Verb tense forms do not change according to persons. How do verbs change? The verb changes by tense, by number, by gender. History of the verb aspect category

A verb is a part of speech that denotes the state or action of the subject. For example: walk, fly, work, rejoice, be indignant, become bolder. You can read more about verbs in the article.

How do verbs change? In Russian, verbs change according to tenses, numbers, persons, genders, types, voice, and moods. The initial form of the verb answers the questions what to do? what to do? and ends with the suffix -т. The verb is changed by adding a prefix, suffix and changing its ending.

How do past tense verbs change?

A verb in Russian can be used in three different tense forms - present, past and future tense. To refresh your memory about the category of verb tense, you can read the article.

Verbs in the past tense indicate that the action took place sometime before. To get the past tense of a verb, you need to drop the suffix -t from its initial form and put the suffix -l (walk - walked, rejoice - rejoiced).

In the past tense, verbs change according to numbers: walked (singular, if one subject performs the action) - walked (plural, if several subjects perform the action). Singular verbs also change according to gender - walked (masculine), walked (feminine), walked (neuter).

To determine the suffix that should appear in the past tense of the verb before the suffix -l, you need to look at what vowel is in the initial form before the suffix -t. For example: walk - walked, fly - flew. Less obvious examples: glue - glued, sow - sowed, hear - heard.

How do present and future tense verbs change?

In the present and future tenses, verbs change according to persons and numbers. There are three persons (first, second and third) and two numbers (singular and plural). Changing the verb by person is necessary in order to be able to express the action of the speaking person (first person - rejoice), the interlocutor (second person - rejoice), or persons not participating in the dialogue (third person - rejoice). The verb changes in numbers if it talks about the state or action of one subject (singular) or a group of subjects (plural).

Changing verbs by person and number is called verb conjugation. Verbs are conjugated by changing their personal endings.

In the Russian language, there are two conjugations of verbs - the first (indicated by the Roman numeral I) and the second (II). They differ from each other precisely in that they have different personal endings.

Verbs of the first conjugation have endings:

-u (-yu), -eat (-eat), -et (-yot), -eat (-yot), -ete (-yote), -ut (-yut) - (fly, fly, fly, fly , fly, fly).

Personal endings of verbs of II conjugation:

-u (-y), -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at (-yat) - (glue, glue, glue, glue, glue, glue).

It should also be noted that in the Russian language there are several verbs that are conjugated partly according to I, partly according to II conjugation. The most commonly used of these verbs are want and run. The verb “to want” in the singular person has the endings of the 1st conjugation, in the plural it has the 2nd conjugation. The verb "to run" is conjugated according to the II conjugation. The exception is the third person plural (run).

Changing verbs by type, voice, mood

In the Russian language, there are two types of verbs - perfect and imperfect. The perfect form is used when the action has already been completed, the imperfect form when the action is being carried out at the moment. To get a perfect verb, it must be changed so that it answers the question what to do? (in most cases - add a prefix): work - earn money.

The voice of a verb is called active if the action expressed by the verb is directed at another object, passive if the action is directed at the speaking subject himself. The passive voice is obtained by adding the postfix -sya (-s) to the verb (stop - stop).

Verbs in Russian can be used in three moods. If a verb denotes an action that occurs in time (past, future or present), then it is in the indicative mood (all examples above). If an action can only occur under certain conditions, then conditional verbs are used. To obtain the conditional mood, the particle “would” is added to the verb (would go - would go). If a person encourages his interlocutor to take any action, he uses the imperative mood of the verb. Most often, in the imperative mood, the verb is placed in the second person (go, rejoice).

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The verb is the leading part of speech in the Russian language, together with the noun. It forms the core of the sentence and concludes the process. How the verb changes according to tenses, moods, persons, numbers and genders will be discussed in the article.

Verb: constant signs

All parts of speech have certain characteristics. The conjugation and aspect, reflexivity and transitivity of a verb are considered unchangeable.

