to the trimming machine. The cut is made, and the workpiece is transported further. At the end of the machine there are sorting sections, which, depending on the sorting criteria, have different lengths. Here the workpieces are automatically distributed using the dumpers according to certain criteria. Most of the trimmed sections are optimized and sorted here by color and / or length.
Optimization of workpieces on the PAUL machine. Left sorted workpieces

Splice

Short cut-off workpieces with a length of 150-300 mm should not be sorted into waste, they should be fed further into production. For example, to obtain workpieces of various lengths that do not contain defects. Butt joints in length do not have the strength required for stretching and bending. These loads can be absorbed without problems in the case of a finger joint, the strength of spliced blanks is much higher compared to through lamellas.

Splice on a vertical thorn. A vertical tenon is cut into vertically spaced lamellas. The jagged profile is visible on the shield surface. It is mainly used in the production of window, construction and structural beams. The package of blanks is subjected to milling of the toothed profile. In some countries and in some industries, a visible vertical spike on the surface of the shield is accepted. You can find this type of connection on products where it is invisible.

Splicing on a horizontal tenon. In the production of furniture boards, as a rule, a joint on a horizontal tenon is used. A stepped joint is visible on the surface of the shield. A scalloped profile is visible on the narrow side. The lamellas are fed horizontally into a continuous splice line. The longitudinal feed of the pressed short workpieces spliced onto a mini-tenon is generally arbitrary, the arrangement of the tree rings is not taken into account.

Planing

Longitudinal milling in order to remove glue beads, steps between lamellas, to obtain precise geometric parameters is called planing.

The rectangularity of the lamellas. The individual lamellas must be rectangular with an angle of exactly 90 °. The thicker the workpiece, the more critical the squareness. The glue seam should not be open, otherwise the shield will take a curved or wavy shape after the press, or the glue seams will remain open.

Parallelism of lamellas. When gluing the lamellas into the panel, very small inaccuracies in the width of the individual lamellas can fold and lead to the opening of the glue seams. At the same time, the workpieces of soft rocks in the press stick together better than workpieces of hard rocks. Accuracy of work is important.

For optimal gluing of the planed lamellas into a solid board, the following conditions must be met:

the optimal cutting step is 1.5-2.0 mm (if less than 1.5 mm, there is a danger of the polishing effect; more than 2.0 mm - the consumption of glue increases, a visible glue seam occurs, the cohesive force of the glue weakens);
the depth of the pile should be less than 0.1 mm (if it is greater, then the consumption of glue increases, a visible glue line appears, and the cohesive force of the glue weakens).

Gluing

At this stage of direct production of furniture board, glue is applied to the narrow side of the finished processed lamellas, and then the lamellas are connected to form a board. The glue is applied to one side of the lamellas. Loading into the press is carried out in a batch way. The lamellas are in contact with each other and are generally mechanically pushed into the pressing area. The press closes, and the side pressure is activated, leveling the irregularities, at the same time the necessary pressure is applied to the glued seams.

Each type of wood must have its own pressing temperature. Recommended workpieces should be pressed at low temperatures. Steam can form when pressed very hot. There is a risk of discoloration of the workpieces (steam effect) and cracks in the wood. This is especially true for the recommended wood species, such as oak. With prolonged pressing at a temperature of more than 100 ° C, additional drying and shrinkage of wood occurs. Color change, for example in beech, may occur as a result of the greenhouse effect. A slight temperature difference between the upper and lower heating plates can lead to the curvature of the shield. A temperature difference of 5 ° C causes the shield to warp. The higher the pressing temperature, the greater the risk of deformation. Cold pressing or pressing using high frequency currents is especially suitable for the production of oak panels. Oak lamellas, however, at a maximum temperature of 50-60 ° C are pressed into a high-quality single-layer panel. The reason is the short pressing time. At high temperatures, the formation of microcracks is possible, which become visible after varnishing the shield. The surface of the shield dries up very quickly, the shield tends to be partially warped for a long time. Pressing using currents is highly recommended in the production of massive panels.

