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Meaning of the word marduk

marduk in the crossword dictionary

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

marduk

patron god of the city of Babylon, the supreme deity of the Babylonian pantheon. Identified with the Sumerian Enlil.

Mythological dictionary

marduk

(Akkadian) - the main god of the pantheon of Babylonian gods and the city of Babylon, the father and judge of the gods, the patron of magic and healing, water and vegetation, the son of the god Ey and the goddess Damkina. When the goddess Tiamat was about to take revenge on the gods for the murder of her husband, all the gods were afraid, and only M. agreed to fight with her troops, but demanded for this that he be brought into the council and made the supreme god. He demonstrated his power to the gods by making a star appear and disappear, and the gods chose him as their head and blessed him for battle. M. armed himself with a bow, a club and a net, created four heavenly winds and seven storms against the eleven monsters of Tiamat’s army and entered the battle. He drove an evil wind into Tiamat's open mouth so that she could not close her mouth, and struck her with an arrow, and then dealt with her retinue, while taking away from Kingu the tables of fate, which ensured their owner world domination. Then M. cut Tiamat's body into two parts and created earth from the lower half, and heaven from the upper half. He allocated possessions to the gods Anu, Enlil and Eya, determined the paths of the heavenly bodies, and divided the gods into heavenly and underground. Under his leadership, the gods created man. In gratitude, the gods built a heavenly Babylon for M. with the temple of Esagila and proclaimed fifty of his names, transferring to him the power of all the main gods of the Akkadian pantheon. M.'s symbol is an axe, his beast is the dragon Mushkhush.

Marduk

patron god of the city of Babylon, after the 18th century BC. e. supreme deity of the Babylonian pantheon. According to Babylonian myth, M. is the son of the god Ea, elected king in the council of gods; led their war with an army of primeval monsters and killed the leader of the latter, Tiamat, after which he created the earth and people to serve the gods. Identified with Enlil. Babylonian priests of the mid-1st millennium BC. e. all deities were declared to be incarnations of M.

Wikipedia

Marduk

Marduk(Akkadian MAR.DUK “son of clear sky” in other interpretations “mar duku” - “son of the world hill” or “amar utuk” - “calf of the Sun God Utu”) - in Sumerian-Akkadian mythology, the supreme deity of the Babylonian pantheon, the supreme god in Ancient Mesopotamia, patron god of the city of Babylon after 2024 BC. e. Son of Ey and Damkina (Damgalnun), husband of Tsarpanit, father of Nabu, god of scribal art. Associated with the planet Jupiter.

Babylonian priests of the mid-1st millennium BC. e. all deities were declared to be incarnations of Marduk:

• Ninurta - Marduk of agriculture;
• Nergal - Marduk of war;
• Zababa - Marduk of hand-to-hand combat;
• Enlil - Marduk of power and council;
• Sin - Marduk, the luminary of the night;
• Shamash - Marduk of justice;
• Adad - Marduk of the rains.

Written sources report on the wisdom of Marduk, his healing arts and spell power; God is called “judge of the gods,” “lord of the gods,” and even “father of the gods.” Along with the healing goddess Gula, he was endowed with the ability to resurrect the dead.

During the reign of Marduk, the priority was the New Year's holiday, which began in the month of Nisan. In Babylon, this holiday was called Akitu and was a 12-day ceremony, which was the successor to the Sumerian holiday A.K.I.TI.

Examples of the use of the word marduk in literature.

It was built by the underground gods Anunnaki to glorify Marduk, patron and king of Babylon.

The priests of Babylon immediately informed him that they had fifty-three temples of the great gods, and fifty sanctuaries of the king of the gods Marduk, yes three hundred sanctuaries of earthly deities, yes six hundred sanctuaries of heavenly deities, yes one hundred and eighty altars of Nergal and Adad and twelve other altars.

The god Ea destroyed Apsu and bound Mummu, and the solar god Marduk went into battle against the dragon Tiamat.