Verbs change according to persons. The nature of these changes reflects the type of conjugation - 1 or 2. There is no semantic difference between verbs of different conjugations. The difference is in 1 person -eat, -eat, -eat, -eat, -ut(-ut), 2 - im, -it, -ish, -ite, -at(-yat). The view is intended to reflect the relationship of actions to the moment of speech. Perfect form (question what to do?) there is a result, imperfect ( what to do?) there is a process. For example, walk - go, think - come up with. Often the difference is that imperfective verbs reflect a periodically repeated action, while perfective verbs reflect one-time actions. Eg, travel - go, cook - cook. Such a constant verbal feature as reflexivity indicates the direction of actions towards someone. The return indicator is postfix -sya: swim, injected, said goodbye. Transitivity indicates the ability of a verb to control an object - a noun in that is verb to write - transitive, as it can be combined with words that answer the question What? whom?: paint a picture, write a dictation. Verb look - intransitive because it cannot control a noun in the accusative case.

Mood

Verbs change according to tenses, persons, etc., that is, they also have unstable morphological features. Verbs that can change their form are called conjugated. The leading feature is the ability of verbs to change mood, which reflects the relationship of the process to reality. Thus, there are indicative and conditional. All others depend on the inclination. Verbs change tenses only in the indicative mood. The subjunctive (conditional) mood has a traditional structure: verb in the past tense + particle would ( I would bring it and tell you). The imperative mood is distinguished by the presence of a suffix -And or -those: write, tell me.

Time

Tense is a special category characteristic of the indicative verb. It can be future, past and present, that is, it reflects the attitude of action at the moment of speech. The verb changes tenses depending on its aspect. The time and correctness of its use is largely determined by the type of verb. So, y cannot have the present tense, since it indicates a certain process. Suffix -l- main indicator of the past tense verb: r spoke, studied, stood. It is important to note that verbs change gender only in the past tense. The future tense is formed using an auxiliary verb be and the infinitive, if imperfect: build - will build, teach - will teach. If you need to put a perfective verb in the future tense, then no auxiliary word is required: drive - they will drive, take a look - take a look.

Face

The category of tense is decisive for another non-constant verbal feature - person. Verbs change by person only in the future and present tenses of the indicative mood, in the imperative mood. The person of the verb is intended to indicate the participant in the speech process (1st or 2nd person: I say, listen) or the one mentioned in the speech (3rd person: knows, they tell). The personal form of a verb is a form next to which a personal pronoun can be restored: study - I study, read - we read, write down - you write down, sit down - you sit down, looking for - he/she/it is looking for, knitting - they are knitting.

Number

The category of number is inherent in all variable parts of speech of the Russian language. Thus, for verbs, the number cannot be determined only in the initial form, that is, in the infinitive. Verbs are inflected by number in all moods ( sitting - would sit - sit) and at all times ( painted - are drawing - will draw).

Immutable Forms

Only permanent features can be identified in unchangeable forms of the verb. These are the infinitive and the gerund. An infinitive is the beginning of any verb form. All constant verbal features are determined by it. It contains the semantics of the action, but does not show its relevance to reality, to the moment of speech, to the participants in the speech process. The verb changes according to moods and tenses, but not the infinitive.

A gerund is one of the attributive, that is, non-conjugated, forms of a verb. It combines the meanings of a verb and an adverb and denotes an additional, secondary action. The participle, like the infinitive, has only constant features. However, the infinitive can be the main member of a sentence or part of the main member, but the gerund cannot. There are cases when the gerund depends on the infinitive in a sentence: Live joyfully. Loving, caring. Buy by finding. In such sentences, predicativity is contained in the unchangeable forms of the verb.

Declined form of the verb

Surprisingly, the verb changes according to cases, or rather, its special form is the participle. It combines the constant features of a verb and the inconstant features of an adjective. The participle, formed from the stem of the verb, reflects the aspect, and special suffixes express tense, which is a constant feature of participles. The unchangeable characteristic of participles is voice. So, this form of the verb can be passive or active. This is the expression of a characteristic as active or passive. For example, read(self) - active voice, that is, active participle, read(by someone) - passive voice, passive participle. The participle changes by case according to the paradigm of adjectives. This form of the verb can change in number and gender: singing - singing - singing - singing, have a full and short form (passive only): built - built. Case is determined only for full participles. Eg, in the nest- prepositional, near the stormy sea- genitive, artist drawing y - dative, the song that sounded- creative.

how do verbs change?