In the hot process, heat is supplied during the pressing process. The addition of heat can greatly reduce the pressing time. Depending on the required pressing temperature, warm water, hot water, thermal oil are used as a heat carrier. The pressing time is highly dependent on the heating time. The larger it is, the longer the pressing process takes. When using hot water in the pipes, the average temperature is 55 ° C. Hot water heats the wood to 90-110 ° C. Thermal oil in pipes can reach temperatures of 110-130 ° C

It should be borne in mind that not every heat carrier is suitable for every type of wood and every type of glue. PVA glue has thermoplastic properties. When pressed using hot water, the glue remains plastic and does not harden. It can only glue at a maximum press temperature of 50-60 ° C. The pressing time is reduced from 10-30 minutes. up to four minutes on average. Time savings are up to 86%. Urea based adhesive only cures at high temperatures. Requires a temperature of 60 ° C and above. The temperature of the warm water is not sufficient. When using this glue, hot water, thermal oil or high frequency currents must be used as a heat carrier. The bonding method using high-frequency currents is based on capacitive or dielectric heating in a high-frequency alternating voltage field. High frequency in industry is limited to the frequency range 3-13.56 MHz to avoid malfunctions and superposition of oscillations - for example, the transmission frequency from television, radio and military broadcasts. Other frequencies need special permission. High frequency currents do not heat up the wood. The current looks for the path of least resistance. Since the glue has a high moisture content, it heats up more and faster than the surrounding wood (selective heating). In an alternating field, electrons begin to vibrate, produce friction against each other, and thus heat the glue joint. The water "boils away". At the end of the pressing process, the joint is completely cured, during the conventional bonding process, a certain time is required for curing.

Formatting

Formatting is called cutting the board to the final size (length x width). Various machine tools can be used in industrial formatting. As a rule, a double crosscutting machine is used in the production of furniture panels.

The longitudinal side when exiting the press is straight and parallel. In the longitudinal direction, the shield has an indefinite displacement of the lamellas, which makes it impossible to accurately lay on the existing stops. Therefore, the shield is first cut to length. When cutting along the length, the end shift of the lamellae is removed and the base surface for cutting along the width is achieved. After the board has been cut to length, it is formatted in width. The result is a rectangular panel with parallel edges, corresponding to the required dimensions.

Grinding

Calibrating the backboard to remove glue residues, reaching the required thickness and sanding the backboard surface to obtain the desired cleanliness is called sanding. After the backboard has been formatted, it is transferred to the surface finish by grinding. In this case, the lamella drop is removed. The more accurately the press works, the less material needs to be removed. The service life of the sanding belt is increased and costs are reduced.

When sanding with a wide belt sander, the first step in sanding is to make a reference plane. First, the so-called contact roller alignment is carried out. The next step is calibration, in which the material is removed to a specified thickness. Finishing is carried out using a sanding shoe mainly in grit 100, however customer wishes are taken into account.

Package

After sanding, the glued board is packed in a heat-shrinkable polyethylene film in order to protect it from dirt and mechanical stress.

Organization of a mini-workshop.

Choice - Premises.
Equipment for the production of furniture boards.
Staff.
Investments in a mini business.
Financial plan.
Payback period.
Marketing.
Advertising.
Sales of products.

Almost everyone would rather have their own business than work as an employee. There are several reasons for this. First of all, business owners have the opportunity to do what they love and have a higher income. Even your own small business is prestigious. Independence from external conditions and the employer's quirks is also an important plus.

In this review, we want to talk about the woodworking shop and the manufacture of furniture boards. Being engaged in the production of furniture panels, the workshop can also produce designer furniture, with two independent income items and two client portfolios. So, where to start organizing a business and a woodworking workshop and the production of furniture boards?

Organization of a mini-workshop.
For small-scale wholesale production of furniture panels, it will be necessary to open a small woodworking enterprise, on the basis of which furniture panels will be produced. Of course, you can focus on the production of furniture, but not the fact that it will be in demand. The production of furniture boards allows us to form a portfolio of regular small-scale wholesale customers, respectively, to provide a constant income for the woodworking shop.