And from them were born the gods - Enki, An, Nanna, Utu, Ningirsu, Damgalnuna, Nintu, Mami, Bau, Ishtar, Erre, Ereshkigal, Lahar, Ashnan, Namma, Uttu, Ninhursag, Dumuzi, Enmesharra, Shamash, Ishtar, Atad, Marduk, Abzu, Eya, Tiamat, Alsou, Mummu, Anshar, Kishar, Bela, Nabu, Lamashtu, Nergal, Amon, Mut, Khonsu, Ptah, Sekhmet, Nefertum, Isis, Nut, Geb, Aker, Hapi, Shan, Osiris, Maat , Apis, Mnevis, Buhis, Bata, Hathor, Khnum, Sebek, Bast, Tefnum, Anubis, Horus, Thoth, Ra, Apep, Meritseger, Nephthys, Uto, Shu, Tefnut, Set, Apedemak, Deduzh, Onuris, Tsagan, Heitsi Eibib, Legba, Aido, Hwedo, Mulungu, Heine, Ishoko, Izuwa, Kiumee, Wende, Liona, Lyuba, Limi, Leza, Obasi, Osa, Faro, Nommo, Mithra, Apap Napat, Haoma, Soma, Arta, Friend, Ahuramazd , Asha Vahishta, Vohu Mana, Khshatra, Vairya, Spenta Armaiti, Haurvatat, Amrtat, Zervan, Mithra, Verethragna, Ashi, Tishtriya, Aka, Mana, Atar, Ahriman, Gayomart.

The Elamites removed the statue Marduk- Babylonian Jupiter, and the Babylonians did not feel free until they brought her back.

Xerxes felt very bad, because the Babylonians rebelled, and Xerxes punished the city terribly: he killed the priest Marduk, took away the golden statue Marduk twelve cubits high and deprived the city of its significance as a royal capital.

The forces of creativity and order opposed them: Marduk fought with Tiamat, Baal - with Lawton, Zeus - with the Titans, Apollo - with Typhon.

Ea, Shamash, Ninurta, Enki, Ninmah, Marduk, Inanna, Utu, Dumuzi and many others are metaphors, like everyone who came after them, the embodiment of the best and worst human qualities, but we must admit that these are the most ancient and powerful metaphors.

Marduk, who was depicted as a winged bull, Nabu - he was depicted as a winged man, Nergal - a winged lion and Ninurta, who was depicted as an eagle.

The whole East worshiped the daylight: Babylonian Marduk, Syrian Shemesh, Iranian Mithra were considered his personifications.

Answer: the ass of a native Babylonian, a taxpayer and voter, a representative of an ancient Babylonian family that gave five priests to his native state Marduk and one heretic deviator who worshiped Aten of Misr.

It’s not for nothing that the ass is more characteristic of those people in whose horoscope it shines brightly Marduk- giver of blessings and satiety.

Tsar Marduk, which rose soon after sunset and was going to shine all night, could have rivaled Ninurta in splendor if its splendor had not been eclipsed by the Moon.

Nine feet tall, stood the Lord Marduk, son of Hey Sea and Damkin Sky.

Bel Marduk climbed to the very top of the ziggurat so that everyone could see him.

In 2015, on New Year's Eve, I was boarded a river-sea steamship, with a name whose mention out loud always evoked the darkest associations in me. The very next day, upon arrival, I, filled with excitement and uncertainty in my abilities, began the direct duties of a deck sailor. This was my first flight and subsequently my last.

Not only have I never had to deal with the elements of the sea before, but the very mention of a website about the profession of a sailor could only cause laughter and assurances that under no circumstances would I leave my family for six months, much less, I would not scrub deck and fight off the rust to the screams of the sleazy boatswain on the other side of the world. I will not describe the reasons that made me sharply change my opinion on this matter, but in brief I can only say that such a decision was made of my own free will and not at all out of curiosity before the adventurous, eventful life of a sea wolf.