Target: Conduct observations with students on how verbs change.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Lesson topic message.

– What part of speech did we talk about in previous lessons?

– What did you learn about the verb?

– How do they change? (Students cannot answer this question.)

- Let's find out in class.

III. Summarizing the material studied.

1. Distribute the verbs into groups.

They sewed it in, they warmed it up, they sang, they squeaked, they boiled it, they started talking.

– On what basis were the verbs distributed? (By numbers. Singular: sutured, sang, boiled; plural: warmed up, squeaked, started talking.)

– So, how can verbs change?

– In the home exercise, how many verbs were used? (Singular.)

- Why? (We are talking about one kitten.)

2. Make corrections to the texts from exercise. 233.

– Answer Anton’s question: “What has changed from the letters you added?”

– How else can a verb change? (By birth.)

3. Execution of exercise. 237.

– What can be said about changing verbs? (Varies according to faces.)

- Guess the riddle:

Who sings loudly

About the fact that the sun is rising?

(Rooster.)

– Help the cockerel change the verbs from the riddles by faces:

Option I – modifies the verb “sings”;

Option II – modifies the verb “stands up”.

Two students change the verb according to the faces at the board. If difficulties arise, “windows” are left.

IV. Lesson summary.

– What have we found out about verb change?

- Let's fill out the table from exercise. 235 and check if everyone has learned about its changes.

(The table should look like this once completed.)

– The second column was left blank. So, we haven’t learned about all the verb changes yet? We will find out this in the next lessons.

A verb is a part of speech that denotes the state or action of the subject. For example: walk, fly, work, rejoice, be indignant, become bolder. You can read more about verbs in the article.

How do past tense verbs change?

The verb in Russian can be used in three different tense forms - present, past and future tense. To refresh your memory about the category of verb tense, you can read the article.

How do present and future tense verbs change?

Changing verbs by person and number is called verb conjugation. Verbs are conjugated by changing their personal endings.

Verbs of the first conjugation have endings:

-u (-yu), -eat (-eat), -et (-yot), -eat (-yot), -ete (-yote), -ut (-yut) - (fly, fly, fly, fly , fly, fly).

Personal endings of verbs of II conjugation:

-u (-yu), -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at (-yat) - (glue, glue, glue, glue, glue, glue).

Changing verbs by type, voice, mood

The meaning of the verb, its morphological features and syntactic function

Verb - is an independent part of speech that denotes an action, state or attitude and answers questions what to do? what to do?: work, clean, get sick, be afraid, want, be wealthy. All forms verb have morphological characteristics of type (they can be perfect or imperfect) and transitivity (they can be transitive or intransitive). Among the verb forms there are differences conjugated(change according to moods, tenses, persons or genders, as well as numbers) and unconjugated(initial form verb, participles and gerunds).

In a sentence, conjugated verbal forms play the role of a predicate (they have special forms of predication - forms of mood and tense), non-conjugated verbal forms can also be other members of the sentence. For example: Mermaid swam along the blue river, illuminated by the full moon... (M. Lermontov); So thought a young rake, flying in the dust on postage... (A. Pushkin).

Infinitive

The initial (dictionary) form of the verb is infinitive, or infinitive(from Latin infiniti - vus - “uncertain”). The infinitive denotes an action regardless of mood, tense, person, number, that is, without its connection with the actor (subject).

The infinitive is an unchangeable form of the verb, which is characterized only by constant morphological features of the verb: aspect, transitivity/intransitivity, reflexivity/nonreflexivity, type of conjugation. (If the conjugated verb forms have an unstressed ending, then the type of conjugation is determined by the infinitive.)

The formal indicators of the infinitive are suffixes -t, -t(at school they are usually considered as graduations). Suffix -th comes after vowels (watch, think, sing), A -ty- after consonants (carry, carry, weave). Some verbs end in the infinitive with -ch: bake, protect, flow, be able and etc.; historically in -whose merged infinitive indicator -ty and the final root sound [G] or [To]: type shapes “bake”, “take care” as a result of phonetic changes transformed into "oven", "preserve" and so on.

