The initiator of the newspaper bell. "Bell. “Bell” - general characteristics

In London from 1857 to 1867. Went out 1 to 4 times a month; a total of 245 issues were published. Having emerged as “surplus sheets” to the “Polar Star”, “K.” quickly turned into an independent publication, embodying the urgent needs of the Russian revolutionary movement: it “... stood up for the liberation of the peasants. The slave’s silence was broken” (V.I. Lenin, Soch., vol. 18, p. 12). Coming out with the motto on the title page “Vivos voco” (“Calling the living” - the opening words from F. Schiller’s “Song of the Bell”), “K.” became the voice and conscience of the era, rallying around himself the advanced social forces in Russia and in exile on the basis of a broad program of socio-political transformations. Determining the meaning of the expanded “K.” agitation, Lenin wrote that Herzen “raised the banner of the revolution,” “the great banner of struggle by addressing the masses with free speech” (ibid., pp. 14, 15). The face of the newspaper was determined by the speeches of Herzen and Ogarev, as well as articles, notes and letters from Russia, program documents of underground revolutionary organizations (for example, “Land and Freedom”), materials on the history of the liberation struggle, secret government decrees that penetrated into “K.” through a wide network of secret correspondents. Among the latter are representatives of various opposition circles, from high-ranking officials to disgraced Decembrists and Petrashevites, including writers, publicists, critics (P.V. Annenkov, M.A. Bakunin, N.A. Dobrolyubov, S.S. Gromeka, N.A.Melgunov, K.D.Kavelin, I.S.Turgenev, N.I.Turgenev, E.Tur, N.I.Utin, etc.). VC." G. Garibaldi, V. Hugo, G. Mazzini, J. Michelet, P. Proudhon and others also participated. The abundance of incriminating material led to the release in 1859 of a special supplement to “K.” - “On trial!” "TO." was read throughout Russia: in the royal palace and among students, in ministries and peasant huts. During the revolutionary situation of 1859-1861, the circulation reached 2000-2500 copies. The decline of the revolutionary upsurge was manifested in a sharp decline in the social influence of “K.” Hoping to restore the authority of “K.”, Herzen moved the publication to Geneva in 1865. But disagreements with the Geneva “young emigration”, weakening of live contacts with Russia, increased political reaction and other reasons forced the publication to cease. Attempt to resume "K." in French (1868) did not find support among the French bourgeois democrats.

Issues of literature and art were subordinated to "K." tasks of revolutionary agitation, exposing the policies of tsarism, discrediting its representatives. “Funny and criminal, malicious and ignorant - everything goes to the “Bell” (Herzen A.I., Collected works, vol. 12, 1957, p. 358). In accordance with this, the problems of literary publications of “K.” were also published, where poems by M.Yu. Lermontov were published (“Alas! how boring this city is...”), N.A. Nekrasov (“Reflections at the Main Entrance”), accusatory poems by Ogarev, M.L. Mikhailov, P.I. Weinberg, V.R. Zotov and others. From time to time Herzen published in “K.” excerpts from “Past and Thoughts”. The struggle for merciless realism united “K.” and Sovremennik, despite differences on private issues, for example, in the assessment of the so-called “accusatory direction”, taken by Herzen as a harbinger of broad democratic glasnost. The consequence of Herzen’s liberal-enlightenment illusions was his article “Very dangerous!!!” (“Very Dangerous”, 1859), which marked the beginning of the “K.” controversy. with Sovremennik. At the same time, K., like Sovremennik, condemned “flight from social issues” and rebelled against aesthetic criticism. "TO." defended the idea of ​​continuity of revolutionary generations, defending in this regard the “superfluous people” of the 30s and 40s as victims of the Nikolaev reaction. In the article “Superfluous People and Bile People” (1860), Herzen opposed Sovremennik’s skeptical assessment of the historical role of the nobility, especially the noble intelligentsia of the era of Belinsky and Granovsky. “...To the superfluous people of those times,” Herzen pointed out in “Letters to a Future Friend” (1864), “the new generation owes it to the fact that it is not superfluous” (ibid., vol. 18, 1959, p. 89). By the mid-60s, the publishers of "K." They realized that Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov were right, pinning their hopes on the revolutionary raznochinstvo - “the young navigators of the future storm.” The social and aesthetic ideal of “K.” was a type of “Don Quixote of the Revolution.” Herzen found traits of this “highest type of humanity” in Pestel, Ryleev, Belinsky, Mazzini, Garibaldi. Devotion to the revolution and moral impeccability were for Herzen one of the decisive criteria in assessing the work of Turgenev and Nekrasov, Saltykov-Shchedrin and Dostoevsky, Grigorovich and Goncharov. Demanding compliance between the ethical and aesthetic, “K.” he was indignant against the petty-bourgeois narrow-mindedness of bourgeois society, which depersonalizes a person, expelling “the artistic element in life itself.” Bourgeois reality, it was said in “K. ”, is hostile to full-fledged art, depriving it of positive content. In the consciousness of hopelessness lies the greatness and limit of bourgeois art, which is the most distant from philistinism. In this direction it was rated “K.” The works of J. Byron, W. Hugo, C. Dickens, George Sand and others.