Such a stereotype has never been of any interest to me at all. Therefore, during all the days I spent at sea, I absolutely did not share those lively moods inherent in typical representatives of this profession. I was constantly haunted by homesickness and, despite the constant presence of my colleagues nearby, and the intensity of my workdays, the feeling of loneliness tormented me terribly every day. Life for me here flowed very monotonously and grayly, until one day it fell to my lot to witness the most terrible events, which to this day I remember reluctantly and with a shudder in my heart.

My watch hours remained the same throughout the contract. From 4 am to 8 am and in the evening from 16:00 until 20:00. On February 24, our ship called at the Turkish port of Samsun to unload coal. I took up watch at the gangway in the evening, as usual, 10 minutes before my scheduled time. The sailor, who had been on duty at his watch, was overjoyed at my premature appearance, and with my consent, retired to the long-awaited rest.

Left alone with myself, I used to look into the dim lilac distances, where the line of the sea on the horizon blurred when it came into contact with the blackness of the night sky. I wrapped myself in my pea coat and listened to the measured surf of the Sea of ​​Marmara against the side of the steamer. The sun had already disappeared from view in the blurry, fading colors of the sunset. As soon as the shadows cast by the superstructure and the horned pile of lightning rods and the mainmast disappeared into the thickening twilight, I, according to the instructions of the watchman, went to the forecastle to turn on the lighting on the foremast and at the same time check the mooring lines. On the port side, edged with the yellowness of lanterns, huge shafts of coal masses formed an impressive landscape, reminiscent of mountain ranges stretching from the end of the pier, where its blunt end, surrounded by fenders, breaks into the sea, into a smoky, unsteady space extending deep into the port territory.

Passing on the port side, I climbed the long unpainted ladder onto the forecastle deck, flicked the switch on the mast and began kicking the thick nylon ends, thus determining how tightly they stretched to the bollards on the pier. As a rule, I returned back to the post on the other side, i.e. if I came to one end on the left, therefore, on the return I was already heading on the right and vice versa. Over the course of my stay on the ship, I developed a whole series of similar oddities. I believe the reason for its appearance lies in the faded and boring monotony of the unchanging routine of the primitive, but not easy work of an ordinary sailor. Although this vision is exclusively mine, many sailors would clench their fists at such a description of their difficult craft, in which, as I know, in addition to work, they manage to find a lot of entertainment and even passions.

Going down the ladder, already on the starboard side, I lit a cigarette and, slowly, walked along the inclined deck, immersed in darkness - the light of the superstructure and forecastle lanterns did not reach here. The angular bulk of the holds towering above me made the narrow site of the starboard side inaccessible to get here and a small fraction of the bright pale light pouring from the LED spotlights on the hatch covers and the deck in front of the superstructure.

I should not have left my post at the gangway for a long time unattended, but the picture, appearing against the backdrop of the distant canvas intertwining the sea and the starless sky, shrouded in ragged clouds, took on very strange and frightening shapes with amazing speed. I was unable to take my eyes off and was simply dumbfounded, vainly guessing what kind of colossal elemental phenomenon, the nature of which was hidden from my understanding, was raging over the surface of the open sea. The distant night darkness on the western side, where the sun had recently sunk below the horizon, thickened in the darkest tones and shimmered with flashes of lightning. The sea, which just a minute ago had been in a state of complete calm, became noticeably agitated; the growing waves, rolling under the side of the steamer, on their crests brought to the site the loud echoes of distant thunder.