In a sentence, the infinitive can be any part of the sentence. For example: 1) Be in love for others - a heavy cross... (B. Pasternak); 2) He [Startsev] decided to go to the Turkins(for what purpose?) see what kind of people they are (A. Chekhov); 3) I acted carelessly, indulging in the sweet habit of seeing and hearing you every day (A. Pushkin); 4) The cleanest shirts orders captain put on!_ (B. Okudzhava).

Note. Example (2) - with verbs of motion (leave, come in etc.) or stopping movement (stop, stay, sit down etc.) the infinitive is a circumstance of the goal (names the goal of movement or cessation of movement): Sometimes he stopped in the sands(for what purpose?) relax (K. Paustovsky).

Example (4) - the infinitive is not included in the predicate and is an addition in the sentence if it denotes the action of another person (object) other than the one named as the subject.

Verb Basics

The verb has two basics: infinitive stem And basis of present/simple future tense.(Sometimes it also stands out past tense basis but for most verbs it coincides with the stem of the infinitive.) Some verb forms are formed from basics infinitive, and the other part is from basics present/simple future tense. These two basics Many verbs are different.

To highlight the base of the infinitive, you need to separate the formative suffix of the infinitive: carried- you, pussy- yea, speak up- oh, read- ugh, rice- t.

To highlight the basis of the present/simple future tense, you need to separate the personal ending from the form of the present/simple future tense (usually the 3rd person plural form is taken): carried- ut, write- ut, dialect- yat, read j - ut, pucyj - ut.

To highlight basis past tense, you need to discard the formative suffix -l- and the ending from the past tense form (you can use any form except the masculine singular form, since it can contain a zero suffix, which makes it difficult to isolate basics): carried- l-a, pisa- l-ah, speak- l-a, read- l-a, rice- l-a.

There are verbs that have the same basics infinitive and present/simple future tense, and the past tense stem differs from them: eid- here you go- ut, w- l-a. basics different: I'll get wet- ugh, wet- ut, wet- l-a; tere- tb, tr- ut, ter- l-a. There are verbs that have all three basics match up: carried- you, carried- ut, carried- la.

Verb forms that are formed from the infinitive stem	Verb forms that are formed from the stem of the present/simple future tense
1. Forms of the past tense of the indicative mood: carried, wrote, spoke, read, drew.	1. Forms of the present and simple future tense of the indicative mood: I'm carrying it, I'll write it, I say, 4 umaj- y (spelling - reading), pucyj- y(I draw).
2. Forms of conditional mood: would carry, write, speak, read, draw.	2. Forms of the imperative mood: carry, write, speak, read) (read), rice) (draw).
3. Active past participles: carrying, writing, speaking, reading, drawing.	3. Active present participles: carrying, writing, speaking, reading j-ush-y (reader),pucyj-ush-y (drawing).
4. Passive past participles: carried away, written, drawn-nn-yp.	4. Present passive participles: nes-ohm-y, talk-i.ch-y, chitauem-y (readable), pucyj-um-y (drawn).
5. Perfect participles: writing, speaking, reading, drawing.	5. Imperfect participles: I'm not saying, I read" ja (reading)pucyj- a(drawing).

Verb type

Verbs in Russian belong to one of two types: to imperfect or to perfect.

Verbs perfect form answer the question what to do? and denote an action limited in its duration, having an internal limit, completeness. Perfect Verbs can denote an action that has ended (or will end) having achieved a result (learn, draw), an action that has begun (or will begin), and this very beginning of the action is understood as its boundary, limit (play, sing), one-time action (push, shout, jump- verbs with suffix -Well).

Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do? and denote an action without instructions

to its limit, without limiting its course in time, the action is long-term or repeated (teach, draw, play, shout).

Imperfect and perfect verbs form species pairs. The species pair consists of imperfective verb and a perfective verb, having the same lexical meaning and differing only in meaning kind: read- read, write - write, build- build.

Imperfect verbs are formed from perfective verbs using suffixes:

1) -iva-, -yva-: consider- examine, question- ask, sign- sign;

2) -va: open- open, give- give, put on- put on shoes;

3) -a-(-i): save- save, grow up- grow up.

