Semicircular completions of the upper part of the temple wall. Additional architecture information. Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir

TYPES OF RUSSIAN TEMPLES

Cross-domed churches

The cross-domed type of the temple (the entire central space of the temple in the plan forms a cross) was borrowed from Byzantium. As a rule, it is rectangular in plan, and all its shapes, gradually descending from the central dome, form a pyramidal composition. The light drum of a cross-domed church usually rests on a pylon - four load-bearing massive pillars in the center of the building - from where four vaulted “sleeves” radiate. The semi-cylindrical vaults adjacent to the dome, intersecting, form an equilateral cross. In its original form, the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv represented a clear cross-dome composition. Classic examples of cross-domed churches are the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, the Church of the Transfiguration in Veliky Novgorod.

Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin

Church of the Transfiguration in Veliky Novgorod

In appearance, cross-domed churches are a rectangular volume. On the eastern side, in the altar part of the temple, apses were attached to it. Along with modestly decorated temples of this type, there were also those that amazed with the richness and splendor of their external design. An example again is Sophia of Kiev, which had open arches, external galleries, decorative niches, semi-columns, slate cornices, etc.

The traditions of building cross-domed churches were continued in the church architecture of North-Eastern Rus' (Assumption and Demetrius Cathedrals in Vladimir, etc.) Their external design is characterized by: zakomaras, arcature, pilasters, and spindles.

Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir

Demetrius Cathedrals in Vladimir

Tent temples

Tent churches are classics of Russian architecture. An example of this kind of temple is the Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye (Moscow), recreating the “octagon on a quadrangle” design accepted in wooden architecture.

Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye

An octagon - an octagonal structure, or part of a structure, was placed on a quadrangular base - a quadrangle. The octagonal tent organically grows from the quadrangular building of the temple.

The main distinguishing feature of a tent temple is the tent itself, i.e. tent covering, roofing in the form of a tetrahedral or multifaceted pyramid. The cladding of domes, tents and other parts of the building could be made with ploughshares - oblong, sometimes curved wooden planks with teeth along the edges. This elegant element is borrowed from ancient Russian wooden architecture.

The temple is surrounded on all sides by gulbischami - this is how galleries or terraces were called in Russian architecture, surrounding the building, as a rule, at the level of the lower floor - the basement. Rows of kokoshniks - decorative zakomaras - were used as external decoration.

The tent was used not only to cover churches, but also to complete bell towers, towers, porches and other buildings, both religious and secular, secular in nature.

Tiered temples

Temples, consisting of parts and sections placed on top of each other and gradually decreasing towards the top, are called tiered in architecture.

You can get an idea of them by carefully examining the famous Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary in Fili. There are six tiers in total, including the basement. The top two, not glazed, are intended for bells.

Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary in Fili

The temple is replete with rich external decor: various kinds of columns, platbands, cornices, carved blades - vertical flat and narrow projections in the wall, brick linings.

Rotunda churches

Rotunda churches are round (rotunda in Latin means round) in terms of construction, similar to secular buildings: a residential building, pavilion, hall, etc.

Vivid examples of churches of this type are the Church of Metropolitan Peter of the Vysoko-Petrovsky Monastery in Moscow, the Smolensk Church of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. In rotunda churches, architectural elements such as a porch with columns or columns along the walls in a circle are often found.

Church of Metropolitan Peter of the Vysoko-Petrovsky Monastery

Smolensk Church of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra

The most common in Ancient Rus' were rotunda temples, round at the base, symbolizing eternal life in heaven, the main components of the external design of which were: a base, apses, a drum, a valance, a dome, sails and a cross.

Temples - “ships”

The cubic temple, connected to the bell tower by a rectangular building, looks like a ship.

This is why this type of church is called a “ship” church. This is an architectural metaphor: a temple is a ship on which you can set sail on the worldly sea full of dangers and temptations. An example of such a temple is the Church of Dmitry on the Spilled Blood in Uglich.