The newspaper shaped democratic views on international politics, European philosophy and sociology (commented on the works of Fourier, Saint-Simon, Proudhon, L. Blanc, Mill, Schopenhauer, etc.). "TO." outlined the main milestones in the history of socialism in Russia: indicated the historical place of the Petrashevites and Belinsky, characterized the teachings of Chernyshevsky, defended the “nihilism” of the Pisarevites as “science and doubt, research instead of faith” (“Order triumphs!”, 1886). The theory of “Russian socialism” of Herzen and Ogarev introduced into the consciousness of advanced society respect for the people as the creative force of history. On behalf of the people "K." pronounced judgment on the predatory reform of 1861, tore off the masks of the liberal-protective parties, indignant at the “slave” philosophy of Slavophile publications (“Russian Conversation”, newspaper “Day”), the opportunism of “Otechestvennye Zapiski”, the obsequious reactionism of the “Russian Messenger”, "Moskovskie Vedomosti". Great place in "K." focused on the fight against censorship repression.

The demand for “land and freedom”, the call “To the people! To the People” (“The Giant Awakens!”, 1861) found a warm response in advanced Russian literature. "TO." influenced many writers. Dispute with the position of “K.” regarding the fate of Russia and Europe, he determined the polemical plan of Turgenev’s novel “Smoke”. Reacted sensitively to the publications of “K.” M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in “Foolish” essays, “Satires in prose”, the chronicle “Our Social Life”. L.N. Tolstoy, who visited the publishers of “K.”, listened carefully to Herzen’s propaganda. in 1861. The direction of the newspaper was sympathized with D.I. Pisarev, T.G. Shevchenko, N.G. Pomyalovsky, V.A. Sleptsov and other writers and critics. In disputes with “K.” the social and ethical ideals of F.M. Dostoevsky were formed.

Reading "K." and communication with his publishers was punishable in Russia by hard labor and exile. The tsarist government took a number of measures to counter his influence. However, the newspaper continued to be “hidden but read.” "TO." contributed to the development of satirical journalism in the 60s (“Iskra” by V.S. Kurochkin). “K.”’s striking humor and his favorite genres—pamphlet, feuilleton, ironic commentary—were included in the arsenal of satirical journalism. Noting the continuity of revolutionary traditions, Lenin called the general democratic press with “K.” led by the predecessor of the workers' press (see Soch., vol. 20, p. 233). Experience "K." was widely used in Lenin's Iskra and other Bolshevik newspapers.

Brief literary encyclopedia in 9 volumes. State scientific publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia", vol. 3, M., 1966

Literature:

Lenin V.I., In Memory of Herzen, Works, 4th ed., vol. 18;

Lenin V.I., From the past of the workers' press in Russia, ibid., vol. 20;

Plekhanov G.V., Herzen the emigrant, Soch., vol. 23, M.-L., 1926;

Reiser S.A., Turgenev - employee of "Bell", in the collection: I.S. Turgenev, Orel, 1940;

Klevensky M.M., Herzen - publisher and his employees, “Literary Heritage”, vol. 41-42, M., 1941;

Smolin I.S., “Bell” (1857-1861), “Scientific notes of the Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute named after A.I. Herzen”, 1941, v. 39;

Smolin I.S., Tsarism in the fight against Herzen’s free press, ibid., 1947, vol. 61;

Yampolsky I.G., Nekrasov and Herzen, “Scientific Bulletin. Leningrad State University", 1947, No. 16-17;

