Functionally style types of speech. General characteristics of the functional styles of the Russian language. Functional styles of the modern Russian language

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….

1. Style. General characteristics of functional styles of speech …………

2. Official business style of speech ……………………………………….

3. Scientific style …………………………………………………………

4. Publicistic …………………………………………………… ..

5. Artistic ……………………………………………………….

6. Conversational …………………………………………………………

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….

Application …………………………………………………………………

List of used literature ……………………………………… ..

INTRODUCTION

§1. Understanding Styles

The Russian language is a broad, all-encompassing concept. Laws and scientific works, novels and poems, newspaper articles and court records are written in this language. The Russian language has endless possibilities for expressing thoughts, developing a variety of topics, creating works of any genre. However, it is necessary to use language resources skillfully, taking into account the speech situation, the goals and content of the utterance, its targeting. How different, for example, in style are a private letter and a memo addressed to the chief! The same information gets a different linguistic expression.

What is style?

The word style comes from the Latin language (stilus), where it meant a pointed stick for writing. Nowadays, the word style, in short, means the manner of writing. In linguistics, there are more detailed definitions of the term.

1) Style is a variety of language, fixed in a given society by tradition for one of the most common spheres of social life and partially different from other varieties of the same language in all basic parameters - vocabulary, grammar, phonetics.

2) Style is a generally accepted manner, the usual way of performing a particular type of speech acts: an orator's speech, an article in a newspaper, a scientific lecture, a court speech, everyday dialogue.

3) Style - an individual manner, the way in which a given speech act or literary and artistic work is performed.

§3. Functional speech styles (general characteristics)

Our speech in a formal setting (lecturing, speaking at a scientific conference or at a business meeting) differs from that which is used in an informal setting (conversation at the festive table, friendly conversation, dialogue with relatives).

Depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication, there is a selection of linguistic means. As a result, varieties of a single literary language are created, called functional styles.

Functional styles are understood as historically established and socially fixed systems of speech means used in a particular sphere of communication or a field of professional activity.

In modern Russian literary language, there are book functional styles:

Scientific,

Formal business,

Journalistic,

Literary and artistic,

who appear primarily in written language, and

· colloquial , which is characterized mainly by the oral form of speech.

Each of the five styles has a number of specific speech characteristics.

In the field of scientific activity (when writing scientific articles, term and diploma works, monographs and dissertations), it is customary to use scientific style, the main properties of which are clarity and consistency of presentation, as well as the absence of expression of emotions.

Formal business style serves to transfer information in the field of management. The formal business style is used in statements, powers of attorney, business letters, orders and laws. For him, even more than for the scientific style, clarity and unemotionality of presentation are important. Another important property of the official business style is standard. People who draw up statements, orders or laws are obliged to follow tradition and write as they wrote before them, as it is customary.

Another bookish style of literary language - journalistic. It is used in cases where it is necessary not only to convey information, but also to influence in a certain way the thoughts or feelings of people, to interest them or to convince them of something. The journalistic style is the style of news or analytical programs on television and radio, the style of newspapers, the style of speaking at meetings. In contrast to the scientific and official-business style, the journalistic style is characterized by expressiveness and emotionality.

Opposed to all book styles, as mentioned above, conversational style. This is a style that is used in informal everyday, everyday communication between people in a previously unprepared oral speech. Therefore, its characteristic features are incomplete expression and emotionality.

The style is in a special way correlates with all the listed styles fiction... Since literature reflects all spheres of human life, it can use the means of any styles of the literary language, and, if necessary, not only them, but also dialects, jargons and vernacular. The main function of the language of fiction is aesthetic.

The main feature of the stylistics of artistic speech is the search for the specifics of the artistic text, the creative self-expression of the artist of the word.

§4. Genres of functional speech styles

Functional speech styles are implemented in various genres.

1. Scientific: textbooks on the specialty, monograph, scientific article, abstract, abstract, synopsis, abstracts, term paper, lecture, thesis.

2. Official business: documents, business letters, reports, orders, orders, contracts, decrees, business conversations.

3.Journalistic: parliamentary speech, reports, interviews, essay, feuilleton, discussion speech, information note.

4. Art: novel, story, story, short story, essay, poem, poem, ballad.

5.Colloquial: conversations in the family, showdown, discussion of plans, companionship, anecdote.