Church of St. Dmitry on Spilled Blood in Uglich

DICTIONARY OF ARCHITECTURAL TERMS

Temple interior

The internal space of the temple is organized by the so-called naves (nave translated from French as ship) - the longitudinal parts of the temple premises. A building may have several naves: central, or main (from the entrance door to the place of the singers in front of the iconostasis), side naves (they, like the central one, are longitudinal, but, unlike it, less wide and high) and transverse. The naves are separated from each other by rows of columns, pillars or arches.

The center of the temple is the space under the dome, illuminated by natural daylight penetrating through the windows of the drum.

According to its internal structure, any Orthodox church consists of three main parts: the altar, the middle part of the temple and the vestibule.

Altar(1) (translated from Latin - altar) is located in the eastern (main) part of the temple and symbolizes the realm of God's existence. The altar is separated from the rest of the interior by a high iconostasis(2). According to ancient tradition, only men can be in the altar. Over time, the presence in this part of the temple was limited only to clergy and a select circle of people. In the altar there is the holy altar (the table on which the Gospel and the cross lie) - the place of the invisible presence of God. It is next to the holy throne that the most important church services are held. The presence or absence of an altar distinguishes a church from a chapel. The latter has an iconostasis, but no altar.

The middle (central) part of the temple makes up its main volume. Here, during the service, parishioners gather for prayer. This part of the temple symbolizes the heavenly region, the angelic world, the refuge of the righteous.

The narthex (pre-temple) is an extension on the western, less often on the northern or southern side of the temple. The vestibule is separated from the rest of the temple by a blank wall. The porch symbolizes the area of earthly existence. Otherwise, it is called a refectory, since on church holidays feasts are held here. During the service, persons intending to accept the faith of Christ, as well as people of other faiths, are allowed into the vestibule - “for listening and teaching.” The outer part of the vestibule - the porch of the temple (3) - is called porch. Since ancient times, the poor and wretched have gathered on the porch and asked for alms. On the porch above the entrance to the temple there is an icon with the face of that saint or with the image of that sacred event to which the temple is dedicated.

Solea(4) – the elevated part of the floor in front of the iconostasis.

Pulpit(5) - the central part of the solea, protruding in a semicircle into the center of the temple and located opposite the Royal Gate. The pulpit serves for delivering sermons and reading the Gospel.

Choir(6) - a place in the temple located at both ends of the solea and intended for the clergy (singers).

Sail(7) – elements of the dome structure in the form of spherical triangles. With the help of sails, a transition is ensured from the circumference of the dome or its base - the drum - to the rectangular space under the dome. They also take over the distribution of the load of the dome on the sub-dome pillars. In addition to sail vaults, vaults with load-bearing stripping are known - a recess in the vault (above a door or window opening) in the form of a spherical triangle with an apex below the top point of the vault and stepped vaults.

Throne(18)

High place and throne for hierarchs (19)

Altar (20)

Royal Doors (21)

Deacon's Gate (22)

Exterior decoration of the temple

Apse(8) (translated from Greek - vault, arch) - semicircular protruding parts of the building that have their own ceiling.

Drum(9) - a cylindrical or multifaceted upper part of a building, crowned with a dome.

Valance(10) - decoration under the roof eaves in the form of decorative wooden boards with blind or through carvings, as well as metal (made of expanded iron) strips with a slotted pattern.

The dome (11) is a vault with a hemispherical, and then (from the 16th century) onion-shaped surface. One dome is a symbol of the unity of God, three symbolize the Holy Trinity, five symbolize Jesus Christ and the four evangelists, seven symbolize the seven church sacraments.

The cross (12) is the main symbol of Christianity, associated with the crucifixion (redemptive sacrifice) of Christ.

Zakomars (13) are semicircular or keel-shaped ends of the upper part of the wall, covering the spans of the vault.

Arcatura (14) - a series of small false arches on the facade or a belt that covers the walls along the perimeter.

Pilasters are decorative elements that divide the façade and are flat vertical projections on the surface of the wall.

Blades (15), or lysenes, are a type of pilasters, used in Russian medieval architecture as the main means of rhythmically dividing walls. The presence of blades is typical for temples of the pre-Mongol period.