Yampolsky I.G., “Iskra” V. Kurochkina and Herzen, “Scientific Notes of Leningrad State University. Series of Philological Sciences", 1948, c. 13, No. 90;

Basileva Z.P., “The Bell” by Herzen, M., 1949;

Kozmin B.P., Journalistic and journalistic activities of A.I. Herzen. “Polar Star” and “Bell”, M., 1956;

Kozmin B.P., Herzen’s speech against Sovremennik in 1859, “Izvestia of the USSR Academy of Sciences. OLYA”, 1952, vol. 11, c. 4;

Kozmin B.P., N.G. Chernyshevsky’s trip to London in 1859 and his negotiations with A.I. Herzen, ibid., 1953, vol. 12, century. 2;

Dementyev A.G., “The Bell” and the free press of A.I. Herzen, in his book: Essays on the history of Russian journalism 1840-1850, M.-L., 1951;

Nechkina M.V., N.G. Chernyshevsky and A.I. Herzen during the years of the revolutionary situation (1859-1861), “Izvestia of the USSR Academy of Sciences. OLYA”, 1954, vol. 13, c. 1;

Dryzhakova E.N., Controversy between “The Bell” and “Contemporary” in 1859-1860, “Scientific Notes of the Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute named after A.I. Herzen”, 1956, vol. 18, century. 5;

Radchenko E.S., (comp.) “Bell”. 1857-1867. Systematized list of articles and notes, M., 1957;

Sokolova M.A., Anonymous articles of Herzen in “The Bell”, in the collection: Problems and teachings of Herzen, M., 1963;

Porokh I.V., Herzen and Chernyshevsky Saratov, 1963.

(from number 197)

Circulation

Emphasizing the genetic connection between the “Polar Star” and the “Bell”, in the editorial of the first issue Herzen reprints the “Stars” program:

Such a program attracted liberal opposition circles, whose activity was increasingly increasing, and united wide and varied forces to create an anti-serfdom front.

Already in the advertisement printed on a separate sheet about the future edition of the Bell, which was sent out along with the third issue of the Polar Star, the famous motto of the newspaper appears. "Vivos voco!" - the first words of Schiller’s epigraph to “Song of the Bell” (): “Vivos voco. Mortuos plango. Fulgura frango" ( I'm calling the living. I mourn the dead. I crush lightning.).

Five years of success

The first eight issues of “The Bell” were published once a month, but with growing popularity, on February 15, 1858, the publication switched to a two-time publication, on the first and fifteenth. Subsequently, depending on the amount of correspondence and the importance of events, the frequency ranged from weekly to monthly. From November 1861 to June 1863, the newspaper was published 3-4 times a month. The volume of the newspaper was 8 (sometimes 10) pages. The sheets were printed on thin paper, which was easier to smuggle through customs. Page numbering was consistent across all newspaper issues, so the last page of the last 245th issue was numbered 2002. Appendixes “On trial! " and "General Assembly" were not included in the general pagination, and each of them had its own continuous numbering.

The regular uncensored publication turned out to be in demand among readers. Taking into account additional prints, over the ten years of the newspaper's existence, about half a million copies were published. At the time of the greatest popularity of the publication, the circulation of the issue reached 2500-3000 copies, and with repeated circulations up to 4500-5000, which became comparable to the circulation of the largest legal Russian newspapers (10-12 thousand copies) of that time. Sometimes the cost of a newspaper reaching a Russian reader increased ten times its face value.

The publication was immediately banned in Russia, and in the first half of 1858 the tsarist government managed to achieve an official ban on “The Bell” in Prussia, Saxony, Rome, Naples, and Frankfurt am Main. Nevertheless, Herzen manages to create ways for the relatively safe delivery of correspondence from Russia through a number of reliable addresses: Rothschild, booksellers Trübner, Frank, family friend Maria Reichel and others. Subsequently, many methods of distributing the newspaper and sending it across the border were taken as a model by publishers of other illegal and revolutionary publications. From time to time, Kolokol contains advice on using the most reliable channels and confirmation of receipt of certain correspondence. Letters and articles are published mostly under pseudonyms or anonymously. Based on the materials received from letters about events in Russia and abuses on the ground, a permanent department of small critical correspondence “Mixture” is published, the column “Is it true?” Often information from letters is processed by Herzen himself. Of the two thousand pages of The Bell, Herzen wrote about 1200.

