Types and characteristics of soils. What types of soils are there? What soils are considered cohesive?

Soil classification

Classification of soils - dividing soils according to various characteristics. By nature they distinguish: - non-cohesive soils: pebbles, crushed stone, gravel, sand; - cohesive soils: sandy loam, loam, clay; and - a rock.

Soils that have only dry friction forces are called non-cohesive. These include coarse-grained (gravel-pebble) and sandy soils. Soils characterized by the presence of adhesion forces between particles are called cohesive. These groups include clays and loams. The so-called low-cohesion soils occupy an intermediate position. Along with friction forces, they have weakly expressed adhesion forces. This group of soils includes sandy loams. The granulometric and chemical-mineralogical composition of the soil, as well as the quantitative ratio of the solid and liquid phases in it, determine its physical and mechanical properties, which, in turn, affect the efficiency of development and the selection of optimal technological parameters of the mechanization means used.

Non-cohesive soils

Non-cohesive rocks are sand, gravel and other loose rocks that lack bonds between particles.

Table 1: Parameters and classification of soils

This coefficient is the ratio of the volume of loosened soil to the volume of soil in its natural state and is, for example, for sandy soils - 1.08-1.17, loamy soils - 1.14-1.28 and clayey soils - 1.24-1.3.

Loose soil placed in an embankment is compacted under the influence of the mass of overlying soil layers or mechanical compaction, traffic movement, wetting by rain, etc. However, the soil still does not occupy the volume that it occupied before development, maintaining residual loosening, the indicator of which is the coefficient of residual loosening of soil - Co.r, the value of which for sandy soils is in the range of 1.01-1.025, for loamy soils - 1.015-1 .05 and clayey ones - 1.04-1.09.

During development, the runt loosens and increases in volume. The volume of excavation in dense soil (depending on the soil) will be less than the volume of transported soil. This phenomenon, called the initial loosening of the soil, is characterized by the initial loosening coefficient Kp, which is the ratio of the volume of loosened soil to the volume of soil in its natural state.
The loosening coefficients of some rocks have the following values.
Sand, sandy loam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1-1.2
Plant soil, clay, loam, gravel 1.2-1.3
Semi-rocky rocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3-1.4
Rocks:
medium strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4-1.6
durable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6-1.8
very durable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8-2.0
Scope of work on excavation of pits, excavation of trenches, construction of embankment, backfill and so on. calculated in m3 by measuring the soil in a dense body. Those. The same amount of soil that is being developed is backfilled, minus the volume of foundations. After which the soil is compacted and again takes on the so-called volume in a dense body

Soils and their construction properties

Priming- any rock or soil that is a multicomponent system that changes over time and is used as a foundation, medium or material for the construction of buildings and engineering structures.

Soil structure- these are features of the structure of the soil, determined by the size and shape of the particles, the nature of their surface, the quantitative ratio of the constituent elements (mineral particles or aggregates of particles) and the nature of their interaction with each other

Loose soils- the most common building materials. Based on their mechanical composition, these soils are divided into non-cohesive and cohesive.

Cohesive soil- soil, the structural feature of which is determined by the quantitative ratio of particles that ensure its integrity. Cohesive soils include: sandy loam, loam, clay.

Cohesionless soil- soil consisting of particles ranging in size from 0.05 to 200 mm. Non-cohesive soils include: pebbles, crushed stone, gravel, debris, sand, dust.

The solid phase of non-rocky soils consists of particles of various sizes and mineralogical composition. Soil particles, depending on their size, are called: > 200 mm - boulders, 40-200 mm - pebbles, 2 - 40 gravel, 0.05 - 2 sand,< 0,005 - глина.

The angle of internal friction of the soil is the angle of inclination of the direct relationship between the shear resistance of the soil and the vertical load to the abscissa axis.
In construction, soils are classified depending on the content of clay particles in them.
Table 3.1 - Main types of sandy-clayey soils

The most important indicators of soils, in addition to the mechanical composition, include: density, porosity, humidity, internal friction and cohesion, plasticity, loosening ability, humidity, water permeability, etc.

Density- This is the ratio of body weight to occupied volume.

In relation to soils there are:

- soil particle density- the ratio of the mass of dry soil to the volume of only its solid part, excluding the pore volume (from 2.35 to 3.3 t/m3, more often 2.6 - 2.7 t/m3);

- soil density- the ratio of the mass of soil, including the mass of water in its pores, to the occupied volume together with pores (1.5...2.0 t/m3);

Depending on the content of clay particles, clays, loams and sandy loams can be heavy, medium or light.