Perfective verbs are formed from imperfective verbs in various ways:

1) using view attachments on-, with-, pro-, you-, on- and etc,: treat- cure, bake- bake, make- do, write - write, read- read, build- build, teach- learn etc. (But more often, with the help of a prefix, perfective verbs are formed, which differ from imperfective verbs not only in the meaning of the aspect, but also in a change in the lexical meaning; such verbs do not form an aspectual pair: read- reread, recount, read out etc.);

2) using a suffix -well-: get used to it- get used to it, nod- nod, jump- jump.

Some verbs that make up an aspectual pair may differ only in the place of stress: scatter- scatter, chop- slice.

Separate aspect pairs are made up of verbs with different roots: speak- say, search- find, put- put, take- take.

Some verbs are single-species. They do not form a species pair and are either only perfect form (to find yourself, rush, sleep, scream etc.), or only imperfect form (prevail, be present, sit, be).

There are also bispecies verbs that combine meaning with perfect and imperfect forms. Their appearance is determined from the context: marry, execute, wound, order, as well as verbs with suffixes -ova(t), -irova(t): influence, use, automate, asphalt, telegraph etc. For example: The guns are firing from the pier, they are ordering the ship to land (what are they doing?) (A. Pushkin); Would you like me to order (what will I do?) bring the rug? (N. Gogol).

Verb type influences the formation of its forms (primarily forms of time): in imperfect verbs in the indicative mood there are forms of all three tenses (and in the future tense they have a complex form) and a full set of tense forms of participles; at perfective verbs There are no forms of the present tense in the indicative mood (the form of the future tense is simple) and present participles.

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Vary verbs transitive and intransitive.

Transitional Verbs denote an action that is directly aimed at an object. They may carry a direct object in the accusative case without a preposition, answering the question who?"/what?", write an article, knit a sweater, sing a song.

Instead of the accusative case, the object of a transitive verb can also be in the genitive case without a preposition:

1) if there is a negative particle Not before a transitive verb: understood the problem- did not understand the task; read the novel- haven't read the novel; Waste time- don't waste time;

2) if the action does not transfer to the entire object, but only to part of it: drank water(all the water in question) - drank water(Part), bring firewood- bring firewood.

When determining transitivity/intransitivity of verbs It is also necessary to take into account the meaning of the noun in the form of the accusative case - it must name the object of the action. Wed: stand for an hour (in line) or live for a week (at sea), where the verbs are not transitive, although they are followed by nouns in the accusative case without a preposition: All night long(V.p. with the meaning of time, not object) thundered(intransitive verb) a neighboring ravine, a stream, bubbling, ran towards the stream (A. Fet).

Verbs that cannot have a direct object are intransitive: to engage(how?) sports, understand(in what?) in music, refuse(from what?) from help.

Note. Transitivity/intransitivity closely related to the lexical meaning of the verb: in one meaning verb can be transitive, and in the other - intransitive. Wed: I'm telling the truth (I'm telling- “I express” is a transitive verb). The child is already speaking (speaking- “talks” - intransitive verb); Tomorrow I will go alone, I will teach(intransitive verb) at school and I will give my whole life to those who may need it (A. Chekhov); learn lessons(transitive verb).

Reflexive verbs

TO reflexive verbs include verbs with a postfix -sya, -sya. All reflexive verbs are intransitive. They are formed both from transitive verbs (distinguish - differ, please- rejoice, dress- dress), and from intransitives (knock- knock, blacken- turn black). From ordinary derivational suffixes -xia differs in that it is attached to verb forms after endings (knocking, knocking). Suffix -xia is added after consonants, and -s- after vowels (studied- studied); in participle forms and after vowels it is added -sya, and not -s: differing - differing.

When joining transitive verbs, the suffix -xia turns them into intransitive: dresses whom?/what?- gets dressed. By joining intransitive verbs, -xia enhances the meaning of intransitivity: turns white- turns white.

Suffix -xia also serves to form impersonal forms from personal verbs: I am not sleeping- I can't sleep, I want- I would like to.

Among verbs with suffix -xia there are also those that do not have parallel forms without this suffix: laugh, hope, bow, fight and etc.

Verb conjugations

Conjugation - this is a change in the verb by persons and numbers. (Term conjugated forms the verb is used in a broader sense than the term conjugation . The conjugated forms of the verb include all forms except the infinitive, participles and gerunds, i.e. forms of all moods.)