Literary publications in Kolokol are subordinated to the tasks of agitation and exposing the policies of the authorities. In the newspaper you can find poetry by M. Yu. Lermontov, (“Alas! how boring this city is...”), N. A. Nekrasov (“Reflections at the Main Entrance”), accusatory poems by Ogarev, M. L. Mikhailov, P. I Weinberg, V. R. Zotov, etc. As in “Polar Star,” “Bell” publishes excerpts from “The Past and Thoughts.”

Among the correspondents of Herzen and Ogarev are employees of the ministries of internal and foreign affairs, the Holy Synod. Although the then state budget was not made public, Kolokol manages to obtain and publish the complete budget for the years 1860. Alexander II himself reads the newspaper. The uncensored platform of the Bell is used to publish open letters to the Tsar and Empress. The numbers in envelopes are sent to ministers and officials involved in the printed materials. Alexander II is forced to warn the ministers: “if you receive the newspaper, do not tell anyone about it, but leave it exclusively for personal reading.” The 27th issue of Kolokol announced: “We sent the last sheet of the Kolokol in an envelope addressed to the Sovereign. The importance of the “Dednovsky case” prompted us to do this. We hope that Dolgoruky<шеф жандармов и начальник III отделения >didn’t hide it.” Sometimes, during ministerial reports, the emperor recalled with gloomy humor that he had already read this in the Bell. “Tell Herzen not to scold me, otherwise I will not subscribe to his newspaper,” Alexander II sneers.

The emperor's indignation was caused by the “Letter to the Editor” published in the 25th issue. The letter contained the texts of almost a dozen secret documents - about censorship, about peasants, about the preparation of peasant reform. A personal resolution of Alexander II was cited, prohibiting the use of the word “progress” in official papers.

Decline in popularity

In 1862-1865. L. Fontaine published the newspaper “La Cloche” in Brussels, in which he reprinted, in French translation, the most significant articles and notes from Herzen’s “The Bell”. The publication La Cloche, which was unprofitable, was subsidized by G. G. Ustinov.

Due to the high demand for the publication, some of the issues of “The Bell” were re-published by the Free Russian Printing House. At least 52 issues of the newspaper are known, typed and reprinted. The second edition differed in design details; minor stylistic edits were made, old typos were corrected and new ones were added.

Bell N2.jpeg

First edition of the second issue

Kolokol newspaper 1857.jpg

Title of the second edition of the second issue.

On January 21, 1920, on the fiftieth anniversary of Herzen's death, a memorial edition of the same name was published in Petrograd:
"Bell". One-day newspaper in memory of A. I. Herzen. (Edited by M. K. Lemke. Published by the Museum of the Revolution).

In 1962-1964, a facsimile reissue of Herzen and Ogarev’s “The Bell” with appendices was carried out, prepared by the “Group for the Study of the Revolutionary Situation in Russia in the Late 1850s - Early 1860s.” An annotated facsimile reissue of the French “Kolokol” with Russian additions was published separately, in 1979.

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Notes

Literature

• Bell. Newspaper of A. I. Herzen and N. P. Ogarev. Issues I-IX. Facsimile edition. "Science", Moscow, 1962-1964. Circulation 6700 copies.
• Bell. Newspaper of A. I. Herzen and N. P. Ogarev. Issue X. Applications. Facsimile edition. "Science", Moscow, 1964. Circulation 6200 copies.
• Bell. Newspaper of A. I. Herzen and N. P. Ogarev. Issue XI. Pointers. "Science", Moscow, 1962. Circulation 7000 copies.
• Bell. Kolokol. Newspaper of A. I. Herzen and N. P. Ogarev. Translations. Comments. Pointers. "Science", Moscow, 1978. Circulation 6100 copies.
• Bell. Kolokol. Newspaper of A. I. Herzen and N. P. Ogarev. Facsimile edition. "Science", Moscow, 1979. Circulation 1000 copies.