Depending on the particle size, sands are coarse-, medium- or fine-grained.
When developing soil, its particles are separated from each other and subsequently occupy a large volume.

The increase in soil volume as a result of development is determined using the loosening coefficient. The loosening coefficient Kp is the ratio of the volume of soil in the loosened state Vр to the volume occupied by the same soil before loosening Vе.

The degree of loosening depends on the mechanical composition and humidity (Table 3.2)

Table 3.2 - Loosening coefficients of basic soils

The loosening properties of soils are taken into account:

When determining the volumes and sizes of embankments when laying soil without compaction;

When determining the volume of soil in a state of natural density based on the volume occupied by loose soil;

When determining the volume of soil in its natural density state in the buckets of earthmoving machines.

To determine the thickness of the bedding layer when laying soil without compaction.

Core – coefficient of residual loosening.

K IN- the coefficient of use of the working time of the machine, which is the ratio of the time of pure work to all spent. Taken equal to 0.85 - 0.9;
K R- soil loosening coefficient, depending on the type of soil and its condition;

Table 9.2 Loosening coefficients for basic soils

The purpose of geotechnical work during construction is to determine the characteristics and properties of the soils used for the foundation of the future building or structure. To simplify these works, a construction soil classification. What are the main types of soils and their construction properties?

Construction classification of soils and types of soils

Soils are varied in their composition, structure and nature of occurrence. Construction classification of soils and types of soils are determined in accordance with SNiP II-15-74 part 2.

Soils are divided into two classes: rocky- soils with rigid (crystallization or cementation) structural connections and non-rocky- soils without rigid structural connections.

1. Rocky soils

Rocky– soils with rigid structural connections occur in the form of a continuous massif or in the form of a cracked layer. These include igneous (granites, diorites, etc.), metamorphic (gneisses, quartzites, schists, etc.), cemented sedimentary (sandstones, conglomerates, etc.) and artificial.

They are waterproof, incompressible, have significant compressive strength and do not freeze, and in the absence of cracks and voids they are the most durable and reliable foundations. Fractured layers of rocky soils are less durable.

Rocky soils are divided according to their tensile strength, solubility, softness and salinity.

2. Non-rocky soils

Non-rocky soils are sedimentary rocks without rigid structural connections. Based on particle size and content, they are divided into coarse-clastic, sandy, silty-clayey, biogenic And soil. A characteristic feature of these soils is their fragmentation and dispersion, which distinguishes them from very durable rocks.

2.1. Coarse soils

Coarse clastic – loose fragments of rocks with a predominance of fragments larger than 2 mm (over 50%). Based on their granulometric composition, coarse soils are divided into: boulder d>200 mm (with a predominance of unrounded particles – blocky), pebble d>10 mm (with unrounded edges – crushed) And gravel d>2 mm (with unrounded edges – woody). These include gravel, crushed stone, pebbles, and debris.

These soils are a good foundation if there is a dense layer underneath them. They shrink slightly and are reliable foundations.

If there is more than 40% sandy aggregate or more than 30% silty-clayey aggregate of the total mass, only the fine component of the soil is taken into account, since it is this that will determine the bearing capacity.

Coarse soil can be heaving if the fine component is silty sand or clay.

2.2. Sandy soils

Sandy– consist of particles of quartz grains and other minerals with a particle size of 0.1 to 2 mm, containing clay no more than 3% and do not have the property of plasticity. Sands are divided according to grain composition and the size of the predominant fractions into gravel lines d>2 mm, large d>0.5 mm, medium size d>0.25 mm, small d>0.1 mm and dusty d=0.05 - 0.005 mm.

Soil particles with a particle size of d=0.05 - 0.005 mm are called dusty. If the sand contains from 15 to 50% such particles, then they are classified as dusty. When there are more dust particles in the soil than sand particles, the soil is called dusty.

The larger and purer the sand, the greater the load the base layer can withstand. The compressibility of dense sand is low, but the rate of compaction under load is significant, so settlement of structures on such foundations quickly stops. Sands do not have the property of plasticity.

gravelly, large And medium size Sands become significantly compacted under load and freeze slightly.