It is advisable to open a mini-workshop in areas where felling is carried out and there is a production of lumber, but even with the purchase of wood with delivery to the region, the business will be quite profitable. Let's consider it in detail.

Furniture panels are usually purchased by furniture manufacturers. The peculiarities of manufacturing, accordingly, suggest a different texture and pattern of wood, which can distinguish author's furniture of mass and individual production. Despite a fairly wide offer, the market is in demand for new wood-panel products with good workmanship.

The main advantages of furniture construction material include:
- the use of new gluing technologies makes it possible to preserve and favorably emphasize the natural texture of the tree;
- glued structures, unlike solid wood, retain their overall dimensions unchanged and practically do not shrink;
- glued furniture boards are an environmentally friendly product used for the production of furniture and interior decoration;
- for production, you can make a furniture board of any size, which, accordingly, reduces the cost of inefficient use.
Furniture board production is a good basis for any woodworking business, as there is a steady demand. Hardwood and conifers are used as raw materials for production, pine is considered the most cost-effective material.
The production process of glued furniture board consists of the following stages, which means:
- drying of lumber, preferably in our own drying chambers, this will ensure high quality products;
- calibration and processing of lumber defects;
- wood splitting into lamellas and removal of defects;
- trimming to the required size and removal of defective spots;
- splicing of workpieces (along the length), at the ends of the workpieces, toothed spikes are cut out and glue is applied, trimming is carried out to size;
- calibration of lamellas in order to remove the glue layer and obtain geometrically accurate blanks;
- gluing lamellas and gluing into a shield;
- cutting out defective seams.
- formatting of the shield with cutting in width and formatting cropping;
- clean calibration and final sanding.

Each process involves the performance of work on a special machine, part of the production processes can be carried out on semi-industrial woodworking machines, but you still need to mechanize and automate production as much as possible in order to obtain a high quality product. The size and characteristics of the workshop premises will depend on the number of machines purchased.

Choice - Premises.
A room for a mini workshop for the production of furniture boards is usually chosen in an industrial area. To do this, you will need to rent a warehouse or workshop at a geographically convenient enterprise. The infrastructure of the workshop should include administrative premises - 20-30 sq. meters, a warehouse of lumber and finished products 30-50 sq. meters (preferably divided into different rooms), a workshop room of 100-200 sq. meters.

The size of the workshop depends on the size of the equipment. In general, industrial premises are of the same size, and low rent is typical.
The average cost for renting a warehouse will be 15,000-18,000 rubles per month.

Equipment for the production of furniture boards.

The universal four-sided four-spindle machine Winner Blazer BL 4-23 for woodworking is suitable for a high-tech workshop, performs all the operations described. You can choose from inexpensive woodworking machines, their price is 12,000-36,000 rubles;

Double-sided surface gauge MIDA SPBF-2S / 500 or MB-2061 for lamellas, respectively, of Portuguese and Chinese production. The JET JWP-12 m surface gauge can be purchased for 18,000 rubles;

Optimization line OMGA T 2000 NC series, a second-hand Russian machine can be purchased for 640,000 rubles;
- line of face splicing OMGA FJL-183, the Russian version will cost 144,000 rubles, a semi-automatic machine will cost about 56,000 rubles;

The glue application machine OSAMA S2R-1600, you can purchase a less expensive version of the machine for about 220,000 rubles;

Fan clamps TRIMWEX INDUK type SL (P), used clamps can be purchased for 300,000 rubles;

A machine for aging wood in order to obtain a unique texture of a furniture board will cost 320,000 rubles;

Some of the listed types of machines can be made by yourself. Accordingly, this will significantly reduce the volume of investments. When preparing a business plan, there are two ways to go. To buy new or overhauled equipment on credit or lease, most companies offer favorable conditions, respectively, you only need to work hard to pay for the equipment. The second way involves the purchase of used equipment at your own expense. This option also has advantages - there is no need to pay off debts.