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Excerpt characterizing the Bell (newspaper)

“Don’t tell me such things, I’m engaged and love someone else,” she said quickly... “She looked at him. Anatole was not embarrassed or upset by what she said.
- Don't tell me about this. What do I care? - he said. “I’m saying that I’m madly, madly in love with you.” Is it my fault that you are amazing? Let's start.
Natasha, animated and anxious, looked around her with wide, frightened eyes and seemed more cheerful than usual. She remembered almost nothing of what happened that evening. They danced the Ecossaise and Gros Vater, her father invited her to leave, she asked to stay. Wherever she was, no matter who she spoke to, she felt his gaze on her. Then she remembered that she asked her father for permission to go to the dressing room to straighten her dress, that Helen followed her, told her laughing about her brother’s love, and that in the small sofa room she again met Anatole, that Helen disappeared somewhere, they were left alone and Anatole, Taking her hand, he said in a gentle voice:
- I can’t go to you, but will I really never see you? I love you madly. Really never?...” and he, blocking her path, brought his face closer to hers.
His brilliant, large, masculine eyes were so close to her eyes that she saw nothing but these eyes.
- Natalie?! – his voice whispered questioningly, and someone painfully squeezed her hands.
- Natalie?!
“I don’t understand anything, I have nothing to say,” said her look.
Hot lips pressed against hers and at that very moment she felt free again, and the noise of Helen’s steps and dress was heard in the room. Natasha looked back at Helen, then, red and trembling, looked at him with frightened questioning and went to the door.
“Un mot, un seul, au nom de Dieu, [One word, only one, for God’s sake,” said Anatole.
She stopped. She really needed him to say this word, which would explain to her what had happened and to which she would answer him.
“Nathalie, un mot, un seul,” he kept repeating, apparently not knowing what to say, and he repeated it until Helen approached them.
Helen and Natasha went out into the living room again. Without staying for dinner, the Rostovs left.
Returning home, Natasha did not sleep all night: she was tormented by the insoluble question of who she loved, Anatole or Prince Andrei. She loved Prince Andrei - she remembered clearly how much she loved him. But she loved Anatole too, that was certain. “Otherwise, how could all this have happened?” she thought. “If after that, when I said goodbye to him, I could answer his smile with a smile, if I could allow this to happen, then it means that I fell in love with him from the first minute. This means that he is kind, noble and beautiful, and it was impossible not to love him. What should I do when I love him and love another? she told herself, not finding answers to these terrible questions.