The type of coarse-grained and sandy soils is determined by the granulometric composition, the variety - by the degree of moisture.

2.3. Silty-clayey soils

Silty-clayey soils contain dusty (0.05 - 0.005 mm in size) and clay (less than 0.005 mm in size) particles. Among silty clay soils, there are soils that exhibit specific unfavorable properties when soaked: subsidence And swelling. TO subsidence include soils that, under the influence of external factors and their own weight when soaked with water, give a significant sediment, called drawdown. Swelling soils They increase in volume when moistened and decrease in volume when dry.

2.3.1. Clay soils

Clayey– cohesive soils, consisting of particles with a particle size of less than 0.005 mm, having a mainly scaly shape, with a small admixture of small sand particles. Unlike sands, clays have thin capillaries and a large specific contact surface between particles. Since the pores of clay soils are in most cases filled with water, when the clay freezes, it heaves.

Clay soils are divided depending on the plasticity number into clay(with clay particles content more than 30%), loams(10...30%) and sandy loam(3...10%).

The bearing capacity of clayey foundations depends on humidity, which determines the consistency of clayey soils. Dry clay can withstand quite a lot of load.

The type of clay soil depends on the plasticity number, the variety - on the fluidity index.

2.3.2. Loess and loess-like soils

Loess and loess-like – clayey soils containing a large amount of dust particles (contain more than 50% dust particles with an insignificant content of clay and calcareous particles) and the presence of large pores (macropores) in the form of vertical tubes, visible to the naked eye. These soils in a dry state have significant porosity - up to 40% and have sufficient strength, but when moistened they can produce large precipitation under load. They refer to subsidence soils (under the influence of external factors and their own weight they give a significant subsidence) and when erecting buildings on them, they require proper protection of the foundations from moisture. With organic impurities (plant soil, silt, peat, bog peat) they are heterogeneous in composition, loose, and have significant compressibility.

They are not suitable as natural foundations for buildings (when moistened, they completely lose strength and large, often uneven, deformations - subsidence) occur. When using loess as a base, it is necessary to take measures to eliminate the possibility of its soaking.

2.3.3. Quicksands

Quicksands- these are soils that, when opened, begin to move like a viscous-flowing body; they are formed by fine-grained silty sands with silty and clayey impurities saturated with water. When liquefied, they become highly mobile, in fact, they turn into a liquid state.

Distinguish true quicksand And pseudoquicks. True quicksand characterized by the presence of silt-clay and colloidal particles, high porosity (> 40%), low water yield and filtration coefficient, a feature of thixotropic transformations, floating at a humidity of 6 - 9% and transition to a fluid state at 15 - 17%. Pseudo-swimmers– sands that do not contain fine clay particles, are completely saturated with water, easily release water, are permeable, turning into a quicksand state at a certain hydraulic gradient.

They are of little use as natural bases.

2.4. Biogenic soils

Biogenic soils characterized by a significant content of organic substances. These include peaty soils, peats and sapropels. Peaty soils include sandy and silty-clayey soils containing 10 - 50% (by weight) of organic matter. If there are more than 50%, then it is peat. Sapropels are freshwater silts.

2.5. Soils

Soils- these are natural formations that make up the surface layer of the earth’s crust and have fertility.

Soils And biogenic soils cannot serve as a foundation for a building or structure. The first ones are cut and used for farming purposes, the second ones require special measures to prepare the base.

2.6. Bulk soils

Bulk– formed artificially when filling ravines, ponds, landfill sites, etc. or soils of natural origin with a disturbed structure as a result of soil movement. The properties of such soils are very different and depend on many factors (type of source material, degree of compaction, homogeneity, etc.). They have the property of uneven compressibility, and in most cases they cannot be used as natural foundations for buildings. Bulk soils are very heterogeneous; in addition, various organic and inorganic materials significantly worsen its mechanical properties. Even in the absence of organic impurities, in some cases they remain weak for many decades.

As a foundation for buildings and structures, fill soil is considered in each individual case, depending on the nature of the soil and the age of the embankment. For example, sands that have compacted for more than three years, especially sands, can serve as the basis for the foundation of small buildings, provided that there are no plant remains and household waste in it.

In practice, there are also alluvial soils formed as a result of the cleaning of rivers and lakes. These soils are called refilled fill soils . They are a good foundation for buildings.

You watched: Construction classification of soils. Types of soils.