Depending on the personal endings in the Russian language, it is customary to distinguish two conjugations - I and II, which differ from each other by vowel sounds in the endings: carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent

I conjugation		II conjugation

If the ending is stressed, conjugation determined by the end: you call, you lead - I conjugation, you're burning, you're sleeping- II conjugation.

But most verbs conjugation has no emphasis on personal endings. In such cases conjugation is determined by the infinitive (by the vowel that comes before the infinitive suffix).

Ko II conjugation These include those verbs with an unstressed personal ending in which 1) the infinitive ends in -i-t (carry, saw, spend etc.), except for verbs shave, lay, rare verbs rest on(“to be founded, to be built”) and be ruffled(“to waver, to sway, to swell”). (Verbs rest on And be ruffled are used only in the 3rd person unit form. and plural numbers, other forms are not used.); 2) exception verbs whose infinitive ends in -e-t (look, see, hate, offend, depend, endure, twirl) and on -a-th (drive, hold, hear, breathe).

All other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to I conjugation.

It should be remembered that prefixed verbs formed from unprefixed verbs belong to the same type conjugations, as without prefixes (drive- catch up- overtake- kick out etc. - II conjugation). Verbs with -sya (s) belong to the same type of conjugation as without -sya (-s) (drive- chase- II conjugation).

In the Russian language there are also differently conjugated verbs, in which some forms are formed according to I conjugation, and others - according to II. These include: 1) want- in the singular it changes according to I conjugation (Want- Want- wants), and in the plural - according to II (we want- want to- want); 2) run, which has all forms like verbs of II conjugation (running- you're running- runs- let's run- run), except 3rd person plural. numbers - are running(according to I conjugation); 3) honor- varies according to II conjugation (honor- honors- we honor- honor), except 3rd person plural. numbers (honor) although there is a form honor which is now used less frequently than honor; 4) disdain(“dawn, glow a little”) - used only in the 3rd person singular form (it's dawning- II conjugation) and plural (they are dawning- I conjugation): Dawn is just breaking; The stars are faintly shining in the sky.

Uncharacteristic for verbs I and II conjugations verbs have an ending system (archaic) eat, bother, give, create(and their prefix derivatives: overeat, overeat, hand over, give away, betray, recreate and etc.).

	eat f-e-e eats	I'll give you give you give
	eat eat eat eat	give it, they'll give it to them

Verb be also unique. From him, rarely used forms of the 3rd person singular have been preserved in modern Russian. and plural numbers of the present tense - There is And essence: A straight line is the shortest distance between two points; The most common general abstractions accepted by almost all historians are: freedom, equality, enlightenment, progress, civilization, culture (L. Tolstoy), and the future tense is formed from another root: will- you will- will- we will- you will- there will be.

It should be remembered that verbs are conjugated (changed according to persons and numbers) only in the present and simple future tense. If the form of the future is complex (in imperfective verbs), then only the auxiliary verb is conjugated be, and the main verb is taken in the infinitive. Verbs in the past tense are not conjugated (they do not change according to persons).

Verb mood

Verbs change according to mood. Form moods shows how the action relates to reality: whether the action is real (taking place in reality), or unreal (desired, required, possible under certain conditions).

In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.

Verbs in indicative mood denote a real action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change over time: I'm doing(present time) was studying(past tense), I'll study(Future tense).

Verbs in conditional mood do not indicate real actions, but desired, possible ones. Conditional forms are formed from an infinitive stem (or past tense stem) with the help of a suffix -l-(followed by an ending with the meaning of number and in the singular - gender) and particles would (b)(which can come before the verb, after it, or can be torn away from it). For example: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Yu. Moritz).

IN conditional verbs vary by number and gender (there is no tense or person in this mood): would have passed, would have passed, would have passed, would have passed.

Verbs in imperative mood denote an incentive to action (request, order), that is, they denote not a real action, but a required one. Verbs in the imperative mood change according to numbers and persons (there is also no time in this mood).

The most common forms are the 2nd person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).