The spindle (16) is part of the wall between two shoulder blades, the semicircular end of which turns into a zakomara.

Plinth (17) - the lower part of the outer wall of the building, lying on the foundation, usually thickened and protruding outward in relation to the upper part (church plinths can be either simple in the form of a slope - at the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir, or developed, profiled - at the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin in Bogolyubovo).

Based on materials from the book by Vl. Solovyov “The Golden Book of Russian Culture”

Cross-domed churches

Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin

Church of the Transfiguration in Veliky Novgorod

Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir

Demetrius Cathedrals in Vladimir

Tent temples

Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye

An octagon - a structure, octagonal in plan, or part of a structure, was placed on a quadrangular base - a quadrangle. The octagonal tent organically grows from the quadrangular building of the temple.

The tent was used not only to cover churches, but also to complete bell towers, towers, porches and other buildings, both religious and secular, secular in nature.

Tiered temples

Temples, consisting of parts and sections placed on top of each other and gradually decreasing towards the top, are called tiered in architecture.

Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary in Fili

The temple is replete with rich external decor: various kinds of columns, platbands, cornices, carved blades - vertical flat and narrow projections in the wall, brick linings.

Rotunda churches

Rotunda churches are round (rotunda in Latin means round) in terms of construction, similar to secular buildings: a residential building, pavilion, hall, etc.

Church of Metropolitan Peter of the Vysoko-Petrovsky Monastery

Smolensk Church of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra

Temples - “ships”

The cubic temple, connected to the bell tower by a rectangular building, looks like a ship.

This is why this type of church is called a “ship” church. This is an architectural metaphor: the temple is a ship on which you can set sail on the worldly sea full of dangers and temptations. An example of such a temple is the Church of Dmitry on the Spilled Blood in Uglich.

Church of St. Dmitry on Spilled Blood in Uglich

DICTIONARY OF ARCHITECTURAL TERMS

Temple interior

The center of the temple is the space under the dome, illuminated by natural daylight penetrating through the windows of the drum.

According to its internal structure, any Orthodox church consists of three main parts: the altar, the middle part of the temple and the vestibule.

Solea(4) - the elevated part of the floor in front of the iconostasis.

Choir(6) - a place in the temple located at both ends of the solea and intended for the clergy (singers).

Sail(7) - elements of the dome structure in the form of spherical triangles. With the help of sails, a transition is provided from the circumference of the dome or its base - the drum to the rectangular space under the dome. They also take over the distribution of the load of the dome on the sub-dome pillars. In addition to sail vaults, vaults with load-bearing stripping are known - a recess in the vault (above a door or window opening) in the form of a spherical triangle with an apex below the top point of the vault and stepped vaults.

Throne(18)

High place and throne for hierarchs (19)

Altar (20)

Royal Doors (21)

Deacon's Gate (22)

Exterior decoration of the temple

Apse(8) (translated from Greek - vault, arch) - semicircular protruding parts of the building that have their own ceiling.

Drum(9) - a cylindrical or multifaceted upper part of a building, crowned with a dome.

Valance(10) - decoration under the roof eaves in the form of decorative wooden boards with blind or through carvings, as well as metal (made of expanded iron) strips with a slotted pattern.

Dome (11) - a vault with a hemispherical, and then (from the 16th century) onion-shaped surface. One dome is a symbol of the unity of God, three symbolize the Holy Trinity, five - Jesus Christ and the four evangelists, seven - the seven church sacraments.

The cross (12) is the main symbol of Christianity, associated with the crucifixion (redemptive sacrifice) of Christ.

Zakomars (13) are semicircular or keel-shaped completions of the upper part of the wall, covering the spans of the vault.

Arcatura (14) - a series of small false arches on the facade or a belt that covers the walls along the perimeter.

Pilasters are decorative elements that divide the façade and are flat vertical projections on the surface of the wall.

The spindle (16) is a part of the wall between two shoulder blades, the semicircular end of which turns into a zakomara.