TOPIC 2. OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE OF SPEECH

§1. Official business style of speech (general characteristics)

A formal business style is a style that serves the legal and public administration. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in government agencies, in court, as well as in various types of business oral communication.

Among the book styles, the formal-business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically formed genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic turns of phrase - give it a generally conservative character.

The formal business style is characterized by dryness, lack of emotionally charged words, brevity, and compact presentation.

In official papers, the set of used language means is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is the language clichés, or the so-called clichés (fr. clich). A document is not expected to show the individuality of its author; on the contrary, the more clichéd the document is, the more convenient it is to use it.

Formal business style- this is the style of documents of different genres: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, statutes, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. But, despite the differences in content and the variety of genres, the formal business style as a whole is characterized by common and most important features. These include:

1) accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;

2) locale.

These features find their expression a) in the selection of linguistic means (lexical, morphological and syntactic); b) in the preparation of business documents.

Consider the features of the vocabulary, morphology and syntax of the official business style.

§2. Linguistic signs of the official business style of speech

Lexical signs of the official business style of speech

The lexical (vocabulary) system of the official business style, in addition to general book and neutral words, includes:

1) language stamps (stationery, cliche) : raise a question, on the basis of a decision, incoming-outgoing documents, to impose control over the execution, after the expiration of the term.

2) professional terminology : arrears, alibis, black cash, shadow business;

3) archaisms : I certify this, this document.

In the official business style, the use of polysemous words, as well as words in figurative meanings, is unacceptable, and synonyms are used extremely rarely and, as a rule, belong to the same style: supply = supply = collateral, solvency = creditworthiness, depreciation = amortization, appropriation = subsidy and etc.

Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized. In the official document, preference is given to generic terms, for example: arrive (instead of come, fly, come etc.), vehicle (instead of bus, plane, "Zhiguli" etc.), locality (instead of village, city, countryside etc.), etc.

Morphological signs of the official business style of speech

The morphological features of this style include the repeated (frequency) use of certain parts of speech (and their types). These include the following:

1) nouns - the names of people based on a feature caused by an action ( taxpayer, tenant, witness);

2) nouns denoting positions and titles in the masculine form ( Sergeant Petrova, inspector Ivanova);

3) verbal nouns with particle not-(deprivation, non-compliance, non-recognition);

Stylistics(the word "style" comes from the name of the needle, or the stylet which the ancient Greeks wrote on wax tablets) - this is a section of the science of language that studies the styles of the literary language (functional styles of speech), the regularities of the functioning of the language in different spheres of use, the peculiarities of the use of language means in depending on the setting, content and goals of the statement, the scope and condition of communication. Stylistics introduces the stylistic system of the literary language at all its levels and the stylistic organization of correct (in compliance with the norms of the literary language), accurate, logical and expressive speech.

Stylistics teaches the conscious and appropriate use of the laws of language and the use of language means in speech.

There are two directions in linguistic stylistics: language stylistics and speech stylistics (functional stylistics). The stylistics of the language examines the stylistic structure of the language, describes the stylistic means of vocabulary, phraseology and grammar.

Functional stylistics studies, first of all, various types of speech, their conditioning by different goals of the statement. MN Kozhina gives the following definition: "Functional stylistics is a linguistic science that studies the features and patterns of the functioning of language in various types of speech, corresponding to certain spheres of human activity and communication, as well as the speech structure of the resulting functional styles and" norms "Selection and combination of linguistic means in them."

At its core, stylistics should be consistently functional. It should reveal the connection between different types of speech with the topic, the purpose of the statement, with the conditions of communication, the addressee of the speech, the attitude of the author to the subject of speech. The most important category of stylistics are functional styles- varieties of literary speech (literary language) serving various aspects of social life. Styles- these are different ways of using the language when communicating.

Each style of speech is characterized by both the originality of the selection of linguistic means, and their unique combination with each other.

Thus, there are five styles of the Russian literary language:

Colloquial;

Formal and business;

Scientific;

Journalistic;

Art.

Speaking serves for direct communication, when we share our thoughts or feelings with others, exchange information on everyday issues. It often uses colloquial and vernacular vocabulary. The conversational style is characterized by emotionality, imagery, concreteness, simplicity of speech.

In colloquial speech, the emotionality of the statement, in contrast to artistic speech, is not the result of creative labor, artistic skill. She is a live reaction to events, to the actions of people around her.