Form 2 faces unit. numbers are formed from the stem of the present/simple future tense using a suffix -And- or without a suffix (in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood coincides with the stem of the present/simple future tense): talk, see, write, hold, work(the basis of the present tense is pa6 omaj- ym), rest (rest)-ut), remember (rememberj-ut), cut (cut), stand up (will stand up).

2nd person plural form numbers are formed from the 2nd person singular form. numbers using endings -those: speak- \those\, hold- \those\, for-remember- \those\ And etc.

Forms 3rd person unit. and many more numbers express the motivation to action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed using particles let, let, yes + shapes 3rd person unit. or more indicative numbers: let them go, let them go, long live, long liveetc.: Yes they know descendants of the Orthodox land of their native land have suffered a past fate (A. Pushkin).

1st person plural form numbers expresses an impulse to joint action, in which the speaker himself is a participant. It is formed using particles come on, come on + infinitive of imperfective verbs (Let's, let's + sing, dance, play) or 4- form of 1st person plural. indicative numbers of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): Let's talk compliment each other... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words are like a garden- amber and zest... (B. Pasternak); Comrade life, Let's quickly let's trample, trample According to the five-year plan, the days are left... (V. Mayakovsky).

Mood forms can be used not only in their literal meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, that is, in a meaning characteristic of another mood.

For example, the imperative form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and indicative mood (2): 1) Do not be It’s God’s will, we wouldn’t give up Moscow (M. Lermontov);2) Since he told him Tell:“I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).

Verb in the indicative mood can be used in the imperative sense: However, it is already dark in the field; hurry up! went, went, Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, let's wait today for Mother Empress and we will prove to the whole world that we are brave and sworn people” (A. Pushkin).

The conditional form can have an imperative meaning: Daddy, you I'd like to talk to Alexandra, she is behaving desperately (M. Gorky).

Verb tense

In the indicative mood, verbs change tenses. Forms of time express the relationship of action to the moment of speech. In the Russian language there are forms of three tenses: present, past and future. The number of tense forms and the way they are formed depends on the type of verb. Imperfective verbs have three forms of tense, and their future form is complex. Perfective verbs have only two forms of tense (they do not have a present tense), the future form is simple.

Form present time shows that the action coincides with the moment of speech or is carried out constantly, regularly repeated: Full steam ahead rushes train, wheels twirls steam locomotive... (B. Pasternak); Oh how murderous we are we love you How V in the violent blindness of passions we are most likely we're ruining whatever is dearer to our hearts! (F. Tyutchev).

Only imperfective verbs have present tense forms. They are formed with the help of endings that are attached to the base of the present tense and indicate at the same time not only the time, but also the person and number. The set of endings depends on the conjugation.

Form past tense shows that the action precedes the moment of speech: We all learned a little something and somehow... (A. Pushkin).

Past tense forms are formed from the infinitive stem using a suffix -l-, followed by an ending with the meaning of the number and in units. number - kind: sang, sang, sang, sang.

Some verbs have a suffix -l- absent in the masculine form: drove, rubbed, grew, shored, froze and etc.

Past verb tense go is formed from another base, different from the base of an indefinite form: go- walked, walked, walked, walked.

Form future tense indicates that the action will occur after the moment of speech: The cold will come, the leaves will fall off- and it will be ice- water (G. Ivanov).

Both imperfective and perfective verbs have future tense forms, but they are formed differently.

Shapes of the future verb tenses perfective forms are formed from the base of the simple future tense using the same endings as the forms of the present verb tenses imperfect form (this form is called form simple future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bring.

Shapes of the future verb tenses imperfections are formed by joining forms will, will, will, will, will, will to the infinitive of an imperfective verb (this form is called the form complex future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will carry.

Forms of tense can be used not only in their basic meaning, but also in a figurative meaning characteristic of forms of other tenses.

Present tense forms can denote an action preceding the moment of speech (the use of present tense forms in a story about the past is called present historical): Only, you understand, I'm going out from the world, look- my horses are worth quietly near Ivan Mikhailovich (I. Bunin).

Present tense forms can also denote an action following the moment of speech (future tense meaning): I'm all ready, I'm after lunch I'm sending things. The Baron and I tomorrow let's get married tomorrow we're leaving to the brick factory, and the day after tomorrow I’m already at school, begins new life (A. Chekhov).