I was overcome by a long-forgotten feeling, it seemed to come to life after many years of sleep in the depths of my consciousness, which had become coarser with age, anxiety and not just anxiety, but precisely the same one, lost in the years of growing up, childish, exciting the imagination. I find it difficult to describe what I saw that night, because the scale of what was happening was cosmic-great. And either the emerging grotesque forms were materializing phantoms, which at one moment acquired unclear and barely distinguishable outlines in the darkening darkness, and the next disappeared behind the accumulation of thunderclouds, or I, from time to time, under the influence of the terrifying spectacle of a rampaging, approaching from the womb of the night in the darkness of the elements, I fell into a wild cloud of reason, I cannot say. One thing I can say with certain clarity is that something that appeared against the background of the shuddering sky hobbled on two legs, dispersing the cloud masses with its cosmically heavy bulk, twisting their viscous, changeable forms into devilishly beautiful vortices, purple in the reflections of raging lightning. A monstrous mirage or a play of elemental forces of nature, whatever it was, was the most shocking performance that I have ever seen in my lifetime.

Panic had not yet reached my shocked mind, but the wave of indescribable horror that washed over me shook my legs and left me unable to move. I fell to my knees, pressing myself against the bulwarks and, absorbed in the terrible spectacle, fully felt my own helplessness in the face of such a powerful phenomenon. I say phenomena, and not beings, only because of the persistent assurances of common sense, to which he still clung for some time, despite the wild, stunning guesses that by that time were already inexorably creeping into him.

Accompanied by endless flashes of lightning, unknown to anyone in this world, except perhaps rare madmen who dared to come into contact with the forbidden secrets of another, demonic world, an uninvited guest from some areas of the universe alien to us, was prohibitively large and carried with him, without a doubt, catastrophic consequences for our planet. The appearance of such a creature cannot but result in cataclysms. From whatever abyss this something burst out, whose dimensions are ridiculous to call gigantic, they went beyond all mythical canons known to mankind. I thank God that he mercifully hid the monster’s head in the impenetrable darkness of the night, and the cloud veil constantly gathering around the monster’s figure did not allow me to completely lose my mind.

A creature, undoubtedly superior in height to any mountain peak that the Earth had ever known, with the slow movements of its immense columnar limbs, by the standards of so insignificant a creature as man, cut through the sea, raising enormous waves. Fortunately, we had not yet had time to unload the holds, otherwise we would have been greatly shaken by the masses of oncoming waves, and the steamer would have inevitably crushed the left side against the reinforced concrete structure of the pier. The roar of distant peals of thunder spread over the restless surface of the sea, but at times it seemed to me that amid the roar of the cavalcade of the raging thunderstorm, a long, abrupt roar or rather a squeal was heard. Such a sound seemed familiar to me, but I could not connect it with any of the representatives of our earthly fauna known to me. Then I smelled a disgusting smell. The stench carried by the wind from the sea was unbearable and made me nauseous, the smell was an unbearable mixture of sulfur and rotting algae. Typically, such smells are caught on beaches on hot summer days. The difference, however, was the degree of saturation: the stench was truly murderous.

Still in captivity of the fear that shackled me, I did not find the strength to shake off its chilling numbness and did not dare to show my head above the bulwark. I couldn’t get rid of the crazy thought that something devilish, piercing the vast heights of heaven with its barrel-shaped body, could be watching me from its transcendental distances. The panorama of the raging infernal forces presented itself to my feverish attention through the oblong oval opening of the hawse. I have not the slightest idea how long I sat like this, aiming my gaze at the seething nightmare many miles to the east, protruding from the unsteady darkness with the grotesque forms of a ponderously wandering monster; his legs, like two cyclopean columns, pushed the water masses in front of them, the demon retreated into the depths of the storm raging in the night. The clouds enveloping his fuzzy figure, flickering in the fiery haze of lightning discharges, or, to be more precise, only its fragments, since most of the monster’s body was hidden in the unattainable heights of the sky, remaining behind, pulled together and formed a kind of phantasmogorical furrowed veil, which in the next moments began to swirl into one giant funnel and began to drill the surface of the sea, growing and turning into a real tornado. The monster moved away, gradually getting lost in the darkness of the blackening distance. Then thunder struck with terrible power, even the skin of the ship shuddered noticeably, and the window glass rattled. Instantly a torrential rain of unprecedented force poured out, as if the indignant heavens had opened up in an attempt to hide something unnatural and blasphemous in relation to the nature of this planet, something whose vile appearance offended the natural course of things, and was the result of an error by the forces of a higher order of the universe.