Easy communication leads to greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words are used more widely (to be stupid, gibberish, talking shop, giggle, giggle), vernacular (laugh, rogues, aho-vy, dumb), slang (ancestors - parents ).

In colloquial speech, words with suffixes are often used, especially diminutives: candle, candle (neutral candle), window, window (neutral window), etc.

The conversational style is characterized by simple sentences, a dialogical form of speech, and appeals. The content of colloquial speech, sounding during direct communication, is replenished by the situation of speech. Therefore, the colloquial style is inherent in incomplete sentences: in them only that which supplements the interlocutor's remarks with new information that develops the topic of speech finds expression.

An example of colloquial speech: A month before leaving Moscow, we had no money - it was dad who was preparing for fishing ... And then the fishing began. My father sat down on the shore, laid out his entire household, lowered the cage into the water, threw his fishing rods - there was no fish.

Scientific style Is the style of scientific communication. Its genres are scientific article, educational literature.

The scientific style of speech is characterized by the use of terms and abstract words; Emotional vocabulary of a colloquial nature, phraseological units, etc; is completely excluded; the wide use of verbal nouns, participles and participles, the predominance of the genitive and nominative case of the name, the verbal forms of the present tense of the 3rd person, etc .; the use of complex sentences, including multicomponent ones, etc.

The main purpose of a scientific text is to describe phenomena, objects, name them and explain. Common features of the scientific style vocabulary are: the use of words in their direct meaning; lack of figurative means (epithets, metaphors, artistic comparisons, hyperbole, etc.)? wide use of abstract vocabulary and terms. For example: The most important economic and biological characteristics of varieties are: resistance to growing conditions (climate, soil, pests and diseases), durability, transportability and storage duration. (G. Fetisov)

Formal business style used for communication, informing in an official setting (sphere of legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). Within the framework of this style, various documents are drawn up: laws, orders, decrees, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates.

In the official business style, there is no place for the manifestation of the author's individuality, therefore its main style trait is formality and accuracy. The business style is characterized by a special vocabulary (resolution, protocol, resolution, etc.) and stable combinations (make a decision, consider invalid, indicate, should be borne in mind, etc.).

An example of a formal business style of speech:

SYSTEM MENU

The system menu is invoked by the button located in the upper left corner of the window. The commands in this menu are standardized for all applications in the Windows environment. A system menu is available in every document window. It can be called even if the window is minimized to the icon by clicking on the icon once with the mouse button. There is also a way to open the system menu through the keyboard - using a key combination.

System menu commands are selected using the mouse, cursor keys, or by entering the letters underlined in the command name along with. (V. Pasko)

Journalistic style- this is the style of newspapers, magazines, literary critical books and articles, speeches on social and political topics in any audience in direct contact with the addressees of the speech, as well as speeches on radio, television, etc.

The main task is to influence the listener or reader in order to induce him (them) to act, think, etc. The main topic is socio-political and moral-ethical problems.

In speeches on social and political topics, there is a lot of specific vocabulary and phraseological units: society, de-baty, parliament, harsh measures, social explosion, standing on guard, etc.

In order to influence the listener or reader in journalism, words and expressions are widely used that have a positive-evaluative (valiant, wonderful, etc.) and negative-evaluative coloration (deceitful human love, thugs, the yellow press, and etc.).

The journalistic style is more free in the choice of linguistic means than the scientific and business style. In journalism, proverbs, catchphrases, phraseological units, artistic and pictorial means (comparisons, metaphors, etc.), colloquial vocabulary are appropriate; interrogative (often rhetorical questions) and exclamation sentences, addresses and other techniques are widely used.

An example of a journalistic style of speech:

Needless to say that Russia is rich in natural resources, mineral reserves - everyone knows about this. But its real wealth is people, their mind, knowledge and experience. Outside of Russia, they have long understood what the truly inexhaustible source of our wealth is. As before, many young scientists are trying to leave for the West. And the reason for this is not always money. Often there is no necessary equipment in laboratories, conditions for work. How to fix the situation? First of all, you need to learn how to correctly evaluate knowledge - the way it is done in all developed countries (according to V.A.Makarov)

Fiction speech- speech of fiction (prose and poetry). Fictional speech, influencing the imagination and feelings of readers, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by imagery, emotionality.

The emotionality of artistic speech differs significantly from the emotionality of colloquial everyday life and publicistic styles, primarily in that it performs an aesthetic function.