The morning came with its worries and bustle. Everyone stood up, moved around, started talking, the milliners came again, Marya Dmitrievna came out again and called for tea. Natasha, with wide-open eyes, as if she wanted to intercept every glance directed at her, looked around restlessly at everyone and tried to seem the same as she had always been.
After breakfast, Marya Dmitrievna (this was her best time), sitting down in her chair, called Natasha and the old count to her.
“Well, my friends, now I’ve thought about the whole matter and here’s my advice to you,” she began. – Yesterday, as you know, I was with Prince Nikolai; Well, I talked to him... He decided to shout. You can't shout me down! I sang everything to him!
- What is he? - asked the count.
- What is he? madman... doesn’t want to hear; Well, what can I say, and so we tormented the poor girl,” said Marya Dmitrievna. “And my advice to you is to finish things off and go home to Otradnoye... and wait there...
- Oh, no! – Natasha screamed.
“No, let’s go,” said Marya Dmitrievna. - And wait there. “If the groom comes here now, there won’t be a quarrel, but here he will talk everything over alone with the old man and then come to you.”
Ilya Andreich approved this proposal, immediately understanding its reasonableness. If the old man relents, then all the better it will be to come to him in Moscow or Bald Mountains, later; if not, then it will be possible to get married against his will only in Otradnoye.
“And the true truth,” he said. “I regret that I went to him and took her,” said the old count.
- No, why regret it? Having been here, it was impossible not to pay respects. Well, if he doesn’t want to, that’s his business,” said Marya Dmitrievna, looking for something in her reticule. - Yes, and the dowry is ready, what else do you have to wait for? and what’s not ready, I’ll send it to you. Although I feel sorry for you, it’s better to go with God. “Having found what she was looking for in the reticule, she handed it to Natasha. It was a letter from Princess Marya. - He writes to you. How she suffers, poor thing! She is afraid that you will think that she does not love you.
“Yes, she doesn’t love me,” said Natasha.
“Nonsense, don’t talk,” Marya Dmitrievna shouted.
- I won’t trust anyone; “I know that he doesn’t love me,” Natasha said boldly, taking the letter, and her face expressed dry and angry determination, which made Marya Dmitrievna look at her more closely and frown.
“Don’t answer like that, mother,” she said. – What I say is true. Write an answer.
Natasha did not answer and went to her room to read Princess Marya’s letter.
Princess Marya wrote that she was in despair over the misunderstanding that had occurred between them. Whatever her father’s feelings, Princess Marya wrote, she asked Natasha to believe that she could not help but love her as the one chosen by her brother, for whose happiness she was ready to sacrifice everything.
“However,” she wrote, “don’t think that my father was ill-disposed towards you. He is a sick and old man who needs to be excused; but he is kind, generous and will love the one who will make his son happy.” Princess Marya further asked that Natasha set a time when she could see her again.
After reading the letter, Natasha sat down at the desk to write a response: “Chere princesse,” [Dear princess], she wrote quickly, mechanically and stopped. “What could she write next after everything that happened yesterday? Yes, yes, all this happened, and now everything is different,” she thought, sitting over the letter she had begun. “Should I refuse him? Is it really necessary? This is terrible!”... And in order not to think these terrible thoughts, she went to Sonya and together with her began to sort out the patterns.
After dinner, Natasha went to her room and again took Princess Marya’s letter. - “Is it really all over? she thought. Did all this really happen so quickly and destroy everything that was before”! She recalled with all her former strength her love for Prince Andrei and at the same time felt that she loved Kuragin. She vividly imagined herself as the wife of Prince Andrei, imagined the picture of happiness with him repeated so many times in her imagination, and at the same time, flushed with excitement, imagined all the details of her yesterday's meeting with Anatole.
“Why couldn’t it be together? sometimes, in complete eclipse, she thought. Then only I would be completely happy, but now I have to choose and without either of both I cannot be happy. One thing, she thought, to say what was meant to Prince Andrei or to hide it is equally impossible. And nothing is spoiled with this. But is it really possible to part forever with this happiness of Prince Andrei’s love, which I lived with for so long?”
“Young lady,” the girl said in a whisper with a mysterious look, entering the room. - One person told me to tell it. The girl handed over the letter. “Only for Christ’s sake,” the girl was still saying when Natasha, without thinking, broke the seal with a mechanical movement and read Anatole’s love letter, of which she, without understanding a word, understood only one thing - that this letter was from him, from that man, whom she loves. “Yes, she loves, otherwise how could what happened happen? Could there be a love letter from him in her hand?”
With shaking hands, Natasha held this passionate, love letter, composed for Anatoly by Dolokhov, and, reading it, found in it echoes of everything that it seemed to her that she herself felt.
“Since last night, my fate has been decided: to be loved by you or to die. I have no other choice,” the letter began. Then he wrote that he knew that her relatives would not give her to him, Anatoly, that there were secret reasons for this that he alone could reveal to her, but that if she loved him, then she should say this word yes, and no human forces will not interfere with their bliss. Love will conquer everything. He will kidnap and take her to the ends of the world.
“Yes, yes, I love him!” thought Natasha, re-reading the letter for the twentieth time and looking for some special deep meaning in every word.
That evening Marya Dmitrievna went to the Arkharovs and invited the young ladies to go with her. Natasha stayed at home under the pretext of a headache.