Staff.
The number of workers in mini-shops is usually 5-15 people. As a rule, workers and carpenters also carry out work on loading and unloading raw materials and goods. In general, you will need to hire the following employees, it is better to choose people with work experience or technical education:
The head of the shop (he is the owner and the main foreman) - 70,000 rubles / month;
Accountant-secretary - 25,000 rubles / month;
2 professional carpenters - 2 * 40,000 rubles / month;
2 assistant apprentices - 2 * 20,000 rubles / month;
1 machine operator - 50,000 rubles / month;
1 locksmith - 30,000 rubles / month;
1 loader - 20,000 rubles / month;
1 storekeeper cleaner - 15,000 rubles / month;
2 watchmen - 10,000 rubles / month;
TOTAL: 350,000 rubles / month

To work at an enterprise with workers, it is necessary to conclude a contract, as well as take out insurance, since work in a production causes risks to health and life in case of violation of technical safety standards.

Investments in a mini business.
The required investments will depend on the capacity of the furniture board production workshop and the level of its equipment. Would need:
- rent a room for production, prepare it for the deployment of the workshop, it may require repairs, installation of a ventilation system, partitions, doors, gates and checkpoints. These costs depend entirely on the chosen premises and its furnishings. The cost of this position without rent is estimated at 100,000 rubles;
- to purchase or order equipment, the estimated investment in technological equipment will amount to 1,820,000 rubles (approximately 45 thousand dollars);
- the purchase of raw materials can be carried out on order, 50 cubic meters. meters for a start will be quite enough. Average price for 1 cubic meter m of unedged pine boards is 8,000 rubles, respectively, the costs will be 400,000 rubles;
- rental of premises for 3 months - 54,000 rubles.
- salaries for 3 months - 1,050,000 rubles, in this case there may be options, since it is not worth keeping employees without a load. Initially, you can hire an incomplete staff, and then expand it. For the first time months, the cost of salaries should be limited to 400,000 rubles / month.

Financial plan.
For example, the cost of a furniture board made of SS pine is 1200 rubles per 0.04 cubic meters. meters, respectively, 1 cubic meter. meter of furniture board will cost 120,000 rubles, with the cost price of unedged boards 8,000 rubles.

First 3 months of work (incomplete load):
In this case, in order to recoup the costs of maintaining the workshop in the first 3 months:
- 18,000 rubles / month rent + 4000 rubles / month communal payments;
- 400,000 rubles / month salaries.
You will need to receive an income of 422,000 rubles. When sold per month 20 cubic meters. meters of furniture board, the turnover will be 2,400,000 rubles in the first months. Board costs: (20 cubic meters + 30% for scrap) * 8000 rubles = 208000 rubles. Accordingly, the cost of raw materials will not exceed 10%. The income will be:
2,400,000 (total sales) - 422,000 (workshop maintenance costs) - 208,000 (raw materials costs) = 1,770,000 rubles.
The break-even point (based on the cost of raw materials and the maintenance of the workshop) assumes the manufacture and sale of 3 sq. meters of the shield per month. Don't forget to pay VAT, payroll taxes and income tax.

After the shop reaches its design capacity (50 cubic meters)
After the shop reaches its design capacity (approximately 50 cubic meters), the income will be:
6,000,000 (total sales) - 105,000 (workshop maintenance costs) - 520,000 (raw material costs) = 4,430,000 rubles.
The break-even point for the maintenance of the workshop assumes the sale of 13 sq. meters of furniture board.

Payback period.
Thus, we will make an estimate of the costs of investing a business and estimate the planned income in connection with the planned production volume.
So, for the first 3 months the workshop will operate in an experimental mode, produce and sell 20 cubic meters. meters of furniture board. Income excluding taxes amount to 1,770,000 rubles per month.

According to our calculations, investments in equipment will amount to 1,820,000 rubles with a complete set of workshop (see "Equipment"). In fact, with a properly organized implementation, it is possible to recoup the investment already in the first 2 months of the woodworking workshop. This allows you to think about buying high-quality equipment on lease or credit. But you can postpone and form a financial asset, and a year later, radically expand production. So from a small workshop, you can create a fairly large woodworking enterprise that produces not only furniture boards.