Based on materials from the book by Vl. Solovyov “The Golden Book of Russian Culture”

Internal structure of the temple

Temples are traditionally built according to the basilica principle (an ancient type of rectangular structure). The basilica is a rectangle of 3 or 5 naves, corridors separated by columns. The central nave always ends with an apse facing East. The interior of the basilica is like a rectangle within a rectangle, which symbolizes self-restraint leading to spiritual improvement.
Details and elements of architectural structures

ALTAR(Latin “high altar”) - the eastern, main part of the temple, in which the throne is located. Initially, the altar itself was called the throne, later. when the eastern part of the temple began to stand apart and be separated by an iconostasis, the name altar spread to the entire part of the temple separated by the iconostasis. The altar contains the altar, the altar, and the episcopal or priestly pulpit. The space behind the throne is called the high place. The chancel usually contains the sacristy. According to ancient tradition, only men are allowed to be present at the altar.

APSE(Apse) - a semicircular, faceted or other complex-shaped lowered protrusion adjacent to the main volume of the temple. As a rule, the altar part of the temple is located in it.

DRUM- a cylindrical or faceted completion of the temple volume that supports the head.

LIGHT DRUM- a drum, the edges or cylindrical surface of which is cut by window openings

ROYAL GATES- the main gates of the iconostasis are double doors opposite the throne. Designed exclusively for the entrance of clergy during worship. Usually, icons of the Annunciation and the four evangelists are placed on the royal doors.

GULBISHCHE- an open or covered bypass surrounding the temple building.

ZAKOMARA- semicircular or keel-shaped completion of the temple spindles

BELFLE- a free-standing, attached to the temple or built over the temple or its western part, an open structure or wall with openings intended for hanging bells.

TILE- a ceramic element of decor or cladding of walls or stoves. On the back side it has a protrusion - a tiller - for adhesion to the masonry. It can be polychrome and simple (majolica and terracotta).

ICONOSTASIS- a partition separating the altar and the middle part of the temple. Consists of icons arranged in tiers. The number of tiers ranges from three to five. In the middle of the lower tier are the royal gates, to the right of the gates are the icon of Jesus Christ and the icon of the saint or holiday to which the temple is dedicated; To the left of the gate there is an icon of the Mother of God and any other. Behind the icons of the bottom row, on both sides (in small churches and chapels there is only one) there are deacon doors. The icon of the Last Supper is placed above the royal doors. The second tier from the bottom contains icons of the twelve holidays. The third tier contains icons of the Deesis order. The fourth is an icon of the Mother of God with the Child Christ and icons of the coming prophets. The upper, fifth tier is an icon of the Trinity and icons of the coming Old Testament righteous men and forefathers (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, etc.). The iconostasis ends with a crucifix.

CAPITAL- completion of a column or pilaster, usually with a more complex pattern and shape. The capitals are of the Corinthian, Doric, Ionic, Tuscan, Composite order and differ in shape - more or less magnificent and complex.

CHOIR- a place in the temple intended for the choir. The choirs are located at both ends of the sole.

BAPTISM- a building or room equipped with a font intended for performing the Sacrament of Baptism in it.

CRYPT- a burial chamber under the temple or over which a memorial chapel is erected.

KOKOSHNIKI- decorative false zakomaras of a semicircular or keel shape with rich profiling or profiled arches with a filled field, sometimes with a pointed top, serving as a decorative finish to walls, vaults, window openings, framing the bases of drums, tents, domes, and the external design of vaults in the form of a hill of kokoshniks.

COLUMN- an architectural element serving as a supporting pillar or decorative, cylindrical or faceted in shape

LUCARNA- a light opening in the roof with a vertical front plane. In temple architecture it is most often found in hipped bell towers and serves to improve acoustics.

PORCH- the outer part of the vestibule is the porch of the temple.

PILASTERS- a flat vertical projection on a wall having a base and a capital.

PLINFA- a thin flat brick used in ancient Russian architecture of the pre-Mongol period.

BEDCLET- the lower floor of a building in Russian architecture, rising slightly above the ground.