Soils play an important role in the process of calculations and design of the construction of foundations for various construction projects. This is due to natural reasons: different types of soil behave differently in certain weather conditions and with seasonal temperature changes, and have special characteristics.

The durability and reliability of the foundation depends on the physical characteristics of the soil.

The stability and reliability of the foundation depends on the physical characteristics of the soil, which must be taken into account during the construction of the foundation.

Particular attention is paid to cohesion, homogeneity, moisture holding capacity, water resistance, and solubility of the soil mass. The coefficients of friction, loosening, plasticity and compressibility are considered separately. There are main types of soil:

• clayey;
• dusty;
• sandy;
• rocky;
• clastic.

The density indicators and loosening coefficients necessary to carry out the appropriate calculations for each type of soil are given in the table.

Clay soils

Clay soil is the result of physical decomposition and mechanical breakdown of rocks.

Clay soils are one of the most problematic for construction. They have all the negative properties that complicate the construction process: they freeze, erode, swell, and have high subsidence. When building on such a foundation, it is necessary to carry out scrupulous and accurate calculations during the construction of the foundation.

Clay soil is a product of chemical decomposition and mechanical breakdown of rocks. It has scaly and fine-grained fractions, which makes it viscous and capable of deforming when wet without cracking under the influence of load. As humidity decreases, the cohesion of such soils also decreases. Based on consistency, they are divided into the following types:

• hard;
• fluid;
• plastic.

When constructing a foundation, it is necessary to take into account the magnitude of the load of the structure on the ground. It must be laid to the maximum freezing depth. The exception is dry clay soils.

Clayey types of soil are subject to settlement resulting from the weight of the foundation, and this process occurs over a long period of time - over several years. The stronger its porosity, the longer and more sediment there will be.

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Dusty soils

Silty soil has the disadvantage that it turns into slurry when it becomes saturated with water.

Construction on this type of soil is not recommended. This type of soil has a bad feature: it turns into slurry when it is saturated with water, so its behavior is difficult to predict. It is silty sand, which is flooded by groundwater.

Silty soil has different origins. It can be sedimentary, which formed at the site of weathering, or transported and deposited elsewhere. This type also includes silts, which are water-saturated modern sediments of reservoirs formed as a result of microbiological processes.

But despite this, there are certain technologies that make it possible to build a foundation in such terrain. Such a process is quite expensive, and no one can give exact guarantees that a foundation made in accordance with all the rules will not settle in 5-10 years. The construction of structures on floating floats is only possible with the work of experienced builders. Still, you should think carefully and evaluate all the advantages and disadvantages before starting to build a building.

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Sandy soils

Sandy soil is waterproof, which makes it more durable and of higher quality.

Sands, which are stable large fractions, are the most convenient types of soil for successful construction. They are easy to develop, they are well compacted due to the load, and with a uniform and dense layer, they are an ideal basis for constructing a foundation. During the construction process, it is necessary to take into account that large sand particles can bear a large load. freezes little, and this fact has a slight effect on its properties.

This type of soil consists of particles whose sizes do not exceed 2 mm, but not less than 0.1 mm. Sandy soil has good water resistance, which makes it more durable and reliable. Therefore, even in winter, it will not bulge outward from the depths. Before you start laying the foundation, you need to take into account that groundwater is at a lower level in winter than in the warm season. The depth of laying the foundation depends on this factor, which is recommended to be done at a depth of 50 to 70 cm.

The purpose of conducting geotechnical research before the start of construction is to determine the characteristics and features of the soils used, which will become the basis for laying the foundation of a building or structure. In order to simplify these manipulations, you can use the construction classification of soil. Before starting work, you need to find out what properties soils have, as well as what types of them exist. We will talk about this and much more in detail in our article.

Types of soils and their construction classification

If you are interested in the classification of soils, then you need to know that they are varied in composition, nature of occurrence, and structure. According to SNiP II-15-74 part 2, soil can be classified according to classifications. Thus, soils are divided into rocky and non-rocky. The former have rigid structural bonds, which can be cement and crystallization elements. The second type of soil does not have similar properties.

Features of rocky soils

What can soil classification tell us? A comprehensive study of this section will help you make the right choice of territory for future construction. So, let's start studying. First of all, we note that the soils are rocky. What does it mean? Such soils occur in a continuous mass or in a fractured layer. Among them one can distinguish igneous soils - diorites, granites, as well as metamorphic ones - quartzites, gneisses and schists. There are also artificial and sedimentary soils. Among the latter, one can distinguish conglomerates and sandstones, which are also called cemented.