Marketing.
Of course, such impressive results can only be achieved if well-organized implementation. The marketing task, which during the first steps of the business belongs to the owner's area of responsibility, involves the sale of furniture panels in bulk.

Usually, wholesale implies the purchase of 10 cubic meters. meters. In practice, first of all, you need to conclude an agreement with two wholesale buyers. To do this, you need to offer a lower product price.

In the coming months, the portfolio should include 5 large customers. All this assumes preliminary negotiations with customers and their search.

Advertising.
Obviously, in the first months of operation, a mini workshop for the production of furniture panels should focus on attracting wholesale customers in order to reach a break-even point. At the same time, working with wholesalers does not at all exclude the sale of a shield at retail or in small wholesale markets.

Any advertisement should be targeted at a potential consumer group. In our case, these are furniture companies. To present information about a new production, you will need to make booklets or brochures, which will describe the workshop and its capabilities. Advertising in the markets to small wholesalers and retail customers will require business cards and pocket calendars that can be left in stores and on trays. We must not forget that an online store will help sell the product.

Advertising costs will be:
- brochures 1000-2000 pcs. - 16,000 rubles;
- booklets 1000-2000 pcs. - 6000-8000 rubles;
- pocket calendars 1000 pcs. - 3000 rubles;
- online store - 8000 rubles with advertising.

If an active advertising campaign is required, this should be done by a separate employee - the advertising manager. The salary of a manager can be contractual and amount to about 15,000 rubles for part-time work. In some cases, the functions of an advertising manager are taken over by an accountant. It is quite enough for them to order and receive products, as well as to close financial documents.

Note that the creation of a site does not at all imply that it can be found without additional efforts. This is what the content manager usually does, who promotes the site in social networks, search engines and forums. Usually such specialists work on a contractual basis on a volume basis, so costs can be planned in the course of operating activities.

Sales of products.
For the first time in months of the shop's work, sales of products are usually carried out by managers. At the next stage, sales agents, managers are involved in the work and a sales department or a sales department is created. Most of the salespeople work on a percentage of the sales volume, thus the business owners motivate the traders to enter into more contracts, from which they are deducted a constant percentage.

The independent work of the sales department gives good results, the task of the agents is to organize sales, the task of the shop is to produce quality products. The functionality of the sales department is over time complemented by the functions of the advertising and marketing department, which must generate productive sales concepts, constantly replenishing the portfolio of large and small buyers.

In fact, the proposed overview is an instruction on how to create a small woodworking workshop and develop it to the level of a large woodworking factory. With a pragmatic approach, building a large business from scratch is possible even today.
We wish you good luck in your first steps and hope that our review has helped our readers start their own business and achieve great success. Despite the skepticism of many, it is possible to create a large business from scratch, the main thing is to plan everything carefully and not be afraid of work. Of course, the choice of the direction of business is of particular importance. It was in this choice that we decided to help you and facilitate your planning task.

Organization of manufacturing of furniture boards

To start manufacturing panels for furniture, opening a small-scale wholesale production, you need to buy equipment for the production of furniture panels. Of course, you can take a pure furniture production direction, but where is the guarantee that the manufactured furniture will be in demand by customers? But the furniture board allows you to create a regular clientele of small wholesale customers who can provide a reliable and constant income. Sale of furniture boards does not create any problems in the modern development of the furniture industry and construction.

Of course, it is more profitable to open a panel production in a place close to the developed forests, close to the sawmills. Indeed, in this case, lumber will be much cheaper. But good results are obtained by woodworking shops using imported raw materials. It is important that the distance over which the timber will be delivered is not very large.

Coniferous shield manufacturing technology

Furniture boards are made from edged pine boards. It is also allowed in the manufacture of wood furniture panels, the use of a board that is not cut, but of high quality. At the same time, the material undergoes mandatory deep machining with subsequent gluing. In the production of furniture boards from pine, the main feature is that natural wood is used more efficiently, and the product itself has a much lower cost than solid wood. After all, the costs for the production of solid wood furniture panels are much higher.