MOSQUITO COATING - roofing laid directly on vaults (“kamars”).

PONAMARKA- utility room next to the altar.

HALF-COLUMN- a column protruding halfway from the vertical surface of the wall.

PORTAL- decorative design of the entrance. It can be keel-shaped or semicircular, as well as perspective, i.e., with a number of ledges of the same outline going deep into the depths.

AISLE- Additional altar with throne. Side chapels are arranged so that on one day (for example, on major holidays or Sundays) several liturgies can be performed in one church (according to the number of side chapels), because in the Orthodox Church it is customary to perform no more than one liturgy per day on one altar (just as a priest cannot perform more than one liturgy per day).

PRECEPTION- western part of the temple. On one side of the porch there is a porch, on the other there is a passage to the middle part of the temple. In the vestibule, according to the charter, some services are performed - betrothals, lithiums, the rite of announcement, etc.

PYASLO- Part of the wall limited vertically by pylons or blades. Characteristic of ancient Russian architecture.

SACRISTY- a separate room in the temple or a place in the altar (usually to the right of the high place) where vestments and sacred vessels are kept.

REFECTORY(Greek “table, food”) - a building in a monastery in which monastics gather to eat food, i.e. for a meal. The refectory is usually located in a special church.

GOSSIP- open openings in the tent covering of the bell towers, framed like window openings with platbands.

PILLAR- a massive support, rectangular, round or cruciform in plan, supporting the arches.

FRESCO- wall painting in a temple, applied to wet plaster.

FRIEZE- decorated horizontal stripe on the wall, decorative element

GABLE- the end of a cornice or platband, having a triangular, semicircular, arched or complex shape.

TENT- a high four-, six- or octagonal pyramidal covering of a tower, temple or bell tower, widespread in the temple architecture of Rus' until the 17th century.

TIER- horizontal division of the building volume decreasing in height.

APPLE- the basis for the Cross, which is installed on the head of the temple.

Abse (apse)– an altar ledge, as if attached to the temple, most often semicircular, but also polygonal; covered with a semi-dome (conch). An altar was placed inside the apse.

Altar(from Latin “alta ara” - high altar) - the main part of the Christian temple in its eastern part. In an Orthodox church it is separated by an altar partition or iconostasis. The altar housed a throne - an elevation for the celebration of the main Christian sacrament - the Eucharist. Door altar– an icon consisting of several folding boards covered with picturesque images on both sides (diptych, triptych, polyptych).

Altar barrier- a low wall or colonnade enclosing the altar part of the temple in Orthodox churches (from the 4th century).

Pulpit- (from Greek) - an elevation in the center of the temple, from which sermons were delivered and the Gospel was read. As a rule, it was surrounded by columns carrying a roof (ciborium).

Arcature belt– wall decoration in the form of a series of decorative arches.

Flying buttress- an open semi-arch that serves to transfer pressure to the buttresses of the temple.

Atrium– a closed courtyard into which the rest of the rooms open.

Atticus- (from the Greek Attikos - Attic) - a wall erected above the cornice crowning the architectural structure. Often decorated with reliefs or inscriptions. In ancient architecture it usually ends with a triumphal arch.

Basilica- a rectangular building in plan, divided by columns (pillars) into several longitudinal galleries (naves).

Drum- a cylindrical or multifaceted upper part of the temple, over which a dome is built, ending with a cross.

Light drum- a drum, the edges or cylindrical surface of which is cut through by window openings. Head - a dome with a drum and a cross, crowning a temple building.

Baptistery- baptismal. A small centric building, round or octagonal in plan.

Stained glass– a picture on glass, an ornament made of colored glass or other material that transmits light.

Gem- a carved stone with a recessed (intaglio) or convex (cameo) image.

Donjon– the main tower of a medieval castle.

Deaconnik- a room in the altar part of an Orthodox church to the south of the altar.

Altar- a room in the altar part of an Orthodox church to the north of the altar.