Coming out of my ridiculous shelter and finally freed from the influence of the darkness that had befallen me, I returned to the post at the gangway and sat down on one of the barrels. From some dark depths of my darkened mind, terrible ugly faces began to appear, frightening prophecies. They whispered to me about the inevitability of the approaching end of the world, and I had no choice but to reverently listen to their bubbling demonic voices, driving me to extreme frenzy, languishing in anticipation of my consciousness finally being overwhelmed by a wave of saving fainting, in the emptiness of which they will sink and these tormenting thoughts, and all those grotesque devilish images and outlines that were etched into my memory with such force. The state in which my replacement found me only caused him ridicule. I decided to keep the evidence that tormented me to myself. Without saying a word, I silently and detachedly walked to my cabin and, locking myself, lay down on the creaky bed. A blissful, delightful oblivion consumed my mind.

In the morning, finding myself in the midst of a normal work environment, among cheerful, carefree sailors feeding their modest hopes, I realized that I was the only one to whom a terrible secret had been revealed. And even the fact of the discovery of the dead body of a security guard at dawn between mounds of coal, who, according to the port agent, and according to preliminary website data, died of a heart attack, could not darken the cheerful mood prevailing among the crew.

One of the days following the nightmare I experienced, while on watch on the bridge, discouraging news accidentally came to my attention, which was heard in one of the idle conversations between the captain and the second mate. Forty nautical miles from the coastline of the city of Samsun, in the port of which our ship was waiting to unload, two Turkish steamships fell into the very mouth of a sudden storm. After several strange, horror-filled remarks thrown into the air, both ships disappeared from the coast guard radars. The words, sounded at a frequency common to the majority of merchant ships arriving at the port, as well as those leaving it, were quite striking in their content. The authorized persons who were entrusted with the responsibility for investigating the tragic incident that took place in the open waters of the Sea of ​​Marmara on February 24, 2016, after listening to recordings of radio communications with the crews of the missing ships, were left in deep bewilderment.

Both captains, desperately shouting over each other, repeated the same, superstitiously fearful word:

Marduk (MARDUK) is the god of the city of Babylon, a demon, revered as a deity.

Supreme deity of the Babylonian pantheon, supreme god in Ancient Mesopotamia, patron god of the city of Babylon after 2024 BC. e. Son of Ey (Enki) and Damkina (Damgalnun), husband of Tsarpanit (Militta, Bilit), father of Nabu, god of scribal art. Associated with the planet Jupiter.

Battle with Tiamat

Other names of Marduk

Addu, Aranuna, Asharu, Bel, Warrior, Golden Bull (calf), Asalluhi, Son, Divine Majesty, Marukka, Merodach, Mershakushu, Lugal-Dimmer-Ankia, Nari-Lugal-Dimmer-Ankia, Namtila, Namru, Ashur, Ashar -alim, Ashar-alim-nuna, Zi-akkina, Ziku, Agaku, Shazu, Zisi, Sukhrim, Sukhgurim, Zahrim, Zahgurim, Enbilulu, Epadun, Gugal, Hegal, Sirsir, Malakh, Gil, Gilima, Agilima, Zulum, Mummu (Mamma), Zulum-ummu, Giz-numun-ab, Lugal-ab-dubur, Pagal-guena, Lugal-Durma, Dumu-duku, Lugal-duku, Lugal-shuanna, Iruga, Irkingu, Kinma, E-ziskur, Nibiru, Enkukur.