If several types of wood are used, then the products produced are divided by types, making it easier to establish their cost. This is convenient when building trade relations with customers - furniture companies. The texture of the wood and its design give them the opportunity to sort furniture into designer and custom-made furniture. Products using natural wood of good quality are in wide demand nowadays.All these motives may well induce an entrepreneurial person to open a plant for the production of furniture panels in Russia.

Advantages of structural wood materials:

new manufacturing technologies preserve and emphasize the texture of natural wood;
structures created by gluing differ from arrays in that they are subsequently able to maintain their geometric dimensions and do not shrink;
panels made using the gluing technology are an environmentally friendly product that can be used without restrictions for the production of furniture and interior decoration;
furniture glued panels can be made of any size, without taking into account the size of the lumber used for this.

The production of semi-finished furniture products, which are in reliable high demand among customers, is a good basis for a woodworking business. The technology for the production of furniture boards involves the use of both hardwood and conifers, among which the most profitable and expensive is pine.

Stages of glued furniture board production:

drying of incoming timber;
processing of defective areas and calibration;
dissolution of the source material, elimination of the identified minor deficiencies;
cutting according to the specified parameters with the removal of low-quality sections;
spike connection of lamellas, glue application;
secondary calibration, removal of glue residues;
gluing furniture board;
removal of seams with defects;
trimming the finished shield to the specified format;
final calibration with grinding.

Along with the use of pine as a raw material, the production of furniture boards from oak is also widespread. Despite the high density of this type of wood and, accordingly, the severity of furniture made from it, customers are constantly interested in such products. After all, they are durable, have a beautiful texture and are very durable.

The production of birch furniture panels deserves a special discussion. It is a white, resilient and hard tree species. It has an iridescent moire pattern, a silky matte sheen. Along with a beautiful appearance, birch also has a very high strength, resistance to splitting. All these qualities are possessed by a furniture board made of birch.

Ash and larch have an unusually beautiful structure. These species are much less common, but they are also used in the woodworking industry.
A separate part of the business is the manufacture of custom-made furniture panels. The work requires a quick readjustment of equipment, a change in the established technological regime. But the cost of products with a custom-made nature is much higher. Before accepting orders for non-standard shields, you should think over and calculate everything. If the machines are fully loaded on standard products and there is a high demand for them, then it is unprofitable to work on order.
Chipboard (wood-particle board) is one of the most popular materials for the manufacture of furniture. It is very important that this material is obtained from woodworking waste, does not have a specific fiber orientation and is much cheaper than other types of raw materials for furniture production. Laminated furniture board is obtained by covering the surface of chipboard sheets with a laminate.

Equipment for starting a business

To open a new enterprise, you need to make purchases of the following equipment:

steaming dryer;
four-spindle universal machine;
double-sided surface gauge;
hot press for furniture board;
optimization line;
end connection ruler;
clamps for gluing furniture boards;
machine for applying glue;
clamps for gluing furniture board;
machine for cutting products by format;
aging apparatus to improve the texture of products.

It is very important that some of the listed machines can be made by hand, with at least a little experience in equipment design. This will be a significant savings in starting up production. Many large trading companies offer their clients equipment on lease or on credit. Of course, to pay for everything, you will need to work hard.

A good option would be to buy used equipment. In any case, with this option there will be no big debts. Based on the compiled list, the price of equipment for the manufacture of furniture boards will be approximately 2,200,000 rubles.

Planning the movement of finance

The main customers of the finished products of the workshop are companies that manufacture furniture from furniture boards. It is important that these are solvent partners and they did not create delays in transferring money for the products received.

Considering that the pine shield has a price of 130,000 rubles. per cubic meter, and the cost of unedged pine boards is 9,000 for the same cubic meter, the benefits of doing this production are obvious. When organizing entrepreneurship and with incomplete loading of equipment in the first three months of work, 19 cubic meters of products can be produced. And the cost of the specified volume of finished products will be 2,500,000 rubles.

Of course, the deductions for equipment operation and workers' salaries will be great. Together with utility bills, the total cost will be 430,000 rubles per month. The cost of purchasing raw materials usually does not exceed 10% of the amount of sales of commercial products, which is 260,000 rubles. Even taking into account VAT and income tax, the income for a month of work will be at least 1,500,000 rubles.