Elements of other styles easily penetrate into artistic speech, if they are necessary for the implementation of certain goals and objectives, therefore it is distinguished by its diversity, stylistic multicolor. So, to recreate a historical era, writers use historicisms (or archaisms), to describe the life of people of any locality - dialectisms, etc.

An example of artistic speech:

“Everything that you meet on Nevsky Prospekt, everything is full of decency: men in long frock coats, with their hands tucked into their pockets, ladies in hats. Here you will meet the only sideburns, missed with extraordinary vein and amazing art under a tie, velvet, satin, black sideburns, like sable or coal, but, alas, belonging to only one foreign collection ...

Here you will find a wonderful mustache, no feather, no brush can be depicted; the mustache, to which the best half of life is devoted, is the subject of long vigils during the day and night, the mustache on which the most delightful perfumes and aromas poured out ... Thousands of varieties of hats, dresses, scarves - colorful, light, ... - will blind you even whom on Nevsky Prospect. (N. Gogol)

Depending on the purpose and setting of communication in the Russian language, five basic phytosanitary systems are distinguished. p .: colloquial style, scientific style, formal business style, journalistic style and ... Dictionary of literary terms

Speech is a historically developed system of speech means used in a particular area of human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication. There are 5 functional styles: scientific significance ... ... Wikipedia

Styles allocated in accordance with the main functions of the language associated with a particular area of human activity (see the functions of language). Functional styles do not form closed systems, there is wide interaction between styles, influence ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

FUNCTIONAL STYLES- FUNCTIONAL STYLES. Styles allocated in accordance with the main functions of the language associated with a particular area of human activity. F. s. do not form closed systems, there is a wide interaction between styles, the influence of one on ... ... New Dictionary of Methodological Terms and Concepts (Theory and Practice of Language Teaching)

Functional styles in relation to colloquial speech and artistic speech- - see Artistic style of speech, or artistically pictorial, artistically fictional; Conversational style ...

This article is missing links to sources of information. The information must be verifiable, otherwise it can be questioned and deleted. You can ... Wikipedia

Main article: Functional styles of speech Scientific style is a functional style of speech, a literary language, which is characterized by a number of features: preliminary reflection of the statement, monologue, strict selection of linguistic means, ... ... Wikipedia

Artistic style of speech, or art-pictorial, art-fiction- - one of the functional styles (see), characterizing the type of speech in the aesthetic sphere of communication: verbal works of art. The constructive principle of H. c. R. - contextual translation of a word of a concept into a word image; specific style trait - ... ... Stylistic Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language

Functional style, or functional type of language, functional type of speech- is a historically developed, socially conscious speech variety, which has a specific character (its speech systemicity - see), formed as a result of the implementation of special principles of selection and combination of linguistic means, this is ... ... Stylistic Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language

SPEECH DEVELOPMENT at school- purposeful ped. activities for the formation of students' speech equipping schoolchildren with practical skills. possession of relatives lit. language as a means of communication. In the process of working on R. p. students master pronunciation, lexicon., morphological. and… … Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia

Books

Russian language. Culture of speech, T. E. Timoshenko. The textbook describes the characteristics of the language as a sign system of information transmission; functions, basic units and types of communication are considered; functional styles of speech are described; presented by ... eBook
Functional styles. Study guide, Shchenikova Elena Viktorovna. The textbook presents the characteristics of the functional styles of the modern Russian literary language, distinguished within the framework of the classical system of five styles. The manual is intended for ...

Texts in Russian differ significantly in terms of word choice and information content. How the text will look, what impression it will make, depends on what style of speech we have chosen. We will talk about the styles of speech.

What are Speech Styles

It is correct to call them functional styles of speech. From the name alone, we can conclude that the style depends on what function is to be performed by the text. Depending on whether it is necessary to convey information scientifically, officially, or simply to tell some story from life, who is the addressee of the expression, we choose the appropriate style.

Let's talk briefly about the styles of speech.

Scientific style

This is the style of the encyclopedia. It is characterized by accuracy and concreteness, unambiguity, evidence. Usually some facts and figures are given in the text. It is customary to use different terms.

The scientific style is used in encyclopedias, textbooks, scientific articles, answers in lessons. In this style, approximate values and general words are not allowed.