Babylonian kings named after him

• Marduk-apla-iddin I (1172-1158 BC)
• Marduk-kabit-ahheshu (c. 1150 BC)
• Itti-Marduk-balati (before 1133 BC)
• Marduk-nadin-ahhe (1101-1083 BC)
• Marduk-shapiq-zeri (1083-1070 BC)
• Marduk-ahhe-eriba (1048-1047 BC)
• Marduk-zer-... (1047-1036 BC)
• Eriba-Marduk (c. 770 BC)
• Marduk-apla-iddin II (721-710, 703 (re) BC)
• Marduk-zakir-shumi II (703 BC)
• Mushezib-Marduk (692-689 BC)
• Amel-Marduk (562-560 BC; died between August 7 and 13)
• Labashi-Marduk (556 - May 556 BC)

see also

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Notes

Notes

Literature

• / V.K. Afanasyeva // Myths of the peoples of the world: Encycl. in 2 volumes / ch. ed. S. A. Tokarev. - 2nd ed. - M. : Soviet Encyclopedia, 1988. - T. 2: K-Ya. - P. 110.

Excerpt describing Marduk

Anatole recently moved in with Dolokhov. The plan to kidnap Rostova had been thought out and prepared by Dolokhov for several days, and on the day when Sonya, having overheard Natasha at the door, decided to protect her, this plan had to be carried out. Natasha promised to go out to Kuragin’s back porch at ten o’clock in the evening. Kuragin had to put her in a prepared troika and take her 60 versts from Moscow to the village of Kamenka, where a disrobed priest was prepared who was supposed to marry them. In Kamenka, a setup was ready that was supposed to take them to the Warsaw road and there they were supposed to ride abroad on postal ones.
Anatole had a passport, and a travel document, and ten thousand money taken from his sister, and ten thousand borrowed through Dolokhov.
Two witnesses - Khvostikov, a former clerk, whom Dolokhov used for games, and Makarin, a retired hussar, a good-natured and weak man who had boundless love for Kuragin - were sitting in the first room having tea.
In Dolokhov’s large office, decorated from walls to ceiling with Persian carpets, bear skins and weapons, Dolokhov sat in a traveling beshmet and boots in front of an open bureau on which lay abacus and stacks of money. Anatole, in an unbuttoned uniform, walked from the room where the witnesses were sitting, through the office into the back room, where his French footman and others were packing the last things. Dolokhov counted the money and wrote it down.
“Well,” he said, “Khvostikov needs to be given two thousand.”
“Well, give it to me,” said Anatole.
– Makarka (that’s what they called Makarina), this one will selflessly go through fire and water for you. Well, the score is over,” said Dolokhov, showing him the note. - So?
“Yes, of course, so,” said Anatole, apparently not listening to Dolokhov and with a smile that never left his face, looking ahead of him.
Dolokhov slammed the bureau and turned to Anatoly with a mocking smile.
– You know what, give it all up: there’s still time! - he said.
- Fool! - said Anatole. - Stop talking nonsense. If only you knew... The devil knows what it is!
“Come on,” said Dolokhov. - I'm telling you the truth. Is this a joke you're starting?
- Well, again, teasing again? Go to hell! Eh?...” Anatole said with a wince. - Really, I have no time for your stupid jokes. - And he left the room.
Dolokhov smiled contemptuously and condescendingly when Anatole left.
“Wait,” he said after Anatoly, “I’m not joking, I mean business, come, come here.”
Anatole entered the room again and, trying to concentrate his attention, looked at Dolokhov, obviously involuntarily submitting to him.
– Listen to me, I’m telling you for the last time. Why should I joke with you? Did I contradict you? Who arranged everything for you, who found the priest, who took the passport, who got the money? All I.
- Well, thank you. Do you think I'm not grateful to you? – Anatol sighed and hugged Dolokhov.
“I helped you, but I still have to tell you the truth: it’s a dangerous matter and, if you look at it, stupid.” Well, you take her away, okay. Will they leave it like that? It turns out that you are married. After all, they will bring you to criminal court...
- Ah! nonsense, nonsense! – Anatole spoke again, wincing. - After all, I explained it to you. A? - And Anatole, with that special passion (which stupid people have) for the conclusion that they reach with their minds, repeated the reasoning that he repeated to Dolokhov a hundred times. “After all, I explained it to you, I decided: if this marriage is invalid,” he said, bending his finger, “then I don’t answer; Well, if it’s real, it doesn’t matter: no one abroad will know this, right? And don't talk, don't talk, don't talk!