Past tense forms can be used to mean future tense: Run, run! Otherwise I died (K. Fedin).

Future tense forms can have past tense meaning: Gerasim looked and looked, and suddenly he laughed (I. Turgenev).

Person, number and gender of the verb

Forms verb faces express the relationship of the action indicated by the verb to the speaking person.

There are three different verb faces: first, second and third.

Form first faces the only one numbers denotes the speaker's action: I'll sing, I'll come in.

Form first faces plural numbers denotes the action of a group of people, which includes the speaker: Let's eat, let's go.

Form second faces singular denotes the action of the interlocutor: eat, come in.

Form second faces plural denotes the action of a group of people, which includes the interlocutor: sing, come in.

Forms third faces singular and plural denote the actions of one or those who do not participate in the dialogue, i.e. is not a speaker or interlocutor: sings, comes in, sings, comes in.

Category faces And numbers Verbs They have only the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and the imperative mood. Verbs in the past tense and in the conditional mood have no category faces, but vary according to numbers And childbirth:(I, you, he) led\ \ - male genus, (me, you, she) led\a\- female genus, (me, you, it) vel-\o\- average genus, (we you they) vel-\and\- plural number.

Not all Russian verbs have a full set of personal forms.

In Russian there are so-called insufficient And redundant Verbs.

Insufficient verbs do not have a full set of forms for one reason or another. Some verbs do not have a 1st form faces units numbers, since they are difficult for pronunciations:win, convince, convince, dissuade, find, feel, outshine, dare etc. In cases where it is still necessary to use the 1st form the faces of these verbs, resort to a descriptive method; I have to win, I want to convince, I can find myself.

A number of verbs do not use the 1st and 2nd forms faces singular and plural numbers for semantic reasons (these verbs name processes occurring in nature or in the animal world): calve, whelp, rust, dawn, turn white, brighten, resound(about sound) flare up and so on.

In modern Russian, the opposite phenomenon also occurs, when some verbs form forms faces The present (or simple future) tense goes in two different ways: splash- splashes / splashes, drips- drips/drips, splash- splashes/splashes, poke- pokes/pokes, wave- waves/waves and etc.

Impersonal verbs

Impersonal verbs - these are verbs that name actions or states that occur as if by themselves, without the participation of the actor: to shiver, to feel sick, to be unwell, to get light, to dawn, to get cold, to evening, to get dark etc. They denote the states of man or nature.

These verbs do not change for persons and do not combine with personal pronouns. They are used as predicates of impersonal sentences, and the subject is impossible with them.

Impersonal verbs have only the infinitive form (dawn, chill), form coinciding with the 3rd person singular form (it’s dawning, it’s chilling), and the neuter singular form (it was getting light, it was chilly).

Group impersonal verbs is replenished by personal verbs by adding a postfix to them -sya: I can’t read, I can’t sleep, I can’t believe it, easily breathe, live etc.

Quite often, personal verbs are used to mean impersonal. Wed: Lilac smells(personal verb) good o And Smells(personal verb in impersonal meaning) hay over the meadows (A. Maikov); The wind bends the trees to the ground and makes me sleepy; Something is getting dark in the distance And It gets dark early in winter.

Morphological analysis of the verb includes the identification of four constant features (aspect, reflexivity, transitivity, conjugation) and five unstable ones (mood, tense, person, number, gender). The number of permanent verb features can be increased by including features such as verb class and stem type.

Scheme of morphological analysis of the verb. I. Part of speech. 1. Initial form (indefinite form). 2. Permanent signs: 2) repayment; 3) transitivity-intransitivity; 4) conjugation. 3. Variable signs: 1) inclination; 2) time (if any); 3) face (if any); 5) gender (if any). III. Syntactic function. Listen carefully, standing in the forest or among an awakened flowering field... (I. Sokolov-Mikitov)	Sample morphological analysis of a verb. I. Listen- verb, denotes action: (what do you do?) listen. II. Morphological characteristics. 1.The initial form is to listen. 2. Permanent signs: 1) perfect form; 2) returnable; 3) intransitive; 4) I conjugation. 3. Variable signs: 1) imperative mood; 3) 2nd person; 4) plural; III. In a sentence it is a simple verbal predicate.