Returning late in the evening, Sonya entered Natasha's room and, to her surprise, found her not undressed, sleeping on the sofa. On the table next to her lay an open letter from Anatole. Sonya took the letter and began to read it.
She read and looked at the sleeping Natasha, looking on her face for an explanation of what she was reading, but did not find it. The face was quiet, meek and happy. Clutching her chest so as not to suffocate, Sonya, pale and trembling with fear and excitement, sat down on a chair and burst into tears.
“How did I not see anything? How could it have gone this far? Has she really stopped loving Prince Andrei? And how could she let Kuragin do this? He is a deceiver and a villain, that much is clear. What will happen to Nicolas, sweet, noble Nicolas, when he finds out about this? So this is what her excited, determined and unnatural face meant the third day, both yesterday and today, thought Sonya; but it cannot be that she loves him! Probably, not knowing from whom, she opened this letter. She's probably offended. She can't do this!
Sonya wiped away her tears and walked up to Natasha, again peering into her face.
- Natasha! – she said barely audible.
Natasha woke up and saw Sonya.
- Oh, she’s back?
And with the determination and tenderness that happens in moments of awakening, she hugged her friend, but noticing the embarrassment on Sonya’s face, Natasha’s face expressed embarrassment and suspicion.
- Sonya, have you read the letter? - she said.
“Yes,” Sonya said quietly.
Natasha smiled enthusiastically.
- No, Sonya, I can’t do it anymore! - she said. “I can’t hide it from you anymore.” You know, we love each other!... Sonya, my dear, he writes... Sonya...
Sonya, as if not believing her ears, looked at Natasha with all her eyes.
- And Bolkonsky? - she said.
- Oh, Sonya, oh, if only you could know how happy I am! – Natasha said. -You don’t know what love is...
– But, Natasha, is it really all over?
Natasha looked at Sonya with big, open eyes, as if not understanding her question.
- Well, are you refusing Prince Andrei? - said Sonya.
“Oh, you don’t understand anything, don’t talk nonsense, just listen,” Natasha said with instant annoyance.
“No, I can’t believe it,” Sonya repeated. - I don't understand. How did you love one person for a whole year and suddenly... After all, you only saw him three times. Natasha, I don’t believe you, you’re being naughty. In three days, forget everything and so...
“Three days,” Natasha said. “It seems to me that I have loved him for a hundred years.” It seems to me that I have never loved anyone before him. You can't understand this. Sonya, wait, sit here. – Natasha hugged and kissed her.
“They told me that this happens and you heard correctly, but now I have only experienced this love.” It's not what it used to be. As soon as I saw him, I felt that he was my master, and I was his slave, and that I could not help but love him. Yes, slave! Whatever he tells me, I will do. You don't understand this. What should I do? What should I do, Sonya? - Natasha said with a happy and frightened face.
“But think about what you’re doing,” said Sonya, “I can’t leave it like that.” These secret letters... How could you let him do this? - she said with horror and disgust, which she could hardly hide.
“I told you,” Natasha answered, “that I have no will, how can you not understand this: I love him!”
“Then I won’t let this happen, I’ll tell you,” Sonya screamed with tears breaking through.
“What are you doing, for God’s sake... If you tell me, you are my enemy,” Natasha spoke. - You want my misfortune, you want us to be separated...
Seeing this fear of Natasha, Sonya cried tears of shame and pity for her friend.
- But what happened between you? – she asked. -What did he tell you? Why doesn't he go to the house?
Natasha did not answer her question.
“For God’s sake, Sonya, don’t tell anyone, don’t torture me,” Natasha begged. – You remember that you cannot interfere in such matters. I opened it for you...
– But why these secrets! Why doesn't he go to the house? – Sonya asked. - Why doesn’t he directly seek your hand? After all, Prince Andrei gave you complete freedom, if that’s the case; but I don't believe it. Natasha, have you thought about what secret reasons there could be?
Natasha looked at Sonya with surprised eyes. Apparently, this was the first time she had asked this question and she didn’t know how to answer it.
– I don’t know what the reasons are. But there are reasons!
Sonya sighed and shook her head in disbelief.
“If there were reasons...” she began. But Natasha, guessing her doubt, interrupted her in fear.
- Sonya, you can’t doubt him, you can’t, you can’t, do you understand? – she shouted.
– Does he love you?
- Does he love you? – Natasha repeated with a smile of regret about her friend’s lack of understanding. – You read the letter, did you see it?
- But what if he is an ignoble person?
– Is he!... an ignoble person? If only you knew! - Natasha said.
“If he is a noble man, then he must either declare his intention or stop seeing you; and if you don’t want to do this, then I will do it, I will write to him, I will tell dad,” Sonya said decisively.
- Yes, I can’t live without him! – Natasha screamed.
- Natasha, I don’t understand you. And what are you saying! Remember your father, Nicolas.
“I don’t need anyone, I don’t love anyone but him.” How dare you say that he is ignoble? Don't you know that I love him? – Natasha shouted. “Sonya, go away, I don’t want to quarrel with you, go away, for God’s sake go away: you see how I’m suffering,” Natasha shouted angrily in a restrained, irritated and desperate voice. Sonya burst into tears and ran out of the room.
Natasha went to the table and, without thinking for a minute, wrote that answer to Princess Marya, which she could not write the whole morning. In this letter, she briefly wrote to Princess Marya that all their misunderstandings were over, that, taking advantage of the generosity of Prince Andrei, who, when leaving, gave her freedom, she asks her to forget everything and forgive her if she is guilty before her, but that she cannot be his wife . It all seemed so easy, simple and clear to her at that moment.