The popularity of this god in Mesopotamia grew with the rise of the city of Babylon. The first mentions of it date back to the second half of the 3rd millennium BC. e., and he became the central deity during the First Babylonian Dynasty (XIX–XVI centuries BC). The Akkadians and Babylonians, having generally adopted the mythology of their cultural predecessors the Sumerians, were to assert their dominant position in the spiritual religious sphere. Therefore, in their myth dedicated to Marduk - “Enuma Elite” (“When Above”) - the narrative begins with the creation of the world.

The beginning of this myth deserves special attention. Here, the first deities are the primary ocean Tiamat, the embodiment of chaos, the elements, the feminine, and Apsu (Abzu, in Sumerian) - the world ocean of underground fresh water, which had a wise adviser personifying order and reason - Mummu. From the union of Apsu and Tiamat the first gods arose.

The idea expressed in such an allegorical way has not faded over three decades. When at the beginning of the 20th century the hypothesis that life on our planet originated in the ocean (“the ocean is the cradle of life”) began to gain popularity, for some reason an important circumstance was not taken into account: in a liquid environment, even with the random synthesis of complex organic molecules, they will just as easily fall apart into their component parts.

Nowadays, it makes sense to return to the amazing guess of the ancients: to create living organisms, it is necessary, at a minimum, to combine colloidal particles with a liquid medium with the participation of some organizing principle with a constant flow of energy. This can happen, for example, when the finest clay particles (again, the same “first matter” - clay!) are carried out by fresh underground or surface waters into the ocean (sea). And if life really once arose on Earth, then this process could rather take place according to the mythological “scenario” of the Akkadian poem than according to the scientific hypotheses popular in the 20th century.

So, at the confluence of the two primary oceans, more definitely formed elemental deities began to appear: Lahmu and Lahamu. From them came the god Anshar and the goddess Kishar, and from them Anu (An), Enlil and Eya (Ea, Haya, Enki). All these gods were young, noisy, active. They tried to restore order in the world and greatly annoyed the elderly primal deities. Apsu decided to kill his restless offspring with the help of his faithful Mummu. The wise Eya figured out this plan. He bewitched Mummu, taking for himself his mind power, aura, “rays of radiance.” With the help of magic spells, he put to sleep and then killed Apsu. Apsu Eya used body parts to build his home on them. It was here that the “sun child,” the future great Marduk, was born.

To guard his possessions, Eya called upon the fire-breathing god Anshar, who had four eyes and four ears. (True, in the myths of Mesopotamia, the fate of Anshar is not so simple. As Assyria’s influence in the region increased, its main god Ashur (Anshar) also rose, who became the main character - instead of Marduk - in the Assyrian version of the poem.)

Thus, the Babylonian myth exalts Marduk, and therefore the great first gods become either his ancestors or guardians. His mother Damgalnuna (Damkina) takes on the features of the goddess Nin-hursag. In a fabulously short time, Marduk becomes the bravest and most powerful of all the gods.

Meanwhile, Tiamat, enraged by the murder of her husband, decided to take revenge on the gods (according to another version, she was outraged by the order being established in the world and nullifying her power). She created eleven monsters: dragons, scorpion-men, dog-men and fish-men with poison instead of blood. At their head she placed Kinga, the most ferocious and merciless of her servants. She placed the tablets of the fate of the Universe on his chest, proclaiming him her husband.