This classification of soils indicates their water resistance and incompressibility. Such soils are not subject to freezing at cold temperatures, and if they do not have cracks and all kinds of voids, then they have the properties of reliability and strength. If we talk about fractured layers, they are not distinguished by such high performance. The rocky variety of soils has a certain limit of strength, solubility, salinity and softness.

Characteristics of non-rocky soils

If you are interested in the classification of soils into groups in construction, then you should also know about non-rocky soils, which are sedimentary rocks devoid of rigid structural connections. Such soils can be divided according to particle fractionation. They can be biogenic, coarse, silty and clayey, as well as sandy. As a feature of these soils, one can highlight their dispersion and fragmentation, which distinguishes them from more durable rocks.

Description of coarse soils

Before construction, the master must necessarily consider the classification of soils. This will allow you to understand what characteristics the soil in the building area has. It can be coarse, with rock fragments not connected to each other having separate fragments whose diameter exceeds 2 millimeters. There should be more than half of such particles. Based on their granulometric composition, such soils can be divided into boulder and pebble soils. The first type involves the presence of elements whose diameter exceeds 200 millimeters. If the number of necessary particles predominates, then the soil has a blocky composition. The second type provides for the presence of individual elements with a diameter of more than 10 millimeters. If they have sharp edges, then the soil is called gravelly.

Gravel soil contains unrolled elements whose diameter exceeds 2 millimeters. Among them are wood chips, crushed stone, pebbles and gravel. Such granules act as an excellent base if there is a sufficiently dense layer underneath them. When you consider the classification of soils into groups in construction, you must take into account that the above-mentioned soil compresses slightly and acts as a fairly reliable foundation. If the composition contains more than 40% of aggregate in the form of sand or 30% of silty and clayey masses, only the fine component of the soil is taken into account. This is due to the fact that it is she who will determine the load-bearing capacity. Coarse soils may have a heaving quality if the fine component is clay or silty sand.

Description of sandy soils

If you are interested in the granulometric classification of soils, then you should consider the possibility of sandy soil in the selected area. It consists of grains of quartz and other minerals, the diameter of which can range from 0.1 to 2 millimeters. In this case, clay should contain no more than 3 percent, and such soils have no plasticity at all. Sands can be subdivided according to their fractional composition and parameters of the predominant fractions. For example, gravelly sands have an element diameter that exceeds 2 millimeters. As for large components, their diameter starts from 0.5 mm. Medium-sized components have a size of more than 0.25 mm, and small ones - from 0.1 mm.

As for silty soils, their elements have a diameter in the range of 0.05-0.005 mm. If the sand contains particles whose size ranges from 15 to 50%, then they can be called dusty. The larger and cleaner the sand, the more impressive the load the foundation made from it will be able to endure. The compressibility of dense soil of this type is low, but compaction under the influence of load occurs quite quickly, for this reason the settlement of structures on such soils stops quite soon. If you are interested in the classification of sandy soils, then you should know that they do not have plasticity properties. If there are sands of medium and coarse fractions on the territory, as well as gravelly varieties of soil, the soil is compacted under the influence of load and is subject to slight freezing.

Features of silty and clayey soils

Before starting construction, you must study the composition of the soil. Soil classification will make it possible to understand whether there are dusty and clayey layers in the territory. They contain particles whose size is in the range of 0.05-0.005 mm. It may also contain clay elements whose dimensions are less than 0.005 millimeters.

Among this type of soil, one can distinguish soils that are capable of exhibiting unfavorable specific characteristics when exposed to water, which can result in swelling or subsidence. The latter type includes soils that, under the influence of various factors and their mass, shrink significantly. If we talk about swelling soils, they are able to increase in volume when wet, and also decrease when dry.

Clay soils

If you are interested in the classification of clay soils, then you should know that they consist of individual elements, the fraction of which is less than 0.005 mm. Such components have a scaly shape, among them you can see small sand inclusions. When compared with sand, clay has thin capillaries and a significant specific contact surface between the elements. Due to the fact that the pores of the described soils are in some cases filled with water, when freezing, the composition begins to swell.