Formal business style

Document style. As a rule, it is also used in writing. In it, approximately and abstract reasoning is also inadmissible. This is the most regimented style. The creation of texts in this style is taught to schoolchildren in the 7th grade Russian language lessons.

The writer knows where and what to write, and such a clear structure is necessary to make it easier for people working with documents to navigate through a variety of papers, as well as to avoid the possibility of ambiguous understanding and interpretation. A standard form, language clichés, etc. are used.

An example of a text in a formal business style is a statement or memo.

Journalistic style

Newspaper style. He is characterized by a special emotion. Its purpose is to influence the reader or listener. Expressive vocabulary, rhetorical figures (questions, exclamations, addresses, etc.) are used. In this style, texts of public speeches, articles "on the topic of the day", etc. are created. Anyone who uses a journalistic style seeks to convince us of something, to form public opinion. This is a rather aggressive style, sharp statements, generalizations, puns, assessments, etc. are appropriate in it.

Conversational style

Conversation style. It uses a lot of colloquial words (but not swearing, etc., since this is the style of the literary language, and slang, obscene language lies outside of it). The topics of the conversational style are the most common, the sentences are short and expressive, the vocabulary is relaxed, capacious and colorful. We meet the colloquial style mainly in oral speech, its favorite form is dialogue. Signs of the spoken style include the significant role of non-linguistic means of expressiveness: facial expressions, intonation, and the like.

Fiction style

Its goal is to create an artistic image. Literary works are created in this style. It also affects the reader, but not through the mind, but through an aesthetic experience. The writer strives to find the most accurate and expressive words, uses various tropes, unusual syntax.

The style of fiction can include, depending on the author's intention, elements of any style, or several styles, or even non-literary words (for example, slang).

How to determine the style of text

Speech styles are studied by a special section of linguistics - stylistics.

To determine the style of speech in Russian, you need to pay attention to several signs: the purpose of the utterance;
vocabulary;
form and genre;
is it oral or written;
who is the addressee of the text.

Besides, each style has its own peculiarities.

Speech styles and their features are shown in the table below.

Speech style	goal	peculiarities	where is used
Official business	Create document	Significant uniformity; special words - clerical	document
	Report scientific information	Exact numbers, a lot of information, terms	encyclopedia, textbook
Colloquial	About something to tell	Colloquial vocabulary, short sentences, simple syntax	oral speech
Journalistic	Convince the reader of something	Rhetorical figures, expressive vocabulary	newspaper, oral presentation
Art	Create an artistic image	Expressive means, there is an image	literary work

What have we learned?

There are several functional styles in the Russian language. Each of them has its own goals and objectives, genres and addressees, goals and linguistic means. In order not to be mistaken in determining the style, it is necessary to take into account all these factors. The style of fiction, which combines many styles, stands apart.

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Depending on which group of readers the text is addressed to, it can be different in style of presentation. The result of the impact on the reader depends on the style of the text. Let's talk about the differences, how to choose the right style of storytelling, where and which one is appropriate to use.

The style of the text is a system of means of expressiveness of the language, which is usually used in a certain communicative environment.

Its application depends on:

the situation in which the text is used;
audience of readers;
goals of the story.

One and the same phenomenon can be written in completely different ways. Here's an example of describing rain in different styles:

The Emergencies Ministry warns that heavy rains with hail and gusts of wind up to 20 m / s are expected in the next day.
The first autumn rain was pouring outside the window. In the puddles, yellowing, and in some places even green foliage was reflected. The wind exposed the dark branches of the trees and tore at the withered leaves. The sidewalks were like raging rivers overflowing their banks.

In the first case, the official business style is used. It is designed for a wide audience. Its purpose is to convey information dryly and concisely without using means of expression, to warn the reader about bad weather.

The second example uses an artistic style of storytelling. Means of expressiveness are used: epithets, metaphor. Its purpose is to describe the beauty of nature, to create a certain visual image for the reader. The audience is readers of fiction.

What styles exist in Russian

There are 5 styles of storytelling in Russian:

Formal business.
Publicistic.
Colloquial.
Art.
Scientific.

Styles differ in scope, purpose of presentation, lexical features and sentence structure.

Let's consider in more detail the characteristics of each type.

Scientific

Scope of use - educational literature, research, dissertations, theses, scientific articles.

The goal is a demonstrative presentation of scientific material, a description of the laws of phenomena.