Belfry- a structure built on the wall of a temple or installed next to it with openings for hanging bells. Types of belfries: wall-shaped - in the form of a wall with openings; pillar-shaped - tower structures with a multi-faceted (usually in Russian architecture, octagonal, less often nine-sided) base with openings for bells in the upper tier. In the lower tiers there is often a chamber type - a rectangular volume with a covered vaulted arcade, the supports of which are located along the perimeter of the walls.

Zakomara– (from other Russian. mosquito- vault) - a semicircular or keel-shaped completion of a section of a wall, covering the adjacent internal cylindrical (box, cross) vault.

Keystone- a stone that ends a vault or arched opening.

Campanile- in Western European architecture, a free-standing tetrahedral or round bell tower.

Canon- a set of strictly established rules that determine the basic set of subjects, proportions, compositions, designs, and colors for works of art of a given type.

Counterforce- a vertical massive protrusion of the wall that strengthens the main supporting structure.

Conha– a semi-dome over the apse, niche. Often made in the form of a shell.

Cross-domed temple- canonical type of Byzantine Orthodox church. It was a shortened basilica, topped with a dome, and, according to the Apostolic decrees, with the altar facing east.

Cube– the main volume of the temple.

Dome– a covering in the form of a hemisphere, an overturned bowl, etc.

ploughshare- wooden tiles used to cover domes, barrels and other tops of the temple.

Bulb- a church dome resembling an onion in shape.

Spatula- a vertical flat and narrow projection of a wall, similar to a pilaster, but without a base and capital.

Luminarium- a hole in the ceiling of an early Christian temple.

Martyrium- a type of early Christian memorial temple over the grave of a martyr.

Mosaic- a favorite type of monumental painting in the Middle Ages. The image is made from pieces of colored glass - smalt, natural stones. The pieces of smalt and stone have an irregular shape; the light on them is refracted many times and reflected at different angles, creating a magical shimmering glow that flutters in the semi-darkness of the temple.

Naos- the central part of the Byzantine cross-domed church, crowned with the main dome.

Narthex– an extension on the western side of the temple, giving the building a more elongated rectangular shape. It was separated from the central part of the temple - the naos - by a wall with arched openings leading to each of the naves.

Rib- an arched rib in Gothic vaults.

Nave– (from the Greek “neus” - ship) - an elongated room, part of the interior of a church building, limited on one or both longitudinal sides by a number of columns or pillars.

Porch– a porch and a small platform (usually covered) in front of the entrance to an Orthodox church.

Pilaster(blade) - a constructive or decorative flat vertical protrusion on the surface of a wall, having a base and a capital.

Podklet- lower floor of the building.

Curb- a decorative strip of bricks placed on edge at an angle to the surface of the facade. Has the shape of a saw.

Sail– an element of a dome structure in the shape of a spherical triangle. The main dome rests on the sails.

Plintha– flat brick (usually 40x30x3 cm), building material and element of external decorative decoration of temples.

Portal– a decoratively designed doorway of a building.

Portico- a gallery on columns or pillars, usually in front of the entrance to a building.

Side chapel- a small temple attached to the main building of the church, having its own altar in the altar and dedicated to a saint or holiday.

Narthex- the western part of Orthodox churches at the entrance, where, according to the Charter, some parts of the divine service and services (betrothal, lithium, etc.) are performed. This part of the temple corresponds to the courtyard of the Old Testament tabernacle. The entrance to the vestibule from the street is arranged in the form of a porch - a platform in front of the entrance doors, to which several steps lead.

Sacristy- a place in the altar or a separate room at a Christian church for storing the liturgical vestments of priests.

Rust- hewn stone, the front side of which is left roughly trimmed. Rustication imitates the natural texture of stone, creating the impression of special strength and heaviness of the wall.

Rustication– decorative treatment of the plaster surface of a wall, imitating masonry made of large stones.

Sredokrestie– the intersection of the central nave of the cross-domed church with the transept.

Travea- the space of the nave under the vault.

Transept– transverse nave of the cross-domed church.

Refectory- part of the temple, a low extension on the western side of the church, which served as a place for preaching and public meetings.