There is a pattern in business - the more expensive the equipment is, the more significant the production itself, the more profit an entrepreneur can count on. If no mistakes are made in the planning and organization of work, then any equipment will pay off within one and a half to two years. This is what you should focus on when starting a business. And, of course, do not allow serious mistakes in the organization of the workflow.

FEATURES OF FURNITURE SHIELD MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY

(SPbGLTA, St. Petersburg, RF)

The article places for consideration key regulations of the technology of manufacture furniture shield, as well as conditions and factors having influence on the quality of treatment of the furniture shield and its gluing.

Furniture board - as the main semi-finished product used in the production of solid wood cabinet furniture, stair parts, etc., is the most demanded environmentally friendly material. And at the same time, the process of its manufacture is characterized by labor-, material-, and energy-intensive, in contrast to the technology of manufacturing board materials such as particleboard, fiberboard, MDF.

The multi-operation of the technological process is due to the specifics of the material itself - wood- as an object of processing, used equipment and materials, as well as requirements for the quality of the final product. Wood with anisotropy of properties, different density, structure, defects, type of sawing significantly affects the choice of technology. There are several schemes of the technological process of manufacturing, but the most common and effective is the so-called “Swedish” technology. But in any case, adherence to technology, modes, processing parameters is a guarantee of obtaining a high quality furniture board that meets consumer and operational requirements. As a rule, lamellas in a furniture board are glued onto a smooth joint using PVAD-based adhesives with or without a hardener, if this is not specified in the terms of reference. Such binders have a transparent, elastic adhesive seam of high strength, which is necessary for furniture boards, withstand temperature and humidity deformations, mechanical stress. With the use of these adhesives in the bonding technology, HFC intensification or conductive heating can be applied.

It should be noted the following conditions of the technological process, without which gluing a high-quality shield is impossible:

Uniformity of moisture indicators of the quality of drying sawn timber. The final humidity required by the technology (for a furniture board it is 8 ± 1.5%). These tight moisture limits are due to operational and process requirements. The lower one is associated with the bonding process (surface wettability with a binder, absorbency, glue penetration), further mechanical processing of the shield (calibration, grinding, milling). Overdried wood worsens the quality of its processing, forms chips, peels off the fiber, and has low plasticity. Too high moisture content of the sawn timber to be processed leads to even worse problems when gluing the board, its further grinding and finishing. When planing, the quality of the planed surface of the lamellas is unsatisfactory due to the formation of hairiness. The high moisture content of the lamellas affects the duration of exposure in the hot press, the polymerization of the binder and the strength of the glue line. The inhomogeneity of the moisture indicators of the quality of sawn timber drying, especially the moisture differences over their cross section, as a result of cutting into lamellas, leads to the fact that slats with different moisture content that differ from the average fall into the assembled shield. This contributes to the appearance of various kinds of deformations. The tendency of the lamellas to an equilibrium moisture state in the glued board when it is kept under certain conditions contributes to their shrinkage and swelling to varying degrees. Such processes entail either warping of the shield, or cracking it at the ends during processing and operation.

Undoubtedly, the uniformity of moisture indicators of drying quality is a key condition for the production of furniture boards at a high level.

The geometry of the lamellas, i.e. rectangularity and dimensional stability. This is a very important condition for pressing. If it is not observed, proper contact between the gluing surfaces is not ensured, non-adhesion is formed along the entire length of the shield - this is a marriage. The geometry of the lamellas can be achieved by the accuracy of the equipment setting, the qualifications of the service personnel and the technical equipment of the machines on which the sawn timber is processed. Modern equipment makes it possible to fulfill this requirement, but not always. Plane planing guarantees geometry, if the knives in the planing drums are aligned perpendicular to the tables (planing bases) and the accuracy of the work of the clamps and feed rollers. When using Swedish technology, that is, planing sawn timber with simultaneous cutting into lamellas, the most accurate perpendicularity of the edges to be processed is ensured, since the saw shaft with the saw set is perpendicular to the tables. Correct positioning of the saw shaft in relation to the tables of a four-sided machine, as well as setting the clamps, will make it possible to obtain lamellas with strictly perpendicular sides.