The scientific style is distinguished by the preliminary thinking of the statement, the strict selection of linguistic means. The vocabulary is characterized by:

special terminology;
complex sentences;
long paragraphs;
there are more nouns than verbs;
impersonality - instead of "I", "we" is used.

The scientific style is characterized by accuracy, strict consistency, clarity of presentation.

Types of scientific style

Official business

This style is used for writing documents, laws, official papers and letters, orders, decrees, notifications, complaints, statements, reports, invoices. The goal is the accurate transmission of business information.

Lexical features:

lack of emotionally colored vocabulary,
standardized turns of speech - clericalism;
stable expressions are cliches.

The style is characterized by stereotyped constructions, a clear sequence of presentation.

Formal business style

Art

Used in works of art: novels, stories, poems, poems. This is the language of writers and poets.

The goal is to influence the imagination and feelings of the reader, as well as inform him about something. Each writer has his own individual style, which includes colloquial, high vocabulary, neutral words.

The main features of the style:

the use of a large number of means of expression;
the use of words in a figurative sense;
allegorical, metaphorical;
an abundance of epithets and adjectives;
imagery and emotionality.

In addition to information, text has an aesthetic function.

Journalistic

This is the style of newspapers, magazines, news portals, that is, the media. The purpose of the text is to influence the emotions of the reader, to draw attention to a certain problem or phenomenon.

The journalistic style is characterized by:

socio-political vocabulary;
consistency;
imagery;
emotionality;
evaluativeness;
conscription.

Differs in a variety of topics that are usually relevant at a given time: political, moral, social, everyday. The text contains a call to the mind and feelings of the reader. Designed for a wide audience.

Colloquial

The conversational style is used in everyday life. People share their thoughts and feelings with others, exchange information on everyday issues, use colloquial and vernacular vocabulary.

It is a style that reflects people's speech in writing. The vocabulary is taken from everyday life, contains an abundance of colloquial and colloquial words. This is the style of speaking, in the text version it is used in the blog, in communication on the forums. Used to create a relaxed atmosphere.

The purpose of the text is to convey an informational message, exchange thoughts and feelings, and solve everyday issues.

This style is characterized by:

emotionality;
imagery;
colloquial vocabulary;
text without word selection;
common words;
slang.

This is the style of speaking, in the text version it is used in the blog, in communication on the forums. A striking example is dialogue.

How to define text styles

If you carefully read the features of each text style, you will be able to recognize it without much difficulty. This requires:

Understand where the text is written and to whom it is addressed. If you have an art book in front of you, then the style will be art. If the article is in a scientific journal or textbook, then most likely the text is written in a scientific style. The journalistic style can be seen on a news portal, in a popular magazine, in a newspaper article. In official documentation and business papers, only the official business style can be used.
Pay attention to the vocabulary. If you see slang or colloquial words, then the style of the text is colloquial. Special terms are found in a scientific text, and clerical terms are found in an official business one.
Decide on the purpose of the text. The educational material is designed to logically convey knowledge to the reader. If the purpose of the text is to convey a certain idea, thought, to discuss a topical topic, then you are most likely talking about journalism. A fictional text has the goal of creating an image for the reader, a picture of the described phenomenon or event. The purpose of a business document is to convey information in a concise form, as specific as possible.

Usually, in the third step, you can confidently say which style text is in front of the reader. This diagram will help you remember what questions you need to ask in order to correctly recognize the style:

Examples of texts of different styles

To better understand what the text of each style looks like, here are some illustrative examples.

Scientific

Here is a small text from a physics textbook:

An example of a scientific style

Here we see special vocabulary:

"electrical circuit";
"Voltage source";
"Consumer of current";
"resistor";
"conductor";

The sentences are complex. There is an introductory construction "by the way".

Official business

An example of an official business style - instructions for filling out a car sale and purchase agreement:

An example of a formal business style

The vocabulary of this text is dry, without epithets and bright emotional coloring. The audience is narrow - the participants in the transaction or the person who will fill out the document. The contract is also drawn up in an official business style.

Art

The description of an oak tree in the famous novel by Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace" is a vivid example of an artistic, or literary, style:

Artistic style example

The text contains many epithets and adjectives, comparison, metaphor, allegory. The oak is compared to an old man, and the branches are like gnarled fingers.

Journalistic

An example of journalism is a description of a completed project on a news portal:

An example of journalistic style

The text is emotional, evaluative, inviting. The author's point of view is visible. It is addressed to a wide audience of readers. Raises the burning topic of waste recycling. All these are signs of a journalistic style.