The gods were frightened, trembled, and gathered in council to discuss ways of salvation, but none of them dared to oppose Kingu with his army. And then the youngest of them, Marduk, spoke up. He said that he was ready to fight his enemies, but if he won, the gods must recognize him as their master.

His words caused confusion among the gods. They outraged many, puzzled others. How can young Marduk cope with the monstrous army? How dare he demand power over the elder gods?!

The seven greatest gods retired to discuss Marduk's proposal. Tired of arguing, they had a feast. Wine and beer sweetened their hearts and calmed their souls. Marduk surprised them by showing his power: at his word the stars disappeared and appeared (were there not a lot of intoxicating drinks drunk?). And then the gods decided to give Marduk symbols of power and recognize him as king. He did not hesitate: he took the mace and bow and quiver. With the help of Anu, he wove a huge net, blown by the four winds. Seven storms accompanied him, and lightning flashed ahead of him. Kingu and his army fled in horror. Tiamat herself stood up against him. She opened her mouth, but he drove a violent wind into it, which took her breath away, pierced her body with an arrow, cut her with a sword, cutting out her heart. From the upper half of her body he created a vault of heaven covering the upper waters. In it he built a gate with locks, placing guards who were forbidden to open the gate without the permission of Marduk, allowing the waters of heaven to pour out onto the earth.

From the other half of Tiamat's body, Marduk created earth in the form of a semicircular bowl, and covered the lower waters with it. He settled the god Anu in the heavenly palaces, and gave the earthly waters into the possession of his father Eya; Enlil began to command the air and winds. Marduk drew constellations in the sky. He gave the night to the possession of the moon god Sin, giving him a bright crown, and the day to Shamash, the sun god, whose rays strike demons and frighten villains. He divided all the gods into three hundred heavenly and three hundred earthly and underground, assigning to each what he was most responsible for.

Having established order in the universe, Marduk could have calmly existed in his heavenly palace, if not for the murmur of the gods, who had to bear the burden of worries and troubles. Marduk then decided to create creatures that could take care of the gods. From Kingu's blood and clay taken from Ey, he sculpted the first people. They were similar to gods, but did not have their power and immortality. Marduk commanded people to serve the gods, who have lived carefree since then.

True, at the end of the 2nd millennium BC. e. A myth became popular that the absolute dominance of Marduk upset the seven highest gods, and they persuaded the god of war and epidemics Erru (Irru) to take away part of the power from Marduk. Erra decided to destroy one of the best creations of Marduk - people who do not worship Erra. Then the insidious god persuaded the king of the gods to renounce earthly affairs for a while in order to descend into the underworld and there, with the help of the fire god Girra, cleanse his regalia of supreme power, which had supposedly faded with time.

Marduk believed Err and left the earth, leaving his throne to Err, who promised not to commit any atrocities. But as soon as Erra gained power, he immediately sent all kinds of troubles to the people - plague, strife, war, devastation. Suffering and death began throughout Babylonia and even in the capital, whose patron was Marduk. And if not for the return of Marduk, there would be no people left on earth.

In this story, an attempt is made to separate evil and violence from the supreme god, to present him as a benefactor of people who has nothing to do with the disasters, atrocities and injustices that are happening on earth, and to place all responsibility on the “bad” god. This is one of the first versions of the existence of good and evil in the world, the bearers of which are the antipodes - God and the Devil.

Another idea in the history of Marduk and Erra is historiosophical: periods of prosperity and power of the state are replaced by short (comparatively) periods of disaster and decline. This is a real pattern that can be observed in the example of all civilizations and states. Although, of course, the explanation for this phenomenon is not as naive and simple as it is fabulously presented in the myth.

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Oriental and African studies

Bunin (YSU named after Bunin). Yelets State University named after. I.A. Bunina Yelets State University Bunina applicant