On Friday the Rostovs were supposed to go to the village, and on Wednesday the count went with the buyer to his village near Moscow.
On the day of the count's departure, Sonya and Natasha were invited to a big dinner with the Karagins, and Marya Dmitrievna took them. At this dinner, Natasha again met with Anatole, and Sonya noticed that Natasha was saying something to him, wanting not to be heard, and throughout the dinner she was even more excited than before. When they returned home, Natasha was the first to begin with Sonya the explanation that her friend was waiting for.

1. 30 09 13 Main works of foreign fiction Europe America Australia

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   Legende d'Ulenspiegel. 1867 ) - peculiar, ... the history of mankind in mainstagesdevelopment, agreeing with the author... Thackeray collaborated in newspapers radical direction, ... (Barchester towers. 1857 ) - novel, ... black bird; " Bells", where by means...

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   Financial elite. New stage V development states and funds...were bad. In summer 1867 Kraevsky agreed to...: very numerous and influential. IN mostly - newspapers, and in the capital, and in... the idea, and it appeared newspaper “Bell" (since July 1857 , until 1861 - ...

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   Period § 1. Basic Problems development 1857 year 12... Herzen" Bells". He... 202 and 5984; V 1867 newspapers stagedevelopment public education in...

4. Contents introduction chapter i the origin and development of the education system in the Kuban in the pre-reform period § 1 the main problems of the development of the education system in Russia in the 19th - early 20th centuries

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   Period § 1. Basic Problems development education systems in... 243 1857 year 12... Herzen" Bells". He... 202 and 5984; V 1867 year - 209 schools... theology, as well as newspapers and magazines. ...the beginning of the post-reform stagedevelopment public education in...

In 1855, A. I. Herzen began publishing an almanac in London "Polar Star". Both the title and the silhouettes on the cover indicated that Herzen’s edition continued their traditions. The almanac published materials about Pushkin and Belinsky.

Success "Polar Star" gave Herzen the idea of ​​publishing a foreign periodical that could quickly respond to events and promote the ideas of the liberation movement. On July 1, 1857, the newspaper began to be published "Bell".

In the first issue of the Russian revolutionary newspaper, Herzen put forward a three-point program:

1) liberation of the peasants;
2) abolition of censorship;
3) abolition of corporal punishment.

Later, Herzen clarified that this meant the liberation of peasants with land purchased by the state.

It was a minimum program. At that time, Herzen did not even raise the question of the constitution. But the implementation of such a program would greatly change the situation in the country. In an open letter, identifying yourself "incorrigible socialist", Herzen emphasized the moderation and realism of his specific demands: “I am ashamed of how little we are willing to be content with; we want things the justice of which you doubt as little as we do. For the first time, this is enough for us.”.

Edition "Bells" became the pinnacle of Herzen's socio-political activity. His extraordinary skill as a writer, publicist, and editor contributed to the success of the first uncensored Russian newspaper. Newspaper of Herzen and Ogarev "Bell" All educated people in Russia, from high dignitaries to high school students, read it, they argued about it, it was passed from hand to hand. At the Nizhny Novgorod fair "Polar Star" And "Bell" were among the most popular goods.

“I,” Herzen later recalled, “was hit by a shower of letters and correspondence from all parts of Russia.”. Sometimes he had entire cases in his hands, exposing the abuses of high-ranking bureaucrats. Sparing no time and effort, Herzen dealt with these papers. IN " Bell"A special department has appeared" On trial" In this department, they were no less afraid of revelations than of an official trial.

Meanwhile, the easing of the regime continued in Russia. In 1856 - 1857 The Decembrists and Petrashevites returned from exile. They were, however, forbidden to live in the capitals. The former exiles dispersed throughout the province and subsequently took an active part in the preparation and implementation of the peasant reform. Many of them collaborated openly or secretly in “ Bell" and "Polar Star".

In 1858, magazines were allowed to publish articles on the peasant question, but then published in "Contemporary" Kavelin's note. Both Chernyshevsky and Kavelin were at that time supporters from above, as a result of the reform. Although this coincidence did not indicate their ideological closeness.

Kavelin was a liberal, an adherent of the Western path of development of Russia. He did not share socialist ideas, but treated their supporters with his characteristic tolerance.