The amount of binder applied to the glued surfaces (glue consumption). Consumption of glue is regulated by the supplier, but is specified by the conditions of gluing, viscosity, wood species, its moisture content, equipment for application, etc. The average consumption is 120-150 g / sq. m. Insufficient application of the binder is the reason for the low strength of the glue seam and, as a consequence, the unsticking of the board. Too high consumption - it is necessary to increase the holding time, both before pressing and during gluing, the productivity of the leading equipment drops sharply. In the technology of applying glue, it is convenient to use the roller method. The upper clamping is adjustable, the lower one is grooved with grooves, the depth and width of which have certain dimensions. In the process of applying it to the lamella, the glue should be located on the surface in the form of even stripes without breaks.

Pressing pressure. An essential condition for gluing, it is impossible to ensure proper contact between the surfaces to be glued without pressing pressure. The pressure does not have to be high to prevent deformation of the lamellas in the shield. The criterion for evaluating the pressing pressure is a small amount of glue protruding at the ends and on the surface of the shield.

The above conditions are necessary, failure to fulfill them entails serious economic problems for the enterprise. The percentage of scrap is increasing, it is good if it is tracked at the initial operations, and not in the final product from the consumer.

In addition to the basic conditions in the technology of manufacturing a furniture board, there are a number of features that should be mentioned.

Firstly, the duration of the technological holdings of the material. There is an opinion that the planed rail should not be in a free state for a long time, more than a day, that is, everything that was planed should be glued. This is due to the loss of activity of the adhesive surface, namely its oxidation and closure of wood pores. Exposure of the board after gluing before further machining. German experts believe that the glued board should be kept for at least 4 hours, some say at least 6. In any case, the boards must be maintained, especially after hot pressing, to ensure relaxation of temperature and humidity stresses arising during the gluing process.

Secondly, the pressing temperature. Temperature is an intensification of the process, for different breeds it must be regulated. For conifers, the pressing temperature should not exceed 75 - 80 ° C. If the drying of sawn timber was carried out without crystallization of the resin, then the high pressing temperature promotes the release of resin onto the surface of the shield, and this has an unsatisfactory effect on further grinding (the abrasive is quickly clogged with wood dust along with the resin), the grinding surface becomes wavy and in some cases burns. As a result, it is not the process of grinding as one of the types of wood cutting that takes place, but the rubbing of the wood. Consequently, finishing such a shield with paints and varnishes will be problematic. For hardwoods, especially oak, there is no need for high temperatures. The basic density of oak is much higher than that of pine, and therefore the thermal conductivity is higher. In addition to temperature, the polymerization of the binder is also influenced by the duration of exposure of the shields in a hot press. It is believed that for conifers the exposure time is at least 1.5 - 2 minutes for each centimeter of shield thickness at a temperature on the surface of the press plates of 75 - 80 ° C. For hardwoods, these values should be adjusted depending on the breed of its original moisture content and other factors. Specifically for oak furniture board, exposure should not be long, as well as high temperature, since tannin dyes are released and, when interacting with a binder, a dark adhesive seam is formed.

Thirdly, when recruiting a shield, the condition of the correct orientation of annual layers in adjacent lamellas, as well as radial, tangential and mixed cuts, must be observed, especially for oak materials. It is impossible to allow different sawing rails in the same panel; strict sorting must be carried out. Failure to meet these conditions in a place with poor-quality wood drying entails serious consequences when using such panels. Different shrinkage (swelling) in the radial and tangential directions, when the shields are kept under certain conditions, can cause their severe deformation and violation of their integrity.

In conclusion of this work, the following should be noted, all the listed features of the technology for manufacturing a furniture board are only a small part of a huge issue. The answers to which lie in the specificity and originality of the problem under study, since few of the furniture board manufacturers pay due attention to its technology, to increase the useful yield during cutting, improve quality, and rational use of wood as a product of wildlife.