Colloquial

As an example of colloquial speech, framed in text, we give a description of the famous keyboard simulator Stamina. The author made the instruction in the form of a blog, communicates with readers in simple spoken language with humor, slang and bright emotional coloring of speech:

An example of a conversational style

Types of speech

Speech type is a way of presenting information, constructing words and sentences in a logical order.

There are three types of speech:

narration;
description;
reasoning.

Let's consider the features of each type of speech.

Narration

A story about an event, phenomenon. Main features:

associated with a time period;
has a certain sequence of actions;
consistency of presentation;
the text answers the questions “what”, “where”, “when”;
a large number of verbs.

As a result of the narration, the reader becomes clear what happened, where and with whom. The story is characterized by the setting, development and outcome of events. Used in letters, memoirs, memoirs, diary entries.

Description

The purpose of the description is to verbally convey the phenomenon, tell about the qualities of the object, signs, create a visual or sensual image for the reader. You can describe people, animals, a certain place, event, phenomenon, the inner state of a person and any other phenomenon.

Comprises:

general characteristics of the subject, general impression;
signs, details;
overall assessment of the subject.

The speech is dominated by adjectives, adverbs, nouns. A minimum of verbs, unlike the narrative, the text is static. It can be used in a variety of styles of speech, most often artistic and scientific. In the latter, accuracy and detail are important, in the artistic - the creation of a certain image in front of the reader, only the brightest moments are described.

Reasoning

Reasoning is thinking, expressing thoughts and ideas, explaining the phenomena and properties of an object. The text answers the questions "why", "why".

Comprises:

thesis - a thought that needs to be proven;
substantiation of the thesis, supporting arguments with examples, evidence;
summary - results, conclusions.

The purpose of the text is to convince, explain, prove. The reasoning is characterized by rhetorical questions, a sequence of thoughts - "first", "second", "third", introductory constructions - "meanwhile", "in this way", "so", "because", " hence".

It is often found in scientific and fiction literature, philosophical treatises.

Comparative style sheets and speech types

Use the tables to quickly determine the style and type of speech.

Text Styles:

Text style	Style Description	Functions	Where is used
	Logical, aimed at describing laws, patterns, interactions of phenomena and objects. The vocabulary is dominated by special terms, general scientific words, nouns, mostly abstract.	Informational, educational, evidence-based.	Educational literature, methodological material, scientific works, reference books.
	Designed to influence the mind and feelings of readers. Designed to convey information to the general public in the media. The vocabulary is socio-political, emotionally colored.	Informational, motivational.	Articles, essays, reports, feuilletons, interviews.
	Serves for informing in an official setting. Used in legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities. Contains stamps, information is transmitted in a compressed form.	Information	Official documents: regulations, statements, information letters, complaints, orders, certificates.
	The artistic style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles. It is characterized by imagery, emotionality, concreteness of speech.	Informational, aesthetic.	Poems, poems, novels, plays, scripts.
	Transmits the speech of people in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and vernacular vocabulary.	Information	Dialogues, personal blog

Types of speech:

Speech type	Type Description	What style is used	Examples of
1. Description	Creates an image of a phenomenon, object, person through the disclosure of its features, signs, characteristics. The goal is to create a holistic image in the mind of the reader.	In all styles	1. A man in a black drape coat and a hat with narrow brim was walking along the street. He had a leather briefcase in his hands. 2. This variety of apples is characterized by large, up to 300 grams, fruits. The color of a ripe fruit can be from light green to white-yellow.
2. Narration	Reports an event in its temporal sequence. It talks about the following actions.	Fiction, especially memoirs, memoirs. Journalistic Colloquial	That morning I drank a strong cup of tea, took a bath with strawberry foam, got dressed, did my makeup with great care, and left at half past eight. It was snowing, the bus was gone for 15 minutes.
3. Reasoning	Reasoning is a verbal presentation, explanation, confirmation of any thought.	Scientific Art Journalistic	Learning a foreign language is not that difficult. The main thing is patience and regular practice. You can't do without them. Communication with native speakers helps in practice.

So, we looked at the different styles and types of speech. Even if you have a small text in front of you, you need to think about who it is addressed to, what the author wants to express to them, where it can be used. Pay attention to the vocabulary of the text. Words are beacons, clues to help define a style.