Clay soils can be divided into clays and sandy loams. This parameter is influenced by the plasticity number. In the first case, the volume of clay elements exceeds 30%. In the latter, this parameter varies from 3 to 10 percent. Another variety is loam, in which the content of clay particles ranges from 10 to 30%. If you are studying the general classification of soils, then you need to know that the bearing capacity of the described foundations depends on humidity, which determines the consistency. If we are talking about dry soil, then it can undergo significant loads. The type of clay soil depends on the plasticity, while the variety is influenced by the flow rate.

Description of loess and loess-like soils

The construction classification of soils distinguishes loess and loess-like soils, which are clayey soils. They contain a significant amount of dusty elements. There are more than half of the latter in the composition of such soil, but calcareous and clayey ones can be found in small quantities. The soil is characterized by the presence of fairly large pores, which look like vertically oriented tubes. They can be seen with the naked eye. These soils, when dry, have high porosity, which is within 40 percent. The strength of such a foundation is very high, however, when moistened, such soils produce large precipitation.

Classification of soils into groups classifies some soils as sedimentary. When exposed to such building foundations, appropriate protection of the foundation from moisture is required. If there are organic impurities such as bog peat and plant soil, then the soil will be heterogeneous in composition and loose. Among its qualities we can highlight high compressibility. Such soils should not be used as a natural foundation for structures, since when moistened they completely lose their strength characteristics, become deformed, and sink, which occurs unevenly. If you use such soils as a base, you will need to take measures to eliminate the possibility of soaking.

Features of quicksand

Before starting construction, you should study the classification of soils according to the difficulty of development. Such soils include quicksand. When opened, such soils begin to move like a viscous-flowing body; they form fine-grained silty sands, which contain clay and silty impurities saturated with moisture. At the moment of liquefaction, the soil begins to take on a liquid state and actively move.

The classification of soils in construction divides such soils into pseudoquicksands and true quicksands. The latter are distinguished by the presence of silty and clayey, as well as colloidal elements, which have significant porosity. Among other things, such soils have insignificant water loss. If we talk about pseudoquicksands, they are sands that do not contain fine clay elements; they are completely saturated with water, quite easily part with moisture, are permeable, and with a hydraulic gradient begin to transform into the state of quicksands. Such bases are almost unsuitable for use in construction.

Features of biogenic soils

If the classification of foundation soils is carefully studied, this will eliminate errors. Thus, if there are biogenic soils on the territory, they are distinguished by an impressive content of organic elements. Such soils include sapropels, peat, and peat soils. The latter include silty-clayey and sandy soils, which contain from 10 to 50% organic elements. If their number is more than half, then such soil is peat. Sapropel includes freshwater silts.

Description of soils

Soils are natural formations that make up the surface layer of the earth. They have the qualities of fertility. Biogenic soils are not able to act as foundations for structures and buildings. Before construction begins, the top layer of soil must be removed and used for farming. Biogenic soils require special measures that involve preparing the foundation.

Features of bulk soils

Bulk soils are soils that were formed artificially by filling ponds, landfills, ravines, and so on. Among them, we can distinguish those that are of natural origin, but have a disturbed structure due to movement. The characteristics of such soils are extremely different; these indicators are influenced by many factors. Among them we can highlight homogeneity, degree of compaction, and type of source material. The described soils have characteristics of uneven compressibility and in most cases they are unacceptable for use as natural foundations for the construction of structures and buildings.

Bulk soils are characterized by heterogeneity; among other things, they contain all kinds of inorganic and organic materials that significantly worsen the mechanical characteristics. Even if these types of soils lack organic matter, in some cases they remain weak for many decades. As a basis for construction, fill soil is considered individually depending on the age of the embankment. Thus, soils, especially sands that have been caked for more than 3 years, can be used for the foundation of oversized buildings. However, a condition must be met: there should be no plant debris or debris in them.

In practice, you can find alluvial soils that were formed after cleaning lakes and rivers. These soils are called refilled fill soils. They are recommended for use on building foundations. Before starting construction, it is imperative to take into account all the above recommendations for analysis and correct selection of the territory. This will eliminate problems that may arise during the operation of the house. They can be expressed in damage to the foundation and walls, as well as premature failure of building elements from a state suitable for operation. As a rule, such buildings are short-lived and wear out very quickly. In addition, illiterate selection of soil can lead to the complete destruction of the building, which, in turn, can result in a great tragedy for people.