Fresco– (“fresco” – fresh) – a technique of monumental painting with water paints on damp, fresh plaster. The primer and the fixing (binder) substance are one whole (lime), so the paints do not crumble.

The fresco technique has been known since ancient times. However, the surface of the antique fresco was polished with hot wax (a mixture of fresco with painting with wax paints - encaustic). The main difficulty of fresco painting is that the artist must begin and finish the work on the same day, before the wet lime dries. If corrections are necessary, you need to cut out the corresponding part of the lime layer and apply a new one. The fresco technique requires a confident hand, fast work and a completely clear idea of the entire composition in each part.

Gable- the completion (triangular or semicircular) of the facade of a building, portico, colonnade, limited by two roof slopes on the sides and a cornice at the base.

Choirs– an open gallery, a balcony in the second tier of the temple on the western side (or on all sides except the eastern). The choristers were housed here, as well as (in Catholic churches) the organ.

Tent- a high four-, six- or octagonal pyramidal covering of a tower, temple or bell tower, widespread in the temple architecture of Rus' until the 17th century.

Fly- a rectangular cavity in the wall.

Apple– a ball at the end of the dome under the cross.

Art of architecture

Choose only those concepts that relate to the ancient world

Dipter

Tholos

Menhir

Dolmen

Cromlech

Classic style

Roman style

Canonical

Sphinx

Order

Capital

Coliseum

Acropolis

Pantheon

Tower

Temple

Ziggurat

Gothic

– Notre Dame

Aqueducts

Portal

Parthenon

– Doric order

Caryatids

Atlanta

Famous Leaning Tower in Italy

2. Choose styles that emerged in the Middle Ages.

Canonical

Gothic

Classicism

Baroque

Classical

Shinden

3. Which engineering structure is an antenna mast?

A. tower

B. dome

V. tent

4. What is the name of the science that studies the life and culture of ancient peoples based on surviving monuments?

a) Anthropology;

b) anthroposophy;

c) archeology;

d) archaeography.

5. What did Stone Age artists most often depict?

a) People;

b) nature;

c) important events in life;

d) animals.

6 .Menhir, dolmen, cromlech are:

a) hills where rich dead were buried;

b) caves where drawings of primitive man were found;

c) megalithic structures of the Stone Age;

d) the first dwellings of Stone Age people.

7 . A tomb for the nobility and a precursor to the pyramids? a) Temple; b) Mastaba; c) Cromlech; d) cave;

8. Name the Egyptian god, whose head was depicted as the head of a jackal:

a) Horus;

b) Anubis;

in that;

d) It will dry out.

9 . Is that what architects were called in Ancient Rus'?

a) Architect;

b) sculptor;

c) ofenya;

d) peddler.

10. At the end of the Neolithic (6-4 thousand BC) the first architectural stone structures for funerary and religious purposes appeared. Choose the correct answer:

a) Pyramids;

b) Ziggurats;

c) Mastabas;

d) Dolmens;

11 . Who built the largest pyramid?

a) Cheops;

b) Ramses;

c) Khafre;

d) Mavrodi.

12. The process of creating a sculptural work involving the processing of hard materials.

a) Cutting;

b) carving;

c) casting;

d) modeling.

13 . A word meaning the same as the word "sculpture".

a) Sculpting;

b) architecture;

c) modeling;

d) casting.

13. The art of icon painting differs from realistic painting:

a) deliberate violation of proportions;

b) planar image;

c) lack of linear perspective; d) all of the above.

14. Color symbolism: gold and purple express the idea of royalty, blue - divine, white - moral purity and innocence. All this applies:

a) to the fresco; b) to the picture; c) to sculpture; d) to the icon.

15. In Ancient Rus', the cross-domed church, which came from Byzantium, became widespread. The semicircular completions at the top of the walls of such a temple are called:

a) naves;

b) atriums;

c) baptistery;

d) mosquitoes.

16. The walls of such a temple were often lined with flat brick (stone), which is called:

a) pyramid;

b) plinth;

c) pushing;

d) amuse-bouche.